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U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  11. 


REPORTS  OF 


•^CRicu 


al 


WITH 


' May  y i 

mo 

bill  , 


K I \'  l I: 


f I I NO 


VARIOUS  INSECTICIDE  SUBSTANCES. 


CHIEFLY  UPON 

INSECTS  AFFECTING  GARDEN  CROPS, 


MADE 

UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1886. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  11. 


REPORTS  OF  EXPERIMENTS 


with 


VARIOUS  INSECTICIDE  SUBSTANCES, 


CHIEFLY  UPON 


INSECTS  AFFECTING  GARDEN  CROPS, 


MADE 


UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

_ 1 8 8 G . 

9228— Bull.  11 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington,  7).  6\,  January  14,  1886. 

r Sir:  I have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication  Bulletin  No.  11  of 
this  Division,  which  contains  in  condensed,  form  the  results  of  a series  of 
^^experiments  with  insecticides,  carried  on  by  certain  agents  of  the  Divis- 
2 ion  during  the  past  summer. 

Respectfully, 

0.  V.  RILEY, 

Entomologist. 

Hon.  Norman  J.  Oolman, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 


3 


3 


l\Th 


EXPERIMENTS  WITH  INSECTICIDES. 


INTRODUCTION. 

There  are  a number  of  remedies  against  insects,  which  have  been  pro 
posed  from  time  to  time,  and  which  have  been  published  without  any 
definite  record  of  experiment,  their  reputation  resting  upon  hearsay 
evidence.  The  list  of  such  remedies  is  growing  longer  every  day, 
and  with  a view  of  testing  some  of  those  which  are  most  frequently  rec- 
ommended, in  order  to  enable  us  to  speak  with  definiteness  concern- 
ing their  value,  we  prepared  a list  early  in  the  summer  and  sent  dupli 
cates  to  two  of  our  agents,  Prof.  H.  Osborn,  at  Ames,  Iowa,  and  Mr 
F.  M.  Webster,  at  La  Fayette,  Ind.  At  the  same  time,  being  desirous  of 
testing  the  infusions  and  decoctions  of  certain  plants  popularly  sup- 
posed to  have  insecticide  properties,  we  engaged  Mr.  Thomas  Bennett, 
of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  a practical  gardener  of  many  years’  experience,  to  ex- 
periment in  this  direction.  The  reports  of  these  three  gentlemen  are 
subjoined,  and  their  results,  though  in  the  main  negative,  are  neverthe- 
less of  considerable  interest  and  value. 

KEROSENE  WITH  MOLASSES. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  kerosene  emulsion  used  by  Messrs.  Web- 
ster and  Osborn  w’as  made  of  equal  parts  of  kerosene,  molasses,  and 
water.  This  method  of  m aking  an  emulsion  was  first  suggested  to  us 
by  Mr.  E.  S.  Goff,  of  the  New  York  agricultural  experiment  station  at 
Geneva,  N.  Y.,  early  last  August.  Mr.  Goff  had  made  what  he  thought 
a tolerably  perfect  emulsion  w ith  these  substances  by  using  a crude 
sorghum  molasses,  and  his  experience  at  once  interested  us  on  account 
of  the  fact  that  the  mixture  was  made  without  heat,  and  because  of  the 
probability  that  the  molasses  would  render  the  dilute  emulsion  more  or 
less  adhesive.  After  a long  series  of  experiments,  however,  Mr.  Goff 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  he  had  overestimated  the  value  of  the  prep- 
aration. We  quote  from  his  last  letter  on  the  subject: 

<‘I  write  to  say  that  after  abundant  experimenting  with  the  molasses- 
kerosene  emulsion,  of  which  I w rote  to  you  in  August  last,  I fail  to  find 
it  equal  to  the  soaj>  emulsion.  By  boiling  the  molasses  and  water  and 

5 


6 


adding  the  kerosene  to  the  hot  solution,  a very  fair  emulsion  may  be 
made,  but  on  standing,  a fermentation  seems  to  take  place  which  causes 
it  to  separate,  and  after  that  it  will  not  remain  mixed.  The  unexpected 
success  of  my  first  attempt  with  the  very  thick  sorghum  molasses  led 
me  to  premature  and  unwarrantable  conclusions.” 

Following  out  the  first  suggestion,  Professor  Osborn  found  it  impos- 
sible to  make  a stable  emulsion  from  the  cold  mixture  of  equal  parts  of 
molasses,  kerosene,  and  water,  using  ordinary  low-grade  New  Orleans 
molasses,  no  matter  how  violent  and  prolonged  the  agitation.  In  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  minutes,  at  the  most,  the  oil  would  almost  entirely  sep- 
arate from  the  mixture,  rendering  necessary  its  immediate  use  after 
preparation. 

COLD  WATER  AND  CABBAGE  WORMS. 

In  addition  to  the  results  of  the  experiments  with  cold  water  as  a 
remedy  for  cabbage-worms,  as  given  by  both  Professor  Osborn  and  Mr. 
Webster,  we  have  received  several  communications  since  our  publica- 
tion early  iu  the  summer,  in  the  columns  of  the  Rural  New  Yorker , of 
the  suggestion*  which  originally  came  to  us  from  Mr.  0.  H.  Erwin,  of 
Painted  Post,  N.  Y.  All  of  these  communications  are  condemnatory 
of  the  remedy.  We  extract  from  one.  (written  by  Mr.  E.  S.  Goff)  an 
experiment  which  is  worthy  of  publication  in  this  connection : 

In  experimenting  with  ice-water  for  the  cabbage  caterpillars  I tried  to  intensify  the 
conditions  as  much  as  possible.  I immersed  leaveshaving  the  caterpillars  upon  them 
in  ice-water,  leaving  them  there  a quarter  of  a minute.  I then  removed  the  leaves  to 
a bench  on  the  west  side  of  the  homse,  about  3 o’clock  p.  m.,  on  a very  hot  day.  The 
temperature  must  have  been  at  least  100  degrees.  Half  an  hour  later  I examined 
them  and  found  the  leaves  very  much  withered  and  becoming  brown  from  the  heat, 
but  the  worms  had  crawled  to  the  rear  side  and  were  exhibiting  no  inconvenience. 

In  our  article  just  mentioned  we  left  the  question  as  to  the  efficacy 
of  the  remedy  open  to  experimenters,  but  the  positiveness  of  Mr.  Er- 
win’s assurances,  and  the  thorough,  careful  tone  of  his  letter,  inclined 

* The  text  of  this  suggestion  was  as  follows: 

“Mr.  Charles  H.  Erwin,  of  Painted  Post,  N.  Y.,  has  accidentally  hit  upon  a simple 
and  yet,  according  to  his  experience,  so  perfect  a remedy  for  the  imported  cabbage 
worm  that  I wish  to  give  his  experience  as  much  publicity  as  possible,  that  it  may 
be  widely  tested,  and,  if  possible,  verified  the  coming  season.  It  is  (to  sum  up  an 
extended  experience  which  he  narrated)  simply  ice-cold  water,  or  water  but  a few 
degrees  warmer  than  ice-water,  sprinkled  upon  the  worms  during  the  heat  of  the  day. 
Mr.  Erwin  found  that  such  an  application  iu  the  hot  sun  caused  them  to  quickly  let 
go  their  hold  upon  the  leaves,  curl  up,  roll  to  the  ground  and  die,  while  the  cabbage 
suffered  nothing,  but  looked  all  the  fresher  for  the  application.  Should  this  method 
prove  as  successful  with  others  as  it  has  with  him,  it  is  evident  that  we  have  here  a 
remedy  of  very  general  application,  and  one  which  in  cheapness  and  simplicity  far 
transcends  the  pyrethrum,  which,  since  I first  discovered  its  value  for  the  purpose 
iu  1880,  has  been,  on  the  whole,  our  safest  and  most  satisfactory  remedy  against  Pieris 
rapae.  Where  ice  is  readily  obtainable,  as  in  the  more  northern  States,  or  where  cold 
springs  are  found,  Mr.  Erwin’s  discovery  will  prove  of  very  great  value  to  cabbage- 
growers,  and  will  prove  as  useful  against  some  other  cabbage  worms.” 


7 


ns  to  believe  that  there  might  be  something  in  the  remedy.  When 
these  adverse  reports  came  in  we  wrote  to  Mr.  Erwin  to  inquire  whether 
he  had  made  further  experiments  and  for  farther  evidence.  He  replied 
as  follows,  August  23,  1885 : 

I received  last  Thursday  evening  your  assistant’s  (L.  O.  Howard)  report  of  your  un- 
successful trial  of  the  “cold-water  remedy  ” for  cabbage  worms.  I have  since  called 
upon  two  old  gardeners  in  the  vicinity,  who  had  used  it.  Mr.  Thomas  Homer  was  the 
only  one  whom  I found  at  home,  and  he  was  ill . When  I told  him  the  result  of  your  ex- 
periments he  interrupted  me  by  saying:  “They  have  not  used  very  cold  water,  or 
have  used  a rose-sprinkler  when  they  should  have  thrown  away  the  rose  and  used  the 
spout.  I have  used  ice-water,  and  it  would  make  them  turn  white  and  would  not 
hurt  the  plants.  Deacon  Farwell  used  to  make  me  use  ice-water  and  drench  the 
plants  at  noon  or  in  the  hottest  part  of  the  day.  I have  used  nothing  else  for  many 
years,  and  have  lost  scarcely  a head  of  cabbage  since  I used  it.”  I have  in  answer 
quoted  this  honest  old  Scotch  gardener  for  the  reason  that  for  the  last  three  or  four 
years  I have  not  worked  in  or  done  any  gardening  for  myself.  I used  to  drench  my 
plants  every  few  days,  always  in  the  warmest  part  of  the  day,  or  about  the  time  the 
pests  were  the  most  active  and  destructive — when  they  were  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
leaf— and  have  been  told  by  others  that  they  have  succeeded  after  the  worms  had 
filled  every  crevice  with  their  droppings  and  rejected  chippings,  which  they  had  by 
drenching  cleaned  out;  and  here  you  discover  is  another  benefit  and  argument  for  a 
copious  shower  of  water. 

Possibly  those  who  have  experimented  have,  through  fear  of  injuring  the  plants, 
hesitated  to  use  water  cold  enough  or  have  used  it  too  sparingly  and  in  the  cooler 
part  of  the  day.  In  making  the  discovery  I was  too  late  to  avail  myself  of  caution 
about  the  safety  of  the  plant,  and  was  compelled  to  solace  myself  with  the  idea  that 
if  the  cold  had  injured  and  killed  them  I was  not  in  a worse  predicament  than  before 
using  the  cold  water,  for  if  I had  killed  the  plants  I had  only  anticipated  a few  days 
the  certain  result  of  the  pests. 

Perhaps  the  vermin  are  of  a tougher  habit  in  a warmer  climate,  and  I would  not 
hesitate  to  reduce  the  temperature  of  the  water  another  degree  or  two  and  be  sure  of 
the  top  degree  of  the  day  to  apply  it. 

Several  persons  have  told  me  that  they  used  it  last  season  with  success,  and  one 
person  that  he  had  not  been  troubled  this  season,  not  yet  having  discovered  any 
worms;  but  until  recently  but  few  persons  in  our  vicinity  grew  more  than  a hundred 
plants.  This  season  I have  noticed  not  a few  acres  planted  with  cabbages. 

Please  have  your  tests  made  properly  and  in  the  right  time,  and  I think  you  will 
succeed.  It  may  seem  too  simple  to  be  of  much  benefit,  and  scarcely  worth  the  trial, 
and  single  efforts  may  fail  for  want  of  a little  care.  Let  them  act  as  if  there  should 
be  no  such  thing  as  failure,  and  they  will  succeed.  Drench  more  frequently. 

In  view  of  such  positive  statements  on  both  sides  we  cannot  consider 
the  question  as  decisively  settled  yet,  but  a pretty  strong  case  is  made 
against  the  remedy  in  the  reports  which  now  follow. 


O.  V.  KILEY. 


. 


REPORT  OF  EXPERIMENTS  AT  LA  FAYETTE, 

INDIANA. 


By  F.  M.  Webster. 


I. — Imported  Cabbage  Worm.  {Rieris  rapcc  Sell.) 
Experiment  1.— ICE  WATER. 

(August  4,  1883.) 

Temperatureof  atmosphere  about  plants,  99°  F.  Temperature  of  water, 
40°  F.  Drenched  two  cabbage  plants,  now  well  headed  and  seriously 
infested. 

Result . — None  perceptible. 

Experiment  2. — ICE  WATER. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere,  101°  F.  Temperature  of  water,  3S°  F. 
Drenched  two  plants. 

Result. — None  are  injured,  and  only  seem  to  have  been  displaced. 
Experiment  3. — ICE  WATER. 

^August  4, 1885. — Temperature  of  atmosphere,  9S°  F.  Temperature  of 
water,  30°  F.  Drenched  plants  as  before. 

Result. — A number  were  washed  off,  but  none  died  from  the  effects  of 
their  cold  bath. 

Experiment  4.— ICE  WATER. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere,  98°  F.  Temperature  of  water,  31°  F. 
Plant  seriously  infested,  larva)  from  finch  long  to  full  grown.  Drenched 
at  1.45  p.  m.,  September  11,  1885,  by  pouring  one  quart  water  on  head 
of  plant,  thoroughly  wetting  all  larvae  visible. 

Result. — At  5 p.  m.  all  worms  have  returned  to  the  leaves  and  are 
actively  feeding. 

Experiment  5.— ICE  WATER. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere,  96°  F.  Temperature  of  water,  31°  F. 
September  19,  12.45  p.  m.,  poured  water  from  pitcher  on  two  plants. 

Result. — On  one  plant,  worms,  even  the  smallest,  finch  long,  were 
uninjured;  on  the  other  two  small  worms  were  found  dead  soon  after. 

9 


10 


These  were  discolored  when  found,  and  I cannot  say  whether  they  died 
from  the  effects  of  water  or  from  an  epidemic  disease  that  is  destroy- 
ing these  larvae  in  great  numbers;  some  on  this  same  plant  being  af- 
fected and  afterwards  died,  and  I think  the  latter  more  probably  the 
cause. 

Experiment  b. — SALT  WATER. 

August  5. — Dissolved  salt  in  water  to  fullest  capacity.  Drenched  a 
number  of  plants  badly  infested  with  larvae. 

Result. — On  examination,  24  hours  after  application,  I find  no  dead 
larvae,  but  the  living  are  feeding  in  abundance. 

Experiment  7.— SALTPETER  AND  WATER. 

Dissolved  in  water  to  fullest  capacity.  Drenched  plants  thoroughly. 

Result. — Examined  24  hours  after  application,  but  find  noue  dead,  nor 
any  diminution  in  the  numbers  of  the  living,  which  are  feeding  as  usual. 

Experiment  8.— CARBOLIC  ACID  AND  WATER. 

Solution  of  1 part  acid  to  100  parts  water.  Drenched  two  plants. 

Result. — This  injured  both  plants,  one  quite  seriously,  by  killing  the 
younger,  tender  leaves,  while  such  of  the  larvae  as  were  protected  by 
these  leaves  did  not  seem  to  have  suffered. 

Experiment  9.— PYRETHRUM  POWDER. 

A mixture  of  one  part  of  powder  to  three  parts  flour  was  thoroughly 
dusted  on  plants  with  Woodason’s  powder  bellows,  care  being  taken  to 
get  the  mixture  thoroughly  introduced  among  the  leaves  and  cavities 
eaten  out  by  the  larvae. 

This  experiment  was  made  in  order  to  establish  a basis  from  which 
to  judge  of  the  efficiency  of  other  insecticides.  I will  further  state  that 
the  pyrethrum  powder  used  was  sent  me  from  the  Department  last  sea- 
son (1884),  and  had  been  kept  in  a glass  jar  closely  corked. 

Result. — Fully  three-fourths  of  the  larvae  were  killed. 

Experiment  10. — WOLF’S  SOAP.* 

Solution  of  1 ounce  soap  dissolved  in  J gallon  of  water,  applied  at  a 
temperature  of  90°  E.,  by  drenching  plants  thoroughly,  first  wetting 
them  with  water,  and  drenching  them  with  same  a short  time  after  ap- 
plication of  solution. 

Result. — At  least  one-half  of  the  worms  were  killed  and  the  plants  not 
injured. 

Experiment  11. — WOLF’S  SOAP. 

Solution  as  in  10.  Sprayed  lightly  on  several  full-grown  larvae  and 
confined  them  under  glass. 

Result. — None  died. 

* Manufactured  by  the  Milwaukee  Soap  Manufacturing  Company,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


11 


Experiment  12. — WOLF’S  SOAP. 

Solution,  3 ounces  soap  to  1 gallon  water;  temperature 90°.  Sprayed 
on  plants  with  the  Woodason  atomizer. 

Result. — Seems  to  have  been  rather  more  effective  than  in  experi- 
ment 10. 

Experiment  13. — WOLF’S  SOAP. 

Solution  as  in  Experiment  12.  Drenched  plants  thoroughly. 

Result. — Does  not  seem  to  have  been  any  more  effective,  although  a 
much  larger  amount  of  the  solution  was  used.  The  spra^  ing  method 
seems  the  more  satisfactory. 

Experiment  14.— WOLF’S  SOAP. 

Solution,  4 ounces  soap  dissolved  in  1 gallon  water.  Sprayed  on  wet 
surface  of  leaves  and  head. 

Result. — Killed  a large  number  of  the  larvae,  but  by  no  means  all  of 
them. 

Experiment  15.— BUCKWHEAT  FLOUR. 

Dusted  the  article  usually  put  up  for  family  use  on  a number  of  in- 
fested plants. 

Result. — The  larvae  did  not  seem  to  suffer  any  inconvenience. 

Experiment  16.— BUCKWHEAT  FLOUR. 

Placed  11  larvae  in  some  of  this  same  flour,  and  covered  with  glass. 

Result. — Forty  eight  hours  after,  none  had  died,  while  some  had 
climbed  to  top  of  glass  and  pupated. 

Experiment  17.— AMMONIA  AND  WATER. 

Solution  of  3 tablespoonfuls  of  ammonia  to  1 gallon  of  water.  Ap- 
plied with  syringe. 

Result. — None  were  injured  by  the  application. 

Experiment  18.— POWDERED  ALUM. 

Applied  to  dew-wet  leaves  at  8.10  a.  in.,  abundantly. 

Result. — Cannot  see  that  any  are  destroyed. 

Experiment  19.— COPPERAS  AND  WATER. 

Dissolved  one-lialf  ounce  copperas  in  1 pint  water;  drenched  several 
plants. 

Result. — This  only  seemed  to  cause  the  worms  to  seek  less  exposed 
positions.  Watched  for  a number  of  days,  but  found  none  dead. 


12 


Experiment  20.— BLACK  PEPPER. 

Applied  the  ground  article  of  commerce  copiously  to  two  heads  of 
cabbage. 

Result. — I could  not  see  that  it  affected  those  which  came  in  contact 
with  it,  and  all  continued  to  feed  as  though  no  application  had  been  made. 

Experiment  21.— CARBOLIZ  ED  LIME  MIXTURE. 

Mixture  of  carbolized  lime  1 part,  quick  lime  f part,  gypsum  20  parts. 
Dusted  mixture  on  two  plants. 

Result. — Twenty-four  hours  after,  tiie  worms  were  crawling  about  on 
the  leaves,  feeding,  aud  although  some  of  the  powder  adhered  to  their 
bodies,  I saw  no  fatal  results. 

Experiment  22.— TAR  WATER. 

Sprayed  on  plants. 

Result. — Xoue  apparent. 

Experiment  23.— TOMATO  WATER. 

Steeped  leaves  of  tomato  vines,  and  applied  strong  decoction. 

Result. — As  in  preceding. 

Experiment  24.— ARKANSAS  INSECTICIDE.* 

riaced  21  larvae  on  leaf  of  cabbage,  and  dusted  both  leaf  and  worms 
thickly  with  the  insecticide,  at  10.25  a.  m.,  August  25.  The  leaf  and  worms 
were  confined  under  a glass. 

Result. — At  10.25  next  day,  they  seemed  to  be  feeding  from  some  parts 
of  the.  leaf  not  covered  with  insecticide.  August  27,  they  did  not  seem 
to  relish  the  leaf  with  the  insecticide  thereon,  but  found  enough  not  at 
nil  or  thinly  covered  to  keep  them  alive.  This  is  not  of  practical 
utility  for  large  plants,  but  might  do  on  those  very  young. 

Experiment  25.— ARKANSAS  INSECTICIDE. 

Tested  this  thoroughly  on  plants,  with  results  like  those  on  leaf  un- 
der cover.  In  this  experiment  the  larvae  were  watched  closely  for  a 
period  of  four  days. 

Experiment  2G.— SOLUBLE  PIXOLEUM.t 

Solution  of  1 part  pinoleum  to  40  parts  water,  sprayed  copiously  on 
plants  in  garden,  August  25. 

* Manufactured  by  Hoag  A Beecher,  Judsonia,  Ark. 

t Manufactured  by  Hausen  & Smith,  Wilmington,  N.  C. 

A sample  of  this  “soluble  pinoleum  ” was  also  sent  to  our  agent  at  Cadet,  Mis- 
souri, Mr.  ,J.  G.  Barlow,  who  reported  in  brief,  as  follows:  “Have  experimented  a 
little  with  the  soluble  pinoleum  sent  to  me  by  your  desire  from  North  Carolina.  I 
fouud  that  a solution  of  one  part  to  10  of  water  was  not  too  strong  for  larvie  of 


13 


Remit. — On  27 tli,  not  over  25  per  cent,  of  worms  were  destroyed. 
Living  worms  abundant,  showing  no  effects  whatever. 

Experiment  27.— SOLUBLE  PINOLEUM. 

Solution  the  same  as  in  experiment  2G.  Placed  larvae  on  a leaf, 
thoroughly  spraying  the  same. 

Result  — Tlie  larvae,  with  the  exception  of  two  small  ones,  survived, 
and  devoured  the  leaf. 

Experiment  28.— SOLUBLE  PINOLEUM. 

Solution,  5 parts  insecticide  to  100  parts  water.  Sprayed  on  plants  in 
garden,  September  2. 

Result. — On  4tb,  a large  number  of  larvae  of  various  sizes  were  alivo 
and  active,  about  40  per  cent,  apparently  having  been  destroyed. 

Before  further  experiments  could  be  made  the  larvae  began  to  die 
from  effects  of  disease,  and  it  was  impossible  to  carry  on  the  experiment 
and  get  definite  results. 

Experiment  29.— KEROSENE  EMULSION. 

An  emulsion  consisting  of  equal  parts  of  kerosene,  molasses,  and 
water,  was  diluted  with  three  times  its  volume  of  water.  Syringed 
plants  on  September  7.  Rain  during  night.  Sprayed  with  same  mix- 
ture again,  September  10. 

Result. — September  S,  80  per  cent,  of  all  worms  exposed  were  de- 
stroyed. The  result  of  second  application  could  not  be  definitely  de- 
termined, as  many  were  dying  from  disease. 

I do  not  think  younger  plants  would  withstand  emulsion  of  this 
strength,  but  it  would  probably  not  be  required  for  younger  larvae. 

Experiment  30.— CARBOLATE  OF  LIME. 

Dusted  plants  thoroughly  with  carbolate  of  lime,  using  the  Woodason 
bellows. 

Result. — Two  days  after,  both  large  and  small  were  still  on  the  plants, 
with  no  dead  to  be  fouud. 

Experiment  31. — HAMMOND’S  SLUG  SHOT.* * 

Dusted  insecticide  thickly  over  the  plants  with  powder  bellows,  Sep- 
tember 11.  Rain  fell  on  15th.  Dusted  again  on  I4th. 

Result. — September  12,  quite  a number  were  found  dead. 

Noetuids  and  Pieris.  Thu  solution  in  t hese  proportions  will  kill  these  larvae  in  from  one 
to  two  minutes.  Plant-lice  it  will  kill  instantly.  1’ried  several  specimens  of  the 
larvae  of  Sjyhinx  quinqiieriuiciilata,  and  found  to  my  surprise  that  not  even  the  solution  in 
full  strength  would  kill  them.  I think  the  pinoleurn  will  be  useful  as  an  insecticide, 
bub  not  if  mixed  with  so  much  water  as  the  proprietors  direct.” — C.  V.  R. 

* Manufactured  by  B.  Hammond,  Fishkill-ou- Hudson,  N.  Y. 


14 


Of  the  first  result  I can  only  say  that  all  larvae  died  from  disease 
shortly  after,  and  at  this  date  (October  19)  the  fact  is  clearly  noticeable 
in  the  leaves,  those  appearing  previous  to  about  the  15th  are  badly  eaten, 
while  those  that  were  put  forth  after  that  date  are  almost  intact. 

On  October  1 , the  difference  between  the  plants  treated  with  slug  shot 
and  those  not  treated  was  very  apparent  in  the  much  more  thrifty  look 
of  the  former,  and  the  larger  number  of  perfect  leaves,  and  this  differ- 
ence is  still  very  perceptible. 

Just  what  per  cent,  of  leaves  was  killed  by  insecticide,  it  is  of  course 
impossible  to  determine,  but  the  plants  have  a better  look. 

II. — Native  Cabbage  Woem.  {Pieris  protodice  Boisd.) 

Experiment  1.— HAMMOND’S  SLUG  SHOT. 

Upwards  of  50  larvse,  taken  from  leaves  of  turnip,  were  placed  in  a 
cage,  and  leaves,  slightly  dusted  with  the  insecticide,  placed  therein. 

Result. — Two  days  after,  many  were  dead  and  others  were  dying.  On 
the  third  day  nearly  all  were  dead.  Eventually  but  5 pupated.  The 
single  meal  of  dusted  leaves  proved  sufficient,  although  ample  food  not 
dusted  was  afterwards  supplied  them. 

III. — Fall  Web-Worm.  ( Hypliantria  textor  Harris.) 

Experiment  1. — WOLF’S  SOAP. 

Solution  of  1 oz.  soap  to  half  gallon  water;  temperature,  90°  F. 
sprayed  with  atomizer  on  foliage  adjacent  to  web  ; also  in  web,  wetting 
same  quite  thoroughly,  nearly  all  of  the  caterpillars  being  within. 

Result. — Two  days  after  application,  about  GO  per  ernt.  were  found  to 
have  been  destroyed.  The  foliage  which  had  been  sprayed  did  not  ap- 
pear to  suffer  for  about  three  days,  when  the  caterpillars  again  returned 
to  it  and  ate  the  leaves  as  though  they  had  not  been  treated. 

Experiment  2.— POTASSIUM  SULPHIDE. 

Solution,  1 part  sulphide  to  500  parts  water;  applied  to  web  and  fo- 
liage with  garden  syringe. 

Result. — On  following  day,  a small  per  cent,  appeared  to  have  been 
destroyed,  but  a week  later  the  effects  of  the  experiment  could  not  be 
noticed.  Does  not  seem  to  render  the  foliage  distasteful. 

Experiment  3. — COPPERAS  WATER. 

Dissolved  1 oz.  copperas  in  one  pint  of  water;  drenched  web,  and 
thoroughly  wetted  foliage. 

Result. — One  day  after,  many  caterpillars  were  dead  and  others  scat- 
tered about  in  the  web,  seemingly  very  sick.  Five  days  after,  the  foliage 
remains  untouched  and  all  are  dead. 


15 


Experiment  4.— COPPERAS  WATER. 

Dissolved  1 oz.  in  1 quart  of  water.  Used  as  in  previous  experiment. 

Result. — It  does  not  seem  to  have  affected  the  larvse. 

Experiment  5.— TAR  WATER. 

This  water  had  been  standing  for  several  days  in  a cask  partly  filled 
with  tar.  Water  applied  with  syringe,  wetting  larvse  and  foliage. 

Result. — On  first  day  after,  none  appeared  to  have  been  injured,  and 
many  were  feeding.  Five  days  after,  the  results  were  as  on  the  first. 

Experiment  6.— AMMONIA  WATER. 

Solution  of  1 tablespoonful  to  1 pint  water.  Drenched  as  in  experi- 
ment 5. 

Result. — First  day  after  application,  none  injured.  Five  days  after, 
the  situation  is  unchanged. 

Experiment  7.— CARBOLIZED  WATER. 

Solution,  1 part  carbolic  acid  to  123  parts  water.  Drenched  web 
thoroughly. 

Result. — First  day  after  application,  none  injured.  Five  days  after, 
situation  unchanged. 

Experiment  8.— TOMATO  INFUSION. 

Drenched  web  with  strong  infusion. 

Result. — First  day  after  application,  none  injured.  Five  days  later, 
no  change. 

Experiment  9.-  CARBOLATE  OF  LIME. 

Dusted  young  larvm  and  the  leaves  on  which  they  were  feeding, 
thoroughly. 

Result. — First  day  after  application,  a few  seem  to  be  dead.  Second 
day,  not  over  10  percent,  were  injured. 

Experiment  10.— SOLUBLE  PINOLEUM. 

Solution  of  1 part  pinoleum  to  32  parts  water.  Sprayed  several  col- 
onies and  also  adjoining  foliage. 

Result. — After  four  days  all  seem  to  be  active,  except  a small  per  cent, 
that  were  drenched  more  thoroughly  than  the  rest. 

Experiment  11.— POTASSIUM  SULPHIDE. 

Solution  of  1 part  sulphide  to  500  parts  water.  Sprayed  on  young 
caterpillars  less  than  one-half  inch  long. 

Result. — None  were  destroyed. 


16 

IV. — Colorado  Potato-Beetle.  (Doryphora  10 -lineata  Say.) 

Experiment  1. — WOLF’S  SOAP. 

Solution,  1 ounce  to  1 gallon  of  water.  Temperature  normal.  Sprayed 
on  a number  of  adults. 

Result. — Tweuty-four  Lours  after,  none  were  injured. 

Experiment  2. — WOLF’S  SOAP. 

Solution  and  temperature  same  as  in  Experiment  1.  Sprayed  larvae 
of  various  sizes  about  as  I would  apply  Paris  green  and  w^ater. 

Result. — Only  a small  number  of  tbe  youngest  were  destroyed. 

Experiment  3.— WOLF’S  SOAP. 

Solution  of  3 ounces  to  1 gallon  of  water,  applied  to  nearly  full-grown 
larvae  on  potato  vines. 

Result. — Nearly  all  were  alive  next  day. 

Experiment  4.— WOLF’S  SOAP. 

Solution  of  3 ounces  to  1 gallon  of  water.  Sprayed  on  tomato  vines 
being  eaten  by  nearly  full-grown  larvae  and  adults. 

Result. — Two  Lours  after,  botL  larvae  and  adults  Lad  left  tlie  vines, 
but  I found  no  dead.  TLree  days  after,  adults  were  again  feeding  on 
tbe  same  vines,  but  no  larvae  were  observed  to  return. 

Experiment  5.— AMMONIA  AND  WATER. 

Solution  of  3 tablespoonfuls  of  ammonia  to  1 gallon  water.  Sprayed 
on  plants  infested  by  larvae  of  various  sizes. 

Result. — One  day  after,  only  a very  few  of  tbe  youngest  larvae  Lad 
been  destroyed. 

Experiment  C.— AMMONIA  AND  WATER. 

Solution  as  in  Experiment  5.  Placed  enough  of  this  mixture  in  glass 
to  cover  bottom  ; put  in  glass  nearly  full  grown  larvae  and  beetles,  shook 
thoroughly,  turned  off  fluid  and  insects  and  inverted  the  glass  over 
them. 

Result. — Not  a single  larva  or  adult  was  injured. 

Experiment  7.— AMMONIA  AND  WATER. 

Solution,  1 tablespoouful  to  1 quart  of  water;  applied  as  in  Experi- 
ment 0. 

Result. — The  same  as  in  previous  experiment. 

Experiment  8. — CARBOLATE  OF  LIME. 

Sprinkled  thickly  on  tomato  vines  that  were  being  eaten  by  adults 
and  larvae. 


17 


Similarly,  the  whale-oil  soap  does  not  kill  the  eggs  directly,  though  it 
may  harden  the  egg-mass  so  as  to  prevent  the  hatching  of  a large  pro- 
portion of  young  larv*. 

Resin  Soaps. — Mr.  Koebele  experimenting  through  August,  September, 
and  October,  found  similarly  good  results  from  the  kerosene  emulsion, 
but  that  the  crude  petroleum,  although  much  cheaper,  was  more  apt  to 
injure  the  tree.  His  attention  was,  however,  directed  mainly  to  the 
preparation  of  resinous  soaps  and  compounds  on  account  of  their  greater 
cheapness.  He  succeeded  in  making  a number  of  these  mixtures  which, 
when  properly  diluted,  need  not  cost  more  than  one-half  to  one  cent 
per  gallon  and  which  produced  very  satisfactory  results,  killing  the 
insects  or  either  penetrating  or  hardening  the  egg  masses  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  hatching  of  the  young.  One  of  the  most  satisfactory  methods 
of  making  a resin  soap  is  to  dissolve  one  pound  caustic  soda  in  1J  gal- 
lons water  to  produce  the  lye ; then  dissolve  2 pounds  resin  and  one 
pound  tallow  by  moderate  heat,  stirring  in  gradually  during  the  cook- 
ing one  quart  of  the  lye,  and  then  adding  water  until  you  have  about 
22  pints  of  a brown  and  thick  soap.  This  will  make  44  gallons  of  wash, 
costing  less  than  one  half  cent  per  gallon. 

There  is  some  slight  difference  between  the  experience  of  Mr.  Koebele 
and  Mr.  Ooquillett  as  to  the  value  of  soap  washes,  and  the  greater  suc- 
cess which  the  former  had  with  them  as  compared  with  the  latter  was 
probably  due  to  the  fact  that  his  experiments  were  made  during  the 
dry  or  rainless  season.  The  great  point  of  interest,  however,  in  these 
experiments  is  that  they  confirm  in  a remarkable  manner  the  experience 
had  in  Florida.  And  I think  you  will  agree  with  me  that  they  justify 
the  opinions  which  I have  expressed  in  official  writings.  Such  observa- 
tions as  I have  been  personally  able  to  make  during  my  brief  sojourn 
among  you  have  greatly  served  to  confirm  me  in  those  opinions,  and 
while  the  resin  soaps  experimented  with  by  Mr.  Koebele  are  a valuable 
addition  to  our  insecticides  for  the  scale-insects,  I find  the  experience 
in  Florida  repeated  here,  and  all  the  more  satisfactory  washes  have 
kerosene  as  their  effective  basis.  There  has  been,  however,  a very 
great  waste  in  applying  it,  and  it  is  in  this  direction  that  reform  is 
most  needed. 

The  fact  cannot  be  too  strongly  urged  that  in  the  case  of  this  Icerya, 
as  of  most  other  orange-feeding  scale-insects,  it  is  practically  impossible, 
with  the  most  careful  and  thorough  spraying,  to  reach  every  one  of  the 
myriads  on  the  tree.  Some  few,  protected  by  leaf-curl,  bark-scale,  or 
other  shelter,  will  escape,  and  with  their  fecund  progeny  soon  spread 
over  the  tree  again  if  left  unmolested.  Hence,  two  or  three  sprayings, 
not  too  far  apart,  are  far  preferable  to  a single  treatment,  however 
thorough.  And  this  is  particularly  true  of  the  pest  we  are  considering, 
which  lives  on  so  many  other  plants,  and  which  in  badly  infested  groves 
is  frequently  found  crawling  over  the  ground  between  the  trees. 

401— Bull.  15 2 


18 


Value  of  Kerosene  Emulsion. — It  is  now  the  custom  to  use  the  time  of 
a team  and,  say,  two  men  for  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes  or  more,  and  30, 
40,  or  50  gallons  of  liquid  on  a single  medium-sized  tree.  In  this  wav 
the  tree  is  sprayed  until  the  fluid  runs  to  the  ground  and  is  lost  in  great 
quantities,  some  growers  using  sheet-iron  contrivances  around  the  base 
of  the  tree  in  order  to  save  and  re-use  the  otherwise  wasted  material. 
Now,  however  much  this  drenching  may  be  necessary,  or  has  come  into 
vogue,  in  the  use  of  soap,  and  potash  and  soda  washes,  it  is  all  wrong, 
so  far  as  the  oil  emulsion  is  concerned,  as  the  oil  rising  to  the  surface 
falls  from  the  leaves  and  wastes  more,  proportionately,  than  the  water. 

The  essence  of  successful  spraying  of  the  kerosene  emulsion  consists 
in  forcing  it  as  a mist  from  the  heart  of  the  tree  first  and  then  from  the 
periphery,  if  the  tree  is  large,  allowing  as  little  as  possible  to  fall  to  the 
ground,  and  permitting  each  spray  particle  to  adhere.  It  is  best  done 
in  the  cool  of  the  day,  and,  where  possible,  in  calm  and  cloudy  weather. 
There  has  been  no  morning  since  my  sojourn  among  you  that  I have  seen 
the  sun  rise  in  a clear  sky.  Cloudiness  has  prevailed  for  some  hours 
after  dawn,  and  in  this  regard  you  are  favored,  as  this  would  be  the 
time  of  day,  of  all  others,  to  spray.  Proper  spraying  should  be  done 
with  one-fifth  of  the  time  and  material  now  expended,  or  even  one-tenth 
of  that  which  I have  seen  wasted  in  some  cases,  so  that  three  sprayings 
at  proper  intervals  of  from  four  to  six  weeks  in  spring  and  summer  will 
be  cheaper  and  far  more  satisfactory  than  one  as  ordinarily  conducted. 
In  this  particular  neither  Mr.  Coquillett’s  nor  Mr.Koebele’s  experiments 
were  entirely  satisfactory,  as  I was  too  far  from  the  field  to  permit  of 
the  detailed  direction  necessary. 

I cannot  emphasize  the  fact  too  strongly  that  it  is  practically  impos- 
sible to  eradicate,  by  any  system,  every  individual  insect  and  egg  upon 
a tree  in  one  spraying.  It  is  almost  futile  to  attempt  to  do  so. 

Improved  Wash  recommended. — Let  us  now  see  whether  the  kerosene 
emulsion,  pure  and  simple,  can  be  improved  upon  by  the  addition  of 
any  other  material.  It  is  plain  to  be  seen  from  the  circulars  and  docu- 
ments, both  official  and  unofficial,  that  have  been  published  in  the 
State  and  distributed  among  you,  that,  in  many  cases,  the  proper  use 
of  kerosene  has  been  entirely  misunderstood.  Having  already  seen 
that  it  destroys  the  eggs  of  Icerya  only  when  used  in  the  ratio  of  one 
part  of  kerosene  to  about  seven  or  eight  of  the  diluent,  it  follows  that 
any  lesser  amount  will  give  less  satisfactory  results.  Moreover,  it  is 
extremely  important  to  prepare  the  emulsion  properly.  This  has  usu- 
ally been  done  by  the  use  of  milk  or  of  soap,  because  they  are  cheap 
and  satisfactory.  Raw  eggs  and  sugar,  and  other  mucilaginous  sub- 
stances may  be  used.  Experience  has  shown  that  the  best  pro- 
portions are  two  parts  of  the  oil  to  one  of  the  emulsifying  agent, 
whether  milk  or  soap,  i.  e.f  for  instance,  two  gallons  of  the  oil  to  one  of 
milk  or  one  of  the  soap-water  made  by  dissolving  half  a pound  of  soap 
in  one  gallon  of  water.  So  long  as  these  proportions  are  maintained 


19 


a large  quantity  can  be  emulsified  as  rapidly  as  a smaller  quantity,  and 
violent  agitation  through  a spray-nozzle  at  a temperature  of  100°,  and 
as  frequently  described  in  my  reports,  gives  the  quickest  results. 

Take,  for  instance,  the  mixture  recommended  by  your  county  board 
of  horticultural  commissioners.  You  will  find  that  with  the  soap  and 
wood-potash  there  are  twenty-five  parts  of  the  diluent  to  one  of  the  kero- 
sene recommended,  and  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  kerosene- 
in  this  wash  might  just  as  well  be  thrown  away,  and  that  it  adds  com- 
paratively little,  if  any,  to  the  efficiency  of  the  wash,  at  least  for  the 
fluted  scale.  If,  on  the  contrary,  we  could  add  to  the  ordinary  emul- 
sion any  materials  that  would  give  greater  adhesiveness,  such  an  addi- 
tion will  prove  an  advantage.  Such  we  get,  to  some  extent,  in  the 
soap  emulsion,  for  which  reason  it  has  a slight  advantage  over  the  milk 
emulsion.  And  after  examining  the  trees  treated  with  resin  washes,  I 
am  strongly  inclined  to  recommend  that  these  resin  washes  be  used  as 
the  diluent  to  the  soap  emulsion  made  after  the  usual  formula.  Some- 
thing similar  was  tried  some  years  ago  by  one  of  my  agents  in  Florida, 
Mr.  Joseph  Yoyle,  who  used  fir  balsam  in  place  of  resin,  in  connection 
with  the  oil  emulsion,  and  obtained  most  satisfactory  results.  A cer- 
tain amount  of  dextrine,  or,  yet  better,  flour,  if  mixed  with  the  wash, 
would  prove  valuable  for  the  same  purpose. 

Again,  if  permanency  can  be  given  to  the  effect  of  a wash  so  that 
the  few  insects  escaping  the  first  application,  or  which  would  hatch  out 
thereafter,  would  succumb,  such  addition  would  be  invaluable $ and 
though  the  arsenites  are,  as  a rule,  effective  chiefly  against  mandibu- 
late  insects,  or  those  which  masticate  their  food  (in  other  words, 
although  the  action  of  these  poisons  is  mainly  through  the  stomach), 
yet  I happen  to  know  from  experience  that  they  have  also  a direct 
effect  by  contact.  Therefore  I recommend,  with  considerable  confi- 
dence, that  in  this  dilute  kerosene  emulsion  there  be  added  a small 
proportion  of  arsenious  acid,  say  from  2 to  to  3 ounces  to  every  50  gal- 
lons of  wash.  This  arsenious  acid  may  be  prepared  and  added  in  va- 
rious ways.  Probably  one  of  the  simplest  would  be  to  take  half  a 
pound  of  arsenic  to  half  a pound  of  sal-soda,  boil  this  in  one-half  gal- 
lon of  water  until  the  arsenic  is  dissolved,  and  mix  this  with  about  100 
gallons  of  the  diluted  emulsion.  A quarter  of  a pound  of  London  pur- 
ple to  50  gallons  of  the  diluted  emulsion,  or  even  a still  greater  amount, 
would,  perhaps,  serve  the  same  purpose  and  be  less  likely  to  injure  the 
tree. 

I am  aware  of  the  danger  of  making  recommendations  that  have  not 
yet  had  thorough  trial,  but  I have  already  made  a few  limited  experi- 
ments (and  intend  making  more)  which  would  seem  to  justify  these,  and 
at  all  events  if  care  be  taken  not  to  use  too  large  a quantity  of  the  ar- 
senic no  harm  will  result  from  it,  either  to  the  tree  or  to  those  who  use 
the  fruit. 


20 


Kerosene  is  not  so  cheap  as  the  resin  compounds,  nor  as  some  of  the 
soap  and  lye  washes,  but  it  has  this  great  advantage,  that  it  can  be 
used  in  much  less  quantity.  It  permits  a great  reduction  in  the  amount 
of  material  and  the  cost  of  labor.  At  the  rate  of  20  cents  per  gallon 
wholesale,  the  effective  wash  will  cost  2J  cents  per  gallon,  and  from 
one  to  two  gallons  are  sufficient,  if  properly  sprayed,  on  a medium- 
sized tree. 


SPRAYING  APPARATUS. 

Just  as  there  is  a great  wastage  of  time  and  money  in  drenching  a 
tree  with  kerosene  emulsion,  so  the  spraying  nozzle  most  in  vogue  with 
you  is  also  somewhat  wasteful.  That  most  commonly  used  is  the  San 
Jose  nozzle,  in  which  the  water  is  simply  forced  through  a terminal  slit 
in  a narrow  and  rather  copious  jet  of  spray.  It  is  the  force  and  direct- 
ness of  the  spray  which  gives  this  nozzle  its  popularity  under  the  mis- 
taken spraying  notions  that  prevail,  and  to  this  I should  probably  add 
the  fact  that,  being  a patented  contrivance,  it  is  well  advertised,  and 
on  the  market,  for  somehow  or  other  people  rarely  value  a gift  as  much 
as  what  they  buy,  and  too  often  rate  value  by  price.  The  Cyclone  noz- 
zle, or  Riley  atomizer,  as  it  is  called  in  France,  which  has  proved  so  sat- 
isfactory in  the  East  as  well  as  to  my  agents  at  Los  Angeles,  has  scarcely 
had  such  trial  among  you,  so  far  as  I have  been  able  to  see,  as  to  prop- 
erly impress  its  advantages.  That  originally  made  and  sent  out  by  the 
late  G.  N.  Milco,  of  Stockton,  was  patterned  in  size  and  form  after  one 
which  I sent  him,  and  which  was  designed  to  spray  from  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground. 

What  I would  use  for  the  orange  grove,  or  for  trees,  is  a bunch  of 
nozzles  of  larger  capacity,  the  size  of  the  outlet  to  be  regulated  by  the 
force  of  the  pump.  I have  witnessed  all  forms  and  sorts  of  spraying 
devices,  and  while  there  are  many  that  are  ingenious  and  serve  a use- 
ful purpose,  I can  safely  say  that  there  is  no  form  which  will  produce  a 
spray  so  easily  regulated  and  altered  to  suit  different  conditions,  and 
which  is  so  simple  and  so  easily  adjustable  to  all  purposes.  Since 
among  you  I have  endeavored  to  get  a bunch  nozzle,  such  as  I would 
recommend,  made  at  Los  Angeles,  and  the  difficulties  I have  had  in  get- 
ting it  made  properly  illustrate,  perhaps,  some  of  the  reasons  why  this 
nozzle  has  not  become  more  popular  on  this  coast.  All  the  parts  must 
be  well  fitted ; the  inlet  must  be  tangential  and  the  outlet  so  made  as 
not  to  overcome  the  whirling  or  cyclonic  action  of  the  water.  The 
breadth,  directness,  force,  or  fineness  of  the  spray  are  all  regulated  by 
the  form  and  size  of  the  outlet,  and  if  a thick  cap  be  used  it  must  be 
gradually  countersunk  on  both  sides  until  the  thickness  at  the  outlet 
does  not  exceed  one-sixteenth  of  au  inch  or  less.  A bunch  of  four  noz- 
zles, one  arranged  so  as  to  have  the  outlet  distal  or  from  the  end  of  the 
piping,  which  may  be  ordinary  gas-pipe,  and  the  other  three  in  bunches, 
so  that  the  outlet  is  at  nearly  right  angles,  each  about  au  inch  below 


the  other,  and  so  placed  that  they  are  one- third  the  circumference  of 
the  main  pipe  apart,  will  be  found,  I think,  most  serviceable  in  your 
groves.  Such  a bunch  working  from  the  center  of  an  ordinary-sized 
tree  will  envelop  it  in  a perfect  ball  of  mist. 

For  tall  trees  a more  forcible  stream  might  be  had  from  the  end  by 
substituting  an  ordinary  jet  with  a wire  extension.  This  is  a recent 
device  first  brought  to  my  attention  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Nixon,  of  Dayton, 
Ohio,  and  for  sending  a fine  spray  for  a great  distance  it  has  advan- 
tages. It  is  simply  an  extension  screwed  over  an  ordinary  nipple,  the 
end  of  the  tube  being  covered  with  wire  netting,  which  breaks  up  the 
liquid  forced  through  it.  The  brass  nipple  should  be  about  one  inch 
in  length,  the  iierforation  very  true  and  varying  in  diameter  according 
to  the  force  of  spray  desired.  The  nipple  screws  on  the  discharge  pipe, 
and  upon  a shoulder  threaded  for  the  purpose  is  screwed  a chamber  or 
tube  about  one  inch  in  diameter  and  three  inches  long,  to  the  outer  end 
of  which  is  soldered  a piece  of  wire  gauze  varying  in  size  of  mesh  to 
suit  the  force  of  pump  and  the  size  of  aperture  in  nipple. 

Finally,  if  a service  of  blind  caps  and  several  sets  of  cyclone  nozzle 
caps  of  varying  aperture  are  kept  on  hand,  the  spraying  may  be  ad- 
justed at  will  to  condition  of  wind,  size  of  tree,  &c. 

Your  worthy  president  has  very  well  remarked  that  what  we  want  is 
not  generalization,  but  hard  facts  and  experience  presented  in  the 
simplest  and  briefest  manner.  If  I have  dealt  somewhat  with  princi- 
ples rather  than  with  details,  I shall  look  for  your  excuse  in  the  fact 
that  extended  experience  presents  such  a multiplicity  of  details  as  to 
warn  me  from  entering  into  them. 

FUMIGATION. 

Fumigating  trees  will  always  have,  cceteris paribus,  some  disadvantage 
as  compared  with  spraying.  The  mechanism  is  more  cumbersome ; the 
time  required  for  treatment  and  the  first  cost  in  making  preparation 
greater,  and  these  facts  will  always  give  spraying  the  advantage  with 
small  proprietors  and  those  who  are  dealing  with  young  trees.  Sulphur 
fumes  have  been  tried,  but  they  burn  the  leaves  and  injure  the  tree. 
Tobacco  smoke  and  vapor  fail  to  kill  the  eggs.  Ammonia  is  excellent, 
but  fails  to  kill  all,  though  I have  known  the  most  beneficial  results  from 
the  ammonia  arising  from  sheep  manure  used  as  a fertilizer  in  apple 
orchards.  Bi-sulphide  of  carbon  has  been  tried,  and  with  great  care  in 
getting  the  right  quantity  its  vapor  will  kill  the  insects  without  killing 
the  tree  5 but  its  application  requires  too  much  time  and  is  fraught  with 
more  or  less  risk  to  man.  This  is  equally  true  of  cyanide  of  potassium 
and  of  other  substances  the  vapors  from  which  are  known  to  be  very 
deadly  to  insect  life.  It  will  be  difficult,  therefore,  to  find  a mode  of 
fumigating  that  will  be  harmless  to  the  tree  and  deadly  to  the  insects, 
and  at  the  same  time  as  rapidly  and  easily  applied  as  a spray. 


22 


Many  of  you  already  know  that  Mr.  Coquillett,  in  connection  with 
Mr.  Alex.  Craw  and  Mr.  Wolfskill,  of  Los  Angeles,  have  for  some  time 
been  conducting  a series  of  experiments  which  lead  them  to  believe  that 
they  have  discovered  a gas  which  possesses  the  requisite  qualities.  The 
trees  which  I have  examined  that  have  been  treated  with  this  gas,  both 
there,  at  San  Gabriel,  and  at  Orauge,  lead  me  to  the  conclusion  that 
they  are  fully  justified  in  this  belief,  and  several  ingenious  contrivances 
have  been  perfected  in  Los  Angeles  County  whic  h give  promise  of  great 
utility  and  feasibility.  Whether  the  trees  are  left  uninjured,  it  is  per- 
haps premature  to  say.  That  they  are  affected  is  evident  in  some  cases, 
and  what  the  ultimate  effect  will  be  time  alone  will  decide.  Let  us  all 
hope  that  the  promise  of  this  gas  will  be  abundantly  fulfilled.  Let  me 
add,  however,  that  even  if  it  be  found  that  no  solitary  insect  or  egg  will 
escape  treatment  with  this  or  any  other  gas,  fumigation  will  yet  no 
more  fully  exterminate  or  free  the  orchard  than  the  proper  spraying  of 
the  kerosene  emulsion,  but,  for  the  reasons  already  stated,  will  have  to 
be  repeated.  In  other  words,  one  application,  however  perfect  in  de- 
stroying insect  life,  cannot  and  should  not  be  depended  on.  The  disad- 
vantage about  this  gas  in  my  estimation  is  that  it  is  kept  so  far  a se- 
cret. We  cannot  perhaps  blame  the  gentlemen  for  endeavoring  to  re- 
alize something  out  of  what  they  consider  a valuable  discovery  that 
will  compensate  them  for  the  time  they  have  devoted  to  the  purpose ; but 
I am  always  suspicious  of  secret  or  patent  insect  remedies.  My  friend, 
Mr.  Coquillett,  perfected  this  gas  after  his  employment  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  ceased.  But  it  is  a general  truth  that  the  moment 
any  person  or  persons  become  interested  in  a patent  or  in  any  remedy 
they  desire  to  control,  from  that  moment  their  judg  ment  can  no  longer 
be  depended  on  as  to  the  value  of  other  remedies. 

I have  been  asked  why  Mr.  Coquillett  was  not  continued  in  the  serv- 
ice of  the  Department  for  a longer  period,  and  it  is  perhaps  due  to  the 
fruit-growers  of  California  and  to  him  to  explain  why  the  experiments 
which  he  began  were  interrupted.  It  had  been  my  desire  to  have  two 
agents  permanent^  located  on  the  Pacific  coast  to  carry  on  the  work 
of  my  Division  here,  for  I have  long  felt  that  your  fruit  interests,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  other  agronomic  interests  of  the  State,  demanded  such 
recognition  at  the  hands  of  our  National  Government.  It  so  happens 
that  in  my  desire  to  aid  other  investigations  that  bear  upon  the  promo- 
tion of  agriculture,  I took  part  in  urging  the  creation  of  a Division  of 
ornithology  and  mammalogy  for  the  purpose  of  investigating  the  habits 
of  birds  and  mammals  so  far  as  they  affect  agriculture  and  horticulture. 
The  friends  of  ornithology  were  successful  in  getting  that  Division  cre- 
ated, but  were  unable  to  get  an  appropriation  to  carry  on  the  work,  ex- 
cept by  taking  it  out  of  the  appropriation  for  the  Entomological  Divis- 
ion; and  during  my  absence  from  the  country  last  June,  and  after  all 
my  arrangements  had  been  made  for  work  on  the  Pacific  coast  on  the 
basis  of  the  appropriation  bill  passed  by  the  House  of  Bepresentatives, 


23 


the  amount  was  cut  down  in  the  Senate  and  part  of  it  given  for  the  or- 
nithological work,  thus  requiring  the  discharge  of  a number  of  those 
already  engaged,  and  restricting  the  work  of  the  De  partment  in  ento- 
mology. 

BANDAGES  AROUND  THE  TRUNK. 

There  is  always  danger  that  a tree  once  sprayed  or  disinfected  will 
get  reinfested  from  the  insects  that  have  not  been  reached  upon  ad- 
jacent plants  or  upon  the  ground,  and  which  in  time  may  crawl  upon 
the  trunk.  Any  of  the  sticky  bandages  used  for  the  canker-worm  will 
check  this  ascent,  but  when  the  sticky  material  is  placed  directly  on 
the  trunk  it  may  do  more  harm  than  good.  It  should,  therefore,  be 
placed  upon  strips  of  tar  paper  or  other  stiff  paper,  tied  by  a cord  around 
the  middle,  the  upper  end  flared  slightly  outward,  and  the  space  be- 
tween it  and  the  trunk  filled  with  soil  to  prevent  the  young  insects  from 
creeping  beneath.  Cotton  should  not  be  used  for  this  purpose,  as  birds, 
for  nesting  purposes,  carry  away  j^artieles  of  it  which  may  contain  the 
young  insects  and  may  thus  help  to  disseminate  them. 

LEGISLATION. 

Xext  to  the  destructive  locusts  which  occasionally  ravage  our  grain- 
fields  no  other  insect  has  perhaps  been  more  thoroughly  legislated 
against  than  this  Icerya  in  California.  Indeed,  the  manner  in  which 
the  people  of  this  State  have  taken  hold  of  this  insect  question  and 
have  endeavored  by  all  legislative  means  to  enforce  such  action  on  the 
part  of  fruit-growers  as  best  subserve  the  interests  of  the  whole  State, 
is  highly  commendable.  Yet,  while  much  good  has  undoubtedly  re- 
sulted, the  laws  have  too  often  proved  inoperative,  either  through  the 
negligence  or  ignorance  of  those  appointed  to  execute  them,  or  still 
more  often  through  the  indifference  or  opposition  of  individual  growers, 
or  unwillingness  of  the  courts  to  enforce  the  laws  with  vigor.  And 
while  the  greatest  co-operation  should  be  urged,  and,  if  possible,  en- 
forced, in  battling  with  these  insect  posts,  yet,  so  far  as  this  particular 
species  is  concerned,  no  human  endeavor  can  now  exterminate  it  from 
the  couutry.  It  has  come  to  stay,  and  nothing  has  more  fully  forced 
itself  upon  my  conviction  than  that,  in  the  end,  with  all  our  laws,  each 
orange-grower  must  depend  upon  his  own  exertions.  It  is,  therefore, 
fortunate  that  the  pest  may  be  controlled  by  such  individual  exertions. 
While,  however,  we  must  admit  that  it  is  beyond  our  power  to  fully 
eradicate  it  from  those  districts  in  which  it  has  obtained  a foothold,  the 
case  is  quite  different  when  it  comes  to  restricting  its  spread,  and  it  is 
in  this  direction  that  wise  legislation,  and  the  strict  carrying  out  of  the 
legislative  measures  you  have  adopted,  or  may  adopt,  will  be  productive 
of  much  good. 

Eecent  history  has  furnished  very  good  evidence  of  the  power  of 
stringent  measures  adopted  by  governments,  whether  to  prevent  the 


24 


introduction  of  an  insect  pest  or  to  stamp  it  out  when  first  introduced 
and  before  it  has  acquired  a strong  foothold.  Several  European  nations 
have,  in  this  way,  averted,  so  far,  the  Grape  Phylloxera,  and  the  Ger- 
man Government,  on  one  occasion  at  least,  effectually  stamped  out  our 
Col  orado  Potato-beetle,  which  became  established  in  a restricted  locality. 

The  danger  which  threatens  orange-growing  districts  in  this  State 
not  yet  affected,  as  well  as  the  orange  belt  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  is 
great,  and  we  cannot  too  earnestly  appeal  to  the  authorities  that  be  for 
means  to  employ  still  greater  vigilance  to  avert  it. 

RIVERSIDE. 

What  a relief  it  is  to  get  from  a scale-infected  region,  with  the  at- 
tending evils  of  blighted  and  withering  growth,  smuttiness,  and  unmar- 
ketable fruit,  into  a neighborhood  yet  exempt  from  these  pests,  like  this 
enterprising  locality  in  which  you  meet!  What  a joy  in  contemplating 
by  contrast  the  bright  and  cleanly  aspect  of  the  trees  ! And  what  is 
there  more  beautiful  in  nature  than  a perfect  orange  grove  at  this  sea- 
son, and  yet  untainted  by  Coccid  or  Aphid,  or  other  insect  enemy?  In 
all  my  travels  I have  nowhere  felt  nearer  the  ideal  Garden  of  Eden  than 
in  some  of  your  lovely  valleys,  yet  unvisited  by  these  destroying  atoms. 
The  profusion  and  perfection  of  fruit  and  flower,  the  elysian  character 
of  the  landscape,  the  genial  sun — all  appeal  to  the  higher  esthetic  feel- 
ing in  man,  and  one  is  moved  to  enthusiastic  contemplation  and  admira- 
tion of  the  glories  of  nature  and  the  bounties  of  Hea  ven  under  such 
favoring  conditions ! 

STATE  ENTOMOLOGIST. 

You  know  better  than  I do  how  your  laws  have  acted  in  the  past  and 
are  acting  now,  and  how  far  your  State  inspector  and  your  different 
county  inspectors  have  succeeded. 

But,  before  passing  this  matter  of  legislation,  I should  be  derelict  in 
my  duty  if  I did  not  urge  upon  you  the  value  of  one  form  of  legislation 
which  has  not  yet  been  tried.  Without  abating  one  iota  the  work  al- 
ready being  done,  whether  by  individuals  or  boards,  it  does  seem  to  me 
that  if  you  had  a State  Entomologist,  i.  e .,  an  officer  appointed  to  devote 
his  entire  time  to  this  subject  of  economic  entomology  in  the  State, 
much  additional  good  might  be  acco  mplished,  provided  he  were  properly 
supported  and  given  the  means  to  carry  on  his  work  effectually.  You 
should  not  commit  the  same  error  that  has  been  committed  by  some  of 
the  Eastern  States,  in  which  the  cultivators  of  the  soil  have  desired  to 
have  such  a State  entomologist  appointed.  In  three  cases  which  I now 
have  in  my  mind  there  has  been  quite  a disposition  on  the  part  of  the 
legislature  to  pass  a proper  bill,  but  it  has  failed  in  each  case  because 
of  the  conflicting  interests  which  aimed  to  control  the  office.  Either 
the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  or  a State  Horticultural  Society,  or  a 
State  Agricultural  College,  or  some  State  university,  or  some  other 


25 


State  institution,  desired  to  have  the  honor  and  the  privileges  pertain- 
ing to  the  office,  and,  between  them  all,  failure  has  resulted.  I should 
like  to  see  California  with  a competent  State  Entomologist  appointed, 
under  a bill  carefully  drawn  up  providing  his  duties,  by  the  governor, 
upon  recommendation  of  the  professor  of  agriculture  in  your  State  uni- 
versity, and  the  president  of  such  other  State  horticultural  and  agricul- 
tural bodies  as  may  exist.  In  this  manner  the  interests  of  all  these 
bodies  might  be  considered,  and  the  State  could  not,  iu  my  judgment, 
make  a more  profitable  investment  than  in  the  creation  of  such  an  office. 

IMPORTATION  OF  PARASITES. 

It  has  doubtless  occurred  to  many  of  you  that  it  would  be  very  desir- 
able to  introduce  from  Australia  such  parasites  as  serve  to  keep  this 
fluted  scale  in  check  in  its  native  laud.  We  have  already  seen  that 
there  is  ore  minute  parasite  which  has,  in  all  probability,  been  brought 
over  with  it  from  Australia,  and  there  is  no  question  but  that  it  is  very 
desirable  to  introduce  any  such  of  its  enemies  and  parasites  as  can  be 
introduced.  This  State— yes,  even  Los  Angeles  County — could  well 
afford  to  appropriate  a couple  of  thousand  dollars  for  no  other  purpose 
than  the  sending  of  an  expert  to  Australia  to  devote  some  months  to 
the  study  of  these  parasites  there  and  to  their  artificial  introduction  here. 
But  the  agent  must  be  an  expert  entomologist,  and  his  selection  should 
be  left  to  some  competent  authority.  The  result  for  good,  in  the  end, 
would  be  a million-fold,  and  I have  no  fear  but  what  you,  as  orange- 
growers,  will  appreciate  the  force  of  this  statement.  I would  not  hesi- 
tate, as  United  States  Entomologist,  to  send  some  one  there  with  the 
consent  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  were  the  means  for  the 
purpose  at  my  command  ; but  unfortunately,  the  mere  suggestion  that 
I wanted  $1,500  or  $2,000  for  such  a purpose  would  be  more  apt  to  cause 
laughter  and  ridicule  on  the  part  of  the  average  committee  in  Congress 
than  serious  and  earnest  consideration,  and  the  action  of  the  last  Con- 
gress has  rendered  any  such  work  impossible  by  limiting  investigation 
to  the  United  States. 

REMARKS  CONFINED  TO  THE  ORANGE. 

Let  me,  in  closing,  lay  stress  on  the  fact  that  I have,  in  all  that  has 
been  said  relating  to  remedies,  had  reference  solely  to  the  orange  and 
the  scale  insects  affecting  it. 

The  Fluted  Scale  is  undoubtedly  the  most  difficult  to  master,  and  the 
means  I have  recommended  against  it  apply  equally  to  your  other 
orange  scales,  as  experiment  has  already  demonstrated.  Your  Bed 
Scale,  in  some  respects  even  worse  than  the  Icerya,  and  of  which  I 
should  like  to  say  something  in  detail  did  time  permit,  succumbs  to  it. 
But  when  it  comes  to  the  treatment  of  deciduous  trees,  much  that  I 
have  said  will  not  apply,  and  each  tree  needs  separate  consideration 
and  is  affected  differently  by  different  washes. 


26 


PROSPERITY  YS.  INSECT  PESTS. 

Ill  passing  from  place  to  place  since  I have  been  in  the  State,  and 
more  particularly  in  visiting  the  different  parts  of  Los  Angeles  County, 
I have  been  struck  with  the  wonderful  activity  everywhere  manifest  in 
real  estate.  Land  is  “booming7’ in  all  parts  of  the  country,  but  no- 
where has  it  reached  such  proportions,  it  seems  to  me,  as  right  here  in 
this  part  of  California.  There  does  not,  at  first,  seem  to  be  much  con- 
nection between  the  real  estate  boom  and  the  scale-insects  of  the 
Orange.  But  I am  quite  sure  that  the  rapidity  with  which  your  orange 
orchards  have  been  and  are  being  converted  into  town  blocks  and 
town  lots  has  a marked  influence  on  the  spread  and  increase  of  these 
scale  insects ; for  no  sooner  does  the  owner  of  a grove  subdivide  and 
sell  it  than  the  different  new  owners  allow  it  to  u run  to  grass,”  so  to 
speak,  and  for  miles  around  all  your  thriving  and  growing  centers  of 
population  may  be  found  neglected  orchards  upon  which  the  insects 
are  reveling  and  multiplying  and  scattering  into  those  which  are  more 
carefully  cultivated.  To  this  cause  is,  in  my  judgment,  due  very  much 
of  the  rapid  reiufesting  of  these  cultivated  orchards,  so  that  your  insect 
troubles  are,  in  a measure,  connected  with  your  unp  recedented  growth 
and  prosperi  ty. 

NOT  AN  UNMIXED  EVIL. 

Finally,  let  me  say,  before  taking  my  seat,  that  your  scale  insects  are 
not  an  uumixed  evil.  With  your  lovely  climate,  rich  and  varied  soil, 
and  the  many  other  advantages  which  your  beautiful  country  possesses 
for  the  cultivation  of  the  orange  and  most  other  fruits,  the  business 
would  soon  come  to  be  overdone  and  rendered  unprofitable,  could  every 
one,  before  planting  his  trees,  feel  sure  of  an  abundant  and  fair  crop 
without  having  to  contend  with  difficulties.  Under  these  circumstances, 
it  seems  to  me  that  even  the  dreaded  scale-insects,  by  driving  the  thrift- 
less to  the  wail  and  giving  the  careful  and  intelligent  man  who  persists 
in  destroying  and  defeating  them  better  prices  for  his  product,  may, 
after  all,  prove  a blessing  in  disguise.  One  thing  is  sure,  it  is  pure  folly 
to  talk  of  giving  up  the  battle  and  abandoning  the  field  to  these,  your 
tiny  foes.  There  is  no  insect  that  is  invulnerable,  or  that  we  may  not 
overcome,  if  we  but  attack  it  at  the  right  time,  in  the  right  place,  and 
with  proper  means  and  ability.  You  will,  ere  long,  feel  yourselves  mas- 
ters of  the  situation,  and  if  what  I have  said  will  aid  in  ever  so  little 
to  give  you  the  victory  I shall  feel  abundantly  rewarded.  I havealready 
occupied  more  of  your  time  than  I intended  to,  and  though  much  is  left 
unsaid,  even  about  this  single  insect,  I must  close  in  order  to  leave  time 
for  discussion.  In  doing  so,  permit  me  to  congratulate  you  as  a Board 
for  the  good  work  already  done,  and  to  prophesy  that  in  future  years 
when  the  fair  and  unrivaled  fruit  of  this  coast  shall  have  multiplied  be- 
yond the  most  sanguine  vision  of  any  of  us,  and  have  found  its  way  in 
one  form  or  another  to  consumers  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  the  people 
of  California  will  gratefully  remember  the  work  you  instigated  and  the 
battles  you  fought.  Ladies  and  gentlemeu,  I thank  you. 


NOTES  ON  ICERYA— ITS  PROBABLE  ORIGIN  THE  ISLANDS  OF  BOUR- 
BON  AND  MAURITIUS. 


C.  Y.  Riley  in  Pacific  Rural  Press,  June  11,  1837. 


I have  just  read  with  a great  deal  of  interest  the  letter  of  W.  M.  Mas- 
ked to  State  Inspector  Klee,  in  your  issue  of  the  7th  instant.  This  letter 
really  brings  up  quite  an  important  question,  so  far  as  our  White  or  Fluted 
Scale  is  concerned.  In  an  article  in  my  forthcoming  report,  as  United 
States  Entomologist,  of  which  I have  sent  you  advanced  page  proofs, 
I have,  without  question,  assumed  that  Icerya  purehasi  Masked  was  a 
good  species  and  distinct  from  I.  sacchari  Signoret,  because  Masked, 
in  his  second  article  on  the  former  species  (Trans.  New  Zealand  Inst, 
for  1883,  page  140),  after  an  examination  of  specimens  of  I.  saccliari , 
sent  him  by  Signoret,  says  that  he  finds  the  “ Mauritian  species  un- 
doubtedly and  markedly  distinct,”  This  letter  to  Mr.  Klee  brings  up, 
however,  the  whole  question  of  the  accuracy  of  his  determination.  He 
admits  that  he  has  never  seen  Signoret’s  I.  sacchari  alive.  The  only 
differences  which  he  made  in  1883  between  1.  sacchari* and  I.  purehasi 
are  as  follows  : sacchari  does  not  seem  to  form  an  ovisac  with  longi- 

tudinal grooves,  nor  does  the  body  of  the  insect,  although  somewhat 
hairy,  show  the  great  tufts  of  black  hairs  and  the  curious  projecting 
glassy  tubes  springing  from  large  brown  coroneted  bases  which  are 
marked  features  of  I.  purehasi.  The  number  of  circular  spinneret  ori- 
fices are  much  smaller  in  the  Mauritian  insects.” 

Now  Signoret  knew  only  two  stages,  the  full-grown  female  and  the 
newly  hatched  larva,  while  Masked  gave  careful  descriptions  of  the 
egg,  the  young  larva,  the  second  stage,  and  the  full-grown  female,  but 
had  not  seen  the  male  larva,  cocoon,  or  adult.  It  is  for  this  reason  that 
I have  given  a very  full  characterization  of  the  species  in  the  article 
already  alluded  to. 

Signoret’s  description,  so  far  as  it  goes,  applies  thoroughly  well  to  I. 
purehasi  in  some  of  its  forms.  His  female  had  not  formed  the  cottony 
or  fiuted-egg  covering,  at  least  he  makes  no  reference  to  it.  His  figure, 
while  showing  a short  truncated  mass,  does  not  indicate  the  flutings 
because  the  few  lines  upon  it  are  evidently  intended  by  the  artist  for 


28 


the  long,  fine,  glassy  hairs.  Maskell,  following  Signoret’s  description, 
rightly  says  that  sacchari  “does  not  seem  to  form  an  ovisac  with  longi- 
tudinal grooves.”  But  Signoret  himself  says  that  saccliari , in  the 
island  of  Bourbon,  “is  confounded  with  Lecanium  g aster  alpha,  under 
the  name  of  louse-with-the-whitepocket.”  Whether  Signoret  assumed 
such  confounding  by  the  islanders  because  of  erroneous  supposition 
that  this  sacchari  had  no  ovisac,  or  whether  the  islanders  designate  both 
the  Lecanium  and  the  Icerya  under  the  characteristic  vernacular,  is  not 
plain  from  the  language,  and  is  immaterial.  On  the  principle  of  unity 
of  habit  in  the  same  genus,  I feel  morally  sure  that  Signoret’s  Icerya 
must  produce  her  eggs  in  such  an  ovisac,  and  the  Bourbonese  are  doubt- 
less well  aware  of  the  fact,  otherwise  they  would  not  so  indicate  it  or 
confound  it  with  Lecanium.  We  are  justified  in  assuming  that  the 
female  which  my  friend  Signoret  described  and  figured  had  only  just 
begun  forming  its  sac,  and  that  its  flutings  had  become  effaced  and  the 
secretion  unnatural  in  appearance.  Haskell’s  second  reason,  viz,  that 
sacchari  “does  not  show  the  great  tufts  of  black  hairs  and  the  project- 
ing glassy  tubes,”  will  also  lose  force  from  the  facts  that  Signoret  par- 
ticularly describes  these  glassy  tubes  as  “ long  filaments,  waxy,  very 
fine,  delicate,  transparent,”  and  that  these  tufts  of  black  hairs  are  ex- 
tremely variable  in  quantity,  sometimes  making  the  insect  look  quite 
dark  and  bringing  out  in  strong  relief  the  few  smooth,  orange-red  or 
brick-red  elevations,  and  particularly  the  series  of  about  twenty-two 
around  the  border ; at  other  times  being  so  scarce  that  the  insect  has 
an  almost  uniform  reddish-brown  appearance. 

It  would  appear,  therefore,  that,  notwithstanding  the  differences  in 
Signoret’s  and  Maskell’s  characterizations,  there  is  room  yet  for  grave 
doubt  as  to  the  specific  difference  in  the  two  insects,  especially  as  upon 
restudying  Signoret’s  description  it  accords  in  every  other  particular 
with  I.  purchasi . 

You  will  pardon  me,  I know,  for  going  into  these  technical  details,  be- 
cause it  is  evident  that  the  solution  of  these  questions  has  a very  im- 
portant bearing.  My  own  impression  now  is  that  future  investigation 
will  prove  that  the  two  insects  are  identical.  The  truth  will  in  time  be 
ascertained  by  getting  all  the  different  stages  of  sacchari  from  the  Isl- 
and of  Bourbon  or  from  Mauritius,  and  comparing  them  more  carefully 
with,  purchasi,  the  different  stages  of  which  I have  fully  detailed  in  my 
report. 

Let  me  say  in  this  connection  that  there  is  a great  variability  mpur- 
chasi  as  to  the  amount  of  matter  secreted  on  the  scale  itself,  which  may 
very  easily  mislead,  especially  in  dried  specimens.  In  the  orange  groves 
of  Southern  California  the  general  colorational  aspect  of  the  insect  is, 
in  all  its  stages,  reddish-brown,  the  surface  exudation  being  rarely  ex- 
cessive and  never  obliterating  the  reddish-brown  color.  This  exudation 
is,  in  fact,  more  noticeable  upon  the  male  larva,  which,  together  with 
his  narrower,  more  elongate  form,  renders  him  easily  distinguishable 


29 


from  the  female.  In  the  more  northern  parts  of  the  State,  however,  I 
found  that  the  general  colorational  aspect  was  quite  different,  owing  to 
the  greater  excess  of  the  surface  exudation,  which  frequently  covers  the 
body  in  little  globular  masses  and  gives  it  a whitish  and  even  greenish 
aspect,  and  which  often  rises  along  the  middle  of  the  body  into  a tufted 
ridge.  This  form  corresponds  more  nearly  with  what  Signoret  has  de- 
scribed, and  it  follows  that  this  waxy  surface  exudation  becomes  denser 
and  still  more  noticeable  by  contraction  in  the  dried  or  cabinet  speci- 
mens or  whenever  the  insect  has  shrunken. 

This  question  of  the  synonymy  of  the  species  bears  directly  on  its 
original  source;  for  if  we  have  but  one  species  of  the  genus,  or  even  if 
there  be  two,  and  I.  purchasi  is  found  to  occur  on  the  sugar  cane  in  the 
islands  of  Bourbon  and  Mauritius,  then  the  presumption  will  be  that  it 
originally  came  from  these  islands.  In  my  address  at  Riverside,  I 
called  attention  to  the  fact  that  this  Fluted  Scale  seems  to  have  become 
notably  injurious  almost  simultaneously  in  Australia,  South  Africa,  and 
California,  and  on  the  assumption  that  it  infests  the  sugar  cane  on  the 
islands  mentioned,  it  is  much  more  easy  to  understand  its  introduction 
to  the  other  countries.  Sugar  is  exported  from  those  islands  into  many 
parts  of  the  world.  The  sugar,  as  it  leaves  those  islands,  is  very  coarse, 
and  all  the  molasses  or  sirup  is  not  extracted,  centrifugals  not  being 
in  use.  For  the  purpose  of  draining,  the  sugar-makers  are  in  the  habit 
of  putting  a piece  of  cane  in  every  hogshead,  and,  in  addition,  the  top 
is  sometimes  covered  with  pieces  of  cane.  In  point  of  fact,  I am  in 
formed  that  an  insect,  known  in  the  trade  as  the  sugar-louse,  is  of  quite 
frequent  occurrence  in  such  sugar,  and  Professor  Wiley,  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  upon  being  shown  specimens  of  Icerya  purchasi 
(and  he  is  quite  familiar  with  the  so-called  sugar-louse),  informed  me 
that  he  thinks  them  identical. 

On  this  hypothesis  the  initial  spreading  point  is  from  some  of  the  Pacific 
islands,  and  the  insect  probably  made  its  way  first  to  Cape  Town  and 
thence  to  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  California.  This  does  not  pre- 
clude the  possibility  of  its  importation  upon  other  plants,  but  I think 
it  highly  probable  that  the  chief  method  of  distribution  of  an  insect 
which  is  so  tough  as  to  bear  long  survival  without  food  was  upon  sugar- 
cane in  sugar  hogsheads,  or  bags,  as  it  could  be  much  more  safely  carried 
in  this  way  than  upon  living  plants.  The  determination  of  the  original 
source  of  the  pest  is  of  vital  concern  in  any  study  of  its  parasites,  as 
such  would  be  more  apt  to  be  found  in  its  native  country  than  in  any 
countries  of  its  introduction. 

I have  been  quite  anxious  to  settle  definitely  this  question  of  its  origi- 
nal home,  and  have  lately  had  some  correspondence  with  parties  in  Aus- 
tralia, New  Zealand,  and  Africa.  The  following  extracts  from  such 
correspondence  will  prove  of  interest  to  the  people  of  California.  Mr. 
Kirk’s  statement  will  add  weight  to  the  hypothesis  that  I have  ventured, 
while  Baron  von  Mueller’s  statement  also  strengthens  it.  It  may  per- 


30 


haps  be  impossible  at  this  late  day  to  definitely  settle  the  question  of  this 
original  source,  especially  as  there  may  have  been  not  one  but  several  in- 
troductions (indeed  we  have  evidence  that  such  was  the  case)  into  all 
three  of  the  countries  in  which  it  now  occurs ; but  we  can  much  easier 
understand  its  travels  if  it  started  as  a sugar-cane  insect.  I have  itali- 
cized those  parts  of  the  following  letters  which  particularly  bear  on  the 
subject  of  this  communication. 

The  sketch  of  the  Dipteron,  which  Mr.  Crawford  found  attacking 
Icerya,  shows  a great  likeness  in  the  body  to  some  hymenopterous  En- 
cyrtids  ; but  the  wings  indicate  its  Dipterous  character  and  that  it  be. 
longs  to  the  Dolichopodidse  near  Diapliorus . So  far  as  their  larval 
habits  are  known,  these  flies  are  predaceous  and  live  in  the  larva  state 
in  the  ground.  Perhaps  Mr.  Crawford  has  used  the  term  u parasitic77 
synonymically  with  u predaceous,”  but  I will  not  further  anticipate  what 
Miss  Ormerod  may  report.* 

EXTRACTS  FROM  CORRESPONDENCE. 

I . 

[The  following  are  the  extracts  from  the  correspondence  to  which  ref- 
erence is  made  above. — Editors  Press.] 

Letter  from  Roland  Trimen,  of  Cape  Town,  to  Professor  Riley. 

As  regards  tlie  evidence  as  to  the  Australian  habitat  originally  of  this  insect,  I re- 
gret that  I have  nothing  to  add  to  what  has  been  already  supplied  to  you. 

* # tp  * * * M 

Since  the  commissioner’s  report  in  1877,  the  orange  industry  of  the  western  dis- 
tricts has  suffered  most  severely,  scarce,  very  inferior,  and  exceedingly  dear  fruit  be- 
ing now  only  obtainable  where  it  used  to  be  abundant,  good,  and  cheap.  Where, 
however,  the  kerosene  and  alkaline  solutions  have  been  constantly  applied  by  indi- 
vidual proprietors  here  and  there,  the  result  (as  I am  informed  by  Mr.  MacOwan,  di- 
rector of  the  botanical  gardens)  has  been  very  encouraging.  In  the  eastern  districts 
the  effects  of  the  Icerya’s  attacks  do  not  seem  to  have  been  nearly  so  serious,  but 
whether  this  is  due  to  a less  suitable  climate  and  other  conditions,  or  to  more  vigi- 
lance and  exertion  on  the  part  of  cultivators,  I cannot  at  present  determine. 

* Since  this  was  written  I have  received  two  specimens  of  the  insect  itself  through 
the  courtesy  of  Miss  Ormerod.  These  specimens  are  so  much  m utilated  that  it  is  al- 
most impossible  to  accurately  place  them.  The  enlarged  ligure  sent  by  Mr.  Craw- 
ford was  very  misleading,  the  venation  of  the  wing  being  wrong  and  also  the  an- 
tennae. It  has  no  second  cross  vein  on  the  wings  and  no  sort  of  resemblance  to  the 
actual  antennae,  while  the  two  basal  cells  on  the  wings  are  lacking.  It  is  quite  likely 
that  this  fly  belongs  to  a new  genus.  The  specimens  were  sent  to  Dr.  S.  VV.  Willis- 
ton,  who  reports  that  he  considers  them  Oscinids,  but  that  further  than  that  he  could 
venture  no  opinion  as  he  can  locate  them  in  no  genus  with  certainty. 

Iu  reference  to  natural  enemies  of  the  Icerya,  it  is  of  interest  to  note  that  a little 
lady-bird,  Rodolia  iceryce , of  which  Miss  Ormerod  has  sent  me  a figure,  has  been  found 
to  do  good  work  and  to  destroy  the  pest  in  Australia,  while  news  comes  from  Cali- 
fornia that  Chilocorns  cacti  is  doing  suck  excellent  work  that  the  trees  in  some  local- 
ities are  being  entirely  freed  through  its  instrumentality  and  the  lady-birds  are  act- 
ually being  sold  to  orange-growers  at  so  much  per  ounce.  C.  V.  R. 


31 


The  bug  spread  to  Natal  withiu  the  last  few  years,  and  last  year  I received  speci- 
mens of  them,  found  on  the  common  black  wattle.  Only  yesterday  I was  sorry  to> 
receive  a lot  found  there  on  the  orange. 

No  public  action  in  the  matter  has  been  taken  since  the  legislative  assembly,  in 
1887,  threw  out  the  attempted  legislation  on  the  subject.  [Roland  Trimen,  South 
African  Museum,  Cape  Town,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  February  8,  1887. 

F.  S.  Crauford , Adelaide , to  Professor  Filey. 

Last  year  I entirely  lost  my  colony  of  Icerya,  owiug  to  the  attacks  of  a fly.  A rough 
tracing  of  an  unfinished  drawing  of  the  same  I also  forward.  I know  nothing  about  the 
Diptera  and  should  be  obliged  if  you  can  determine  the  insect  from  the  drawing.  I 
may  say  that  I sent  Miss  E.  Ormerod  specimens  of  the  fly  about  two  months  back,  but, 
of  course,  have  not  had  time  to  hear  what  she  makes  of  it.  This  is  the  only  instance 
I know,  or  have  read  of,  of  a true  Dipteron  being  a Coccid  parasite.  [Frazier  S.  Craw- 
ford, surveyor-general’s  office,  Adelaide,  South  Australia,  February  21,  1887. 

Letter  from  Baron  von  Mueller , of  Melbourne , to  Professor  Riley. 

* * * I beg  to  inform  you  that  the  Icerya  purchase  (or  a closely  allied  species) 

although  occurring  on  Acacia  mollissima  and  some  congeners  in  the  colony  Victoria,  has 
not  attacked  here  (so  far  as  I can  learn  or  had  occasion  to  observe),  destructively  at- 
tacked, the  orange  orchards.  I will,  however,  make  further  inquiries  as  well  in  this 
colony  as  in  New  South  Wales,  South  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  led  you  know  the 
results. 

Possibly  the  Icerya  develops  more  readily  in  a moister  clime  than  that  of  Victoria, 
and  thus  becomes  more  mischievous  in  California  than  here. 

The  introduction  of  this  destructive  insect  into  your  States  by  means  of  Acacia  seems 
to  me  very  unlikely,  because  the  various  species  of  Acacias  are  so  easily  raised  from  seeds 
that  no  one  will  think  to  introduce  them  by  living  plants.  Moreover , it  could  not  have  been 
the  Acacia  latifolia,  which  was  the  host  of  Icerya,  because  that  species  is  a native  only  of 
the  north  coast  of  Australia,  and  as  yet  nowhere  existing  in  horticulture.  Acacia  armata 
certainly  is  grown  for  hedges,  but  always  raised  from  seed,  chiefly  obtained  from  North 
Australia.  It  seems,  therefore,  more  likely  that  when  Acacias  are  grown  anywhere, 
they  would  afford — particularly  in  humid  climes — a favorable  opportunity  for  the 
Icerya  to  spread.  A similar  circumstance  occurred  in  Ceylon,  and  another  in  some 
parts  of  Brazil,  where  an  indigenous  insect  plague  became  aggravated,  when  Euca- 
lyptus, on  which  that  insect  preferably  seized,  became  reared.*  Whether  the  Icerya 
was  originally  an  inhabitant  of  Victoria  or  merely  immigrated,  I will  endeavor  to 
ascertain  ; but  such  a subject  of  inquiry  is  surrounded  with  difficulty  now  after  half 
a century’s  existence  of  the  colony,  particularly  as  the  Icerya  drew  no  attention  hero 
by  any  extensively  injurious  effects  on  any  cultivated  plants,  though  it  may  have 
caused  on  some  plants  minor  or  transient  injury.  [Ferdinand  von  Mueller,  Melbourne, 
Australia,  March  21,  1887. 

Letter  from  L.  M.  Kirk,  of  Wellington,  New  Zealand,  to  Professor  Riley. 

On  returning  from  a protracted  tour  of  forest  inspection  in  the  South,  I find  your 
letter  of  22d  December  awaiting  reply.  My  friend  Baron  von  Mueller  is  mistaken  in 
supposing  that  I have  written  recently  on  the  Icerya  purchasi.  In  a report  on  Fruit 
Blights  printed  two  years  ago,  I drew  attention  to  the  pest,  intending  to  treat  at 
greater  length  at  an  early  date;  but  my  duties  as  forest  conservator  have  prevented 
the  intention  from  being  carried  out. 

The  insect  is  a native  of  the  Fiji  and  other  Pacific  islands,  from  whence  it  has  migrated, 
probably  with  orange  trees,  to  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  California.  Mr.  Maskell  states, 


Always  from  seed. 


32 


1 believe,  that  it  is  a native  of  Australia,  and  was  introduced  from  that  country  on  mimosa 
2)1  ant s ; but  this  is  an  error,  and  Acacias  are  rarely  or  never  introduced  as  living  plants , 
owing  to  their  being  so  readily  propagated  from  seed. 

The  Icerya  is  abundant  in  the  northern  and  middle  parts  of  the  Auckland  district, 
and  usually  prefers  citraceous  fruits;  it  is,  however,  found  in  large  quantities  upon 
some  of  the  wattles,  evincing  a decided  preference  for  the  silver  wattle  ( Acacia  deal- 
bata).  It  is,  however,  occasionally  found  on  furze,  manuka  ( Leptospernmm  scoparium), 
peach  and  apple,  but  on  these  fruits  only  in  small  quantities,  and  not,  so  far  as  I am 
aware,  doing  serious  damage  ; in  fact  it  is  only  found  upon  these  plants  when  grow- 
ing in  the  neighborhood  of  infested  Citrads.  It  is  occasionally  found  on  a few  native 
trees,  but  it  is  not  causing  any  great  injury. 

It  is  also  found  in  Napier  and  other  parts  of  Hawke's  bay,  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
North  Island,  and  in  Nelson,  and  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  South  Islands.  It 
is  also  said  to  be  found  in  Canterbury,  but  I have  no  direct  evidence  of  its  occurrence 
in  that  district. 

It  is  not  found  either  in  Taranaki  or  Wellington,  in  the  North  Island,  except  Nel- 
son and  possibly  Canterbury. 

There  can  be  no  question  that  it  is  a serious  foe  to  citraceous  fruits  and  to  wattles. 
In  the  vicinity  of  Auckland,  and  in  many  other  parts  of  that  district,  it  is  abundant. 
I have  seen  trees  greatly  injured  by  its  ravages,  but  cannot  say  that  I have  seen  any 
killed.  At  present  orange  culture  has  not  attained  large  dimensions  here,  but  there 
can  be  no  question  that  Icerya  is  the  worst  foe  our  orange-growers  will  have  to  en- 
counter. 

I have  not  seen  an  Acacia  killed  by  this  pest,  although  the  under  surfaces  of  branches 
are  frequently  covered.  In  a few  established  orange  grounds  the  yield  of  fruit  is  ma- 
terially diminished  by  the  ravages  of  this  insect. 

No  official  documents  have  been  published  respecting  the  Icerya  except  the  Fruit 
Blights  report  already  mentioned,  of  which  a copy  of  a Queensland  reprint  is  inclosed 
herewith.  The  forest  department  has  purchased  Mr.  Maskell’s  account  of  Scale  In- 
sects and  is  about  to  publish  the  same  with  colored  plates.  A copy  shall  be  forwarded 
as  soon  as  it  leaves  the  press.  [L.  M.  Kirk,  General  Crown’s  Laud  Office,  Forest  and 
Agricultural  Branch,  Wellington,  New  Zealand,  March  25,  1837. 

From  an  article  by  E.  J.  Dunn,  in  Melbourne  Argus,  August  1886. 

I desire  to  call  attention  to  a species  of  Coccus  known  as  Dorthesia.  This  destruc- 
tive pest  teas  first  observed  on  the  island  of  Bourbon.  Thence  xt  spread  to  Mauritius,  about 
25  years  since.  In  Mauritius  it  destroyed  the  orange  and  lemon  trees,  many  of  the  orna- 
mental shrubs  and  Acacias,  and  wrecked  most  of  the  beautiful  plantations  and  shrubberies . 
At  Port  Louis  it  still  exists  in  loathsome  masses  on  the  handsome  Talipot  palms. 

About  12  years  ago  it  was  noticed  for  the  first  time  in  the  Botanical  Gardens,  Cape 
Town,  and  most  probably  arrived  there  from  Mauritius  with  plants  sent  to  the  Bo- 
tanical Gardens.  During  the  first  summer  it  spread  about  three  miles  into  the  sub- 
urbs along  the  railway.  Its  fearfully  destructive  character  now  became  evident,  for 
the  orange  trees,  the  Australian  wattles,  the  pittosphorums,  and  the  blackwoods  be- 
came loaded  with  this  disgusting  parasite,  and  the  trees  slowly  but  surely  succumbed 
to  its  attacks.  * * * 

All  trees  of  the  orange  kind,  such  as  lemon,  citron,  shaddock,  &c  , proved  especially 
suitable  food  for  the  Dorthesia,  and  once  a tree  became  infested  no  amount  of  syring- 
ing or  washing  prevented  its  destruction.  The  disastrous  results  of  its  arrival  at  the 
Cape  are  all  too  evident. 

Formerly  in  Cape  Town  itself,  and  throughout  the  suburbs,  the  orange  tree  lent  a 
charm  to  the  gardens  that  no  other  tree  could  give,  and  in  the  Western  Province 
orange-growing  formed  a most  important  source  of  wealth,  many  farmers  netting  sev- 
eral hundreds  a year  from  their  orange  groves.  Some  of  these  groves,  planted  by  the 


33 


Huguenots  and  their  descendants,  "were  of  great  age,  and,  besides  being  profitable, 
were  objects  of  great  beauty.  Those  of  the  Pearl,  French  Hock  and  Wagenmaker’s 
Valley  were  especially  famous. 

To-day  this  is  all  changed,  and,  except  for  a few  dead  stumps,  these  fragrant  groves 
and  this  valuable  asset  in  the  country’s  wealth  have  disappeared. 

Not  so  the  Dorthesia  : it  is  still  advancing  steadily,  and  leaving  destruction  in  its 
wake,  and  will  continue  to  do  so  as  long  as  suitable  food  is  within  reach. 

404— Bull.  15 3 


THE  USE  OF  GASES  AGAINST  SCALE-INSECTS. 


[Reprinted  from  Bulletin  No.  71,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  University  of 

California.] 


Some  time  ago  the  Agricultural  Department  was  requested  by  Messrs. 
A.  B.  and  A.  S.  Chapman,  Mr.  L.  H.  Titus,  and  Mr.  J.  C.  Newton,  prom- 
inent orange-growers  of  Los  Angeles  County,  to  conduct  experiments 
with  the  view  of  determining  the  efficacy  of  certain  gases  as  insecticides, 
with  special  reference  to  the  White  Scale,  leery  a purchasi.  The  follow- 
ing is  a summary  of  results,  of  which  a full  report  will  be  published 
hereafter : 

The  use  of  gases  for  this  purpose  has  been  long  contemplated,  and 
various  appliances  have  been  suggested  for  the  ready  application  of  any 
efficacious  gas.  The  qase  with  which  gas  penetrates  to  all  parts  of  the 
tree  naturally  suggests  its  use  as  preferable  to  washes,  which  at  best 
leave  many  parts  of  the  foliage  and  infested  branches  untouched,  even 
when  sprayed  with  the  greatest  care.  In  order  that  the  gas  may  be  an 
efficient  insecticide  it  must  be  so  poisonous  that  even  when  applied  in 
small  quantities  it  produces  fatal  results  5 for  in  the  application  the 
air  confined  in  the  tent  covering  the  tree  dilutes  the  gas  to  a great  ex- 
tent. Again,  the  gas  must  be  capable  of  being  generated  quickly  in 
sufficient  volume.  The  record  below  shows  that  only  one  of  the  gases 
employed  fulfilled  these  conditions  to  a satisfactory  extent.  Prelimi- 
nary experiments  with  some  others  having  shown  their  unfitness  for  the 
purpose,  either  on  account  of  expense  or  because  of  injury  to  the  foli- 
age, or  imperfect  action  on  the  insects,  their  study  was  not  pursued 
further. 


APPLIANCES  FOR  APPLICATION. 

The  tent  for  covering  the  tree  is  made  of  heavy  bed-ticking,  thor- 
oughly oiled  with  linseed  oil.  This  cloth  serves  the  purpose  best,  as  it 
is  very  closely  woven,  is  pliable  and  easily  folded. 

The  support  of  the  tent,  devised  by  Mr.  Titus,  is  a very  ingeniously 
contrived  scaffolding  mounted  on  wheels,  which  serve  to  move  it  from 
one  tree  to  another.  Its  dimensions  are  2G  feet  high,  with  a base  20  by  20 
feet.  Its  upper  part  is  20  by  12,  and  carries  upon  the  top  a roller  made 
of  galvanized  iron  (6  inches  in  diameter  and  12  feet  long),  upon  which 

35 


36 


the  tent  is  rolled  when  taken  from  the  tree.  Side  guy^ropes  are  at- 
tached to  the  bottom  of  the  tent  and  run  through  pulleys  at  the  upper 
corners  of  the  scaffold.  They  are  used  to  open  the  tent  when  it  is  to 
be  dropped  over  the  tree,  and  to  fold  it  up  when  it  is  removed.  The 
lightness  of  the  apparatus  allows  of  its  being  easily  removed  by  two 
men,  who  operate  the  whole.  If  necessary,  two  or  more  tents  can  be 
handled  by  the  same  scaffolding,  one  tent  being  left  over  the  tree  while 
the  scaffolding  is  moved  to  the  next. 

In  adjusting  the  tent,  the  bottom  is  placed  on  the  ground  about  3 
feet  from  the  tree  and  covered  with  earth.  This  brings  the  gas  to  bear 
upon  the  base  of  the  tree  and  the  surrounding  soil. 

The  Generator  in  which  the  gases  were  produced  consists  of  a heavy 
sheet-iron  cylinder,  11  inches  in  diameter  and  13  inches  high.  The 
bottom  rests  on  a plank,  an  d to  the  top  is  fitted  a movable  cover  sus- 
pended in  a frame  by  a bench-screw.  Into  the  cover  are  fitted  two 
pieces  of  gas-pipe,  one  for  the  exit  of  the  gas  toward  the  tent  and  the 
other,  connected  with  a pump,  carries  the  gas  which  returns  from  the 
tent.  Two  small  reservoirs  are  also  inserted  in  the  cover ; in  these  are 
contained  the  solutions  which  are  to  flow  into  the  generator  for  the 
production  of  the  gas. 

In  order  to  establish  circulati  on  and  to  force  the  gas  into  the  tent,  a 
pump  is  used  which  also  serves  to  exhaust  the  gas  from  the  upper  part 
of  the  tent  and  to  force  it  again  through  the  generator.  It  is  proposed 
to  replace  the  pump  by  a small  fan-blower,  which  is  much  more  expe- 
ditious than  the  common  pump  which  was  used. 

THE  GASES  EXPERIMENTED  WITH. 

Among  the  gases  used  were  chlorine,  sulphureted  hydrogen,  am- 
monia, carbon  bisulphide,  carbon  monoxide,  carbonic  acid,  hydrocyanic 
acid,  and  carbolic  acid  vaporized  by  heat. 

Chlorine. — Some  preliminary  experiments  were  made  in  small  vessels 
into  which  this  gas  had  been  introduced.  Some  infested  branches  were 
allowed  to  remain  in  them  for  times  varying  from  five  to  thirty-five 
minutes  without  any  noticeable  effect  being  produced  on  the  insect. 
Atmospheres  more  strongly  saturated  with  the  gas  proved  fatal  to  tbe 
insect  in  a short  time.  In  other  treatments  extending  over  eighteen 
hours,  with  less  saturated  atmospheres,  only  a small  percentage  of  the 
insects  was  killed.  No  decided  effects  were  noticeable  on  the  foliage 
unless  the  gas  was  very  concentrated. 

Carbon  Bisulphide. — A lime  tree,  12  feet  in  diameter  of  top,  was  treated 
with  the  vapor  of  2J  pounds  of  sulphide  of  carbon  for  forty-five  min- 
utes. At  the  end  of  this  time  the  insects  were  lively,  and  during  the 
treatment  had  crawled  up  and  collected  around  a rope  surrounding  the 
tree  at  the  point  where  the  gas  was  being  injected  from  the  hose.  It 
proved  that  the  gas  thus  used  injures  neither  the  insects  nor  the  foliage. 


37 


It  is  upon  record,  however,  that  in  cases  where  the  vapor  has  not  been 
thoroughly  diffused,  but  was  allowed  to  flow  down  from  an  open  vessel 
placed  in  the  top  of  the  tent,  serious  injury  was  done  to  the  foliage  at 
points  where  the  undulated  vapor  flowed  down. 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen. — Several  treatments  with  this  gas  were  made 
on  a small  sc  ale,  the  application  lasting  from  five  to  thirty-five  minutes. 
The  effects  produced  either  with  diluted  or  concentrated  gas  were  simi- 
lar to  those  produced  by  chlorine,  except  that  even  the  concentrated 
sulphureted  hydrogen  did  not  injuriously  affect  the  foliage.  An  ex- 
periment in  which  a whole  tree  was  treated  in  the  tent  for  forty-five 
minutes  with  quite  concentrated  sulphureted  hydrogen  gas,  showed 
clearly  that  the  effect  was  far  from  being  satisfactory ; the  insects  for 
the  moment  were  stupefied,  but  in  the  course  of  an  hour  and  a half  the 
majority  of  them  were  again  moving  about. 

Ammonia. — The  vapor  from  one  pound  and  a half  of  strong  ammonia 
water  was  applied  to  an  11-foot  lime  tree  for  30  minutes.  The  results 
were  disastrous  to  the  foliage $ the  leaves  were  all  scalded,  and  in  a few 
days  all  dropped  from  the  tree,  and  even  the  newer  growth  of  wood  was 
injured.  The  insects,  however,  were  not  perceptibly  harmed. 

Carbon  Monoxide. — Very  strong  hopes  have  been  entertained  by  many 
for  the  successful  application  of  this  gas.  Its  apparent  cheapness  and 
easy  production,  when  the  necessary  plaut  is  once  erected,  would  rec- 
ommend it.  Unfortunately  our  experiments  show  that  it  is  not  suffi- 
ciently effective  to  warrant  its  use.  The  gas  was  obtained  by  forcing 
air  through  a small  furnace  filled  with  red-hot  charcoal,  care  being  taken 
to  cool  and  to  measure  the  gas  before  applying  it.  No  appreciable  ef- 
fect was  noticeable  after  40  minutes.  In  a duplicate  experiment,  in 
which  the  charcoal  was  more  strongly  ignited  and  continuously  intro- 
duced into  the  barrel  for  30  minutes,  only  slightly  better  results  were 
obtained. 

Oxalic  Acid. — It  was  thought  that  the  production  of  carbon  monoxide 
by  decomposition  of  oxalic  acid  by  heat  might  be  substituted  for  the 
previous  method  of  generating  this  gas.  One-quarter  of  a pound  of  ox- 
alic acid  was  ignited,  and  the  gases  applied  in  a manner  similar  to  that 
of  the  preceding  experiment.  Neither  the  insects  nor  the  foliage  were 
harmed  in  the  least.  This  experiment  has  incidentally  shown  that  the 
vapor  of  formic  and  oxalic  acids,  also  produced  during  the  heating  of 
the  latter,  is  likewise  ineffective, 

Carbolic  Acid . — It  had  been  suggested  that  carbolic  acid  vaporized 
by  heat  would  prove  fatal  to  the  insect.  A dose  of  half  a pound  of 
liquid  acid  was  volatilized  in  the  furnace,  and  the  vapor  blown  in  the 
vessel  containing  the  infected  branch.  At  the  end  of  20  minutes  all  the 
old  insects  were  still  alive,  and  some  of  the  young  ones,  just  molted, 
were  moving  about.  An  hour  later  the  foliage  appeared  as  if  scalded. 

Hydrocyanic  Acid. — It  was  only  with  hydrocyanic  or  prussic  acid  (gen- 
erated by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  potassium  cyanide)  that  suffi- 


38 


ciently  fatal  effects  were  secured  to  warrant  a more  thorough  determina- 
tion of  the  time  of  exposure  and  quantities  of  material  which  would 
produce  the  best  results.  Numerous  experiments  were  carried  on  for 
this  purpose,  and  it  was  shown  that  even  small  amounts  were  effective. 
It  was  also  shown  that  even  in  these  small  quantities  an  injurious  effect 
upon  the  foliage  was  produced.  In  the  beginning  of  the  experiments, 
“ mining  cyanide  w of  potassium  was  used.  It  is  a very  impure  material 
and  contains  along  with  the  cyanide  a considerable  amount  of  carbonate 
of  potassium.  For  this  reason  many  of  the  first  treatments  were  prac- 
tically ineffective. 

Later  treatments  with  pure  cyanide  were  more  successful  in  destroy- 
ing the  insects,  but  the  foliage  was  proportionally  injured.  Treatments 
varying  in  dose  from  4 to  12  ounces  of  cyanide,  and  in  time  from  15  to 
GO  minutes,  showed  that  the  effect  produced  on  the  foliage  by  longer 
treatment  was  not  proportionally  greater  than  that  produced  by  short 
treatment.  Neither  was  the  effect  of  longer  treatments  proportionally 
more  fatal  to  the  insects.  It  was  thus  clearly  shown  that  the  gas  mixt- 
ure should  be  of  considerable  strength  in  order  to  insure  rapid  action. 

The  effect  of  the  gas  was  so  disastrous  to  the  fol  iage  that  it  became 
necessary  to  find  some  means  of  remedying  this  trouble.  This  was 
sought  in  applying  a second  gas,  which  might  preserve  the  foliage. 
Sulphureted  hydrogen  was  therefore  injected  into  the  tent,  together 
with  the  cyanide  gas,  both  from  the  same  generator;  a portion  of  the 
sulphureted  hydrogen  being  introduced  before  the  cyanide  was  gen- 
erated. It  was  found  that  the  insects  appeared  stupefied  when  the  tent 
was  raised,  but  large  numbers  revived  in  a few  hours.  The  effect  of 
the  cyanide  seemed  therefore  to  have  been  decreased  by  the  sulphu- 
reted hydrogen.  The  foliage  was  not  preserved,  although  not  so  badly 
affected  as  by  treatments  with  cyanide  alone. 

Carbonic  acid  gas  was  next  tried.  Trees  were  treated  with  larger 
doses  of  cyanide  than  heretofore  used,  and  the  carbonic  acid  from  1J 
pounds  of  carbonate  of  soda  was  at  the  same  time  introduced  with  these 
doses.  The  insects  were  killed  and  the  foliage  of  a 12-foot  tree  re- 
mained unharmed,  while  that  of  a 14-foot  tree  with  the  same  amount  of 
carbonic  acid  was  slightly  injured.  Thus  it  was  shown  that  it  would 
require  1 J pounds  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  to  preserve  tree  tops  12  feet 
in  diameter,  and  that  with  this  protection  the  deadly  cyanide  could  be 
successfully  used. 

The  regulation  of  the  doses  for  the  different  sized  trees  so  as  to  pro- 
duce uniform  treatments  is  calculated  on  the  basis  of  the  results  of  the 
experiments  which  determined  the  amount  of  each  constituent  for  a 12- 
foot  tree.  The  following  table  indicates  the  amounts  for  trees  of  differ- 
ent dimensions  of  top,  based  upon  the  rates  of  cubical  contents : 


3D 


Size  of  tree.; 

Cyanide  of 
potassium. 

Bicarbon- 
ate of 
soda. 

Sulphuric 

acid. 

Feet. 

Fluid  ozs. 

Founds. 

Fhiid  ozs. 

4 

. 7 

.05 

.4 

5 

1.6 

. 11 

.3 

6 

2.5 

. 20 

1.3 

7 

4.  0 

. :9 

2.  1 

8 

6.  0 

.44 

3.1 

9 

8.5 

.63 

4.  5 

10 

11.5 

.><7 

6.2 

1L 

15.  5 

1.  14 

8.2 

12 

20.  0 

1.  50 

11.6 

13 

25.4 

1.90 

13.5 

14 

31.6 

2.  50 

16.  6 

15 

39.2 

2.  92 

20.7 

16 

47.5 

3.  55 

25.2 

17 

57.5 

4.  23 

30. 1 

18 

67.7 

5.  05 

35.8 

19 

70.9 

5.  93 

42.1 

20 

90.5 

6.  93 

49.2 

In  order  to  apply  the  doses  easily  they  are  prepared  so  that  the  re- 
quired amounts  of  each  ingredient  can  be  directly  measured.  The  cyan- 
ide solution  is  prepared  by  dissolving,  say,  10  pounds  of  the  solid  salt  in 
about  2J  gallons  of  water,  warmed  nearly  to  the  boiling  point,  stirring 
at  intervals,  cooling,  and  then  diluting  to  2J  gallons.  This  solution 
will  contain  about  one  ounce  of  cyanide  of  potassium  to  2£  fluid  ounces 
of  the  liquid. 

The  bicarbonate  of  soda  is  pulverized  finely  and  measured  off  in  a 
vessel  marked,  so  as  to  designate  pounds  and  fractions  of  a pound  of 
the  solid  material.  It  is  then  placed  in  the  generator,  and  the  dose  of 
cyanide  mixed  with  it,  and,  if  necessary,  a little  water  added  to  make 
it  into  a thin  paste.  After  adding  the  measured  dose  of  sulphuric  acid, 
the  pump  is  worked  slowly  at  first,  and  moie  rapidly  after  the  gas  has 
passed  into  the  tent.  The  time  for  each  treatment  must  be  determined 
by  future  experiments  j fifteen  minutes  seemed  to  be  quite  sufficient 
when  the  cyanide  alone  was  used,  but  it  may  be  desirable  to  extend  the 
treatment  to  thirty  minutes  when  the  foliage  is  protected  by  the  car- 
bonic acid  gas. 

It  is  advisable  that  the  treatments  should  follow  cultivation  after 
about  four  days,  so  that  all  weeds  and  places  where  the  insect  may  find 
lodgment  would  be  destroyed.  The  insect  will  then  be  on,  or  very  near, 
the  tree ; the  fitting  of  the  tent  to  the  ground  is  thus  also  much  easier. 

The  eggs  of  the  insect  remained  apparently  uninjured  wherever  pro- 
tected by  the  woolly  covering.  A second  treatment,  to  destroy  such  as 
may  afterward  hatch,  will,  therefore,  be  necessary. 

It  must  not  be  understood  that  these  experiments  definitely  settle  the 
mode  of  operation  and  the  size  of  the  doses  to  be  used.  They  are  merely 
suggestive  of  a general  plan  which  can  be  so  perfected  in  the  future  that 
the  application  of  this  remedy  to  other  kinds  of  trees  and  insects  must 
be  attended  with  good  results.  It  simply  remains  for  the  ingenious  cul- 
tivator to  devise  the  necessary  appliances  for  its  use,  on  a small  scale, 
on  all  sorts  of  fruit  trees,  shrubs,  and  plants. 


40 


It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  extreme  care  in  the  handling  both  of 
this  deadly  gas  and  of  the  cyanide  itself  is  necessary.  To  inhale  the 
one  or  to  taste  or  touch  a wound  with  the  other  may  lead  to  serious  con- 
sequences. 

F.  W.  MOBSE. 

Berkeley,  June  12. 


O 


U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  12. 


4 O; 


&Ta 


MISCELLANEOUS  NOTES 

( SIm  vi/ 

'um***<*mm 


ON  THE 


WORK  OF  THE  DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY 


FOR  THE 


SEASON  OF  1885, 


PREPARED  BY  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WITH  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


WASHINGTON’: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1880. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  12. 


MISCELLANEOUS  NOTES 


OX  THE 


w r^TiC 

l}  OS'  Tt  y 

Il^ors 


WORK  OF  THE  DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY 

FOR  THE 


SEASON  OF  1885, 


PREPARED  BY  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WITH  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1886. 


17334— No.  12 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  June  7, 1886. 

Hir  : I have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication  Bulletin  No.  12  of 
this  Division,  which  contains  certain  notes  on  the  work  of  the  Division 
made  during  the  year  1885,  and  which  were  excluded  for  lack  of  space 
from  my  report  of  that  year.  I have  also  added  a paper  on  Cicada 
septendecim , sent  at  my  request  by  the  author,  and  containing  many 
interesting  original  observations,  if  not  always  agreeing  with  those  of 
others. 

.Respectfully, 

C.  Y.  EILEY, 

Entomologist. 


Hon.  Norman  J.  Colman, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 


3 


ft ,/  2- 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 


Report  on  the  production  and  manufacture  of  Buhach * 7 

Additions  to  the  third  report  on  the  causes  of  the  destruction  of  the  evergreen 

and  other  forest  trees  in  Northern  New  England 17 

The  Periodical  Cicada  in  Southeastern  Indiana 24 

Notes  of  the  year 32 


PRODUCTION  AND  MANUFACTURE  OF  BUHACH. 


By  D.  W.  Coquillett. 


Dear  Sir  : In  accordance  with  j our  written  request  for  me  to  pre- 
pare a report  upon  the  growth,  manufacture,  &c.,  of  the  insect  powder 
known  as  “Buhach”,  as  practiced  by  the  Buhach  Producing  and  Manu- 
facturing Company,  of  Stockton,  Cal.,  I beg  leave  to  submit  the  follow- 
ing : For  much  of  the  information  contained  herein  I am  indebted  to 
Mr.  G.  N.  Milco,  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the  above  firm,  and  also  to 
the  pages  of  the  Pacific  Rural  Press.  I obtained  much  information  con- 
cerning this  new  industry  while  staying  at  the  company’s  plantation  last 
summer  when  investigating  the  locust  plague  for  the  Department. 

The  Buhach  Producing  and  Manufacturing  Company’s  plantation  is 
situated  about  one  mile  east  of  Atwater  Station,  in  Merced  County,  and 
contains  800  acres,  300  of  which  are  planted  to  Pyrethrum  ciner aricefolium, 
from  the  dried  flowers  of  which  the  above  company  manufacture  the 
insect  powder  to  which  they  have  given  the  proprietary  name  of  Bu- 
hach.* The  soil  of  this  plantation  is  a sandy  loam,  so  sandy  in  fact 
that  when  the  growing  upon  it  of  the  Pyrethrum  plants  was  first  at- 
tempted many  of  the  plants  were  buried  beneath  the  loose,  drifting 
sand  which  was  blown  about  by  the  winds.  To  overcome  this  evil, 
lines  of  Lombardy  and  Carolina  poplar  trees  were  planted  along  the 
banks  of  the  irrigating  ditches  to  serve  as  wind  breaks. 

The  great  Merced  Irrigating  Canal  passes  through  the  middle  of 
the  Buhach  plantation,  and  the  latter  is  supplied  with  water  from  it  by 
a system  of  irrigating  ditches  which,  if  extended  in  any  one  direction, 
would  reach  to  a distance  of  about  thirty  miles. 

The  seeds  of  the  Pyrethrum  are  sown  in  the  spring  or  fall  of  the  year, 
and  are  buried  in  the  soil  to  the  depth  of  about  half  an  inch  by  lightly 
disturbing  the  soil  with  a rake.  The  seed-beds,  which  are  not  unlike 
those  used  for  starting  cabbage  and  tomato  plants,  are  occasionally 
sprinkled  with  water.  During  the  rainy  winter  season  the  plants  are 
transplanted  to  the  fields,  where  they  are  set  out  in  rows  four  feet 
apart,  and  two  feet  apart  in  the  rows.  During  the  dr3r  summer  season 
the  plants  are  irrigated  about  once  every  month. 

* The  word  Buhach  is  derived  from  the  Sclavonic  word  Buha,  which  signifies  a flea; 
hut  there  is  no  such  word  as  Buhach  in  the  Sclavonic  language. 


7 


8 


In  preparing  the  ground  for  irrigation  a deep  furrow  is  made  between 
each  two  rows  of  the  plants  by  means  of  a plow  drawn  by  one  horse; 
this  xdow  is  so  constructed  as  to  throw  the  dirt  to  each  side  of  the  fur- 
row. After  one  of  the  fields  has  been  thus  furrowed  out,  a cross-furrow 
is  made  at  the  ends  of  these  furrows  on  the  highest  ground,  and  the 
water  is  turned  into  this  cross-furrow  from  one  of  the  irrigating  ditches. 
From  this  furrow  the  water  is  in  turn  let  into  one  of  the  other  furrows, 
one  or  two  at  a time,  according  to  the  amount  of  water  supplied  by  the 
cross-furrow. 

Dams  are  placed  in  the  irrigating  furrows  at  a distance  of  about  one 
rod  apart,  and  as  soon  as  the  furrow  is  filled  with  water  to  the  first  dam 
the  latter  is  removed,  and  the  water  flows  on  to  the  second  dam,  and 
at  the  proper  time  this  one  is  also  removed;  and  this  process  is  repeated 
until  all  the  furrows  have  been  supplied  with  water. 

The  next  day  or  so  a one-horse  cultivator  is  run  once  or  twice  through 
each  of  these  furrows,  for  the  purpose  of  filling  them  up,  and  also  to 
loosen  up  the  soil  to  prevent  its  drying  out  too  rapidly.  If  the  field  is 
weedy  the  men  follow  with  hoes,  and  cut  out  the  weeds. 

In  this  manner  the  plants  are  treated  until  the  time  for  gathering  the 
flowers  arrives,  with  the  exception  that  the  irrigating  is  dispensed  with 
during  the  rainy  winter  season. 

A few  of  the  plants  will  produce  flowers  the  first  year  after  having- 
been  transplanted  to  the  fields,  but  they  produce  the  most  profusely 
about  the  third  year.  The  majority  of  the  plants  now  growing  upon 
the  Buhach  plantation  are  six  years  old,  and  still  bear  well.  A certain 
proportion  of  the  plants  die  every  year,  and  their  places  are  supplied 
with  young  plants  during  the  winter  season. 

The  flowers  are  gathered  during  the  months  of  May  or  June.  The 
operator  seizes  all  of  the  flower-stems  growing  upon  one  plant  in  one  of 
his  hands,  and  with  the  other  cuts  them  off  3 or  4 inches  above  the 
ground  by  means  of  a sharp,  hooked  knife  resembling  an  old-fashioned 
hand-sickle.  They  are  then  conveyed  to  a wooden  stand  to  which  is 
affixed  an  iron  comb,  the  teeth  of  which  are  wide  enough  apart  to  per- 
mit the  flower  stems  to  pass  between  them,  but  are  sufficiently  close  to- 
gether to  catch  the  flower  heads.  The  operator  takes  a handful  of  the 
flower-stems,  catching  them  below  all  of  the  flowers,  and  passes  the 
stems  between  the  teeth  of  the  iron  comb,  the  latter  being  between  his 
hand  and  the  lowest  flower ; then  giving  his  hand  a jerk  the  flowers  are 
pulled  off  of  the  stems  and  fall  into  a wooden  box,  while  the  stems  are 
thrown  to  one  side  out  of  the  way,  to  be  burned  as  soon  as  dry  enough. 

The  flowers  are  spread  out  to  dry,  and  at  night  are  covered  up  to  pre- 
vent the  dew  from  falling  upon  them,  which  would  naturally  injure 
their  insecticidal  qualities.  As  soon  as  they  have  been  thoroughly  dried 
they  are  put  into  sacks  and  sent  in  car-load  lots  to  the  mill  at  Stockton. 

Arriving  at  the  mill  the  flowers  are  fed  to  a set  of  burr  mill-stones, 
just  as  wheat  is  handled  in  making- flour  by  the  old  process.  The  grist 


is  carried  by  an  elevator  to  a separator  which,  by  proper  sieves,  sepa- 
rates the  coarser  particles  of  the  grist,  allowing  only  the  finest,  dust- 
like powder  to  pass  through.  This  powder  is  carried  by  au  elevator  to 
au  adjoining  building,  where  it  is  put  up  in  tin  cans  for  the  market 
while  the  coarser  particles  thrown  off*  by  the  separator  are  returned  to 
the  millstones  again. 

The  flowers  become  considerably  heated  while  being  reduced  to  a 
powder,  but  the  latter,  in  passing  through  a large  series  of  elevators, 
loses  its  heat  to  a great  degree  before  it  is  put  into  the  cans  for  the 
market. 

This  powder  is  put  up  in  tin  cans  of  five  different  sizes,  holding  re- 
spectively 2.  ounces,  5 ounces,  10  ounces,  1 pound  and  6 pounds.  The 
2 ounce  and  5-ounce  cans  are  packed  into  boxes  containing  a dozen 
cans,  and  also  into  cans  of  12  dozen  cans  each  ; the  10-ounce  and  1- 
pound  cans  are  packed  into  boxes  containing  a dozen  cans  each,  and 
the  6 pound  can  into  boxes  holding  6 cans. 

Each  can  of  powder  bears  the  company’s  trade-mark,  which  is  a guar- 
antee of  the  purity  of  the  powder  contained  therein.  The  design  of 
this  trade-mark  consists  of  an  enlarged  figure  of  a flea  above,  and  a 
figure  of  a grasshopper  below,  while  between  them  are  the  words : 
“Buhach:  Gr.  N.  Milco’s  California  Universal  Insect  Exterminator,”  and 
in  the  upper  corners  are  the  words  “Trade  mark.”  The  essential  ele- 
ment of  this  trade  mark  is  the  word  Buhach. 

Mr.  Milco  informs  me  that  two  years  ago  a certain  firm  doing  busi- 
ness in  this  State  undertook  to  put  a fictitious  article  upon  the  market 
under  the  name  of  Buhach ; the  Buhach  Producing  and  Manufacturing 
Company  brought  a suit  against  them,  but  as  the  said  suit  has  not  been 
decided  up  to  the  present  writing  it  is  impossible  to  say  what  the  out- 
come will  be. 

Mr.  Milco  made  the  first  experiment  to  introduce  the  growth  of  the 
Pyrethrum  cinerarkefoUum  into  this  State  in  the  year  1870.  In  1873  he 
sold  a few  pounds  of  the  powder,  at  the  rate  of  $16  per  pound.  In  1878 
he  raised  about  900  pounds  of  the  powder,  which  at  first  he  sold  at  the 
rate  of  $4.50  per  pound,  but  finally  reduced  the  price  to  $1.25  per  pound. 

In  the  year  1879  Mr.  J.  D.  Peters  united  with  Mr.  Milco  in  the  culti- 
vation of  the  Pyrethrum  ciner  arm  folium  and  the  manufacture  of  Buhach, 
under  the  firm  name  of  the  “Buhach  Producing  and  Manufacturing 
Company,”  and  for  several  years  they  sold  the  Buhach  at  the  rate  of 
75  cents  per  pound,  wholesale. 

The  present  price  of  the  Buhach  is  as  follows: 

The  6-pound  cans  are  sold  to  the  largest  wholesale  dealers  at  from 
45  to  50  cents  per  pound;  the  wholesale  dealers  sell  them  to  retail  deal- 
ers at  the  rate  of  56£  cents  per  pound,  when  a case  of  six  cans  is  pur- 
chased at  one  time,  but  when  less  than  a case  is  taken  the  price  is  60 
cents  per  pound.  The  retail  dealers  sell  these  cans  to  consumers  at  the 
rate  of  75  cents  per  pound  when  the  whole  can  is  purchased  at  one  time, 


10 


but  when  only  a fractional  part  of  the  can  is  wanted  the  price  is  $1  per 
pound. 

The  1-pound  cans  are  sold  to  wholesale  dealers  at  the  rate  of  $115.20 
per  gross,  less  15  per  cent,  discount;  these  are  sold  to  the  retail  dealers 
at  the  rate  of  $9.60  per  dozen,  and  these  dealers  sell  them  to  consumers 
at, the  rate  of  $1.25  per  can. 

The  10  ounce  cans  are  sold  to  wholesale  dealers  at  the  rate  of  $63 
per  gross,  less  15  per  cent,  discount;  the  wholesale  dealers  sell  them  to 
retail  dealers  at  $5.25  per  dozen,  and  the  latter  charge  the  consumers 
75  cents  per  can. 

The  2-ounce  cans  are  sold  to  wholesale  dealers  at  the  rate  of  $18  per 
gross,  less  15  per  cent  discount.;  the  retail  dealers  pay  $1.50  per  dozen 
for  these  cans  and  sell  them  to  consumers  at  the  rate  of  25  cents  per  can. 

The  company  also  puts  up  a small  sample  box  of  the  Buhach,  which 
is  mailed  to  all  applicants  free  of  charge. 

The  company  has  two  different  kinds  of  instruments  for  distributing 
the  dry  Buhach  powder.  One  of  these  is  called  an  “ insufflator,”  and 
somewhat  resembles  a tin  oil-can,  such  as  is  commonly  used  for  oiling 
sewing-machines,  but  the  distributing  tube  is  placed  low  down  on  one 
side,  while  on  the  upper  side  is  a tube,  open  at  both  ends  and  projecting 
into  the  can ; this  tube  contains  a piston  which,  when  pushed  down- 
ward, throws  the  Buhach  out  of  the  distributing  tube  in  a fine  shower, 
while  a spring  again  pushes  the  piston  upward  in  its  proper  place  as 
soon  as  the  pressure  from  above  has  been  removed.  This  instrument  is 
held  in  one  hand  and  the  piston  is  operated  by  the  thumb  of  the  same 
hand.  It  is  intended  for  distributing  the  Buhach  in  places  where  only 
a small  quantity  of  it  is  required. 

It  was  formerly  constructed  with  an  opening  in  the  piston  leading 
into  the  interior  of  the  insufflator,  through  which  the  latter  was  filled 
with  the  Buhach,  the  opening  being  afterwards  closed  with  a tight-fit- 
ting cork  ; but  an  improvement  has  lately  been  made  by  having  nearly 
the  whole  bottom  in  the  form  of  a screw-cap,  like  that  on  glass  fruit- 
jars,  which  can  be  removed  by  being  unscrewed ; by  this  arrangement 
the  insufflator  can  be  filled  much  easier  and  quicker  than  by  the  old 
way. 

The  present  price  of  this  insufflator  is  25  cents  each. 

The  second  instrument,  referred  to  above,  is  intended  for  distributing 
the  dry  Buhach  in  large  quantities.  It  consists  of  a tin  can  somewhat 
resembling  a common  lard-can  holding  5 pounds  of  lard.  In  the  lower 
part  of  the  can,  upon  one  side,  is  an  opening,  iuto  which  the  nozzle  of  a 
small  hand-bellows  is  inserted,  while  on  the  opposite  side,  also  near  the 
bottom  of  the  can,  is  a smaller  opening,  leading  info  a spoon-shaped 
nozzle  on  the  outside.  This  nozzle  is  furnished  with  a slide,  so  arranged 
as  to  regulate  the  quantity  of  the  buhach  that  is  forced  through  it  by 
the  bellows.  The  top  of  the  can  has  an  opening  4 inches  in  diameter, 


11 


and  is  closed  by  a tightly- fitting  screw-cap,  similar  to  that  of  a glass 
fruit-jar. 

The  price  of  this  instrument  is  $2.50. 

For  applying  the  Buhach  and  water  the  company  has  a small  pump, 
which  is  attached  to  a galvanized  iron  vessel  holding  about  8 gallons. 
To  this  pump  is  attached  10  feet  of  rubber  hose,  to  the  end  of  which  is 
affixed  a small  iron  tube  5 feet  in  length,  and  so  constructed  that  sev- 
eral of  them  can  be  fastened  together,  end  to  end.  To  the  tip  of  this 
is  attached  a cyclone  nozzle,  which  is  screwed  on  to  the  end  of  the  iron 
tube.  This  nozzle  was  introduced  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  a 
few  years  ago,  and  is  far  superior  to  any  other  nozzle  that  I have  ever 
seen. 

The  pump  consists  of  a strong  brass  tube  about  2 feet  in  length,  into 
which  is  fitted  a piston  or  plunger,  which  is  operated  by  one  hand,  while 
with  the  other  the  tube  containing  the  nozzle  is  moved  about  at  the  will 
of  the  operator. 

The  present  price. of  this  pump,  complete,  is  $15. 

The  cost  of  setting  out  an  acre  of  Pyrethrum  plants  varies  considerably, 
but  should  not  exceed  $90.  If  the  plants  are  set  out  in  rows  4 feet  apart, 
and  2 feet  apart  in  the  rows,  it  will  require  about  5,445  plants  to  the 
acre.  The  plants  should  not  cost  more  than  1 cent  apiece,  if  grown  by 
the  person  intending  to  plant  them  out,  and  the  Buhach  Company  offers 
to  send  a package  of  the  seeds  of  Pyrethrum  cineraricefolium  sufficient 
to  plant  an  acre  for  the  sum  of  $5. 

There  will  be  little  or  no  income  from  the  plants  the  first  year  that 
they  are  transplanted  to  the  fields.  After  the  second  year  the  plants 
will  yield  from  300  to  600  pounds  of  dried  flowers  to  the  acre,  but  when 
the  winter  is  dry  and  cold  the  plants  will  not  yield  more  than  150  to  200 
pounds  of  dried  flowers  per  acre  the  following  season. 

The  kind  of  Pyrethrum  now  grown  upon  the  Buhach  Company’s  plan- 
tation is  the  cineraricefolium.  There  are  a few  plants  of  the  P.  roseum 
growing  in  their  nursery,  but  this  species  is  not  considered  by  them  to 
be  so  desirable  as  the  former  species,  although  it  is  hardier,  and  easier 
to  start  from  the  seeds.  When  a flower  of  the  cineraricefolium  is  crushed 
it  gives  forth  a very  strong  odor  peculiar  to  itself,  and  doubtless  exist- 
ing in  the  insect-destroying  property  of  these  flowers.  The  flowers  of 
P.  roseum  give  forth  no  odor  when  crushed,  and  the  powder  made  from 
them  is  far  inferior  to  that  made  from  the  flowers  of  cineraricefolium , as 
far  as  its  insecticidal  qualities  are  concerned. 

The  flowers  of  all  of  the  cineraricefolium  plants  appear  at  the  same 
season  of  the  year,  or  within  a short  time  of  each  other,  thus  permitting 
the  whole  field  to  be  harvested  at  one  time,  whereas  the  roseum  is  much 
more  irregular  in  its  flowering,  continuing  to  produce  flowers  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  summer  season,  sometimes  producing  a second  crop 
of  flowers  the  same  season,  but  it  does  not  blossom  as  profusely  as  the 
cineraricefolium. 


12 


The  insect-destroying  property  of  Buhach  consists  of  a volatile  oil 
which,  in  evaporating,  exhales  a gas  that  causes  death  by  asphyxia 
to  those  insects  which  breathe  it,  producing  a similar  effect  upon  insects 
that  chloroform  and  ether  have  upon  human  beings.  But,  what  is  very 
singular,  while  being  so  destructive  to  insect  life,  Buhach  has  no  injuri- 
ous effect  upon  human  beings.  That  such  is  really  the  case  can  easily 
be  proved  by  a visit  to  the  company’s  mill  at  Stockton  when  in  full 
operation.  At  such  times  the  air  in  the  room  where  the  flowers  are 
ground  into  powder  is  filled  with  the  fine,  dust-like  particles  of  the 
powder;  many  of  the  workmen  are  obliged  to  remain  in  this  room  con- 
tinuously for  several  hours  at  a time,  and  take  no  more  precautions 
against  breathing  the  powder  than  a miller  takes  against  inhaling  the 
fine  particles  of  flour  in  his  mill ; and  yet  they  never  suffer  from  the 
effects  of  thus  inhaling  the  fine  particles  of  the  Buhach  powder. 

Neither  is  the  Buhach  poisonous  to  either  man  or  animals  who  eat 
some  of  it  by  chance  or  otherwise.  Mr.  Milco  writes  me  that  a tea- 
spoonful of  the  alcoholic  extract  of  Buhach  was  administered  to  a cer- 
tain person  afflicted  with  tape-worm  ; the  dose  was  repeated  every  hour 
for  ten  consecutive  hours,  with  the  effect  of  removing  the  tape-worm 
without  in  the  least  degree  injuring  the  patient. 

Neither  is  Buhach  ijoisonous  to  insects.  I have  seen  locusts  feed 
upon  cabbage  leaves  that  had  been  so  thoroughly  sprayed  with  a solu- 
tion of  Buhach  and  water  that  the  leaves  were  thickly  covered  with 
Buhach  after  the  water  had  evaporated ; still  the  locusts  were  not  at 
all  injured  by  thus  feeding  upon  it. 

At  the  stables  of  the  Buhach  plantation  several  tons  of  the  dried 
stems  of  the  Pyrethrum  cinerariwfolium  were  fed  to  the  horses;  the  lat- 
ter appeared  to  relish  it  very  much,  and -I  could  not  discover  that  they 
were  injured  in  the  least  by  thus  feeding  upon  these  stems. 

It  is  this  perfect  immunity  from  poisonous  or  other  injurious  qualities 
to  those  using  it  that  has  given  to  Buhach  a prominent  position  among 
our  insecticides,  and  makes  it  a perfectly  safe  remedy  to  use  about  the 
house. 

While  in  one  form  or  another  it  is  so  destructive  to  insect  life,  still  it 
appears  to  have  little  or  no  effect  upon  the  eggs;  it  also  is  not  so  fatal 
in  its  effects  upon  the  pupae  or  chrysalids  of  those  insects  which  pass 
through  a quiet  pupa  state  as  it  is  to  the  larvae  and  to  the  adult  insects. 
It  appears  to  have  the  greatest  effect  upon  the  higher  forms  of  insect 
life,  while  the  lower  or  more  or  less  degraded  forms  are  not  so  easily 
affected  by  it. 

Buhach  is  sometimes  applied  in  a dry  state,  but  for  out-door  purposes 
this  occasions  a great  loss,  since  the  finer  particles  of  the  powder  will 
float  in  the  air,  and  be  carried  away  by  the  wind.  A much  more  satis- 
factory way  of  applying  it  is  to  mix  it  in  water  and  spray  the  insects 
with  the  solution. 


13 


As  the  Buhach  at  first  merely  paralyzes  the  insect,  it  is  necessary 
that  this  influence  upon  the  latter  should  continue  until  death  results. 
To  accomplish  this  some  viscid  substance  should  be  combined  with  the 
solution  of  Buhach  and  water,  in  order  to  cause  the  solution  to  adhere  to 
the  insects  for  a sufficient  length  of  time  to  deprive  the  latter  of  their 
lives.  One  of  the  best  known  substances  of  this  kind  is  glucose,  a semi- 
liquid refuse  of  sugar  refineries.  This  substance  combines  readily  with 
the  Buhach  solution,  and  does  not  appear  to  have  an  injurious  effect  upon 
the  plants  that  have  been  sprayed  with  it.  A low  grade  of  brown  sugar 
would  doubtless  answer  the  same  purpose,  although  not  in  au  equal 
degree,  not  being  so  viscid  when  mixed  with  water. 

Besides  using  the  Buhach  in  a dry  form,  and  mixing  it  with  water,  it 
is  sometimes  also  mixed  with  alcohol,  in  the  proportion  of  1 pound  of 
Buhach  to  a quart  of  alcohol ; this  should  stand  in  a closed  vessel  for  au 
hour  or  so,  when  it  may  be  diluted  with  water  to  any  extent  required. 
In  regard  to  this  solution  Prof.  E.  W.  Hilgard,  of  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia, writes  as  follows  to  the  Pacific  Rural  Press  of  May  5,  1883  (p. 
413): 

“ I find  that  the  effect  of  the  Buhach  is  materially  increased  in  dura- 
tion when  instead  of  the  tea  the  diluted  tincture  is  used,  as  was  sug- 
gested by  Professor  Biley  two  years  ago.  The  reason  is  that  the  alco- 
hol extracts  with  the  essential  oil  also  a green  resin,  which  prevents 
the  too  rapid  evaporation  of  the  volatile  oil,  and  makes  it  stick  to  the 
insect. 

u A quart  of  alcohol  to  a pound  of  powder  is  the  best  proportion,  but 
less  alcohol  may  be  used.  The  alcohol  may  simply  be  left  on  the  powder 
for  an  hour,  and  the  whole  then  put  into  45  or  50  gallons  of  water,  if  to 
be  used  through  a 4 San  Jos#e  nozzle.’  But  it  is  far  better  to  let  the 
alcohol  percolate  through  the  powder,  and  thus  get  a clear  tincture,  of 
which  aliquot  parts  may  at  any  time  be  used  through  any  nozzle  what- 
soever, after  proper  dilution  with  water.  Thus  it  becomes  a great  con- 
venience, since  the  insecticide  solution  is  ready  at  any  moment  without 
need  of  boiling  or  dissolving,  and  thus  the  work  may  be  done  just  when 
wanted  without  any  preparation.  I fiud  a solution  made  as  above 
quite  strong  enough  for  any  ordinary  insect,  including  the  hairy  cater- 
pillar, which  at  first  seems  not  to  mind  it  much,  but  after  a while  tum- 
bles down  and  succumbs  after  vain  efforts  to  crawl  away.  I have  not 
had  au  opportunity  of  trying  it  upon  the  Diabrotica  or  4 spotted  lady- 
bug,’  but  am  told  that  it  also  succumbs  despite  its  ability  to  eat  almost 
anything  from  tobacco  to  belladonna  and  henbane.  All  the  aphids 
yield  to  it  at  once,  as  does  the  Red  Spider  when  hatched;  but  it  will 
not  kill  eggs.” 

In  using  the  Buhach  out  of  doors  the  best  effect  will  be  obtained 
when  the  weather  is  still  and  rather  cool.  In  very  hot  weather  the  in- 
secticidal properties  of  the  Buhach  evaporate  too  rapidly,  thus  render 
ing  its  time  of  action  so  brief  as  to  permit  the  insect  in  many  cases  to 


14 


recover.  In  windy  weather  the  evaporation  is  also  rapid,  and  the  deadly 
properties  of  the  Buhach  are  lost,  being  blown  away  from  the  insect,  in- 
stead of  being  kept  where  the  latter  is  compelled  to  breathe  it. 

The  following  experiments  with  Bnhach  were  made  the  past  season 
either  by  myself  or  where  I was  permitted  to  witness  them  in  person : 

Tomato  worms — the  larvae  of  Macrosila  Carolina , Linn. — sprayed  with 
a solution  composed  of  one  pound  of  Buhach  stirred  in  ten  gallons  of 
water  were  killed  in  a few  minutes  by  it.  When  first  sprayed  they  mani- 
fested their  dislike  by  jerking  their  heads  and  the  forepart  of  the  body 
from  side  to  side,  at  the  same  time  emitting  from  their  mouths  a dark 
greenish,  semi-liquid  substance,  as  almost  every  locust  or  grasshopper 
will  do  when  taken  in  the  hand.  The  jerking  gradually  increased  in 
violence,  until  finally  the  worms  let  go  their  hold  of  the  plants  and  fell 
to  the  ground,  where  they  wriggled  around  for  a short  time,  and  finally 
expired.  I am  not  aware  that  a single  tomato  worm  treated  with  the 
above  solution  recovered  from  its  effects. 

The  above  solution  appeared  to  have  no  effects  upon  a Bordered  Squash - 
bug  (Largus  succinctus). 

At  about  4 o’clock  in  the  afternoon  a Twelve-spotted  Dia'brotica  ( Dia - 
brotica  duodecim-punctata  Fabr.)  was  immersed  in  a solution  composed 
of  one  and  one-half  pounds  of  Buhach  stirred  into  five  gallons  of  water; 
it  was  still  alive  at  9 o’clock,  but  was  dead  when  examined  the  next 
morning. 

A horned  beetle  ( Notoxus  cavicornis  LeO.)  was  immersed  iu  the  same 
solution  and  at  the  same  time  as  the  above;  it  was  still  alive  at 3 o’clock 
in  the  afternoon  of  the  next  day,  but  was  dead  when  examined  the  fol- 
lowing morning.  It  became  unable  to  walk  about  five  minutes  after  it 
had  been  immersed,  and  it  remained  in*  that  condition,  occasionally 
moving  a leg  or  foot,  until  it  died.  Another  specimen  was  sprinkled 
with  the  dry  powder,  but  was  not  killed  thereby;  this  would  seem  to  in- 
dicate that  Buhach  wetted  so  as  to  adhere  to  the  insect  is  far  more  effect- 
ive than  in  a dry  state,  even  though  it  is  diluted  to  a considerable  ex- 
tent with  water. 

A black  cricket  ( Gryllus  sp.?)  sprayed  with  the  above  solutiou  in  the 
evening  was  dead  the  next  morning. 

An  Eleodes  quadricollis  LeO.  that  had  been  rolled  in  the  pure  Buhach 
was  still  alive  eight  days  later,  although  it  did  not  appear  to  be  as 
sprightly  as  it  was  before  being  treated  with  the  powder. 

A single  application  of  Buhach,  either  in  a dry  state  or  when  mixed 
with  water  or  with  alcohol,  will  not  kill  locusts  or  grasshoppers  that 
have  been  dusted  or  sprayed  with  it.  When  treated  to  the  powder  or 
to  either  of  the  solutions  they  show  signs  of  its  effects  in  from  ten  min- 
utes to  half  an  hour.  At  first  the  hind  legs  are  affected,  and  the  in- 
sects raise  them  over  their  backs  and  kick  around  for  a short  time,  and 
finally  lose  all  control  of  them,  crawliug  about  by  means  of  their  four 
anterior  legs,  and  dragging  their  hind  legs  aftert  hem.  After  a while 


15 


the  locusts  fall  clown,  roll  once  upon  their  sides  or  backs,  jerk  their  legs 
occasionally,  and  gradually  become  quiet.  They  remain  in  this  condi- 
tion for  a longer  or  shorter  time,  and  gradually  recover,  but  sometimes 
a whole  day  or  a day  and  a half  passes  after  the  application  has  been 
made  before  the  locusts  have  wholly  recovered  from  the  effects  of  it.# 

Although  the  locusts  are  not  killed  by  a single  application  of  the 
Buhach  in  either  of  the  forms  mentioned  above,  still  they  do  not  enjoy 
the  same  immunity  when  treated  with  an  alcoholic  extract  of  Buhach  ; 
a few  drops  of  this  extract  was  dropped  upon  an  adult  locust  at  1 
o’clock  in  the  afternoon,  and  early  the  next  morning  the  locust  thus 
treated  was  dead.  This  extract  is  much  stronger  than  the  solution  of 
Buhach  and  alcohol  described  above,  and  costs  about  $3  a pint.  It 
failed  to  have  a fatal  effect  upon  the  locusts  when  diluted  with  water 
to  any  considerable  degree. 

For  the  destruction  of  locusts  and  other  insects  that  the  Buhach  will 
not  kill  outright,  it  may  still  be  used  with  advantage  by  spreading 
blankets  upon  the  ground  beneath  the  tree  or  shrub  infested  with  these 
insects,  and  then  dusting  the  latter  with  the  Buhach,  or  spraying  with 
one  of  the  solutions ; this  will  have  the  effect  of  causing  the  insects  to 
fall  upon  the  blankets  in  a perfectly  helpless  condition,  when  they  can 
easily  be  gathered  up  and  be  destroyed  by  burning  or  otherwise. 

In  order  to  give  some  idea  of  what  success  other  persons  have  met 
with  in  using  Buhach  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  various  kinds  of 
injurious  insects,  I will  give  a few  extracts  from  communications  made 
by  the  parties  using  this  insecticide. 

The  following  is  extracted  from  a communication  which  appeared  in 
the  Pacific  Rural  Press  of  January  6,  1883  (p.  12): 

u The  Buhach  powder  was  mixed  with  cold  water  in  the  proportion  of  1 
pound  of  powder  to  50  gallons  of  water.  On  the  14th  instant  I sprayed  10 
apple  trees,  the  branches  of  which  were  literally  covered  with  the  Cucum- 
ber-beetle ( Diabrotica  vittata ),  and  the  result  was  that  these  pests  im- 
mediately fell  to  the  ground  in  myriads.  The  spraying  was  done  with 
a Merigot  pump,  and  the  trees  were  covered  a short  time  only  with  a 
flue  mist.  Although  several  gallons  were  mixed,  probably  not  over  one 
gallon  was  used.  I placed  in  a small  box  a number  of  the  beetles  that 
had  been  touched  by  the  spray,  and  up  to  the  present  time  all  efforts 
to  resuscitate  them  have  failed.  A small  number  of  the  insects  which 
were  uot  touched  by  the  spray  were  placed  in  a phial,  and  are  still  liv- 
ing. The  Cucumber-beetle  plays  havoc  with  pear  blossoms  and  is  other- 
wise destructive,  and  judging  from  the  very  signal  success  of  my  late 

^Locusts  appear  to  be  eudowed  with  more  life  than  the  generality  of  insects.  On 
one  occasion  I saw  a hind  leg  of  a Differential  Locust  ( Caloptenus  differ  entialis  Thom.) 
move  after  it  had  been  separated  from  the  body  for  several  hours.  The  femur  would 
draw  the  tibia  toward  it,  then  move  it  back  again  ; and  the  last  movement  of  this 
kind  that  I saw  it  make  occurred  eight  hoars  after  the  leg  had  been  separated  from  the 
body. 


16 


experiment,  I feel  confident  that  I will  have  very  little  trouble  in  stop- 
ping its  ravages  during  the  fruit  season. — Jos.  Hales.” 

The  following  appeared  in  the  same  journnal  for  October  13,  1883  (p. 
306): 

u This  year,  with  increased  yards  and  more  extensive  plans,  I had 
scarcely  commenced  my  work  when,  to  my  great  annoyance,  vermin, 
and  especially  those  mites  which  infest  the  nests  of  sitting  hens,  came 
in  forces  quite  appalling.  Old  remedies  were  now  again  employed,  but, 
as  before,  found  insufficient  to  match  the  foe.  Half  discouraged,  I was 
relating  my  trials  to  a neighboring  druggist;  he  advised  flea  powder, 
and  I purchased  of  him  a bottle  of  Persiau  insect  powder  and  at  once 
tested  its  merits.  I found  it  a partial,  but  only  a partial,  relief  to  the 
few  nests  where  used.  Thinking,  however,  that  in  this,  though  imper- 
fect, remedy  I had  perhaps  a hint,  a good  suggestion,  I at  once  sent  to 
the  producers  and  manufacturers  of  Buhach  at  Stockton,  Cal.,  for  a 
small  can  of  their  powder,  to  test  still  further  that  kind  of  1 death  to 
vermin.7  A package  (one-fourth  of  a pound)  of  Buhach  powder  w as 
promptly  mailed  to  me,  and  used  as  soon  as  received.  To  my  gratifica- 
tion, it  seemed  to  be  just  the  thing  1 had  long  been  looking  for,  yet  half 
despaired  of  ever  finding.  The  first  quarter-pound  of  this  powder  4 did 
the  business,7  where  used  in  sufficient  quantity;  but  it  was  not  enough 
to  go  around.  So  1 secured  more — two  pounds — and  I have  tested  it 
thoroughly.  It  is  the  thing  for  poultry.  It  is  a success,  especially 
when  used  freely  and  frequently.  I have  tested  its  merits  in  nests,  upon 
chicks  and  hens,  on  roosts,  in  cracks  and  crevices  of  coops,  &c.,  and 
with  complete  success  everywhere,  I believe.  This  Buhach  powder  is 
the  cleanliest,  simplest,  most  easily  applied,  and  safest  remedy  for  ver- 
min which  I have  yet  found  good  enough.77 — Poultry  Grower. 

For  further  experiments  with  Buhach,  I would  refer  the  reader  to  the 
back  numbers  of  the  American  Naturalist,  and  also  to  the  several  Be- 
ports  of  Prof.  0.  V.  Biley,  as  entomologist  to  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, contained  in  the  Anuual  Beports  of  that  Department. 

D.  W.  COQUILLETT. 

Prof.  C.  Y.  Biley, 

Entomologist. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  CAUSES  OF 
THE  DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  EVERGREEN  AND  OTHER 
FOREST  TREES  IN  NORTHERN  NEW  ENGLAND. 


By  A.  S.  Packard. 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 

In  Dr.  Packard’s  third  report,  prepared  for  the  Report  of  the  Ento- 
mologist, Annual  Report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  for  1885,  was 
contained  certain  matter,  mainly  descriptive,  which,  though  valuable, 
was  considered  hardly  appropriate  for  a report  which  it  is  desired  to 
make  severely  plain  and  practical.  This  matter  was,  therefore,  pruned 
from  the  Annual  Report  and  is  published  here  in  the  more  limited  edi- 
tion of  the  Bulletin. — (C.  V.  R.) 

THE  BLACK-HEADED  SPRUCE  BUD  WORM. 

(Teras  variana , n.  sp.,  Fernald.) 

This  caterpillar  is  so  commonly  met  with  on  the  spruce  and  hr  that  we 
have  given  it  the  above  English  name,  though  there  are  other  species 
which  have  green  bodies  and  black  heads.  We  first  met  with  it  on  the 
terminal  shoots  of  the  Black  Spruce  on  Peaks  Island,  in  Portland  Har- 
bor, June  22,  1881,  and  also  at  Brunswick  and  Harpswell  on  the  day 
following,  when  it  was  associated  with  the  caterpillars  of  the  Spruce 
Bud-worm  ( Tortrix  fumiferana).  Unlike  that  species  it  does  not,  so  far 
as  we  have  observed,  cause  any  decided  alteration  in  the  appearance  of 
the  shoots  of  the  tree,  not  being  social  or  abundant  enough  to  strip  the 
leaves  from  a single  shoot,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Spruce  Bud-worm,  or 
the  Reddish -yellow  Spruce  Bud- worm  (Steganoptycha  ratzeburgiana ) 
found  on  the  White  Spruce  last  season. 

The  egg-laying  habits  are  not  yet  known,  as  none  of  the  moths  on 
issuing  from  the  chrysalis  mated  or  proceeded  to  deposit  eggs. 

The  caterpillars  usually  live  near  the  ends  of  the  shoots,  feeding  on 
the  new  leaves,  which  begin  to  grow  out  early  in  June;  cutting  off  the 
tender  leaves,  they  make  a passage-way  between  them  and  the  shoot, 
which  they  line  with  white  silk.  When  disturbed  they  rapidly  crawl 
out  of  their  silken  retreat  and  let  themselves  down  to  the  ground  by  a 
17334 — No.  12 2 17 


18 


silken  thread.  They  are  very  active  in  their  habits  and  in  confinement 
in  tin  boxes  will  squeeze  through  the  narrow  space  between  the  box  and 
the  cover,  so  that  only  an  unusually  tightly  closed  box  will  confine 
them.  Sometimes,  at  least  in  two  instances,  the  caterpillars  construct  a 
case  of  the  leaves  which  they  had  cut  off  at  the  end  of  a fresh  bud. 

The  caterpillars  were  very  abundant  this  year  in  spruce  and  firs  on 
the  shores  and  islands  of  Casco  Bay,  from  June  10  until  July  20.  As 
full-grown  larvae  are  abundant  during  the  early  part  of  June,  it  seems 
that  it  hibernates  among  the  shoots  of  the  tree  during  the  winter,  and 
that  as  in  the  case  of  the  Spruce  Bud-worm  ( Tortrix  fumiferana)  it 
hatches  in  August,  or  at  least  late  in  the  summer,  and  becomes  nearly 
fully  grown  before  cold  weather  sets  in. 

The  caterpillar  when  fully  grown  is  of  the  usual  shape  of  a leaf-roller, 
deep  green,  with  a dark  reddish  head  and  cervical  shield ; before  the 
last  molt  the  head  and  pro  thoracic  or  cervical  shield  are  black. 

From  the  14th  to  the  16th  of  June  the  caterpillars  change  to  chrys- 
alides within  the  slight  white  cocoou  they  spin  among  the  bases  of  the 
leaves  next  to  the  shoot.  The  moths  begin  to  issue  early  in  August, 
and  continue  to  appear  until  the  middle  of  the  month.  In  one  case  the 
insect  pupated  from  July  6th  to  the  10th,  the  Inoth  issuing  on  the  19th; 
hence  the  pupal  period  lasts  about  two  weeks.  Others  which  pupated 
July  14  to  16  appeared  three  weeks  later.  None  of  the  insects  lingered 
in  the  pupa  state  beyond  the  14th  of  August.  The  moths  are  subject 
to  great  variation,  the  details  of  which  are  given  in  the  description. 
In  their  color  they  are  assimilated  to  the  moss-covered  bark  of  the 
larger  branches  of  the  trees  they  rest  on. 

The  caterpillars  are  sometimes  preyed  upon  by  ichneumons,  two 
small  Ichneumonidse  having  been  bred  from  pupie  in  confinement.  No 
Chalcid  parasites  have  yet  been  observed  to  prey  upon  this  species. 

Should  the  worms  attack  shade  or  ornamental  firs  and  spruces,  they 
can  be  subdued  by  spraying  and  striking  the  branches  and  shoots  so  as 
to  dislodge  the  worms. 

DESCRIPTIVE. 

Larva  before  the  last  molt. — Body  pale  green,  nearly  of  the  color  of  the  fresh  leaves, 
with  the  head  and  cervical  or  prothoracic  shield  black.  Length,  10-1  lmm. 

Full-grown  larva. — Body  pale  pea-green,  moderately  thick,  gradually  tapering  from 
the  middle  to  the  end  of  the  body.  Head  of  the  usual  shape,  somewhat  bilobed,  not 
so  wide  as  the  body ; dull  reddish  amber,  or  greenish-yellow  amber-colored  in  front ; 
partly  brownish-black  behind  and  on  the  sides,  the  black  forming  two  patches  on 
the  vertex.  Prothoracic  or  cervical  shield  black  on  a greenish  ground  ; varying  to 
greenish-amber  edged  behind  with  blackish  ; sutures  and  lateral  ridge  slightly  tinged 
with  yellowish.  On  the  body-segments  the  piliferous  warts  green,  not  distinct ; 
arranged  as  usual  in  a trapezoid.  Thoracic  legs  greenish  amber-colored,  first  pair 
larger  and  darker  than  the  others ; abdominal  legs  pale  green,  concolorous  with  the 
body.  Length,  12-14mm. 

Pupa. — Body  rather  slender,  the  double  rows  of  dorsal  spines  as  usual,  but  the 
spines  are  smaller  and  not  so  sharp  as  usual.  End  of  the  abdomen  broad,  square,  and 
much  flattened  vertically,  with  a small  down-curved  spine  on  each  side  ; on  the 
square  edge  of  the  tip  are  from  four  to  six  slender,  small,  curved,  stiff  bristles.  There 


19 


are  two  similar  bristles  on  the  underside  within  the  edge  of  the  square  tip.  Length, 
8-9ram. 

Moth. — Head  white  or  subochreous ; palpi  dull  gray,  with  white  scales.  Thorax 
either  white  and  black  or  reddish  ochreous  with  white  scales.  Fore  wings  with  the 
basal  third  either  black,  gray  or  snow  white ; usually  dark  gray ; on  the  outer  edge 
of  the  dark  portion  are  two  groups  of  sharply  raised  scales.  Beyond  is  an  irregular 
white  band,  the  white  sometimes  obscured  by  gray  scales  ; this  band  is  very  irregu- 
lar in  width,  being  narrow  on  the  costa,  widening  towards  the  middle  of  the  wing  • 
it  is  indeuted  on  the  inner  side  at  the  second  tuft  of  raised  scales  ; where  the  band  is 
widest,  viz.,  on  the  outer  edge  behind  the  middle  of  the  wing,  is  a deep  sinus,  very 
distinct  in  those  specimens  where  the  band  is  white  ; on  each  side  of  the  mouth  of 
the  sinus  is  a sharp  tuft  of  raised  black  scales,  and  within  (one  near  the  costa)  are 
the  smaller  tufts.  In  those  specimens  in  which  the  rest  of  the  wing  is  whitish  there 
is  a large  triangular  dark  spot,  with  the  base  resting  on  the  costa;  usually,  however, 
the  outer  third  of  the  wing  is  dusky  or  clear  gray,  with  dark  specks  and  clouds,  and 
the  triangular  patch  is  obscured.  Sometimes  when  the  wing  is  clear  gray  the  veins 
on  the  outer  third  are  hardly  clouded  with  a darker  shade  of  gray.  Hind  wings  and 
abdomen  slate  gray.  Expanse  of  wings,  12-15mm. 

This  is  a very  variable  moth,  but  the  four  or  five  raised  tufts  are  nearly  always 
present.  Some  striking  varieties  are  here  noted  : 

(а)  Fore  wings  gray,  with  a broad  whitish-gray  band  just  before  the  middle  of  the 
wing;  the  large  dark  triangular  spot  not  present. 

(б)  The  outer  third  of  the  wing  concolorous  with  the  band,  thus  leaving  a large 
distinct  triangular  spot. 

(c)  Fore  wings  snow  white  at  base,  with  a snow-white  band  near  the  base,  in  the 
outer  edge  of  which  the  sinus  is  very  distinct;  the  outer  third  of  the  wing  is  either 
white  or  blackish. 

( d ) The  base  of  the  fore  wings  clear,  deep  ochreous,  and  ochreous  streaks  on  the 
thorax. 

(e)  The  most  aberrant  form,  and  which  would  readily  be  referred  to  a distinct  spe- 
cies if  it  had  not  been  reared  from  the  same  kind  of  caterpillar.  • It  has  a dark,  gray- 
ish-white head,  and  two  black  bauds  on  the  thorax.  The  fore  wings  are  dark  gray, 
finely  lined  and  mottled  with  black,  but  interrupted  by  a broad,  very  conspicuous, 
clear  ochreous  band  extending  from  the  base  of  the  wing  to  the  apex,  inclosing  the 
median  vein  and  submedian  fold.  There  is  only  a single  high  black  tuft  on  the  lower 
edge  of  the  basal  third  of  the  wing.  One  appeared  July  30,  and  another  August  20. 
Hind  wings  dark  slate  gray,  with  an  obscure  ochreous  slash  at  the  apex. 

The  following  description  was  prepared  by  Professor  Fernald  from 
five  specimens  sent  him  : 

Head  and  palpi  ashy  gray,  the  latter  a little  darker  on  the  outside. 

The  thorax  is  dark  ashy  gray,  with  a few  blackish  cross-streaks  on  the  forward  part 
of  it,  and  there  is  a stont  thoracic  tuft  tipped  with  reddish  brown  on  the  posterior 

part. 

The  fore  wings  are  ashy  gray,  variegated  with  black  and  white,  with  a few  yellow- 
ish scales  intermingled.  The  basal  patch  is  black,  more  or  less  broken  with  whitish, 
and  has  three  black  tufts  of  scales  on  the  outer  edge — one  on  the  fold,  another  on 
the  cell,  and  the  third  between  this  last  and  the  costa.  An  oblique  band,  white 
on  the  costa,  but  suffused  below,  starts  from  the  basal  third  of  the  costa  and  crosses 
the  wing  outside  of  the  basal  patch.  The  inner  margin  of  this  band  is  slightly  an- 
gulated,  the  most  prominent  angle  being  on  the  fold.  The  outer  side  of  the  band 
gives  off  a prominent  angle  on  the  cell,  which  ends  at  a large  tuft  of  black  scales 
near  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  there  are  several  other  tufts  along  the  outer  margin 
of  this  band.  The  surface  of  the  outer  part  of  the  wing  is  of  a somewhat  leaden 
blue  color,  especially  when  worn,  and  mottled  with  black,  white,  and  yellow  scales, 


20 


but  the  black  is  mostly  in  coarse  streaks  containing  several  small  tufts.  The  costa 
beyond  the  middle  is  blackish,  with  three  small  white  spots  at  nearly  equal  dis- 
tances apart.  The  fringes  of  the  fore  wings,  the  upper  side  of  the  hind  wings  and 
abdomen  are  darker  gray  with  a silky  lustre.  The  under  side  of  the  hind  wings 
is  lighter,  with  darker  cross-streaks  or  reticulations,  which  are  much  brighter  to- 
wards the  apex.  The  under  side  of  the  fore  wings  is  dark  gray,  except  along  the 
costal  border,  where  the  markings  of  the  upper  side  are  dimly  reproduced.  The 
legs  are  brown  on  the  outside,  but  pale  yellowish  within  and  on  the  end  of  the 
joints.  This  seems  to  be  a very  variable  species,  and  at  first  sight  one  might  think 
that  there  were  more  than  one  species. 

One  variety  has  the  top  of  the  head  yellowish,  and  the  oblique  band  and  outer 
part  of  the  wing  dull  whitish  and  slightly  touched  with  yellowish.  Another  va- 
riety is  quite  dark,  and  has  a broad  bright  ochre  yellow  band  through  the  middle 
of  the  fore  wing,  from  the  base  to  the  apex. 

A third  variety,  in  very  poor  condition  and  bred  on  white  spruce  in  Ashland,  Me., 
has  the  head  white  and  the  basal  part  of  the  fore  wings  white  with  only  slight  traces 
of  the  black  tufts  and  markings.  Expanse  of  wings,  14mni  (Fernald). 

THE  FIR  TORTRIX. 

[Tortrix packardianci,  n.  sp.,  Fernald.) 

This  moth  was  bred  from  the  fir  on  Peaks  Island,  Casco  Bay,  Maine, 
and  sent  to  Professor  Fernald,  who  regarded  it  as  new  and  sent  us  the 
following  description : 

Head  whitish;  palpi  and  thorax  ashy  gray;  fore  wings  with  a whitish  ground 
color,  and  marked  with  black,  which  is  more  or  less  overlaid  with  pale  bluish  or 
whitish  scales.  The  black  basal  patch  has  an  obtuse  angle  pointing  out  on  the  mid- 
dle of  the  wings.  An  oblique  black  band  broken  in  the  cell  crosses  the  middle  of  the 
wing.  A black  patch  rests  on  the  costa  before  the  apex,  marked  with  one  or  two 
white  costal  spots  ; a similarly  colored  patch  within  and  above  the  anal  angle,  and 
still  another  on  the  outer  border  inclosing  the  apex,  sends  in  a square  projection  to- 
wards the  end  of  the  cell.  All  the  black  markings  are  overlaid  more  or  less  with 
white  scales,  and  the  white  portions  of  the  wings  are  somewhat  stained  with  gray. 
The  fringes  are  dark  smoky  brown. 

The  hind  wings  and  abdomen  above  are  ashy  gray.  Fringes  lighter.  Under  side 
of  the  fore  wings  ashy  gray,  with  the  white  costal  marks  reproduced.  Under  side  of 
the  hind  wings  whitish,  irrorate  with  gray.  Expanse  of  -wings,  16-18mm. 

Bred  from  Fir  by  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard,  for  whom  I name  this  species  in 
recognition  of  his  extensive  and  valuable  work  on  North  American  in- 
sects. 

THE  RED  SPRUCE  BUD-WORM. 

( Gelechia  obliquistrigella  Chambers.) 

[Plate  I,  Fig.  2.] 

Associated  with  the  preceding  bud-worm  occurred  in  abundance,  both 
on  the  terminal  shoots  of  the  spruce  and  fir,  a little  reddish  cylindri- 
cal caterpillar,  about  two- thirds  as  large  as  the  larva  of  Ter  as  variana , 
and  very  active  in  its  habits.  It  occurred  as  early  as  the  10th  of  June, 
but  it  disappeared  earlier  than  the  caterpillar  of  Teras  variana , and 
the  moths,  which  were  common,  flying  in  spruce  at  and  soon  after  the 
middle  of  July,  were  not  seen  after  the  first  week  in  August. 


21 


The  caterpillars  were  beaten  from  the  trees  from  June  10  to  July  17 ; 
after  that  it  was  impossible  to  find  any  of  them.  The  moths  began  to  ap- 
pear July  16-19,  and  continued  to  emerge  in  the  breeding  boxes  until 
August  1.  The  duration  of  the  pupa  state  is  about  one  week 

It  is  evident  that  the  species  is  single-brooded  and  that  the  caterpil- 
lar is  hatched  in  August,  and  becomes  nearly  full  grown  in  the  early 
autumn,  hibernating  when  nearly  full-fed,  since  the  fully  grown  cater- 
pillars are  abundant  by  the  first  week  of  June.  The  species  has  been 
identified  for  me  by  Professor  Fernald.  It  was  described  from  Ken- 
tucky by  Mr.  Chambers,  but  the  larva  and  food-plant  have  been  hitherto 
unknown. 

When  about  to  pupate  it  spins  a small,  thin,  delicate  cocoon,  being  a 
tubular  case  of  silk  covered  with  bits  of  the  scales  of  the  spruce  or  fir 
buds.  It  is  placed  next  to  the  shoot  in  the  debris  made  by  the  larva  at 
the  base  of  the  leaves.  Length,  6mm  ; diameter,  2mm. 

DESCRIPTIVE. 

Larva. — Body  cylindrical,  of  the  usual  form,  reddish  brown  iu  color,  and  about 
6-7 111  m in  length. 

Pupa. — Body  rather  thick,  of  the  usual  pale  mahogany  brown  color,  the  antenme 
and  tips  of  the  wings  on  the  under  side  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  fifth  abdominal 
segment.  End  of  the  abdomen  full  and  rounded,  with  about  ten  unequal,  irregularly 
situated  slender  bristles,  which  are  slightly  curved  at  the  end ; besides  these  there 
are  several  fine  bristles  along  the  side  of  the  body  near  the  tip.  Length,  5mm. 

Moth. — Head  cream  white  ; antenme  with  the  basal  (second)  joint  white,  beyond 
ringed  with  white  and  black.  Palpi  white,  first  and  second  joint  speckled  with 
black,  second  (longest)  joint  ochreous  at  the  end  ; third  (last)  joint  with  two  black 
rings  of  unequal  size,  the  outer  the  longer;  the  tip  white.  Fore  wings  moderately 
wide,  oblong  ovate.  Ground  color  ochreous  whitish  gray;  costal  region  blackish, 
base  black.  A broad  oblique  band  proceeds  from  the  costal  edge  to  the  middle  of  the 
submedian  space,  ending  iu  two  white  spots  ; there  are  some  whitish  scales  on  the 
outer  edge  of  the  band.  Just  before  the  middle  of  the  wing  is  a broad  irregular  black 
band,  and  beyond  it  in  the  submedian  space  a black  spot.  A third  broad  black  band 
crosses  the  wing,  ending  on  the  hind  margin  and  breaking  up  into  three  black  spots 
on  the  hind  margin  ; the  band  incloses  near  them  two  twinned  white  dots.  Near  the 
outer  fourth  of  the  wing  is  a conspicuous  white  line,  sharply  bent  outwards  just  be- 
hind the  middle  of  the  wing  ; beyond  the  apex  of  the  angle  of  the  line  are  several 
white  scales.  At  the  base  of  the  fringe  is  an  oblique  line  of  black  scales.  The  fringe, 
like  the  adjoining  part  of  the  wing,  is  of  mixed  gray  ochreous,  with  black  scales. 
Hind  wings  rather  broad,  pointed,  pearly  slate  gray.  Legs,  including  tarsi,  banded 
with  black.  Expanse  of  wings,  13mm. 

When  rubbed  the  green  color  of  the  fore  wings  becomes  paler,  and  the  three  oblique 
black  bands  are  more  distinct. 

1 HE  EVERGREEN  SPAN-WORM. 

( Tliera  contr aetata  Packard.) 

A very  common  caterpillar  on  various  evergreen  trees,  such  as  the 
Spruce,  White  Pine,  Hackmatack,  and  the  bush  or  common  Juniper,  is 
a little  green  one,  striped  with  white,  which  is  so  assimilated  in  color  to 
the  glaucous  greeu  leaves  with  their  whitish  under  side  as  to  enable  the 
caterpillar  to  escape  ordinary  observation. 


22 


During  the  past  summer  I have  found  this  caterpillar  most  frequently 
on  the  common  Bush  Juniper  in  Maine,  but  in  former  years  have  beaten 
the  chrysalids  out  of  the  trees  already  mentioned. 

The  caterpillar  is  found  in  July,  but  becomes  fully  grown  from  the 
1st  to  the  15th  of  August.  Before  transforming,  it  spins  the  leaves 
together  with  a few  coarse  silk  threads  and  remains  in  the  tree.  Those 
reared  on  the  Juniper  became  chrysalids  by  the  19th  or  20th  of  August, 
and  the  moths  appeared  by  the  9th  of  September,  so  that  the  pupa  state 
lasts  about  three  weeks.  The  moths  continue  to  appear  until  the  mid- 
dle or  last  of  September.  Those  found  on  the  Spruce  appeared  Septem- 
ber 15,  and  a pupa  found  on  the  White  Pine  disclosed  the  moth  Sep- 
tember 13.  Probably  by  the  middle  of  September  all  the  moths  have 
appeared.  Whether  they  hibernate  and  lay  their  eggs  in  spring,  or 
whether  their  eggs  are  laid  in  the  autumn  on  the  terminal  twigs,  and  the 
species  is  alone  represented  by  the  eggs,  remains  to  be  ascertained. 

The  moth  is  easily  recognized  by  the  sharp  fore  wings  with  the  narrow, 
dark,  mesial  band,  which  is  black  and  very  narrow  on  the  inner  edge, 
and  by  the  pale  zigzag  line  reappearing  beneath,  also  by  the  black 
streak  near  the  apex  and  a smaller  apical  black  dot.  It  is  closely  re- 
lated to  the  European  T.  juniper ata,  which  feeds  on  the  common  Juniper. 

DESCRIPTIVE. 

Larva . — Body  smooth,  cylindrical;  head  smooth,  slightly  bilobed,  not  quite  so  wide 
as  the  body.  Head  and  body  green,  the  color  of  the  upper  side  of  the  juniper  leaves 
on  which  it  feeds.  A broad  pale  glaucous  white  dorsal  band,  on  each  side  of  which  is 
a yellowish-white  line,  which  extends  along  the  sides  of  the  supra-anal  plate,  but  rot 
meeting  its  fellow  at  the  apex.  Anal  legs  broad  and  large,  green,  with  two  tuber- 
cles which  are  large  and  rounded  conical.  Thoracic  legs  pink.  Length,  16mm. 

Pupa. — Of  the  usual  family  shape  ; green,  with  a white  lateral  stripe  from  the  head 
to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  and  another  lower  down  along  the  abdomen,  as  well  as  two 
parallel  dorsal  whitish  stripes.  Abdominal  spine  larger  and  longer  than  usual,  flat- 
tened vertically,  acute,  surface  corrugated ; two  stout  terminal  bristles  excurved  at 
the  ends,  a much  smaller  pair  at  base  of  these  and  along  the  sides  of  the  spines  two 
additional  pairs.  Length,  (5mm. 

Moth. — Pale  ash,  base  of  fore  wings  with  two  bent  parallel  black  lines,  the  outer 
heavier,  and  marked  with  longitudinal  stripe  on  the  veiulets.  Beyond  is  a broad  pale 
band  slightly  bent  on  the  median  vein.  Still  beyond  is  a median  band  margined  with 
black,  narrowing  more  than  usual  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  wing,  where  the  two 
black  margins  meet,  forming  two  contiguous  black  patches;  in  front  the  band  in- 
closes obscure  ashen  ringlets.  A black  discal  dot ; beyond,  an  obscure  pale  patch. 
A white  zigzag  marginal  line,  the  sharp  scallops  inclosing  dark  dots.  Hind  wings 
uniformly  pale  ash  color,  crossed  by  two  dusky  lines.  Expanse  of  wings,  *25nml  (one 
inch). 

THE  PINE  PHEOCYMA.* 

(Plieocyma  lunifera  Hiibn.) 

DESCRIPTIVE. 

Larva. — Body  long  and  slender,  tapering  considerably  behind  the  fourth  pair  of 
abdominal  legs.  Head  not  so  wide  as  the  body,  rather  deeply  bilobed,  with  a lateral 
V-shaped  white  spot.  A pair  of  small  prominent  tubercles  on  top  of  the  eighth  ab- 

* This  descriptive  matter  is  additional  to  the  note  published  on  p.  327  of  the  An- 
nual Report  for  1885. 


23 


dominal  segment,  and  in  place  of  them  on  the  segments  is  a pair  of  more  widely 
divergent  short  black  dashes : on  the  segment  next  to  the  last  is  a transverse  ridge. 
Anal  legs  long  and  slender.  General  color  of  the  body  wood  or  horn  brown,  of  the 
shade  of  old  twigs,  sometimes  reddish  or  greenish.  Head  marbled  with  a set  of 
trausverse  wavy  whitish  lines  on  each  side  of  the  median  line.  Body  with  a lateral 
row  of  black  dots ; beneath,  much  paler,  glaucous  green.  Length,  35mm. 

The  larvae  are  very  variable;  in  some  the  body  is  reddish  with  longitudinal  bands 
much  more  distinct  than  usual ; in  some  the  body  is  pale  pea-green,  a little  paler  than 
the  pine  leaves  ; there  is  a firm,  quite  wide  medio-dorsal  line,  and  on  the  sides  a wider 
white  line  next  to  the  broader  very  conspicuous  pale  red  spiracular  line,  which  is 
similar  in  color  to  the  reddish  sheath  of  the  pine  leaf.  Head  reddish,  with  the  char- 
acteristic oval  white  spots  on  each  side.  In  others  (as  pitch  pine)  the  body  is  beau- 
tifully marbled  with  gray  and  whitish.  A V-shaped  white  spot  on  the  side  of  the 
head.  On  the  segment  next  to  the  last  abdominal  are  two  small  inconspicuous  warts. 
A faint,  broad,  grayish-white  dorsal  band,  broadly  interrupted  at  the  sutures  of  the 
segments  by  an  irregular  transverse  umber-brown  stripe.  A faint  lateral  broad  band, 
containing  on  the  side  of  each  segment  a clear,  white  point.  Length,  42inm. 

Pupa. — Of  the  usual  rather  slender  Catocala  shape,  covered  with  a slight  whitish 
bloom.  The  abdominal  tip  rather  blunt,  the  surface  corrugated  with  irregular  longi- 
tudinal furrows  above  and  on  the  sides;  spine  small,  bearing  at  the  end  two  very 
large,  long  stout  bristles  curved  outwards  at  the  ends,  which  are  blunt;  at  their  base 
are  two  pairs  of  slender  bristles.  Length,  17mm. 

Moth. — Body  and  wings  dark  ash-gray  and  reddish  brown ; thorax  crested,  dark 
reddish  brown,  with  two  blackish  transverse  lines.  Patagia  with  a white  stripe  be- 
hind the  middle  and  white  scales  at  the  tip;  hinder  part  of  the  thorax  dusted  with 
white.  Fore  wings  black  and  reddish  brown  at  base,  with  interrupted  and  broken 
black  and  white  lines.  Within  the  middle  of  the  wing  is  a broad,  slightly  sinuous 
whitish-gray  band.  A large  black  mark  forming  a hollow  square,  the  hollow  gray- 
ish, at  the  end  of  the  discal  space.  Beyond  this  spot  are  two  nearly  parallel  black 
lines,  the  inner  bent  inwards  at  a right  angle  upon  the  costa,  and  sending  an  angle 
into  the  extra-discal  space;  the  line  is  bent  outwards  on  the  1st  median  vein,  then 
curving  inwards  and  ending  on  the  hind  margin  of  the  wing.  The  outer  line  curves 
outwards  on  the  costa  towards  the  apex,  is  bent  on  the  1st  median  vein,  and  behind 
is  nearly  x>arallel  with  the  inner  line.  A fine  black  scalloped  hair-line  at  the  base  of 
the  fringe,  which  is  darker  on  the  points  of  the  scallops.  Hind  wings  with  a double 
black  curved  band  beyond  the  middle,  the  space  withiu  the  lines  filled  in  with 
black  towards  the  hinder  edge  of  the  wing.  An  indistinct  broad  diffuse  shade  passes 
across  the  wing  just  within  the  middle.  On  the  under  side  of  both  pairs  of  wings 
the  discal  dots  are  present,  and  there  is  a diffuse  dark  line  common  to  both  wings. 
Expanse  of  wings,  3bmm. 


[THE  PERIODICAL  CICADA  IN  SOUTHEASTERN  INDIANA. 


By  Amos  W.  Butler,  BrooliviUe,  Ind. 


In  presenting  what  I have  to  say  concerning  the  Periodical  Cicada,  I 
have  tried  not  to  follow  in  the  footsteps  of  others.  I have  gathered 
much  information  that  is  new  to  me,  and,  coupled  with  this,  the  fact  that 
these  observations  were  made  in  a locality  where  this  insect  had  not 
been  previousiy  studied  shall,  I trust,  assure  me  your  consideration. 

From  our  older  inhabitants  I learn  the  Cicada  has  heretofore  ap- 
peared in  Franklin  County  in  the  years  1834,  1851,  and  1868.  This 
year  I have  received  reports  of  its  occurrence  in  the  counties  of  Dear- 
born, Decatur,  Rush,  Union,  Ripley,  Franklin,  Fayette,  Wayne,  and 
Delaware.  The  latter,  however,  is  not  one  of  the  counties  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  State.  In  Delaware  County  my  informant  reports 
it  as  “not  abundant”;  in  Union  County  it  was  very  common;  and,  I 
should  think,  was  as  numerous  in  Dearborn  and  Ripley  Couuties.  In 
this  county  and  in  Fayette  it  was  at  no  place  as  common  as  was  ex- 
pected. We  are  entirely  without  the  range  of  the  thirteen -year  race. 

The  regularity  of  its  appearance  in  certain  localities  is  very  interest- 
ing. Dr.  George  Sutton,  of  Aurora,  writes  me:  “In  1851  the  first  I 
saw  fully  developed  was  on  the  24th  of  May.  In  1868  I first  saw  them 
on  the  28th  of  May.  This  year  I discovered  them  on  the  29th  of  May, 
although  there  was  evidence  that  a few  had  made  their  appearance  a 
day  or  so  before.”  Its  appearance  in  Franklin  County  this  .year  was 
very  irregular.  The  first  representatives  appeared  in  a few  localities 
on  May  28,  and  in  such  localities  Cicadas  were  rather  common  two  days 
later.  In  other  places,  less  than  half  a mile  from  those  just  mentioned, 
no  Cicadas  appeared  until  June  4,  and  in  other  neighborhoods  they  were 
even  alter  in  coming  forth. 

Many  pup*  were  turned  up  by  the  plow  in  April  and  May.  When 
these  insects  emerge  from  the  ground  it  is  with  a rush,  and  a lively 
scramble  ensues  for  each  elevation  near  the  point  of  their  emergence. 
Trees,  bushes,  weeds,  poles,  stumps,  fences — in  short,  everything  upon 
which  they  can  get  above  the  level  of  their  recent  homes  is  ascended. 
A friend  tells  me  that  his  hogs  thought  so  much  of  the  Cicadas  as  an 
article  of  food  that  they  would  not  return  to  their  accustomed  feeding 
24 


25 


place.  They  preferred  to  remain  within  the  woodland  at  night,  and  one 
morning  he  found  attached  to  the  hair  of  the  animals  a number  of  pupa 
cases.  The  Cicadas  had  clambered  upon  the  backs  of  the  hogs,  and 
there  left  their  outer  garments.  I have  learned  of  several  instances  in 
which  hogs  discovered  the  Cicadas  before  they  emerged  from  the  ground, 
and  in  some  localities  they  rooted  over  a considerable  amount  of  ground, 
to  some  depth,  searching  for  this  new-found  food.  Farmers  gathered 
the  immature  iusects  upon  their  appearance  and  fed  them  to  poultry. 

In  most  localities  where  they  had  been  abundant  seventeen  years 
before  they  appeared  this  year,  but  in  many  instances  but  few  insects 
represented  the  vast  numbers  of  their  previous  maturity.  In  many 
places  where  they  were  abundant  at  their  last  preceding  appearance  no 
representatives  appeared  this  year.  Many  were  there  which  did  not 
emerge  from  the  pupal  covering,  but  from  the  heat  of  the  morning  sun, 
the  attacks  of  birds  and  of  insects,  perished. 

May  31  they  began  making  their  peculiar  noise,  and  by  June  7 the 
woods  resounded  with  their  rattling  notes.  June  5 they  began  mating. 
Five  days  later  most  of  them  appear^  to  be  mated.  Ten  days  after 
beginning  mating  they  commenced  depositing  eggs.  In  this  work  I have 
always  seen  the  female  with  the  head  higher  than  any  other  part  of  the 
body.  Owing  to  this  fact  the  eggs  appear  on  some  trees  to  have  been 
deposited  from  a certain  direction,  while  on  others  the  opposite  appears 
to  be  the  direction  whence  they  came.  Upon  the  oak  and  apple,  trees 
whose  limbs  generally  grow  quite  erect,  the  ovipositor  has  been  inserted 
from  above,  or  from  towards  the  end  of  the  limb;  while  upon  beech,  elm, 
and  other  trees,  which  have  a droopiug  habit,  the  eggs  were  deposited 
from  the  opposite  direction,  that  toward  the  base  of  the  limb.  The  fe- 
male effects  an  opening  into  the  wood  by  means  of  two  small  saw-like 
organs.  An  excavation  is  made,  consisting  of  two  apartments  separated 
by  a thin  partition  of  wood.  Into  these  cavities  the  ovipositor  is  in- 
serted ; apparently  an  egg  is  deposited  in  each  of  these  chambers  at  the 
same  time,  and  each  one  is  lying  at  the  same  angle  with  the  partition 
wall.  The  eggs  are  packed  very  regularly,  and  under  a glass  of  low 
power  look  very  much  like  grains  of  rice.  The  openings  of  these  egg- 
cavities  are  from  five-sixteenths  to  one-half  of  an  inch  in  length,  and 
were  found  three-eighths,  and  occasionally  a few  one-half,  of  an  inch 
apart.  Sometimes  but  two  or  three  punctures  were  to  be  seen  on  a 
limb,  and  again  the  punctured  limb  would  be  upwards  of  a foot  in  length. 
A limb  of  Black  Gum  ( Nyssa  multiflora , Wang.),  showing  a line  of  inci- 
sions 18  inches  long,  proved  by  actual  count  to  have  48  egg  chambers 
upon  it,  all  in  a straight  line,  and  doubtless  the  work  of  a single  insect. 
The  largest  limb  found  punctured  was  not  over  one  half  an  inch  in  dia- 
meter. Egg-laying  was  not  confined  to  trees  of  auy  particular  species, 
yet  there  were  some  kinds  of  trees  apparently  more  desirable  than 
others. 


26 


Beech  ( Fagus  ferruginea , Ait.),  Maple  {Acer  saccharinum,  Wang.),  Oak 
( Quercus , several  species),  Honey  Locust  (Gleditschia  triacanthos,  L.), 
Black  Gum  (Wyssa  multiflora,  Wang.), Thorn  (Crataegus,  several  species), 
Wild  Crab-apple  ( Pyrus  coronaria , L.),  Elm  (TJlmus  fulva , Michx.  and 
U.  americana , L.),  Osage  Orange  ( Madura  ciurantiaca,  Nutt.),  Sycamore 
( PJatanus  occidental is,  L.),  and  among  orchard  trees,  Apple,  Quince,  and 
Peach,  were  trees  upon  which  the  females  deposited  their  eggs  in  great- 
est numbers,  but,  from  the  fact  that  all  of  these  trees  are  not  present  in 
equal  numbers,  they  could  on^  be  occupied  in  proportion  to  their 
abundance.  Cicadas  were  also  found  laying  upon  the  Tulip  Tree  (Lirio- 
dendron  tulipifera,  L.),  Black  Locust  (Robinia  pseud  acacia,  L.),  Sweet- 
brier  ( Rosa  rubiginosa , L.),  Red  Bud  ( Cercis  canadensis , L.),  Grape 
(Vitus  cordifolia , Michx.),  Poison  Ivy  (Rhus  toxicodendron , L.),  Catalpa 
(Catalpabignonioides,  Walt.),  and  upon  the  domesticated  species  of  Plum, 
Pear,  Gooseberry,  and  Curraut.  I have  found  them  very  rarely  oviposit- 
ing on  Hickory  ( Garya , several  species),  Ash  ( Fraxinus  americana , L.), 
Linden  ( Tilia  americana , L.),  Walnut  (Juglans  nigra , L.),  and  Butternut 
(J.  cinerea , L.).  No  eggs  were  found  upon  the  Wild  Cherry  (Prunus 
serotina , Ehr.),  or  upon  the  cultivated  Cherry. 

Twenty-three  days  after  the  appearance  of  the  Cicadas  a perceptible 
decrease  in  numbers  was  observed.  Up  to  this  time  the  males  had 
greatly  outnumbered  the  females,  but  the  decrease  in  numbers  appears 
to  come  from  the  disappearance  of  the  former,  which,  being  the  first  to 
appear,  are  also  the  first  to  leave  us.  Nine  days  later  but  few  examples 
could  be  found,  and  these  were  mostly  females.  Thirty-nine  days  after 
appearing  but  an  occasional  Cicada  could  be  found,  and  their  season 
may  be  said  to  be  ended.  These  observations  were  made  in  localities 
where  they  first  appeared,  but  observations  iu  other  places  sustain  the 
chronology  I have  given.  At  a point  5 miles  east  of  Brookville,  on  July 
15,  nine  days  after  they  had  disappeared  from  the  river  valleys,  I found 
Cicadas  abundant  and  very  active,  indicating  that  they  had  not  yet 
reached  the  wane  of  their  maturity. 

The  typical  species,  Cicada  septendecim , L.,  and  the  smaller  form,  cas- 
sinii , Fisher,  were  both  found  here,  but  the  latter  was  much  the  more 
common.  Each  form  frequents  a different  locality. 

I have  never  seen  a place  where  the  territory  of  the  two  kinds  could 
be  said  to  overlap.  True  it  is  that  an  occasional  representative  of  one 
form  may  be  found  within  the  range  of  the  other,  but  such  cases  are 
rare,  and  when  they  do  occur  are  easily  distinguished. 

There  are  three  different  sounds  produced  by  the  Cicada.  The  note 
of  surprise  is  one  which  never  fails  to  startle  the  intruder;  it  is  a shrill 
screech  of  varying  length.  When  several  insects  utter  this  noise  at  the 
same  time  it  is  almost  deafening  to  one  who  is  close  at  hand.  Another 
sound  is  the  peculiar  rattling  noise  made  by  the  insect  when  flying. 
This  utterance  is  very  monotonous,  without  inflection,  and  prolonged 
to  various  lengths  according  to  the  distance  of  flight.  The  sounds  just 


mentioned  were  uttered  by  both  forms  of  the  insect  found  here,  and 
were  so  nearly  alike  that  that  uttered  by  either  species  could  not  be 
distinguished  from  similar  sounds  of  its  relative.  I was  somewhat  sur- 
prised at  this.  The  difference  in  the  size  of  the  insects  and  therewith 
in  the  size  of  the  sound  organs  and  of  the  controlling  muscles  should, 
I thought,  indicate  a difference  in  the  sound  produced.  In  the  third 
distinct  sound,  that  in  which  the  males  display  their  musical  charms  to 
the  other  sex,  I found  a difference  which,  in  all  the  investigations  I 
made,  proved  constant.  The  note  of  the  varietal  form  is  uttered  with- 
out much  change  of  tone  and,  individually,  is  quite  low  compared  with 
that  of  the  other  form,  but  collectively  the  noise,  when  the  observer  is 
near,  sounds  like  the  rushing  of  a strong  wind  through  trees  of  dense 
foliage.  I have  distinguished  this  sound  at  a distance  of  a quarter  of 
a mile  from  the  place  of  its  origin,  and  at  that  distance  it  sounded  like 
the  noise  made  by  a swarm  of  bees  passing  through  the  air  close  at 
hand.  The  sound  made  by  the  specific  form  is  so  peculiar  as  to  at 
once  attract  attention.  It  is  uttered  in  an  uncertain  quivering  way, 
gradually  rising,  then  falling  and  passing  away  as  though  ended  by 
the  exhaustion  of  the  insect.  This  sound  is  well  represented  thus: 
Fe-e-e-ro-o  o.  My  friend,  M.  J.  F.  McKee,  whose  valued  assistance  I 
have  had  in  preparing  my  notes  on  the  Cicada,  watched  the  action  of  this 
insect  in  giving  utterance  to  this  sound.  He  says:  “The  male  Cicada 
(0.  septendecim ) assumes  a position  on  the  upper  side  of  a limb  :>r  on 
the  body  of  a tree,  always  with  the  head  upward,  then  it  elevates  the 
posterior  enu  of  its  body,  at  the  same  time  appearing  to  inflate  the 
abdomen.  With  the  beginning  of  the  sound  the  elevated  portion  of  the 
body  descends,  the  abdomen  appears  to  contract  until,  when  the  parts 
reach  their  natural  position,  the  notes  cease.  The  insect  then  remains 
quiet  for  a period  about  equal  to  the  length  of  the  musical  effort,  when 
the  performance  is  repeated.  A noise  may  be  produced  from  a freshly- 
killed  male  by  taking  hold  of  each  end  of  the  body  with  one’s  fingers, 
and  alternately  expanding  and  contracting  the  abdomen,  similar  to  the 
manner  in  which  an  accordion  is  played.  The  sounds  thus  produced 
are  not  similar  to  those  produced  by  the  insect  itself,  but  in  many  par- 
ticulars there  is  a decided  resemblance,  and  this,  I think,  demonstrates 
the  manner  in  which  the  sounds  are  produced.”  Evidently  this  is  done 
by  inflating  the  hollow  abdomen  with  air,  and  then  forcing  the  air 
agaiust  the  corrugated  surface  of  the  insect’s  drum-like  membranes, 
when,  by  the  vibration  of  these  membranes  as  permitted  by  the  power- 
ful muscles  attached  thereto,  the  noise  is  produced.  I have  not  been 
enabled  to  make  as  satisfactory  an  examination  of  variety  cassinii  when 
uttering  its  sounds.  They  are  evidently  produced  in  a similar  manuer, 
but  the  motions  occurring  are  different,  a trembling  of  the  posterior 
parts  being  all  that  1 have  discovered. 

Toward  the  latter  part  of  their  lives  the  Cicadas  appear  to  be  affected 
by  a peculiar  fungus  growth.  This  is  most  common  to  the  males,  but 


28 


females  are  also  affected  by  it.  Dr.  E.  G.  Grahn,  a friend  whose  as- 
sistance I value  highly,  has,  at  my  request,  examined  the  Cicada  with  a 
microscope.  The  result  of  his  examination  1 give  in  his  own  words : 

uAn  examination  of  many  of  the  Cicada3  reveals  the  fact  that  they 
have  lost  several  of  the  posterior  segments  of  the  abdomen,  and  that 
this  part  of  the  insect  is  filled  with  a mealy-looking  substance  of  a some- 
what yellowish  color.  I subjected  this  substance  to  microscopical  ex- 
amiuation  and  found  it  to  consist  of  numberless  spherical  bodies  having 
the  general  appearance  of  spores,  and  it  probably  is  the  Massospora 
cicadina  (Peck.),  but  as  I had  no  description  of  this  fungus  I could  not 
be  certain  of  this. 

“In  Bulletin  No.  8 of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
Division  ot  Entomology,  Prof.  Charles  Riley  mentions  this  fungus,  and 
quotes  Mr.  R.  H.  Warder,  of  Cleves,  Ohio,  who  states  that 4 It  seemed 
to  be  a drying  up  of  the  contents  and  membranes  of  the  abdomen,’  and 
that  he  found  it  in  the  males  who  may  have  lost  the  posterior  segments 
of  the  abdomen  during  copulation,  and  alludes  to  it  as  a 4 dry  rot,’ 
which  ‘might  be  the  result  of  the  brokeu  membranes.’ 

44  He  further  states  that  he  ‘never  found  a perfect  male  thus  affected,’ 
but  finally  concludes  that  ‘this  is  not  positive  proof.’  Whether  or  not 
Mr.  Warder  examined  this  substance  microscopically  is  not  stated,  but 
true  it  is  that  in  the  Cicadse  of  this  year  the  microscope  and  the  various 
straining  agents  reveal  countless  spherical  organized  bodies  which 
could  not  be  formed  simply  by  decomposition  or  transformed  of  the 
‘contents  and  membranes  of  the  abdomen,’ and  must  therefore  be  re- 
garded as  a growth  or  multiplication  of  similar  organized  bodies  hav- 
ing the  properties  and  functions  of  seeds  or  spores,  which  have,  in  some 
manner,  gained  access  to  the  bodies  of  the  Cicadse.  It  is  true,  also, 
that  this  fungus  is  found  not  only  in  male  Cicadas  who  have  lost  the 
posterior  segments  of  the  abdomen,  but  in  perfect  males  as  well,  as  also 
in  females  who  are  yet  in  possession  of  many  eggs,  and  in  these  speci- 
mens the  eggs  and  fungus  completely  fill  up  the  abdomen.  In  view  of 
these  facts — which  are  well  attested — it  seems  somewhat  strange  to  find 
Professor  Riley  quoting  without  comment  the  statements  of  Mr.  War- 
der. The  spherical  bodies  referred  to  have  a diameter  of  about  ^-g^th 
of  an  inch,  and  have  the  appearance  of  being  covered  on  their  exterior 
with  small  granules,  spherical  in  outline,  and  about  ^-(fToth  of  an  inch 
in  diameter.  In  their  fresh  state  they  were  subjected  to  the  actiou 
of  the  iodine  solution  recommended  in  Huxley  and  Martin’s  4 Practical 
Biology.’  A dark  border  revealed  itself,  indicating  that  the  cell  wall 
had  taken  the  stain.  Acetic  acid  rendered  them  more  transparent. 
Aniline  green  stained  both  the  cell  wall  and  its  contents  of  a nearly 
uniform  color.  Being  in  doubt  whether  or  not  the  spherical  bodies 
were  single  spores,  I subjected  some  rather  dry  ones  to  pressure,  and  the 
cells  thus  ruptured  emitted  large  numbers  of  small  spherical  bodies, 
having  a diameter  of  from  xo5~roth  to  g-^oth  inch,  each  large  cell  hav- 


29 


in g the  appearance  of  a raptured  sporangium  of  the  ordinary  Penicillium 
glauca  or  Mucor  mucedo ; hence  I concluded  that  the  cells  were  really 
sporangia,  filled  with  spores.  So  far  I have  discovered  no  traces  of  my- 
celium, upon  which  these  sporangia  grow,  and  am  thus  led  to  conclude 
that  they  multiply  by  fission — probably  external  gemmation — and  that 
after  a sporangium  is  thus  produced  its  contents  are  again  divided  by  a pro- 
cess of  fission  into  numerous  spores.  As  this  process  was  not  really  seen 
to  take  place,  the  foregoingremarks  respecting  it  maybe  taken  as  being 
theoretical;  yet,  while  making  my  observations,  and  particularly  upou 
the  slide  trerated  with  aniline  green,  I noticed  a number  of  transparent 
nucleated  bodies,  of  various  sizes,  approaching  that  of  the  large  spher- 
ical cells,  some  of  them  exhibiting  a slight,  others  a considerable,  bulg- 
ing out  of  the  cell  wall  together  with  the  contents  of  the  cell.  In  some 
of  these,  this  bulging.out  had  proceeded  to  a length  equal  to  one-half 
the  diameter  of  the  cell  itself,  and  left  one  to  infer  that  a new  cell  was 
to  be  produced,  and  that,  too,  by  a process  of  fission.  Hence,  my  con- 
clusions as  before  mentioned.  This,  together  with  quite  a number  of  the 
fully  formed  spherical  bodies,  was  seen  in  material  taken  from  a com- 
plete, perfect  male.  It  is  only  proper  to  state  that  in  this  case  the  con- 
tents of  the  abdomen  did  not  completely  fill  this  cavity,  and  the  ma- 
terial was  in  rather  a semi-liquid  state  and  exhibited  also  immense  num- 
bers of  minute  spherical  and  rather  long  rod-shaped  moving  bodies 
which  were  doubtless  bacteria.  These  latter  were  also  found  in  other 
specimens  in  which  the  posterior  segments  were  missing  and  the  con- 
tents of  the  abdomen,  although  of  the  mealy  character,  were  yet  some- 
what moist,  thus  affording  conditions  for  the  growth  and  multiplication 
of  bacteria.  Being  curious  to  know  what  could  be  discovered  in  the 
abdomen  of  a perfect  and  active  male  Cicada,  I subjected  some  of  the 
material  to  examination  with  a one-quarter  inch  objective  and  a 2-inch 
ocular  and  later  with  a 1-inch  ocular.  In  the  field  of  the  microscope  were 
seen  numerous  flat  bands,  scattered  about  over  and  around  each  other 
irregularly.  In  great  numbers  were  seen  also  very  fine  hair-like  fila- 
ments which  could  be  traced  distinctly  and  were  found  to  belong  to  the 
flat  bands.  These  latter  were  made  up  of  a large  number  of  hair-like 
filaments  arranged  alongside  of  each  other,  which  filaments  emanated 
from  each  other  as  fibers  from  a large  thread  ; each  fiber  preserving  its 
identity,  and  not  being  given  off  as  a branch  whose  identity  is  lost  in 
its  union  with  the  main  trunk.  What  these  hair-like  filaments  really 
were,  I was  unable  to  make  out.” 

I am  satisfied  that  the  greater  number  of  Cicadas  which  escape  a 
forcible  death  die  from  the  effects  of  the  fungus  previously  mentioned. 

As  much  time  as  possible  was  devoted  to  studying  the  enemies  of  the 
Cicada,  Kot  only  those  species  which  kill  them,  but  also  those  species 
which  feed  upon  the  dead  insects  were  noted.  Among  birds  the  Eng- 
lish sparrow,  Passer  domesticus , Leach,  is  perhaps  its  greatest  enemy. 
Within  one  week  from  the  date  of  the  appearance  of  the  Cicada  in 


30 


Brookville  not  one  could  be  found,  and  I doubt  if  a single  specimen  was 
permitted  to  deposit  its  eggs,  owing  to  the  persistent  warfare  waged  by 
this  garrulous  sparrow.  Of  native  birds  the  Robin,  Merula  migrator ia, 
Sw.  & Rich.;  Blackbird,  Quiscalus  purpureus  ceneus , Ridg.;  Oat-bird, 
Galeoscoptes  carolinensis , Cab.;  Red-headed  Woodpecker,  Melanerpes 
erythroceplialus , Sw.;  G-olden-winged  Woodpecker,  Golaptes  auratus , S w. ; 
Towhee  Bunting,  Pipilo  erythrophthalmus , Vieill. ; and  Orchard  Oriole, 
Icterus  spur ius,  Bp.,  were  their  greatest  enemies.  Food  of  every  other 
sort  appeared  to  be  neglected  in  order  that  they  might  feast  for  a lim- 
ited period  upon  the  easily  captured  Cicada.  Of  other  birds  examiued 
the  following  contained  Cicada  remains:  Brown  Thrasher,  Harporhyn- 
chus  rufus , Cab. ; Baltimore  Oriole,  Icterus  galbula , Coues ; Scarlet  Tana- 
ger,  Pyranga  rubra , Vieill.;  Blue-gray  Gnatcatcher,  Polioptila  ceerulea , 
Scl.;  Worm-eating  W arbler,  Helminthot  her  us  vermivor  us,  S.  & G.;  Purple 
Martin,  Progne  subis,  Baird;  Wood  Pewee,  C onto  pus  virens,  Cab.;  Wood 
Thrush,  Hylocichla  mustelina,  Baird;  Yellow-throated  Vireo,  Lanivireo 
Havifrons, Baird;  Cardinal  Grosbeak,  Cardinal) s virginianus, Bp.;  Tufted 
Titmouse,  Lophophanes  bicolor , Bp.;  Carolina  Chickadee,  Pams  carolin- 
ensis, And.;  Chipping  Sparrow,  Spizella  domestica,  Coues;  Downy  Wood- 
pecker, Picus  villosus,  L. ; Great-crested  Flycatcher,  Myiarchus  crinitus, 
Cab.;  Indigo  bird,  Passerina  cyanea,  Gray;  Cow  bird,  Molothrus  ater, 
Gray;  White-bellied  Nuthatch,  Sitta  carolinensis,  Gmel. ; Yellow-billed 
Cuckoo,  Coccyzus  americanus,  Bp.;  Black-billed  Cuckoo,  C.  erythrophthal- 
mus, Baird;  Gold  Finch,  Astragalinus  tristis,  Cab.;  Crow,  Corvus  frugiv- 
orus  Bartr.,  and  Cedar  bird,  Ampelis  cedrorum,  Baird.  But  two  species 
of  all  the  birds  examined  showed  no  evidence  of  Cicada  eating.  These 
were  the  Blue  Warbler,  Dendroeca  ceerulea,  Baird,  and  the  Warbling 
Vireo,  Vireosylva  gilva , Cass.  Most  birds  only  eat  the  softer  parts,  but 
some  species — the  Robin,  Brown  Thrasher,  Towhee  Bunting,  and  a few 
others — eat  also  the  wings  and  legs,  and  even  occasionally  the  head.  I 
found  Fox  Squirrels,  Sciurus  niger  ludovicianus,  Allen,  eating  them, 
the  young  showing  greater  fondness  for  this  food  than  did  their  parents. 
The  Ground  Squirrel,  u Chipmunk,”  Tamias  striatus,  Baird,  was  very 
fond  of  them.  I have  seen  this  mammal  climb  to  the  highest  limbs  of 
an  apple  tree  seeking  Cicadas.  When  Cicadas  fell  into  our  streams 
many  of  them  became  the  prey  of  various  species  of  fish.  Our  fisher- 
men complained  of  their  inability  to  get  fish  to  take  the  hook  while 
they  were  feeding  upon  this  new  food.  The  remains  of  these  insects 
were  found  in  Black  Bass,  Micropterus  sahnoides , Henshall;  Blue  Cat 
Fish,  Ichthaelurus  punctatus,  Jordan;  and  White  Sucker,  Catostomus 
teres , LeS.  Rev.  D.  R.  Moore,  a valued  fellow- worker,  found  two  spe- 
cies of  snails,  Mesodon  exoleta,  Binn.,  and  M.  elevcita,  Say,  feeding  upon 
dead  Cicadas.  This  fact  was  a great  surprise  to  me.  But  few  instances 
were  recorded  of  Digger  Wasps  killing  these  insects.  Stizus  grandis , 
Say,  was  the  only  species  observed.  Aside  from  the  enemies  mentioned 
above,  there  were  many  others  to  which  I could  not  direct  my  attention. 


31 


In  general  it  may  be  said  beetles,  spiders,  and  other  insect  enemies  prey 
upon  them  incessantly,  while  parasitic  flies,  scavenger  beetles,  and  ants 
destroy  great  numbers  of  their  dead  bodies. 

Young  trees  upon  the  lands  of  nurserymen  attract  the  Cicada  in  great 
numbers.  I do  not  know  that  any  specific  remedy  was  tried  ; if  so,  no 
doubt  it  failed,  as  those  interested  secured  laborers  who  collected  all 
the  insects  they  could  and  killed  them.  Here  and  in  our  orchards  is 
where  the  greatest  damage  was  done. 

Many  peculiar  ideas  are  associated  with  anything  that  is  mysterious. 
To  the  uneducated  mind  the  regular  appearance  of  the  Cicada,  with 
which  it  is  incapable  of  associating  any  thought  of  growth  or  of  devel- 
opment through  other  forms,  is  a great  mystery.  Such  a person  also 
never  thinks  of  an  insect  save  as  a destroyer  of  that  which  is  necessary 
for  his  welfare.  It  was  not  infrequent  to  hear  agriculturists  of  fossil- 
ized minds  discussing  the  amount  of  damage  the  Cicadas  would  proba- 
bly do  to  growiug  crops.  The  expressions  of  another  class  of  persons 
showed  another  train  of  thought.  u Why,”  say  they,  “ these  are  the 
same  kind  of  locusts  which  troubled  Pharaoh  in  Egypt.  The  Lord  has 
marked  them.  Don’t  you  hear  them  say  Plia-a-a  r-o-oli  V7 

From  the  best  information  I can  gather,  I think  with  each  septendeci- 
mal  visit  these  insects  are  becoming  less  numerous.  The  sites  of  towns, 
the  immense  tracts  of  cultivated  lands,  together  with  artificial  ponds 
and  other  changes  which  man  is  causing,  are  each  year  lessening  the 
amount  of  ground  suitable  for  their  adult  life.  Besides  what  man  is 
doing  to  make  the  country  unsuited  for  their  habitation,  the  insects  are 
preyed  upon  by  many  enemies  which  man  has  brought  within  the  region 
of  their  habitation.  Natural  enemies,  by  the  removal  of  certain  bar- 
riers, are  enabled  to  increase.  Others,  by  reason  of  changes  of  environ- 
ment, are  found  in  greater  numbers  within  certain  restricted  areas 5 
others,  again,  by  changes  of  habits,  are  made  more  aggressive.  All  in 
all,  he  who  can  carefully  look  back  over  the  past  half  or  three  quarters 
of  a century,  and  intelligently  study  the  great  changes  which  have 
taken  place  in  both  fauna  and  flora,  must  conclude  that,  with  but  a few 
more  returns,  this  periodical  insect  will  be  represented  by  few  or  per- 
haps no  descendants  of  its  now  vast  numbers. 


NOTES  OF  THE  YEAR. 


The  Colorado  Potato  Beetle  in  Georgia.— In  the  spring  of  the 
present  year  we  received  the  Colorado  Potato  Beetle  (Doryphora  10- 
lineata)  for  the  first  time  from  the  State  of  Georgia.  Under  date  of  May 
18  we  received  from  Mr.  Woodward  Barnwell,  of  Savannah,  a letter  ac- 
companied by  specimens  of  the  larvte  of  this  insect.  There  could  be 
no  question  as  to  their  identity.  Both  Mr.  Barnwell  and  Dr.  A.  Oemler, 
the  president  of  the  Chatham  County  Agricultural  Society  and  author 
of  “Truck  Farming  at  the  South,’7  wrote  that  they  had  never  before 
heard  of  this  insect  within  the  limits  of  the  State. 

The  evidence  shows  that  the  Borypliora  did  not  reach  Savannah  by 
gradual  spread,  as  we  have  heard  of  it  from  no  nearer  point  of  late 
years  than  eastern  Tennessee,*  and  the  chances  are  that  it  has  been 
directly  imported  from  the  North.  Such  an  importation  is  a very  easy 
matter,  as  many  of  the  truck  farmers  in  the  vicinity  of  Savannah  buy 
seed  potatoes  at  the  North  from  time  to  time.  Mr.  Barnwell  himself 
got  last  winter  110  barrels  seed  potatoes  from  Aroostook  County, 
Maine.  Under  these  circumstances  the  beetle  has  probably  often  been 
taken  to  Savannah  before,  and  the  very  fact  that  it  has  never  heretofore 
developed  there  in  sufficient  numbers  to  be  noticed  affords  the  best  in- 
dication that  it  is  not  much  to  be  feared  in  so  warm  a climate.  Still  we 
advised  Mr.  Barnwell  to  be  on  the  safe  side,  and  to  destroy  it  as  thor- 
oughly as  possible  by  the  use  of  Paris  green. 

The  Sugar  cane  Beetle  injuring  Corn  (Plate  I,  fig.  1). — Six 
.years  ago  Ligyrus  rugiceps  Lee.,  injured  the  sugar-cane  crop  quite  se- 
verely in  certain  portions  of  Saint  Mary’s  Parish,  Louisiana.  A note 
upon  this  habit  was  given  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Department  for 
1879  (pp.  246-247),  and  the  report  for  1880  contained  quite  an  extended 
article  on  pages  236-240,  the  result  of  observations  made  by  Mr.  How- 
ard in  the  spring  of  1881  upon  the  infested  plantations.  The  same  ar- 
ticle was  embodied  in  Special  Report  No.  35  of  the  Department,  pub- 
lished April  28, 1881. 

The  beetle  seems  to  have  done  little  damage  to  sugar-cane  outside  of 
Saint  Mary’s  Parish  along  the  Bayou  Teche,  and  since  the  great  floods 
in  the  spring  of  1882,  which  were  especially  disastrous  in  that  particu- 
lar region,  we  have  heard  no  further  complaint  of  sugar-cane  pests. 

* Specimens  of  the  beetle  and  larva  were  received  May  31,  1885,  from  Mrs.  Mary 
Frist,  of  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  who  wrote  that  they  were  destroying  the  crop  of  Irish 
potatoes  in  her  garden. 

32 


33 


The  present  season,  however,  we  were  somewhat  surprised  to  receive 
the  same  insect — Ligyrus  rugiceps — from  Mr.  H.  M.  Houston,  of  Monroe^ 
Union  County,  North  Caroliua,  accompanied  by  a letter  written  June 
2,  1885,  in  which  he  stated  that  the  insect  was  new  to  himself  and  his-, 
neighbors,  and  that  it  worked  just  under  the  surface  of  the  ground,  cut- 
ting into  young  corn  with  five  or  six  leaves,  working  iu  as  far  as  the 
heart  and  killiug  the  center  blades  without  injuring  the  outside  ones; 
orwithout  cutting  the  plant  down.  Fig.  1,  Plate  I,  was  drawn  from 
specimens  working  in  sugar-cane,  but  indicates  precisely  the  method, 
of  work  in  young  coru. 

Mr.  Houston  gave  no  particulars  as  to  the  amount  of  damage  being: 
done,  and  although  he  was  written  to  for  further  information  we  did  not 
hear  from  him  again,  and  the  inference  is  that,  the  beetles  disappeared 
without  doing  much  damage.  It  was  so  well  shown  in  Louisiana  that 
this  species  is  capable  of  exceptional  increase  and  corresponding  injury 
under  favorable  circumstances  that  it  is  not  at  all  improbable  that  we' 
have  here  the  beginning  of  a serious  damage  to  corn  iu  North  Carolina- 

The  life-history  of  this  beetle  is  not  known.  The  most  careful  search 
in  the  Louisiana  sugar  fields  in  1881  failed  to  show  a trace  of  the  larvae- 
or  pupae,  and  it  was  judged  probable  that  they  bred  in  the  surrounding 
swamps.  Until  something  definite  is  learned  concerning  the  life-history- 
and  larval  habits,  we  can  only  recommend  as  a remedy  the  use  of  fires; 
and  trap-lanterns  iu  the  field,  as  the  evidence  of  1881  shows  that  th^ 
beetle  is  strongly  attracted  to  light. 

The  Corn-hoot  Web-worm  an  old  Pest  in  Indiana. — Professor* 
Forbes’  recent  discovery  of  Grambus  zeellus  in  Illinois,  and  his  interest- 
ing article  upon  the  species  in  the  Fourteenth  Eeport  of  the  State  Eim- 
tomologist  of  Illinois  (1884),  in  which  he  treats  it  as  an  entirely  uewr 
pest  (and  such  it  is  for  all  that  has  been  published  concerning  it),  ren- 
ders the  following  letter  from  Mr.  B.  F.  Ferris,  of  Sunman,  Ind.,  re- 
ceived through  our  Indiana  agent,  Mr.  Webster,  of  considerable  interest  n 

“In  the  Indiana  Farmer , of  this  date,  I notice  a communication  from 
yourself  in  regard  to  a ‘ new  corn  pest,’  and  asking  for  information  in 
regard  to  them.  They  are  not  a new  pest  to  me  by  any  means.  My 
first  experience  with  them  was  about  thirty  years  ago.  I had  broken 
up  a field  of  17  acres  of  sod,  and  planted  it  on  the  1st  of  May  in  as  fine 
condition  as  I ever  had  a sod.  Almost  every  hill  came  up,  and  I would 
not  have  paid  a very  high  premium  to  have  been  insured  50  bushels  of 
corn  to  the  acre.  But  the  corn  was  not  more  than  well  up  before  I no- 
ticed that  the  cut-worms,  as  I thought,  were  cutting  it  off.  Upon  ex- 
amination, however,  I discovered  that  they  were  not  our  common  cut- 
worms, but  a small  dark-colored  worm  that  enveloped  itself  in  a slight 
web,  just  as  you  have  described  them,  and  for  want  of  a name  I called 
them  ‘ web-worms,’  and  they  are  known  by  that  name  in  this  neighbor- 
hood at  this  time.  As  a result,  they  entirely  destroyed  my  field  of 
corn,  with  the  exception  of  about  an  acre  or  so  at  each  end  of  the  field, 
17334-No.  12 3 


34 


"where  the  ground  was  a little  broken  by  small  hollows.  They  were  very 
numerous  in  this  vicinity  that  season,  and  occasionally  there  have  been 
a few  of  them  since,  but  not  doing  much  damage  until  the  present  sea- 
son. In  one  field  of  mine,  which  had  been  pastural  two  years  before 
breaking,  they  have  almost  entirely  taken  up  4 or  5 acres,  so  that  I have 
planted  a part  of  it  with  white  beans,  and  contemplate  sowing  the  bal- 
ance with  buckwheat. 

“I  think  they  are  produced  by  a small,  whitish  miller,  with  dirty, 
brownish  stripes  upou  it,  as  I have  seen  a great  many  of  them  about 
the  fields.  They  made  their  appearance  about  the  time  the  worms  com- 
menced their  depredations.  I also  saw  a great  many  about  ou  the  first 
"visitation  of  the  ‘ web-worms,7  and  supposed  at  the  time  that  they  were 
the  authors  of  the  mischief.77  * * * [B.  F.  Ferris,  Sunman.  Ind ., 

■July  4,  1885. 

^VIONEPHORA  BICINCTA  DAMAGING  BERMUDA  GRASS.  [Plate  I,  fig. 
^3.] — This  rather  striking  looking  bug,  belonging  to  the  family  Cercopidse, 
and  easily  recognizable  from  its  marked  coloration,  is  widely  distributed 
and  by  no  means  rare  over  the  more  southern  portion  of  the  country,  but 
has  never  been  reported  as  injuring  cultivated  plants.  This  season,  how- 
ever, a large  number  of  specimens  were  received  from  Hon.  A.  P.  But- 
ler, Commissioner  of  Agriculture  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina,  dated 
Columbia,  October  20,  in  which  he  stated  that  they  appeared  in  1884 
on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Speigner,  on  the  Congaree  Eiver,  near  Columbia, 
and  destroyed  a small  patch  of  Bermuda  grass.  This  year  it  again  ap 
peared  in  large  numbers  on  the  same  farm,  and  completely  ruined  a 
10-acre  field  of  the  same  grass.  Major  Butler  examined  the  field  in 
person,  and  states  that  it  looked  as  if  a fire  had  passed  over  it,  while 
thousands  of  the  bugs  w'ere  found.  This  exceptional  increase  of  the 
insect  is  of  considerable  interest.  The  best  remedy  will  be  found  in 
burning  over  the  field  in  the  fall. 

A new  Enemy  to  the  Persimmon. — Mr.  C.  W.  Johnson,  of  Saint 
Augustine,  Fla.,  wrote  us,  June  23,  concerning  the  work  of  an  insect 
which  punctured  twigs  of  Persimmon  and  layed  its  eggs,  from  which 
^ithe  larvrn hatched  and  bored  into  the  heart  wood.  The  specimens  were 
^recognized  as  Oberea  bimaculata , a beetle  which  customarily  lays  its 
aeggs  in  Raspberry  or  Blackberry,  but  which  we  have  also  observed  to 
oviposit  in  Cottonwood.  It  has  never  before  been  recorded  as  injuring 
Persimmon.  Oberea  schaumii,  a closely  related  species,  we  have  also 
observed  on  Cottonwood,  and  Mr.  Schwarz  has  found  it  ovipositing  in 
Sassafras. 

The  Black  Scale  of  California  ( Lecanium  olece  Bernard). — This 
^destructive  scale  was  treated  of  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Depart- 
ment for  1880,  pp.  336-337,  but  little  beyond  structural  details  was  given 
We  have  received  the  past  season  a few  notes  concerning  it  from  Mr. 


35 


Alfred  W.  Hinde,  of  Anaheim,  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  which 
we  think  of  sufficient  interest  to  publish  : 

u This  is  the  most  common  species  of  scale  insect  found  in  southern 
California,  being  especially  partial  to  the  orange  and  olive,  on  which  it 
thrives  and  increases  very  rapidly.  It  appears  to  do  very  little  harm 
to  the  tree  itself,  even  when  allowed  to  multiply  undisturbed  to  its  full 
capacity.  But,  owing  to  the  sweet  secretion  which  the  scale  is  con- 
stantly exuding,  and  which  drops  on  the  leaves  and  branches,  it  is 
always  accompanied  by  a species  of  black  fungus,  which  thrives  on  the 
sweet  secretion  combined  with  moisture.  It  is  this  fungus  which  does 
the  real  harm,  for  it  grows  on  the  fruit  as  well  as  on  the  leaves  and 
branches.  In  the  case  of  olives  it  renders  the  fruit  unfit  for  making  a 
fine  quality  of  oil ; and  with  oranges  it  renders  the  fruit  so  unsightly 
that  it  does  not  bring  near  the  price  that  clean  fruit  does,  unless 
each  orange  is  thoroughly  rubbed  with  a moist  cloth,  which  is  a very 
tedious  process.  When  the  scale  is  killed  the  fungus  disappears,  hence 
the  fight  against  the  scale.  It  is  one  of  the  easiest  species  to  kill;  a 
good  kerosene  emulsion,  if  thoroughly  applied,  is  sure  death  to  them, 
provided  it  is  given  at  the  right  time,  viz.,  just  after  the  young  have 
left  the  shelter  of  the  parent  scale.  To  make  a thorough  job  of  it 
the  trees  should  have  two  sprayings,  at  intervals  of  several  weeks, 
as  all  the  young  do  not  hatch  out  at  the  same  time.  A year  ago 
last  September  we  gave  our  old  seedling  orange  trees  a good  spray- 
ing with  a kerosene  emulsion,  but  owing  to  our  lack  of  experience  in 
mixing  the  oil  and  soap,  it  was  not  a thorough  emulsion,  and  hence 
only  killed  about  50  per  cent,  of  the  scale.  The  season  of  1884  was 
extremely  wet,  and  I find  that  the  black  scale  increases  much  more 
rapidly  in  a wet  than  in  a dry  season.  This  wetness,  combined  with  the 
ineffectual  spraying,  caused  the  fungus  to  greatly  increase,  and  the  or- 
anges were  extremely  dirty,  more  so  than  in  any  previous  season  that  I 
can  remember.  The  present  season  (1885)  has  been  the  exact  reverse 
of  last  season,  being  so  dry  that  we  have  had  less  than  one  inch  of  rain- 
fall since  the  first  of  January  last  to  the  present  date  (November  1). 
Besides  being  dry  the  summer  has  been  very  hot;  at  two  periods  a few 
weeks  apart  in  August  and  September  the  mercury  rose  to  107°  in  the 
shade.  At  the  first  hot  spell  the  heat  continued  for  nearly  a week.  A 
few  days  after  this  hot  week  we  noticed  that  all  the  old  scale  appeared 
to  be  dead  on  the  orange  trees.  I could  hardly  believe  that  the  hot 
weather  could  do  this,  so  I made  further  examinations,  and  then  I would 
have  another  doubting  fit  and  start  out  and  examine  them  again,  but 
always  with  the  same  result,  viz.,  I would  not  find  more  than  two  or  three 
live  oil-scale  on  the  trees.  The  young  ones  I did  not  think  to  look  for, 
as  they  were  probably  not  yet  hatched,  except  in  a few  instances.  Then 
we  had  the  last  very  hot  day,  September  23,  when  a thermometer  placed 
in  the  sun,  four  feet  from  the  ground,  registered  148°,  with  a hot,  burning 


36 


wind  all  day.  This  capped  the  climax  for  the  scale  and  I have  no  doubt 
saved  this  part  of  the  State  many  thousands  of  dollars  in  the  improved 
condition  of  the  fruit  without  the  expense  of  spraying.  I have  just  now 
(November  1)  made  a thorough  examination  of  our  orange  and  olive 
trees,  and  find  the  following  results:  On  large  olive  trees,  no  old  scale 
alive,  and  50  per  cent,  of  the  young  dead;  on  old  seedliug  orange  trees, 
old  scale  all  dead,  and  only  10  per  cent,  of  the  young  alive;  on  young 
and  medium-sized  budded  orange  trees  (4  to  7 feet  high)  I have  been  un- 
able to  find  a single  live  scale,  young  or  old.  Under  many  of  the  old, 
dried  up  scale  insects  1 find  what  appear  to  be  masses  of  dried  eggs, 
but  as  my  lens  is  not  of  sufficient  power  for  me  to  be  certain,  I will 
mail  you  a sample  so  you  can  be  sure  if  this  is  the  case.  I should  be 
glad  to  hear  from  you  on  this  point.  The  fruit  of  both  olives  and  or- 
anges is  the  cleanest  I have  ever  seen  here,  being  entirely  free  from  old, 
black  fungus.  We  have  not  sprayed  the  trees  this  year,  as  it  was  not 
necessary.” 

An  examination  of  the  specimens  sent  showed  that  all  the  eggs  were 
empty,  and  that  about  one-half  of  the  scales  had  been  parasitized  by 
the  common  California  parasite  of  the  Black  Scale,  Tomocera  califor- 
nica  Howard,  as  was  evidenced  by  the  circular  holes  of  exit,  too  large 
for  any  other  species. 

The  Black  Scale  of  California  found  in  South  Carolina. — 
This  insect  ( Lecanium  olece  Bernard)  is  found  in  California  infesting  a 
great  variety  of  trees  and  is  one  of  the  most  serious  enemies  to  Orange, 
Lemon,  and  other  fruit  trees  in  that  State.  In  Europe  it  is  confined  to 
the  Olive,  and  is  but  occasionally  found  on  other  plants.  The  species 
has  not  been  definitely  recorded  in  this  country  from  any  other  locality 
than  California,  though  Professor  Comstock,  in  his  Report  as  Entomol- 
ogist to  this  Department  for  1880  (p.  336),  mentions  a scale  received 
from  Fort  George,  Fla.,  on  Live  Oak,  Holly,  Oleander,  and  Orange  as 
apparently  the  same. 

Under  date  of  May  29,  1885,  Dr.  J.  H.  Mellichamp,  of  Bluffton,  S.  C., 
sent  a bark  louse  from  White-flowering  Oleander,  which  he  had  noticed 
for  the  past  two  or  three  years,  which  proved  identical  with  California 
specimens  of  this  insect.  It  is  impossible  to  say  at  present  what  the 
probabilities  are  of  the  spread  of  this  insect  in  the  Southeastern  States. 
If  the  insect  mentioned  by  Professor  Comstock  five  years  ago  was  in- 
deed Lecanium  olece , it  would  then  seem  as  though  the  chances  were 
against  its  becoming  a serious  pest  in  the  East. 

Bibio  albipennis  as  an  injurious  Insect. — The  general  opinion 
among  entomologists  has  always  been  that  the  White-winged  Bibio 
could  not  be  called  an  injurious  insect,  as  it  normally  feeds  in  the  larva 
state  on  damp,  dead  leaves  on  the  ground  or  upon  galls  attached  to  such 
leaves;  in  other  words,  upon  decaying  vegetation.  Our  correspondence 
this  year  with  Mr.  C.  F.  Walters,  of  Northumberland,  Pa.,  however, 


37 


shows  that  where  introduced  with  manure  or  compost  they  may  injure 
certain  crops.  We  quote  a portion  of  his  letter: 

* * * “ I am  a trucker,  and  I find  these  maggots  are  becoming  more 
numerous  every  year.  The  first  that  I ever  saw  was  four  years  ago, 
when  they  got  into  my  cold  frames  and  destroyed  some  of  my  plants. 
Since  then  they  have  been  on  a rapid  increase;  at  the  same  time  I 
never  was  very  much  alarmed  on  account  of  them  until  last  fall,  when 
1 plowed  my  ground  (which  I always  do  in  the  fall,  preparatory  for 
spring)  I found  them  to  be  very  numerous.  They  inhabit  the  earth  not 
singly,  but  in  masses.  * * # I tried  to  count  a batch  of  them  and 

found  that  the  number  would  not  end  in  hundreds,  but  lead  to  thou- 
sands. When  I find  them  in  my  cold  frames  the  only  remedy  I have  is 
to  lift  all  the  ground,  together  with  the  plants,  and  cast  them  out.  The 
area  which  they  occupy  is  from  10  to  24  inches.  They  are  found  very 
close  to  the  surface,  just  so  that  they  have  a very  slight  protection. 
When  I plowed  my  ground  in  the  fall  I found  them  under  old  cabbage 
leaves  and  under  anything  that  would  shield  them  from  the  light. 
# * * The  only  soil  that  I have  as  yet  found  them  in  is  such  as  has 

been  heavily  manured  for  several  years  in  succession.  In  fact  it  seems 
to  me  that  they  breed  in  the  manure;  at  least  I have  found  them  in  old 
manure  that  I had  purchased  from  parties  who  had  kept  it  over  a year, 
and  consequently  it  was  very  fine  and  seemed  to  suit  them.  Cold  and 
freezing  seem  to  have  no  effect  upon  them.  Just  as  soon  as  there  is  the 
least  thaw,  if  there  are  any  plants  suitable  to  their  taste,  they  will  at- 
tack them.”  * * * [C.  F.  Walters,  Northumberland,  Pa.,  March  23, 
1885. 

We  advised  as  a remedy  the  plentiful  sprinkling  of  the  infested  earth 
with  a kerosene  emulsion,  well  diluted  where  plants  are  liable  to  be 
damaged,  but  strong  where  used  on  earth  iu  the  spring  before  plants 
have  been  set  out. 

An  Enemy  to  Silk  worms. — The  common  Spined  Soldier-bug  (Po- 
disus  spinosus  Dali.)  is  a well-known  predaceous  insect,  and  is  often  men- 
tioned iu  treatises  on  injurious  insects  as  one  of  the  beneficial  enemies 
of  the  destructive  species.  It  has  turned  up  the  present  season,  how- 
ever, in  the  role  of  a noxious  insect  itself.  Mr.  E.  J.  McAuley,  of  Oak- 
dale, 111.,  who  fed  his  silk  worms  on  leaves  of  the  Osage  Orange,  found 
that  certain  specimens  of  the  bug,  brought  in  by  accident  upon  the 
leaves,  played  havoc  among  his  worms,  sucking  their  juices  and  de 
stroying  them.  This  naturally  suggests  that  the  leaves  of  both  Osage 
and  Mulberry  should  be  carefully  examined’ for  predaceous  insects  be 
fore  giving  them  to  the  worms. 

Great  Damage  to  Beans  by  Blister  Beetles.— Nuttall’s  Blister 
Beetle  ( Cantharis  nuttalli , Say),  one  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful 
species  of  its  family,  has  often  been  reported  as  damaging  field  crops. 
In  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Department  for  1879  it  was  recorded  as 
doing  damage  to  beaus  at  Fargo,  Dak.,  and  the  present  season  it  has 


38 


appeared  in  great  numbers  and  inflicted  severe  injury  on  the  great 
seed  farm  of  Northrop,  Braslan  & Co.,  of  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  at  La 
Moure,  Dak.  This  firm  has  nine  hundred  acres  in  beans  alone  at 
La  Moure,  and  the  loss  which  they  sustained  was  quite  serious.  We 
advised  the  use  of  the  old  remedy  of  driving  the  beetles  into  wind- 
rows of  straw  which  are  then  burned. 

Anthomyia  angustifrons  a eignivorous  Insect.— Late  in  the 
summer  we  received  from  Mr.  John  Gf.  Jack,  of  Chateaugay  Basin,  Prov- 
ince of  Quebec,  Canada,  specimens  of  a fly  which  be  described  as  feeding 
in  the  larva  state  upon  planted  beans.  Somewhat  to  our  surprise  the 
flies  proved  to  belong  to  Anthomyia  angustifrons,  Meig.,  a species  which 
we  had  described  both  in  our  Ninth  Report  on  the  Insects  of  Missouri 
and  in  the  First  Report  of  the  Cuited  States  Entomological  Commission, 
as  preying  upon  the  egg  pods  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Locust.  This  dis- 
crepancy in  habit  is  so  marked  that  we  wrote  to  Mr.  Jack  for  full  par- 
ticulars and  quote  from  his  reply  : 

“In  answer  to  your  inquiries  about  the  bean-feeding  habit  of  An- 
thomyia calopteni , I gladly  give  what  notes  I possess.  I first  noticed 
the  larvm  on  June  25.  We  had  planted  a bushel  of  Golden  Wax  beans 
and  a few  of  some  other  varieties  on  or  about  June  15.  They  had  not 
come  through  the  soil  by  the  25th,  and  on  scratching  away  a little  of 
the  earth  above  the  rows,  I was  surprised  to  find  that,  although  the 
beans  were  well  sprouted  and  some  of  them  were  near  the  surface,  yet 
they  had  an  unhealthy  appearance,  and  on  examining  the  cotyledons  and 
stems,  I found  them  infested  with  maggots.  They  were  in  numbers  of 
from  one  or  two  to  twenty-five  or  more  in  a plant,  and  the  interior  of 
the  bean  and  stalk  was  so  eaten  away  in  many  instances  that  only  a 
very  thin  wall  remained.  I collected  a large  number  of  the  larvae  and 
kept  them  until  they  had  produced  the  flies.  The  larvae  were  collected 
on  June  25,  and  on  the  28th  a good  number  had  entered  the  ground  to 
pupate,  and  on  July  2 all  of  my  specimens  had  pupated  and  I could 
not  find  a maggot  in  the  field.  On  July  9 and  10  most  of-  the  imagines 
appeared.  One-half  of  the  field  in  which  these  larvae  were  so  abun- 
dant had  been  sown  in  buckwheat  the  year  before,  and  the  other  half 
had  a black  currant  plantation  from  which  the  old  bushes  had  been  re- 
moved. I t was  in  that  part  of  the  field  where  the  currant  bushes  had 
been  that  the  Anthomyia  larvae  were  most  destructive.  Certainly  more 
than  nine-tenths  (90  per  cent.)  of  the  beans  were  completely  destroyed 
and  never  grew  sufficiently  to  reach  the  ground.  On  the  other  half  of 
the  field,  where  the  buckwheat  had  been  grown,  very  few  of  the  beaus 
were  affected.  They  were  all  covered  with  a plow,  with  about  three 
inches  of  soil.  The  soil  is  a sandy  loam,  and  the  rows  ran  north  and 
south  through  both  pieces  of  land,  so  that  the  difference  caused  by  the 
attack  of  Anthomyia  was  very  marked.  In  auother  field,  on  July  17,  I 
found  occasional  beans  that  had  not  come  through  the  ground,  and  in 
them  I found  several  maggots  which  I think  were  of  the  same  speciesr 


39 


but  I did  not  keep  them.  I think  that  I have  noticed  similar  larvae  m 
young  growing  beans  during  the  past  year  or  two,  but  they  were  rare 
and  I gave  no  attention  to  them.  Occasionally  the  infested  beans  grew~ 
through  the  surface  and  the  first  leaves  expanded,  but  they  soon  turned 
yellow  and  withered  and  died.” 

The  Tile-horned  Prionus  in  Prairie  Land. — In  our  Second  Mis* 
souri  Report  we  gave  several  instances  of  the  finding  of  the  larvse  of 
Prionus  imbricornis  in  prairie  laud  some  distance  from  large  trees,  show- 
ing that  in  all  probability  the}7  fed  on  the  roots  of  herbaceous  and  even 
annual  plants.  The  past  summer  another  instance  of  the  same  thing 
has  come  to  our  notice,  and  Mr.  Samuel  W.  Glenn,  of  Huron,  Dak.y 
states  in  , a letter  dated  June  3,  accompanying  a specimen  of  this  larvay 
that  they  were  found  “ in  large  numbers  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Coomer,  a farmer 
residing  six  and  a half  miles  southwest  of  Huron,  in  ground  which  was 
broken  in  June,  1883,  and  not  since  plowed  till  to-day.  Their  average 
distance  from  the  surface  was  about  seven  inches.  There  are  no  trees- 
within  a radius  of  twenty  miles.” 

The  Glover-seed  Midgke  in  Wisconsin. — IJp  to  the  present  season? 
the  Clover-seed  Midge  (Cecidomyia  leguminicola  Liutner)  has  been  found 
onl}T  in  New  York,  Vermont,  District  of  Columbia,  Virginia,  and  one 
locality  in  Pennsylvania  (Lewisburg,  Union  County).  During  the  past 
year,  however,  we  have  received  specimens  of  infested  heads  of  red 
clover  from  eastern  Wisconsin,  where  it  seems  to  have  just  been  no- 
ticed for  the  first  time.  The  chances  are  against  the  theory  of  recent  in- 
troduction, however,  and  that  the  probabilities  are  that  it  has  been  pres- 
ent in  the  State  for  some  years,  becoming  abundant  enough  to  attract 
attention  only  this  season.  Mr.  Claus  Oesan,  of  New  Holstein,  Calu- 
met County,  wrote  under  date  of  June  26,  1885,  that  hardly  a single 
blossom  was  to  be  seen  in  any  of  the  Red  Clover  fields  in  his  vicinity r 
while  Alsike  and  White  Clover  blossomed  as  usual.  He  noticed  this 
same  paucity  of  bloom  in  the  second  crop  of  the  previous  year,  but  the 
first  crop  of  1884  was  full  of  fine  blossoms. 

This  insect  was  treated  in  the  reports  of  the  Entomologist,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  for  1878  and  1879,  and  the  remedy 
recommended  in  the  latter  report  is  to  cut  the  first  crop  of  the  season 
three  weeks  earlier  than  usual,  giving  the  larvm  of  the  midge  no  time 
to  mature.  This  remedy  necessitates  that  the  farmer  should  be  familiar 
with  the  insect  in  all  stages,  and  should  make  careful  examinations  at 
short  intervals  until  the  proper  time  for  cutting  arrives.  All  volunteer 
clover  should  also  be  mowed,  and  all  of  the  farmers  of  a neighborhood 
should  cut  at  about  the  same  time,  as  otherwise  the  remedy  will  be 
only  partly  successful. 

Dr.  Lintner,  in  his  First  Report  as  State  Entomologist  of  New  York  (p? 
54),  says : 

In  the  mauy  instances  in  which  onr  economic  entomologists  have  recommended 
plowing  under  the  infested  crop,  I would  venture  to  supplement  this  direction  : foL 


40 


ft®w  with  a liberal  application  of  fresh  gas-lime,  if  it  can  be  conveniently  obtained 
*of  perhaps  a hundred  bushels  to  the  acre.  I believe  that  this  would  prove  the  best 
^possible  method  of  arresting  severe  attacks  of  the  two  great  clover  pests,  the  clover- 
seed  midge  (Cecidomyia  leguminicola ) and  the  clover- root  borer  (Hylastes  Irifolii ),  when- 
ever they  occur  within  easy  reach  of  the  gas-works  of  our  cities,  &c. 

This  recommendation  followed  Dr.  Lintner’s  previous  statement*  to 
^the  effect  that  the  best  remedy  he  was  prepared  to  offer  was  '“  turning 
deeply  under  the  infested  fields  while  the  larvae  are  most  abundant ” or 

adopting  our  suggestion  made  in  the  report  of  the  Entomologist,  U.  S. 
Dept.  Agr.  for  1878,  p.  251)  “cessation  from  clover  culture  for  a period 
of  time.”  These  radical  plans  for  extermination  need  not,  however,  be 
adopted  unless  the  total  destruction  of  the  seed  crop  lias  been  brought 
about,  or  unless  the  work  of  the  midge  is  combined  with  that  of  the 
ifcoot-borer  ( Hylesinus  irifolii ),  and  both  hay  and  seed  crops  are  de- 
stroyed. Where  damage  by  the  midge  alone  is  concerned  it  will  be 
well  to  give  the  remedy  first  mentioned — early  cutting — a fair  trial. 

Colaspis  flavida  injuring  the  LeConte  Pear. — The  LeGonte 
pear  is  a very  popular  fruit  in  parts  of  the  South,  and  a great  deal  of 
capital  is  invested  in  its  culture,  particularly  in  parts  of  Georgia,  from 
which  State  enormous  quantities  are  shipped  every  year  to  northern 
markets.  Although,  strictly  speaking,  it  is  a secoud-class  fruit,  its  ex- 
treme prolificacy  and  hardiness  render  it  valuable.  It  lias  been  claimed 
that  it  is  blight-proof  and  that  insects  will  not  injure  it,  but  both  of 
these  assertions  are  unwarranted,  as  young  trees,  up  to  four  or  five 
years  of  age,  frequently  blight,  and  as  the  present  season  has  developed 
an  insect  enemy  of  some  importance. 

This  insect  is  the  well  known  Colaspis  flavida , commonly  known  as 
the  “Grape-vine  Colaspis.”  Specimens  were  forwarded  to  us,  July  23, 
1885,  by  Mr.  L.  0.  Bryan,  of  Savannah,  together  with  a newspaper  ac- 
count of  the  method  of  work  and  the  damage  done  in  Liberty  County, 
Georgia.  The  injury  complained  of  was  simply  the  work  of  the  adult 
"beetle,  and  consisted  in  riddling  the  young  growth  and  the  tender  young- 
leaves  as  they  unfolded  in  May  with  small  holes,  as  close  together  “ as 
the  holes  in  a pepper  box.”  We  treated  this  species  in  our  Third  Mis- 
csouri  Report,  showing  that  in  the  larva  state  it  feeds  on  the  roots  of 
strawberries,  and,  after  issuing  as  an  adult  beetle,  it  feeds  at  first  on 
strawberry  leaves  and  afterwards  flies  to  the  vineyard,  where  it  riddles 
the  leaves  of  grape.  It  is  also  found  feeding  on  clover  leaves  in  July 
and  August  near  Washington,  and  may  be  found  throughout  the  woods 
on  the  wild  grapevines.  The  species  seems  to  be  single-brooded  in  Mis- 
souri, and  is  probably  so  also  in  Georgia.  "No  other  larval  food-plant 
than  strawberry  has  been  found,  though  doubtless  such  exist. 

No  satisfactory  remedy  has  been  proposed  against  the  insect  in  the 
larva  or  pupa  state,  but  where  the  adults  occur  on  pear  trees  in  any 

"The  [nsectsof  the  Clover  Plant,  Fortieth  Ann.  Rept.  N.  Y.  State  Agr.  Soc.  for  1880, 
Author’s  Edition,  pp.  11-15. 


41 


number  the  trees  should  be  sprayed,  if  the  fruit  is  very  young,  with 
the  Paris-green  or  London-purple  solution.  If  they  occur  in  injurious 
numbers  later  in  the  year  they  can  be  jarred  down  upon  sheets  satu- 
rated with  kerosene. 

Great  Damage  by  the  Cottonwood  Borer.— In  our  last  annual 
report  we  devoted  a few  pages  to  the  Cottonwood  Leaf  Beetle  (Plagio- 
dera  scripta ),  which  was  surprisingly  abundant  during  last  season,  and 
incidentally  mentioned  the  Cottonwood  Borer  ( Saperda  calcarata),  with 
the  statement  that  its  injuries  had  not  of  late  been  at  all  comparable 
with  those  of  the  former  insect.  During  the  season  of  1885,  however, 
not  a single  complaint  of  the  Leaf  Beetle  has  been  received,  while  the 
work  of  the  Borer  in  parts  of  Dakota  has  been  very  noticeable.  Dr.  J. 
Y.  Lauderdale,  post  surgeon  at  Fort  Sully,  sent  us  specimens  of  the 
larvm  on  July  25,  with  the  statement  that  they  were  committing  “fear- 
ful ravages”  among  the  cottonwoods  at  the  post.  “Trees  of  ten  and 
twelve  years’  growth  are  dying  from  the  top  limbs  to  the  ground.” 

This  borer  is  a very  difficult  insect  to  fight,  piercing  the  trunk  of  the 
tree,  as  it  often  does,  midway  up  amongst  the  branches.  There  is  really 
no  remedy  save  cutting  out  the  pupm  in  April  or  May,  or  the  larvae  ear- 
lier. The  beetles  make  their  appearance  in  June.  Where  a tree  is  so 
badly  damaged  that  it  has  become  unsightly,  it  should  be  cut  down  and 
burned  before  the  beetles  issue. 

Leptocoris  trivittata  injuring  Apples  (Plate  I,  fig.  5.). — This 
bug  is  quite  a common  species  and  has  been  found  in  a great  variety  of 
situations.  It  is  characteristically  a plant-feeder,  but  has  never  been 
known  to  occur  in  such  numbers  as  to  do  much  damage  to  any  culti- 
vated crop.  It  has  been  found  in  large  flowers  like  magnolia,  covered 
with  pollen,  and  occurs  in  summer  on  the  stems  and  leaves  of  annual 
plants,  which  it  probably  punctures.  In  August  of  the  present  year, 
however,  specimens  were  sent  to  us  by  Mr.  A.  L.  Siler,  of  Kanch,  Kane 
County,  Utah,. as  injuring  fruit  at  Kanab,  the  county  seat  of  the  same 
county.  Mr.  Siler’s  attention  was  called  to  them  by  the  postmaster, 
Mr.  B.  L.  Young,  who  stated  that  these  insects  were  destroying  their 
fruit  crop,  eating  the  fruit  as  fast  as  it  ripened.  On  one  tree  which  Mr. 
Siler  examined,  and  which  bore  apples  of  a medium  size,  they  were 
present  in  enormous  numbers,  and  every  apple  that  he  could  see  was 
covered  with  the  bugs.  They  were  stated  to  have  bred  on  the  Box  Elder 
shade  trees  (Negundo  acer aides). 

We  wrote  Mr.  Siler,  advising  him  to  have  the  trees  sprayed  with  a 
dilute  kerosene  emulsion  by  means  of  a force-pump  with  a spray-nozzle. 
The  breeding  of  the  bugs  on  Box  Elder,  and  their  desertion  of  this  tree 
for  the  ripening  fruit,  makes  the  case  precisely  similar  to  that  of  the 
Bed  Bug  or  Cotton  Stainer  (Dysdercus  suturellus , to  which  it  is  moreover 
quite  closely  related)  in  Florida,  as  where  cotton  and  oranges  are  grown 
near  together  the  bugs  desert  the  cotton,  on  which  they  breed,  for  the 
more  attractive  fruit.  There  the  bugs  are  attracted  to  piles  of  cotton- 


42 


seed  or  decaying  oranges,  on  which  they  cluster  in  the  cool  of  the  morn- 
ing, and  are  then  readily  killed  in  bulk  by  drenching  them  with  hot 
water  or  pure  kerosene. 

This  offers  a suggestion  as  to  the  probable  efficacy  of  a similar  rem- 
edy for  the  Leptocoris,  although  as  yet  no  experiments  have  been  tried 
and  no  extended  observations  made  as  to  its  habits. 

Proconia  undata  in  injurious  Numbers.  (Plate  I,  tig.  4.) — Aug- 
ust 14,  1885,  Dr.  A.  Oemler,  of  Wilmington  Island,  Georgia,  wrote  us  of 
an  insect  which  was  becoming  very  abundant  and  injurious  to  anumber  of 
different  plants  in  his  vicinity.  August  29, in  reply  to  a request,  he  sent 
a number  of  specimens  of  Proconia  undata , and  among  them  one  speci- 
men of  Analcises  mollifies,  included  probably  on  account  of  its  super- 
ficial resemblance  to  the  former  species.  He  wrote  that  he  observed 
them  to  be  more  common  than  usual  in  1884,  particularly  on  the  young 
growth  of  a Black  Hamburg  grape-vine,  and  that  this  year  they  were 
plentiful,  doing  considerable  damage  to  Okra  by  sucking  the  sap  from 
its  stems,  and  occurring  also  upon  “mile  maize.”  Writing  again,  Sep- 
tember 6,  he  stated  that  one  patch  of  Okra  was  nearly  killed  out,  and 
that  there  were  “ eight  or  ten  specimens  at  a time  to  each  plant.” 

Occurrences  of  the  Army  Wtorm  during  the  Season. — 1885 
has  been  a decidedly  off’  year  for  Leucania  unifiuncta.  In  no  case  was 
the  normal  second  brood  injurious  to  any  extent,  so  far  as  we  can  learn. 
The  third  brood  appeared,  however,  in  injurious  numbers  at  Deer  Park, 
Garrett  County,  Maryland,  damaging  the  oat  crop  to  a considerable  extent 
on  the  farm  of  the  ex-United  States  Senator,  H.  G.  Davis,  during  the 
first  week  in  August.  Either  the  same  brood  retarded,  or  a fourth  gen- 
eration appeared  about  September  18  in  Sussex  County,  Delaware. 
One  of  our  correspondents,  Dr.R.G.  Ellegood,  of  Concord,  writing  under 
date  of  September  21,  says : 

“They  made  their  appearance  three  days  ago  in  a piece  of  low  corn- 
field in  this  county.  In  one  of  my  professional  rides  yesterday  I 
came  in  contact  with  them.  Though  but  three  days  in  operation  they 
have  utterly  destroyed  8 or  10  acres  of  corn.  The  ground  is  covered 
with  them  and  with  their  excrementitious  droppings.” 

On  September  2,  Mr.  John  B.  Smith,  visiting  Goshen,  Orange  County, 
New  York,  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  Onion  Cut- worm  ( Agrotis 
messoria),  found  thatthe  Army  Worm  was  quite  abundant  in  the  oatfields 
near  that  place,  so  much  so  as  to  attract  general  notice.  Returning  to 
the  same  locality  on  October  5,  he  found  no  traces  of  larvae,  eggs,  or  im- 
agines, and  only  a few  pupa  shells  in  the  oat  fields,  but  the  larvae  could 
probably  have  been  found  in  the  neighboring  grass  lands. 

One  of  our  correspondents,  Mr.  M.  S.  Crane,  of  Caldwell,  N.  J.,  wrote 
us  October  13,  that  while  sugaring  for  moths  August  26  he  counted  over 
forty  Army  Worm  moths  on  his  first  seven  baits.  He  has  captured  the 
moths  every  year,  but  this  season  they  were  unusually  abundant.  No 
damage  from  the  worms,  however,  was  reported  from  his  vicinity. 


43 


California  Remedies  for  the  Woolly  Aphis. — Mr.  W.  G.  Klee 
writes  in  Bulletin  No.  55  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  the 
University  of  California  about  the  widespread  disease  of  the  apple  tree 
produced  by  the  Woolly  Aphis  ( Schizoneura  lanigera)  and  its  repression. 
He  describes  the  insect  and  the  astonishing  rapiditj'  of  its  increase  in 
the  dry  climate  of  California.  After  trying  the  various  remedies  sug 
gested  for  its  extermination  upon  the  twigs,  such  as  rubbiug  kerosene 
on  the  infested  spots,  or  washing  them  with  lye  (three-quarter  pounds 
to  the  gallon),  or  with  a solution  of  whale-oil  soap,  or  sulpho-carbonate 
of  potassium,  he  found  them  only  of  use  in  arresting  the  disease.  If, 
however,  the  roots  are  once  thoroughly  infested,  all  the  remedies  usu- 
ally recommended  proved  insufficient  or  impracticable.  Gas  lime  was 
found  very  efficacious,  as  well  as  inexpensive.  It  has  to  be  used  with 
care,  and  the  dose  must  be  regulated  according  to  the  character  of  the 
soil  and  subsoil  and  the  age  of  the  trees.  In  a porous  and  deep  soil  there 
is  less  danger  than  in  a clayey  one,  where  the  water  charged  with  the 
antidote  permeates  the  soil  very  slowly,  and  has  time  to  corrode  the 
bark.  It  is  always  safe  to  use  only  a small  dose  first — from  one  shovel- 
ful on  a small  tree  to  four  on  a very  large  one,  spread  over  the  surface, 
according  to  the  spread  of  the  roots  ; the  rain  will  wash  it  into  the  soil. 
Eresh  ashes  should  be  piled  close  about  the  trunk  to  prevent  the  aphis 
from  descending  to  the  roots.  He  found  that  lady-bugs  would  consume 
most  of  the  Aphids  adhering  to  the  twigs,  and  to  protect  these  benefi- 
cial insects  it  is  wise  to  have  conifers  growing  in  the  vicinity  of  the  or- 
chards to  provide  hibernating  quarters  for  them.  Two  to  three  spray- 
ings of  the  trees  are  also  recommended ; the  first  application  with  hot 
water  of  140°  F.,  the  second  with  tobacco  water  and  whale-oil  soap  in 
the  following  proportions:  Iu  a decoction  of  tobacco  (1  gallon  water  to 
one-half  pound  tobacco)  put  half  a pound  of  whale-oil  soap.  This  mix- 
ture ought  to  be  applied  at  about  130°  F.,  and  should  be  followed  in 
about  a week  by  another  application. 

Seedlings  of  the  Golden  Russet  and  Rawle’s  Janet  are  exempt,  pos- 
sessing tough  and  wiry  roots. 

The  Hessian  Fly  in  California. — A number  of  notices  have  oc- 
curred in  the  California  newspapers  during  the  seasou,  relative  to  the 
appearance  of  the  Hessian  Fly  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Anxious  to  learn 
the  truth  of  these  reports,  we  wrote  for  confirmation  to  Mr.  Matthew 
Cooke,  of  Sacramento,  who  answered  under  date  of  May  29  that  he  had 
traveled  extensively  through  the  infested  section  of  the  State  and  had 
seen  unmistakable  proofs  of  the  presence  of  the  fly.  He  defines  the 
region  as  follows : 

u Take  a map  of  California;  find  Vallejo,  in  Solano  County  (opposite 
Mare  Island  Navy-yard),  and  draw  a line  to  Benicia  (8  miles).  From 
Benicia  continue  the  line  to  Suisun,  and  then  in  a north  or  northwest 
direction  draw  a line  that  will  fall  north  of  Napa  City,  in  Napa  County ; 
thence  back  to  Vallejo.  This  will  be  a line  of  nearly  60  miles,  and  the 


44 


grain  lands  in  this  section  are  infested  by  the  Hessian  Fly.  A section 
of  country  in  Sonoma  County,  located  between  Petaluma  and  Santa 
Bosa,  is  also  infested.  I have  not  examined  other  sections  reported. 
About  six  years  ago  it  appeared  in  a held  of  grain  (wheat)  near  Vallejo, 
and  has  spread  since  that  time.  Mr.  Brownlee,  of  Creston,  about  10 
miles  from  where  it  first  started,  lost  380  acres  of  wheat  in  1883.” 

Specimens  which  Mr.  Cooke  sent  with  his  letter  proved  the  correct- 
ness of  his  determination.  If  the  insect  has  really,  as  he  states,  been  a 
denizen  of  California  for  six  years,  it  seems  strange  that  the  fact  should 
never  before  have  been  authoritatively  placed  on  record.  We  have 
been  on  the  lookout  for  such  a fact  ever  since  the  publication  of  Dr. 
Packard’s  first  map  of  the  distribution  of  the  species,*  and  when  Mr. 
Cooke  in  his  work  on  injurious  insects,  in  1883t,  stated  that  he  had  no 
knowledge  of  its  existence  in  California,  we  accepted  his  evidence  as 
practically  conclusive. 

We  shall  now  watch  its  further  spread  in  the  State  with  interest, 
more  particularly  to  see  whether  the  energetic  Californians  will  fight 
this  pest  any  more  successfully  thau  the  Eastern  farmers  have  done. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  also  that  the  False  Chinch  Bug  ( N~ysius  destructor ) 
has  done  great  damage  in  vineyards  in  California  during  the  summer, 
and  that  it  was  also  reported  as  injuring  rye  and  wheat. 

“Wheel  Bugs ” destroying  Hive  Bees. — In  October  we  received 
from  Mr.  C.  M.  Gibbens,  of  Winchester,  Va.,  a live  specimen  of  the 
Wheel  Bug  ( Prionotus  cristatus ),  with  the  information  that  it  was  found 
in  abundance  upon  his  grounds  and  preyed  upon  his  honey  bees,  lurk- 
ing about  their  hives.  Although  the  Wheel  Bug  is,  so  far  as  we  know, 
exclusively  a predaceous  insect,  this  particular  habit  has  not,  we  think, 
before  been  observed. 

Agonoderus  pallipes  injurious  to  Corn  (Plate  I,  fig.  2). — This 
common  ground  beetle  was,  until  quite  recently,  supposed  to  be  strictly 
carnivorous.  In  1882,  Professor  Forbes,  in  the  Twelfth  Eeport  of  the 
State  Entomologist  of  Illinois,  page  27,  recorded  that  he  found  this 
species  (referring  to  it  as  A.  comma)  under  the  clods  aud  in  the  ground 
about  the  roots  of  corn  in  a field,  which  was  injured  by  the  Corn-root 
Worm  ( Diabrotica  longicornis ),  and  on  examination  of  the  stomach  con- 
tents they  were  found  to  have  partaken  both  of  animal  and  vegetable 
food.  In  the  same  report  (p.  43)  he  states  that  he  found  them  in  a field 
of  corn  infested  by  the  Chinch  Bug,  and  examination  showed  that  they 
had  fed  in  part  on  Chinch  Bugs  and  other  insects,  but  also  on  vegeta- 
tion, which  appeared  to  have  been  roots  of  corn.  On  page  111  ( loc . cit.) 
he  states  that  a dissection  of  the  stomachs  of  fifteen  specimens  of  this 

* Report  upon  the  Rocky  Mountain  locust  aud  other  iusects,  &c.  Ninth  Ann.  Rept. 
U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.,  Washington,  1877. 

t “ Injurious  insects  of  the  orchard,  vineyard,”  &c.  By  Matthew  Cooke,  Sacramento, 
1883. 


45 


species  showed  the  presence  of  50  per  cent,  of  vegetable  material,  all 
fragments  of  the  higher  plants  except  2 per  cent,  of  common  fungi. 

During  the  last  summer  specimens  of  this  beetle  were  received  from 
Illinois  (H.  H.  Harris,  Lynnville,  Morgan  County)  and  Iowa  (J.  M. 
Evans,  Salem,  Henry  County,  through  Dr.  J.  M.  Shaffer,  of  Keokuk), 
with  the  information  that  it  was  damaging  young  corn  by  gnawing  into 
the  seed  grain  and  by  eating  the  sprouting  roots.  The  exact  amount 
of  damage  done  was  not  stated,  but  it  was  said  to  be  quite  extensive. 
Specimens  were  sent  to  the  Department  showing  the  beetle  actually  en* 
gaged  in  eating  a large  cavity  into  the  seed,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  so 
that  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  accuracy  of  the  observation. 

If  this  damage  should  become  extensive,  a satisfactory  remedy  will 
be  found  in  soaking  all  seed-corn  for  a short  time  before  planting  in 
some  arsenical  solution,  such  as  Paris  green  or  London  purple,  in  water. 
Such  a course  will  not  injure  the  germiuative  quality  of  the  seed , and 
will  probably  result  in  the  death  of  all  beetles  which  attempt  to  gnaw 
the  seed. 


46 


EXPLANATION  TO  PLATE. 

Fig.  1. — Ligyrus  rugiceps — natural  size  (after  Comstock). 
Fig.  2. — Agonoderus  pallipes — enlarged  (original). 

Fig.  3. — Gelechia  obliquistrigella — enlarged  (original). 
Fig.  4. — Proconia  undata — enlarged  (original). 

Fig.  5. — Leptocoris  trivittata— enlarged  (original). 

Fig.  6. — Monephora  bicincta — enlarged  (original). 


o 


Bulletin  12,  Division  of  Entomology,  Department  of  Agriculture. 


PLATE  I. 


U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  13. 


EXPe*<Ue1LT(jKA:- 

sTatSi 


REPO  RTS% 

Vmv^srry  0p  r 

' 0P  Kllnm 


OF 


OBSERVATIONS  AND  EXPERIMENTS 


IN 


THE  PRACTICAL  WORK  OF  THE  DIVISION, 


UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1887. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  13. 


REPORTS 

OF 

OBSERVATIONS  AND  EXPERIMENTS 


THE  PRACTICAL  WORK  OF  THE  DIVISION, 

MADE 


UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OE  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1887. 


17528— No.  13 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 

Washington , D.  <7.,  March  15,  1887. 

Sir  : I have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication  Bulletin  No.  13  of 
this  Division.  This  Bulletin  comprises  such  of  the  reports  of  the  agents 
of  the  Division  for  the  season  of  1886  as  were  necessarily  excluded  from 
the  Annual  Report  for  lack  of  space. 

Respectfully, 

C.  Y.  RILE!, 

Entomologist. 


Hon.  Norman  J.  Colman, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 


3 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introduction 7 

Report  on  Locusts  in  Texas  in  the  Spring  of  1886  9 

Fourth  Report  on  Insects  injuring  Forest  and  Shade  Trees 20 

Report  on  Nebraska  Insects 33' 

Tests  with  Insecticides  on  Garden  Insects 38 

Report  on  Ohio  Insects 48 

A record  of  some  Experiments  relating  to  the  Effect  of  the  Puncture  of  some 

Hemipterous  Insects  upon  Shrubs,  Fruits,  and  Grains,  1886  54 

Notes  from  Missouri  for  the  Season  of  1886  59 

Apicultural  Experiments 66 


5 


* 


~ 


INTRODUCTION. 


This  bulletin  contains  all  of  the  reports  from  the  Agents  of  the  Divis- 
ion for  the  season  of  1886  with  the  exception  of  those  from  Mr.  Coquil- 
lett  and  Mr.  Koebele  on  remedies  for  the  Cottony  Cushion-scale  of 
California  {leery a purchasi  Masked),  that  of  Mr.  Webster  on  insects 
affecting  grains,  which  will  be  published  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the 
Department,  and  that  of  Mr.  Ashmead  on  insects  injurious  to  garden 
crops  in  Florida,  which  is  reserved  for  the  next  bulletin. 

Mr.  Bruner’s  report  on  locusts  in  Texas  during  the  spring  of  1886  is 
interesting  in  its  local  bearing  and  from  the  similarity  of  this  outbreak 
of  non-migratory  or  partially  migratory  species  in  the  far  Southwest  to 
that  in  the  extreme  Northeast  described  in  our  Annual  Report  for 
1883. 

Miss  MurtfeldPs  notes  from  Missouri,  Mr.  A1  wood’s  report  on  some 
injurious  insects  from  Ohio,  and  Mr.  Bruner’s  report  on  Nebraska  in- 
sects are  simply  short  accounts  of  the  prominent  injurious  insects  of 
this  particular  season  in  their  respective  localities.  Dr.  Packard’s 
fourth  report  on  insects  injurious  to  forest  and  shade  trees  contains  an 
account  of  a new  and  important  enemy  of  spruce  cones,  and  consider- 
able matter  which  is  new  and  of  interest  both  from  the  entomological 
and  from  the  forestry  standpoints. 

Mr.  Webster’s  experiments  upon  the  effect  of  the  puncture  of  certain 
plant- bugs  were  undertaken  with  a view  of  settling  the  disputed  ques- 
tion as  to  whether  these  punctures  are  poisonous.  The  experiments  in 
the  main  prove  such  a poisonous  effect,  and  1 may  here  state,  without 
going  into  a general  discussion  of  the  subject,  that  while  in  Columbus, 
Ohio,  in  May,  1886,  I found  the  immature  forms  of  Poecilocapsus  4-i rit- 
tatus  blighting  the  young  shoots  of  both  Gooseberry  and  Currant,  and 
that  in  this  case  the  poisonous  nature  of  the  puncture  was  unmistak- 
able. The  punctured  shoots  were  without  exception  blasted  and  dis- 
torted. 

Mr.  Alwood’s  tests  with  insecticides  upon  garden  insects  were  under- 
taken as  a continuation  of  those  recorded  in  Bulletin  No.  11  of  the  di- 
vision, and  will  be  of  interest  both  on  account  of  the  new  locality  and 
on  account  of  several  new  substances  experimented  with. 


7 


8 


The  apicultural  notes  from  Mr.  McLain  form  a portion  only  of  his 
report  for  the  season  of  1886,  and  were  excluded  from  the  annual  re- 
port for  want  of  space.  The  portion  on  bees  vs.  fruit  is  in  the  main  an 
account  of  a repetition  of  the  experiments  detailed  in  the  Annual  Report 
for  1885.  The  results  are  corroboratory,  but  not  absolutely  conclusive 
of  the  inability  of  bees  to  injure  fruit,  in  that  the  conditions  were  not 
varied  sufficiently  and  that  the  fruits  were  substantially  the  same  kinds 
as  used  last  year. 


C.  Y.  R. 


EEPOET  OX  LOCUSTS  IX  TEXAS  DUEIXG  THE  SPEIXG  OF 

1886.* 

By  Lawrence  Bruner,  Special  Agent. 

LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 

Sir:  Herewith  is  submitted  a brief  report  of  a trip  to  Washington  County,  Texas, 
and  surrounding  regions,  made  under  your  instructions  for  the  purpose  of  investigat- 
ing the  locust  plague  of  that  section  and  reporting  upon  the  same. 

You  will  see  from  my  notes  and  the  specimens  which  accompany  the  report  that  the 
chief  species  causing  the  damage  is,  as  you  supposed,  not  Melanoplus  spretus  but  M. 
differential™  or  a closely  allied  form ; and  that  it  can  be  much  more  easily  handled 
than  can  the  migratory  locust  of  the  Northwest. 

Immediately  upon  the  receipt  of  your  letter  (April  16)  containing  the  instructions, 
I arranged  to  leave  by  the  first  train  (April  17).  Arriving  in  Houston  on  the  20th 
and  makifig  all  necessary  preliminary  arrangements,  Dr.  Flewellen  and  myself  pro- 
ceeded the  next  morning  to  the  seat  of  trouble,  which  was  reached  late  in  the  after- 
noon of  that  day. 

Upon  examination  myriads  of  the  young  locusts  were  found  on  the  plantation  of 
the  doctor’s  brother,  Maj.  J.  P.  Flewellen.  These  were  chiefly  confined  to  the  edges 
of  the  fields  and  along  the  ravines  where  they  had  congregated  upon  the  weeds. 

After  spending  a few  days  in  experimenting  with  poisons  and  other  agencies  for 
killing  them,  I returned  to  Houston  for  mail  containing  any  possible  further  instruc- 
tions. From  here  I went  to  Galveston,  where  I wrote  a short  communication  for  the 
News,  giving  remedies  and  urging  co-operation  in  the  efforts  in  destroying  the  plague. 
A copy  of  this  article  accompanies  the  report. 

* Our  attention  was  called  to  the  locust  visitation  in  Washington  County,  Texas, 
in  March  of  the  present  year  by  a letter  received  from  Dr.  R.  T.  Flewellen,  of  Hous- 
ton, which  reads  as  follows  : 

Washington  County,  Texas, 

March  22,  1886. 

Dear  Sir  : This  and  many  other  localities  of  Texas  had  the  crop  of  corn  and  cot- 
ton destroyed  by  grasshoppers,  and  I herein  send  you  a small  paper  box  of  eggs  taken 
from  the  ground  to-day  for  your  examination.  This  locality,  4 miles  south  of  the  old 
town  of  Washington  on  the  Brazos  River,  lost  not  less  than  20,000  bushels  of  corn 
and  about  2,000  bales  of  cotton  by  the  ravages  of  the  pest,  and  judging  from  the  vast 
quantities  of  eggs  seen  to  hatch,  the  destruction  of  last  will  be  repeated  this  year 
unless  timely  aid  comes  to  the  relief  of  the  unfortunate  planter.  Hence  this  appeal 
to  you.  It  is  hoped  that  you  will  send  some  expert  of  your  department  to  this  imme- 
diate locality  to  learn  the  habits,  species,  and  correct  classification  of  the  insect,  and 
inaugurate  some  means  for  their  destruction,  for  if  not  arrested  this  locality  is 
doomed. 

******* 

Very  truly, 

R.  T.  FLEWELLEN. 

Prof.  C.  Y.  Riley, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

We  accordingly  had  Mr.  Bruner  visit  the  region  in  question  with  instructions  to 
learn  what  he  could  concerning  the  extent  of  injury,  the  species  concerned  aud  their 
habits,  and  to  experiment  with  such  remedies  as  would  aid  the  planters  in  saving  the 
crops. 


9 


10 


After  leaving  Galveston  I visited  various  localities  surrounding  the  immediate  re- 
gion infested  to  ascertain  the  exact  area  over  which  the  locusts  had  hatched  in  inju- 
rious numbers,  thereby  anticipating  your  orders  of  April  29,  which  reached  me  at 
Austin  on  the  5th  of  May.  From  Austin  I returned  to  the  plantation  of  Mr.  Flew- 
ellen  in  order  to  ascertain  how  the  warfare  was  progressing  in  that  neighborhood, 
and  what  the  prospects  were  for  the  production  of  a crop  this  year.  Upon  inv  arrival 
I found  a decided  reduction  in  the  number  of  hoppers,  and  a correspondingly  brighter 
and  more  hopeful  feeling  among  the  planters  of  the  stricken  area.  I also  learned  of 
another  locust  that  appeared  to  be  increasing  very  rapidly  among  the  forests  of  post 
oak  lying  between  the  towns  of  Washington  and  Brenham.  This  very  likely  will  prove 
to  be  an  undescribed  species,  belonging  somewhere  between  the  genera  Melanoplus 
and  Acridium. 

After  spending  several  days  in  this  locality,  I returned  to  my  home  at  West  Point, 
where  I arrived  on  the  14th  of  the  month. 

V ery  respectfully, 

LAWRENCE  BRUNER. 

Prof.  C.  Y.  Riley, 

U.  S.  Entomologist,  Washington,  D.  C. 

I visited  the  region  indicated  in  Dr.  Flewellen7s  letter  of  March  22, 
arriving  there  on  the  evening  of  April  21,  to  find  that  the  young  had 
already  hatched  and  were  then  nearly  or  quite  three  weeks  old.*  Upon 
examination  but  few  of  these  were  found  scattered  over  the  cultivated 
fields,  while  the  majority  of  them  were  still  confined  to  the  weed  patches 
at  the  outer  edges  in  ravines,  along  “turn  rows77  and  in  fence  corners. 
That  evening,  after  a short  consultation  with  the  neighboring  planters, 
it  was  decided  that  immediate  warfare  begin,  as  no  time  should  be  lost 
if  advantage  was  to  be  taken  of  the  position  which  the  enemy  occupied. 
Accordingly,  early  the  following  morning,  a team  was  dispatched  to  town 
for  poisons  and  other  munitions  of  war.  While  some  present  favored 
poisoning,  others  opposed  this  mode  of  warfare  as  dangerous  and  im- 
practicable; but,  as  they  could  suggest  no  substitute,  it  was  finally 
agreed  that  poisoning  should  be  tried.  This  was  agreed  upon  chiefly 
because  all  were  supplied  with  the  apparatus  necessary  for  its  applica- 
tion, and  were  accustomed  to  its  use  in  fighting  the  Cotton  Worm  ( Aletia 
xylina).  I also  proposed  the  use  of  coal  tar  and  kerosene  pans,  and 
ordered  the  material  for  the  construction  of  a trial  machine.  The  fol- 
lowing morning  we  started  out  over  the  plantation  of  Major  Flewellen 
on  a tour  of  inspection,  only  to  find  the  majority  of  the  eggs  already 
hatched  and  the  young  locusts  in  their  second  and  third  stages.  After 
digging  for  several  hours  and  finding  but  a couple  of  unhatched  eggs 
and  no  egg  parasites,  it  was  decided  to  devote  the  future  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  larvae  before  they  began  spreading  over  the  crops,  notwith- 
standing the  fact  that  you  wished  me  especially  to  devote  much  of  my 
time  in  digging  for  egg  parasites. 

By  careful  inquiry  from  old  citizens  I learned  that  ever  since  the  war- 
times grasshoppers  have  occasionally  appeared  in  unusual  numbers  at 
isolated  localities  throughout  portions  of  Central  Texas,  and  especially 
in  the  immediate  neighborhood  at  present  overrun.  When  this  was 


11 


the  case,  crops  invariably  suffered  to  a lesser  or  greater  extent  front 
their  depredations.  These  visitations  were  so  limited  in  extent  and 
inconspicuous  in  their  nature  that  but  little  attention  was  paid  them 
at  the  time.  There  were  other  insect  enemies  that  were  attracting  no- 
tice and  required  the  attention  of  the  planters,  whose  chief  crop  had 
been  cotton.  The  Cotton  Worm  (Aletia  xylina)  had  so  increased  in 
numbers  as  almost  to  render  the  growing  of  cotton  an  impossibility ; 
but,  owing  to  the  perseverance  of  those  interested,  that  insect  has  at 
last  been  reduced  to  such  an  extent  as  to  be  under  control.  Until 
within  the  past  three  years  these  grasshopper  or  locust  depredations 
escaped  popular  notice  (save  during  the  visitation  in  the  Fall  of  1876 
of  the  migratory  species).  Since  this  time,  however,  their  increasing 
numbers  and  frequent  damage  to  crops  have  been  too  great  to  be  over- 
looked even  by  the  most  unobserving.  They  have  appeared  at  widely 
separated  localities,  and  although  not  committing  general  injury  are 
known  to  have  eaten  away  several  of  the  outside  rows  of  cotton  and 
corn  in  fields  bordering  waste  lands  and  ravines  grown  up  with  weeds 
and  other  rank  vegetation.  Not  until  last  year,  however,  did  the  plague 
reach  such  a magnitude  as  to  cause  alarm ; and  this  only  after  the 
total  destruction  of  crops  upon  plantations  situated  in  different  locali- 
ties and  in  adjoining  counties. 

Referring  to  notes  taken  while  in  the  field,  I find  the  following  re- 
marks : “ There  appear  to  be  several  species  of  the  locusts  which  are 
causing  the  trouble  here,  and  all  seem  to  have  had  similar  egg-laying 
habits.  In  looking  about  I find  the  larvse  of  Melanoplus  differentialis 
or  M.  robustus , M.  angustipennis , M.  atlanis , and  Acridium  frontalis.  The 
last  three  species  are  in  about  equal  numbers,  while  those  of  the  first 
are  by  far  the  most  numerous,  and  this  is  the  only  one  which  is  charged 
with  last  year’s  depredations.  I am  not  quite  positive  whether  the  large 
species  is  M.  differentialis  or  M.  robustus , as  these  two  species  are  very 
nearly  related,  and  I have  never  seen  authentic  larvae  of  the  latter. 
To-day  (April  23)  I found  an  old  specimen  of  a male  robustus , and  was 
assured  that  it  was  one  of  the  genuine  offenders,  while  yesterday  the 
femora  of  differentialis  were  pointed  out  to  me  as  having  belonged  to 
1 the  very  kind’.” 

During  my  sojourn  in  the  infested  region  I observed  M.  atlanis , fully 
fledged,  quite  frequently,  while  walking  about  the  fields,  while  others, 
with  those  of  M.  angustipennis , were  still  in  the  pupal  stage.  These 
latter,  with  those  of  Acridium  frontalis , were  exceedingly  common,  and 
together  nearly  or  quite  equaled  in  number  those  of  the  larger  species. 
These  three,  while  not  always  mingled  with  the  former,  were  generally 
to  be  found  with  them ; especially  was  this  the  case  upon  rather  damp 
ground  at  the  edges  of  ravines  and  grass  patches,  and  also  in  fields  of 
small  grain. 

While  the  Rocky  Mountain  or  Migratory  Locust  prefers  rather  solid 
soil  upon  somewhat  elevated  open  fields  and  closely  grazed  pastures  for 


12 


depositing  its  eggs,  all  of  these  species  now  infesting  Central  Texas  ap- 
pear to  find  more  suitable  conditions  among  rank  herbage  for  the  dep- 
osition of  their  eggs  and  subsequent  development  of  the  young  larvae. 
The  large  species  especially  finds  the  protected  roots  of  grasses  and 
corn  best  adapted  to  the  sheltering  of  its  eggs,  and  almost  invariably 
selects  the  varieties  which  grow  in  clumps  for  this  purpose.  In  digging 
I have  found  as  many  as  8 or  10  egg-pods  inserted  among  the  root-stalks 
of  a single  clump  of  grass.  Possibly  the  sheltered  nature  of  these  eggs 
protects  them  from  the  numerous  parasites  which  attack  those  of  the 
Migratory  and  other  species  which  deposit  in  the  unprotected  ground. 
It  is  asserted  by  different  persons  in  this  region  that  the  present  species 
lays  an  average  of  150  eggs  to  the  pod,  which,  judging  from  the  frag- 
ments of  egg  shells  found  by  digging,  is  nearly  correct;  at  any  rate  the 
estimate  is  not  too  high.  Egg-depositing  with  this  species  commences 
rather  later  than  with  some  of  the  other  representatives  of  the  genus, 
but  just  at  what  date  I did  not  learn.  There  is  but  a single  pod  formed 
by  an  insect,  the  entire  complement  of  eggs  being  deposited  at  once. 

The  larvae  commence  hatching  during  the  latter  part  of  March  and 
continue  to  appear  up  to  the  middle  of  April,  according  to  the  forward- 
ness or  backwardness  of  the  season.  Wet  warm  weather  favors  the 
hatching,  while  dry  weather  rather  retards  the  process.  The  young 
molt  five  times,  at  intervals  of  from  12  to  20  days,  according  to  the  con- 
dition of  the  weather.  Dry  weather  with  hot  days  retards,  while  damp 
or  wet  weather  favors  this  process  among  insects  by  keeping  the  exu- 
vise  pliable  during  molting,  as  well  as  in  furnishing  the  necessary  moist- 
ure required  ingrowth.  The- winged  or  mature  insects  appear  about 
the  middle  of  July  or  a little  earlier  and  begin  to  couple  soon  afterward, 
thus  completing  the  cycle. 

Their  mode  of  attack  does  not  differ  greatly  from  that  of  M.  spretus , 
save  in  that  the  latter  begin  upon  the  crops  immediately  after  hatching, 
while  these  species  do  not.  They  wait  until  they  are  from  three  to  four 
weeks  old  before  venturing  far  from  the  places  of  hatching.  Like  that 
species  they  have  the  habit  of  huddling  together  upon  plants  and  among 
grasses  and  debris  during  cool  nights  and  on  cloudy  days.  This  appears 
to  be  a trait  common  to  all  insects  when  present  in  large  numbers,  and 
must  be  the  result  of  some  special  instinct.  When  about  half-grown  the 
larvae  become  pretty  well  scattered  over  the  fields  and  do  not  hop  back 
to  the  weed  patches  on  the  outskirts  in  the  evening,  as  they  do  while 
younger  and  when  first  beginning  their  attacks  upon  the  crops.  The 
molting  is  the  same  as  with  other  locusts,  and  need^  not  here  be  rede- 
scribed. The  grown  hoppers  do  not  migrate  by  flight,  but  do  sometimes 
move  in  concert  in  certain  directions  by  jumping.  This  can  hardly  be 
termed  migration,  since  the  change  of  location  is  merely  performed  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  food,  while  the  act  of  migrating  is  towards  ob- 
taining more  decided  results.  When  feeding  they  can  be  driven  like 
other  locusts,  and  this  trait  in  their  nature  has  been  taken  advantage 


13 

of  at  different  times  and  by  many  of  the  planters  as  a means  of  partial 
protection  to  the  crops. 

It  is  sometimes  quite  a difficult  matter  to  account  for  the  rapid  in- 
crease of  certain  insects  during  a series  of  seasons  that  for  years  before 
have  scarcely  appeared  in  numbers  sufficient  to  be  noticed.  However 
true  this  assertion  may  be,  I think  the  rapid  increase  in  the  present  in- 
stance can  be  readily  accounted  for,  and  has  its  direct  causes  partly  in 
the  negligence  of  the  planters  over  the  area  now  suffering  and  partly 
through  other  and  indirect  but  favoring  circumstances.  It  has  already 
been  ascertained  that  all  of  the  species  which  are  combining  in  the 
present  injury  are  partial  to  rank  vegetation,  and  find  the  most  favor- 
able conditions  for  their  egg-laying  and  subsequent  development  in  the 
waste  land  at  the  borders  of  cultivated  fields,  in  ravines  which  run 
through  cultivated  ground,  and  in  neglected  grounds  which  were  at  one 
time  under  the  plow.  Everywhere  in  this  locust  area  do  we  find  great 
neglect  in  this  respect.  There  are  not  only  large  fields  lying  idle  which 
were  once  cultivated  in  cotton,  but  also  wide  borders  adjacent  to  ra- 
vines and  gullies  which  have  been  permitted  to  grow  up  in  bunch 
grasses  and  weeds.  Each  of  these  featuresis  of  too  common  recurrence, 
thus  giving  this  and  other  insects  of  like  nature  ample  harbor  and  room 
for  multiplication  year  after  year.  This  is  the  prime  cause,  but  from 
inquiry  it  cannot  be  disputed  that  there  are  several  other  agencies 
which  have  aided  in  bringing  about  the  present  state  of  affairs.  These 
are,  primarily,  the  comparative  scarcity  of  insectivorous  birds,  and  sec- 
ondarily the  comparatively  dry  summers  for  the  past  three  years. 
While  the  bird  question  cannot  easily  be  remedied  at  once,  or  the  sea- 
sons changed  so  as  not  to  favor  the  increasing  hoppers,  there  can  be  a 
great  deal  accomplished  by  clearing  up  these  waste  places  and  putting 
them  once  more  under  the  plow.  The  dry  seasons  have  aided  the  in- 
crease of  the  locusts  by  diminishing  their  natural  enemies.  These  are 
chiefly  soft-bodied  insects,  very  delicate  in  structure,  that  are  dependent 
to  a much  greater  extent  than  the  locust  is  on  moisture  for  their  de- 
velopment and  subsequent  career.  It  stands  to  reason,  therefore,  that 
dry  seasons,  while  not  materially  affecting  the  more  hardy  nature  of 
the  locusts,  are  very  injurious,  if  not  altogether  fatal,  to  insects  whose 
organs  are  so  delicate  as  are  most  of  these  parasitic  forms. 

Up  to  the  present  season  but  little  or  nothing  has  been  done  by  the 
planters  to  protect  their  crops  from  the  ravages  of  these  locusts  or 
towards  diminishing  their  numbers.  True,  some  of  them  tried  to  save 
their  crops  by  driving  the  locusts  off  after  they  were  fully  matured  and 
could  fly.  While  this  remedy  will  sometimes  save  a portion  of  a crop, 
it  is  only  transient  in  its  result,  and  must  be  repeated  each  day  several 
times.  It  is  also  a remedy  that  works  better  with  the  migratory  spe- 
cies than  with  the  non-migratory  forms  that  seldom  fly  more  than  a 
few  yards  at  a time.  To  save  crops  from  locust  ravages  the  main  ob- 
ject to  be  kept  in  view  is,  or  rather  should  be,  the  destruction  of  the 


14 


pest,  and  not  merely  a transient  removal  of  it.  If  the  insects  are  merely 
kept  agitated  while  in  the  fields  this  does  not  prevent  them  from  pro- 
ceeding to  the  outskirts  and  depositing  their  eggs  in  the  waste  places 
heretofore  mentioned,  and  thereby  rendering  the  production  of  crops  the 
ensuing  year  equally  uncertain,  and  even,  with  favoring  conditions,  ten- 
fold more  so. 

When  I first  visited  the  region  infested,  I learned  of  some  efforts  at 
poisoning  the  larva)  with  arsenic  and  Paris  green.  These  had  been 
tried  merely  as  experiments,  and  thus  far  had  proved  but  partially  suc- 
cessful. The  poisons  in  every  instance  had  been  applied  in  too  large 
quantities  for  the  mixtures  used,  and  resulted  in  the  killing* of  the  vege- 
tation over  which  they  had  been  distributed.  Where  this  was  the 
case,  the  hoppers  escaped  with  little  injury.  These  mineral  poisons  only 
take  effect  when  taken  internally  with  the  food,  and  when  the  vegeta- 
tion has  been  killed  the  young  locusts  will  not  eat  it,  but  hop  away  to  seek 
that  which  is  fresh.  Finding  this  to  be  the  case,  a series  of  experiments 
was  instituted  in  order  to  ascertain  just  what  proportions  of  the  poisons 
were  necessary  in  order  to  obtain  the  best  results  and  not  to  kill  the 
vegetation.  By  inquiry  it  was  learned  that  of  the  arsenic  the  follow- 
ing solution  had  been  used : to  one  barrrel  (47.9  gallons)  of  water  in 
which  two  quarts  of  molasses  had  been  stirred,  12  ounces  of  the  poison 
were  added.  The  latter  had  first  been  boiled  in  a little  water,  with  a 
pound  or  more  of  carbonate  of  soda,  for  about  an  hour  in  order  to  dissolve 
it.  We  therefore  decided  that  the  future  experiments  should  be  made 
with  less  poison  to  the  barrel  of  water,  and  accordingly  a half  pound 
was  substituted.  This  mixture  also  proved  too  strong  for  the  vegeta- 
tion. After  continued  experiments  it  was  finally  decided  that  from  4 
to  5 ounces  of  the  poison  to  the  barrel  of  water  gave  by  far  the  best 
results,  and  did  not  injure  the  vegetation  unless  put  on  too  thickly  or 
in  too  coarse  a spray.  Bright  sunshine  during  sprajdng  appeared  to 
render  the  poison  more  injurious  to  the  vegetation.  A second  spraying 
over  the  same  grounds  also  had  the  same  effect  as  the  stronger  mixtures. 
Light  rains  did  not  materially  diminish  the  efficacy  of  the  poisoning. 
The  results  of  arsenious  poisoning  are  not  immediate  upon  the  hoppers, 
but  first  show  after  about  twenty-four  hours,  and  prove  fatal  in  about 
thirty-six  to  forty  hours.  When  the  first  examination  was  made  after 
the  application  [twenty-four  hours  afterwards)  it  was  found  that  most 
of  the  larvae  bad  left  the  weeds  and  were  found  creeping  and  jumping 
about  in  a rather  sluggish  manner  upon  the  ground  underneath.  No 
dead  ones  were  to  be  found  at  this  time.  In  examining  the  same  local- 
ity a day  later,  a great  many  dead  were  found,  also  many  others  that 
were  very  sluggish,  while  but  few  really  active  ones  were  to  be  found. 
On  the  morning  of  the  third  day  I counted  upon  1 square  foot  of  sur- 
face between  fifty  and  sixty  dead,  and  a few  others  were  present  that 
must  certainly  have  followed  before  the  expiration  of  another  twenty- 
four  hours. 


15 


This  poison  is  best  applied  with  a rather  powerful  force-pump,  using 
a very  fine  spray,  otherwise  the  vegetation  will  blister  and  much  of 
the  fluid  be  wasted  by  falling  upon  the  ground.  The  finer  the  spray 
the  more  evenly  the  poison  can  be  distributed,  and  hence  a correspond- 
ingly better  result  will  ensue.  Where  comparatively  large  areas  are  to 
be  poisoned  the  best  plan  is  to  have  two  or  more  barrels,  or,  what  is 
better  still,  a tank  holding  a hundred  or  more  gallons  of  the  poisoned 
water,  mounted  upon  a wagon  and  drawn  through  the  field  with  a team 
of  horses  or  oxen.  Always  poison  by  going  against  the  wind  instead  of 
with  it,  otherwise  there  is  danger  of  poisoning  both  the  team  and  the 
persons  operating  the  pump.  It  should  also  be  remembered  that  a 
muzzled  beast  is  less  liable  to  eat  the  poisoned  vegetation  than  one 
without  a muzzle.  Again,  poisoning  should  be  done  only  upon  such 
grounds  as  are  never  grazed,  or  over  which  stock  is  not  permitted  to 
run.  Poisoning  can  only  be  done  with  safety  in  regions  where  fields 
are  fenced,  and  upon  such  vegetation  as  will  not  afterwards  be  used  as 
food  for  animals  or  man.  While  rains  may  wash  off  most  of  the  poison 
from  weeds,  they  never  can  do  this  from  grasses  and  grains  where  the 
blades  are  fastened  to  the  stem  in  such  a manner  as  to  catch  all  the 
rain  which  falls  upon  them  and  carry  it  to  the  body  of  the  plant. 

Paris  green  is  used  diluted  with  wheat  flour  or  wood  ashes,  and  ap- 
plied by  dusting  it  upon  the  vegetation  by  means  of  a fine  meal-sieve. 
The  proportions  giving  the  best  results  as  stated  to  me  were  12  ounces 
of  the  green  to  about  20  pounds  of  flour.  Some  add  one  pound  of  very 
finely-powdered  resin,  which  they  claim  acts  as  a sort  of  glue,  causing 
the  material  to  adhere  to  the  vegetation.  Great  caution  is  also  neces- 
sary in  using  this  poison,  both  in  its  application  and  afterward  in 
keeping  stock  away  from  the  vegetation  to  which  it  has  been  applied. 
The  best  time  for  applying  this  remedy  is  in  the  morning  while  the  dew 
is  still  on  the  vegetation  and  before  the  wind  arises.  While  a few  of 
the  planters  in  the  vicinity  of  Washington  and  Navasota  seemed  to 
think  this  remedy  superior  to  the  arsenic,  I did  not  find  it  so  upon 
Mr.  Flewellen’s  plantation,  where  it  was  tested  several  times.  Where- 
ever  used,  it  is  true,  the  hoppers  disappeared,  but  an  examination  re- 
vealed but  few  dead  ones  upon  the  ground.  My  opinion  is  that  they 
only  moved  to  other  localities  where  the  poison  was  not  put.  This  I am 
pretty  certain  of,  for  frequently  large  numbers  of  the  larvae  were  ob- 
served adjacent  to  such  localities  one  day  where  there  had  been  none 
the  day  before.  Vegetation  also  suffered  from  the  effect  of  the  poison. 

In  using  poisons  I would  recommend  the  spray  rather  than  the  dry 
application.  The  sirup  or  molasses  adds  to  the  efficacy  of  this  latter 
by  enticing  the  hoppers  to  eat,  since  they  are  exceedingly  fond  of 
sweets.  Poisoning  is  undoubtedly  a good  remedy  against  locusts  and 
other  injurious  insects  in  countries  where  every  field  is  fenced  and 
where  no  stock  is  permitted  to  roam  about.  Where  there  are  no  fences, 
however,  and  stock  roams  at  will  over  fields  and  along  roadsides,  its  use 


16 


is  out  of  the  question.  There  are  also  numerous  instances  in  fenced  dis- 
tricts where  its  use  is  impracticable  and  out  of  the  question ; as,  for  ex- 
ample, in  pastures  and  grain-fields  as  well  as  in  the  garden.  In  these 
latter  instances,  therefore,  it  is  necessary  that  other  remedies  be  adopted. 
I therefore  suggested  the  use  of  the  coal-tar  and  kerosene  pans  and  the 
various  other  machines  and  contrivances  which  have  been  used  with 
success  in  other  locust  districts  in  times  past.  As  a sample  and  illus- 
tration of  their  use  I had  one  of  these  constructed,  and  had  the  satis* 
faction  of  seeing  it  adopted  by  almost  every  planter  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood,  as  well  as  by  others  throughout  the  region  afflicted. 
While  this  latter  remedy  or  contrivance  did  not  meet  the  approval  of 
some  of  the  larger  planters,  it  was  very  popular  with  the  colored  pop- 
ulation, who  are  exceedingly  superstitious  concerning  the  use  of  poisons 
of  all  kinds.  It  was  also  quickly  adopted  by  persons  of  limited  means, 
or  where  the  locusts  were  confined  to  small  patches  and  could  be  readily 
destroyed  in  a few  days  with  a small  machine  dragged  over  the  ground 
by  hand. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing  remedies  one  gentleman  told  me  of  a 
plan  he  had  adopted  for  destroying  the  hoppers  upon  his  place.  It 
was  about  as  follows : Having  noticed  that  a certain  piece  of  neglected 
ground  had  been  largely  used  by  the  locusts  last  fall  for  depositing 
their  eggs,  he  decided  to  plow  it  up  this  spring  and,  if  possible,  prevent 
them  from  hatching.  When  plowing  began  it  was  found  that  most  of 
the  eggs  were  thrust  among  the  roots  of  large  grass  clumps.  He  there- 
fore mustered  all  hands  together  and  set  them  to  gathering  these  clumps 
of  grass  and  hauling  them  into  piles  which  were  afterwards  set  on  fire 
and  burned,  thus  destroying  the  locust  eggs  which  they  contained. 
Ko  less  than  nine  wagon  loads  of  the  grass  clumps  were  thus  gathered 
and  burned,  and  this  evidently  did  much  good.  Others  who  have  recog- 
nized the  insectivorous  nature  of  fowls,  and  especially  of  the  guinea- 
hen  and  turkey,  have  begun  rearing  these  in  large  numbers.  I also 
suggest  to  the  planters  in  general  that  they  protect  the  quails  and  quit 
shooting  them  for  several  years,  since  they,  too,  are  of  great  aid  as 
insect  destroyers. 

At  this  time  locusts  are  present  in  damaging  numbers  in  the  follow- 
ing counties  as  nearly  as  I could  ascertain  by  inquiry  and  travel : Wash- 
ington, Burleson,  Lee,  Fayette,  Austin,  Grimes  and  Waller,  and  of 
these  only  Washington,  Austin,  Grimes  and  Waller  have  reported  the 
loss  of  crops  during  last  year  from  their  ravages.  This  section  lies  just 
between  the  two  u cross  timbers”  of  east  Central  Texas  and  borders  the 
prairie  country.  Judging  from  the  timbered  nature  of  this  portion  of 
the  State,  the  climate  as  a rule  must  be  rather  more  humid  than  it  has 
been  during  the  past  few  years,  and  consequently  cannot  always  be 
overrun  by  locusts,  if,  as  we  understand  it,  aridity  is  favorable  to  the 
rapid  increase  of  these  insects.  With  the  present  warfare  against  them, 
if  continued  during  the  spring  and  summer  into  the  fall,  there  certainly 


17 


cannot  be  much  danger  of  future  depredations  from  locusts.  Still  I 
would  suggest  to  the  inhabitants  of  this  and  adjoining  regions  to  keep 
on  the  alert,  and  wherever  and  whenever  threatened  to  waste  no  time 
but  to  try  and  control  them  at  once. 

Although  the  loss  of  crops  has  been  limited  to  comparatively  small 
areas  throughout  these  counties,  nevertheless  the  damages  sustained 
will  aggregate  more  than  might  be  imagined.  As  an  example,  we  need 
only  quote  a few  lines  from  Dr.  Flewellen’s  letter  where  he  writes : 
“This  locality,  4 miles  south  of  the  old  town  of  Washington  on  the 
Brazos  Biver,  lost  not  less  than  20,000  bushels  of  corn  and  2,000  bales 
of  cotton  by  the  ravages  of  the  pest.”  When  we  add  to  this  the  losses 
sustained  at  other  localities  throughout  these  counties,  and  also  those 
on  other  crops,  we  have  before  us  quite  formidable  figures. 

In  closing  my  report,  it  might  be  thought  proper  for  me  to  give  my 
opinion  as  to  the  possible  results  of  this  summer’s  brood  of  hoppers. 
This  can  be  done  in  very  few  words.  Possibly  in  addition  to  a few  out- 
side rows,  a few  fields  of  cotton  and  corn  will  be  taken  in  places  where 
the  weed  patches  were  destroyed  prematurely,  thereby  scattering  the 
larvae  over  the  fields  while  the  crops  were  still  very  small  and  tender. 
This  I know  to  have  occurred  in  several  instances  where  it  was  thought 
that  by  destroying  the  weeds  the  little  hoppers  would  also  perish. 
Aside  from  this  there  need  be  but  few  complete  failures  on  account  of 
locust  depredations. 

THE  POST  OAK  LOCUST  OF  WASHINGTON  COUNTY,  TEXAS. 

In  addition  to  the  several  species  of  locust  that  have  been  mentioned 
in  the  preceding  pages,  last  summer  for  the  first  time  another  species 
of  locust  was  noticed  in  vast  numbers  among  the  post  oak  timber  lying 
between  the  towns  of  Washington  and  Brenham,  in  Washington  county. 
These  were  so  numerous  in  one  locality  that  they  completely  defoliated 
the  trees  of  the  forest,  even  to  the  very  topmost  twigs.  The  region  occu- 
pied by  this  insect,  although  not  over  a mile  and  a half  in  width  by  7 or 
8 miles  in  length,  is  sufficiently  large  for  the  propagation  of  swarms  ca- 
pable of  devastating  a much  larger  area  during  the  present  spring  and 
summer,  and  by  another  year  to  spread  over  several  of  the  adjoining 
counties. 

Although  there  is  at  present  no  apparent  injury  to  the  trees  thus  de- 
foliated last  year,  and  now  in  progress  again  this  year,  there  can  be  no 
question  as  to  the  final  result  if  these  attacks  are  continued  for  several 
years  longer.  The  trees  will  eventually  die.  While  up  to  the  present 
time  this  locust  has  shown  a decided  arboreal  habit,  it  may,  and  un- 
doubtedly will  be,  obliged  to  seek  food  in  the  adjoining  fields  when  com- 
pelled to  do  so  through  lack  of  its  present  diet,  which  is  rapidly  disap- 
pearing before  the  hungry  myriads  of  young  locusts. 

Notwithstanding  the  great  numbers  of  the  foregoing  described  species 
which  together  have  combined  in  injuring  the  cotton  and  corn  crops 
17528— No.  13 2 


18 


throughout  this  and  adjoining  counties,  it  is  my  opinion  that  the  present 
species  is  more  to  be  feared  in  the  future  than  they,  on  account  of  its 
arboreal  nature  and  the  difficulty  of  getting  at  it  in  order  to  destroy  it. 
To  kill  these  locusts  either  while  feeding  among  the  foliage  or  “ roost- 
ing” upon  the  topmost  boughs  of  the  tall  trees  would  be  next  to  impos- 
sible. On  the  other  hand,  the  other  species  are  easily  to  be  gotten  at 
and  destroyed,  as  just  shown. 

The  habits  of  this  locust,  as  nearly  as  I was  able  to  learn  through 
inquiry  from  others,  and  by  personal  observation,  are  briefly  as  fol- 
lows: 

The  egg-pods  ar©  deposited  in  the  ground  about  the  bases  of  trees  or 
indifferently  scattered  about  the  surface  among  the  decaying  leaves, 
&c.,  like  those  of  all  other  ground-laying  species.  The  young  commence 
hatching  about  the  middle  of  March  and  continue  to  appear  until  into 
April.  After  molting  the  first  time  and  becoming  a little  hardened 
they  immediately  climb  up  the  trunks  of  the  trees  and  bushes  of  all 
kinds  and  commence  feeding  upon  the  new  and  tender  foliage.  They 
molt  at  least  five  or  six  times,  if  we  may  take  the  variation  in  size  and 
difference  in  the  development  of  the  rudiments  of  wings  as  a criterion. 
The  imago  or  mature  stage  is  reached  by  the  last  of  May  or  during  the 
first  part  of  June. 

The  species  is  very  active  and  shy  in  all  its  stages  of  growth  after 
leaving  the  egg.  The  larva  and  pupa  run  up  the  trunks  and  along  the 
limbs  of  trees  with  considerable  speed,  and  in  this  respect  differ  con- 
siderably from  all  other  species  of  locusts  with  which  I am  acquainted. 
I am  informed  that  the  mature  insects  are  also  equally  wild  and  fly  like 
birds.  They  feed  both  by  day  and  night;  and  I am  told  by  those  who 
have  passed  through  the  woods  after  night  when  all  else  was  quiet, 
that  the  noise  produced  by  the  grinding  of  their  jaws  was  not  unlike 
the  greedy  feeding  of  swine. 

Aside  from  its  arboreal  nature  there  is  but  a single  instance  men- 
tioned of  its  preference  to  growing  crops.  This  was  a small  field  of 
either  cotton  or  corn,  or  perhaps  both.  If  the  nature  of  the  crop  was 
told  me  at  the  time  I have  forgotten.  At  any  rate  the  crop  of  one  or 
the  other  of  these  two  staples  grew  in  a small  clearing  in  the  very  midst 
of  the  most  thickly  visited  area.  The  mature  insects  alone  were  the 
offenders  in  this  instance.  During  the  day-time  they  would  leave  the 
trees  in  swarms  and  alight  upon  the  growing  crop  and  feed  until  even 
ing,  when  they  would  return  to  the  trees.  If,  during  the  day,  they  were 
disturbed,  they  immediately  took  wing  and  left  for  the  tops  of  the  sur- 
rounding trees  to  return  shortly  afterward. 

The  exact  classification  of  this  locust  has  not  yet  been  fully  ascer- 
tained, since  no  mature  specimens  were  to  be  obtained,  or,  to  my  knowl- 
edge, are  contained  in  any  of  our  American  collections.  The  larvae  and 
pupae  collected,  however,  would  indicate  a relationship  to  both  the  gen- 
era Melanoplus  and  Acridium.  It  appears  to  be  congeneric  with  an 


19 


undescribed  short- winged  form,  thus  far  only  taken  in  Missouri,  which 
lives  among  and  feeds  upon  the  oaks  only  of  that  region.  The  present 
species  is  also  evidently  undescribed,  unless  the  mature  insect  should 
differ  widely  from  the  preparatory  stages  herewith  presented.  It  is 
popularly  known  in  that  region  as  the  u Red-legged  hopper”  of  the  post 
oaks. 

The  larvae  and  pupae  are  of  rather  bright  color,  giving  them  a gaudy 
appearance.  The  grdund  color  of  the  body  is  dark  wood  brown  deep- 
ening into  black  along  the  sides  of  the  pronotum  and  the  apex  of  the 
posterior  femora.  The  head  for  the  most  part  is  of  a bright  lemon  yel- 
low, while  the  pronotum  is  of  the  same,  varied  by  streaks  and  blotches 
of  the  brown.  The  antennae  and  posterior  femora  are  red  internally, 
dimly  banded  with  yellow  and  brown  on  the  external  face,  through 
which  the  red  color  of  the  inner  side  can  be  plainly  seen.  The  feet  and 
tarsi  are  also  dark.  The  pupae  average  almost  an  inch  in  length  and 
are  rather  robust  in  form,  with  short,  broad  heads  and  powerful  jaws 


FOURTH  REPORT  ON  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  FOREST  AND 

SHADE  TREES. 


By  Dr.  A,  S.  Packard,  Special  Agent. 

LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Providence,  November  1,  1886. 

Sir  : I herewith  submit  my  report  on  insects  injurious  to  forest  trees,  based  on  ob- 
servations made  during  the  past  season  in  Rhode  Island,  Maine,  and  New  Hampshire. 
This  report  contains  observations  on  the  Spruce  Bud-worm,  a new  enemy  to  that  tree, 
with  notes  on  other  forest  insects.  Other  notes  on  incomplete  larval  histories  do  not 
necessarily  appear  until  they  have  been  completed. 

Respectfully  yours, 

A.  S.  PACKARD. 


Prof.  C.  V.  Riley, 

TJ.  S.  Entomologist. 


THE  SPRUCE  AND  HACKMATACK  WORMS  IN  1886. 


During  the  past  season,  as  in  1885,  no  traces  of  the  caterpillar  or  moth 
of  Tortrix  fumiferana , formerly  so  destructive  to  Firs  and  Spruces,  were 
discovered.  The  moths  must  be  now  as  rare  as  before  1878.  Great 
progress  has  also  been  made  by  the  younger  growth  of  these  conifer- 
ous trees  in  repairing  the  desolation  caused  by  the  attacks  of  this  worm. 

The  Larch  Saw-fly  was,  on  the  other  hand,  found  to  be  still  not  un- 
common. It  was  observed  July  1 at  Brunswick,  Me.,  locally,  the  worm 
having  freshly  hatched  upon  a few  trees,  but  it  did  not  do  any  more 
harm  than  the  previous  year. 

During  the  early  part  of  September,  however,  it  was  observed  in 
abundance  along  the  Cherry  Mountain  road  from  Fabyan’s  to  Jefferson, 
N.  H.,  a few  miles  north  of  the  White  Mountain  house.  The  Larches 
had  been  ravaged  rather  severely  and  many  of  the  worms  were  still 
lingering  on  the  branches,  feeding  upon  the  leaves  $ while  many  young 
trees  had  been  stripped,  wholly  or  in  part,  of  their  leaves.  Some  dead 
Larches  were  also  to  be  seen. 

We  call  attention  below  to  a Phycid  caterpillar  which  was  observed 
in  Maine  preying  upon  the  young  cones  of  the  Spruce,  no  lepidopterous 
insect  with  similar  habits  having  before  been  observed. 

We  have  also  given  more  attention  than  forme  rly  to  the  insects  infest- 
ing the  Willow  and  Alder,  as  these  trees  are  the  prolific  source  of  many 
species  which  spread  from  them  to  other  forest  as  well  as  to  ornamental 
20 


21 


and  shade  trees.  While  the  Willow  has  until  recently  been  useful  as  a 
shade  tree,  when  standing  by  the  horse-trough  or  by  the  well,  an  occasional 
Weeping  Willow  being  seen  in  towns,  a new  value  is  attached  to  the  tree 
for  the  salicylic  acid  extracted  from  it,  and  in  the  Southern  States  there 
have  already  been  established  extensive  plantations  of  willows,  the 
twigs  and  branches  being  cut  and  gathered  for  the  extraction  and  man- 
ufacture of  this  valuable  remedy. 

The  number  of  species  of  insects  affecting  the  Willow  in  Europe  is 
said  by  Kaltenbach*  to  amount  to  three  hundred  and  ninety-six ; of 
these  ninety-four  are  beetles  and  two  hundred  and  fifteen  moths  and 
butterflies ; while  the  European  Alder  supports  one  hundred  and  nine- 
teen species  of  insects  of  different  groups. 

THE  SPRUCE  CONE-WORM. 

( Pinipestis  reniculella  Grote.) 

This  is  the  first  occurrence,  so  far  as  we  know,  of  a caterpillar  prey 
ing  upon  the  terminal  fresh  young  cones  of  the  Spruce.  We  have  pre- 
viously! called  attention  to  the  Spruce  Bud-louse  ( Adelges  abieticoJens) 
which  deforms  the  terminal  shoots  of  the  Spruce,  producing  large  swell- 
ings which  would  be  readily  mistaken  for  the  cones  of  the  same  tree. 
Another  species  of  Bud-louse  ( Adelges  abietis  Linn.),  which  appears  to  be 
the  same  as  the  European  insect  of  that  name,  we  observed  several 
years  since  (August,  1881)  in  considerable  numbers  on  the  Norway 
Spruces  on  the  grounds  of  the  Peabody  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Salem. 

The  species  of  caterpillar  in  question  was  observed,  August  24,  in 
considerable  numbers  on  a young  Spruce  10  to  20  feet  in  height  at  Mere- 
point  on  Casco  Bay,  Maine.  The  cones  on  the  terminal  shoot  as  well 
as  the  lateral  upper  branches,  which  when  healthy  and  unaffected  were 
purplish-green  and  about  1^  inches  long,  were  for  the  most  part  mined  by 
a rather  large  Phycid  caterpillar.  The  worm  was  of  the  usual  shape 
and  color,  especially  resembling  a Phycid  caterpillar  not  uncommon  in 
certain  seasons  on  the  twigs  of  the  Pitch  Pine,  on  which  it  produces 
large  unsightly  masses  of  castings  within  which  the  worms  hide. 

The  Spruce  Cone-worm  is  usually  confined  to  the 
young  cones,  into  which  it  bores  and  mines  in  different 
directions,  eating  galleries  passing  partly  around  the  in- 
terior, separating  the  scales  from  the  axis  of  the  cones 
(Fig.  1).  After  mining  one  cone  the  caterpillar  passes 
into  an  adjoining  one,  spinning  a rude  silken  passage 
connecting  the  two  cones.  Sometimes  a bunch  of  three 
or  four  cones  are  tied  together  with  silken  strands; 
while  the  castings  or  excrement  thrown  out  of  the  holes 
form  a large,  conspicuous  light  mass,  sometimes  half  as  fig.  i.— single 

° 7 L ” 7 pierced  cone  (orig- 

large  as  one’s  fist,  out  of  which  the  tips  of  the  cones  are  Dal>- 

*Die  Pflauzunfeiude  aus  der  Klasse  der  Iusekten,  1874. 

t Guide  to  the  Study  of  Insects,  p.  523,  aud  Bulletin  7,  U.  S.  Eat.  Comm.,  p.234. 


22 


seen  to  project  (Fig.  2).  Besides  these  unsightly  masses  of  castings, 
the  presence  of  the  caterpillars  causes  an  exudation  of  pitch,  which 

clings  in  large  drops  or  tears  to  the 
outside  of  the  adjacent  more  or  less 
healthy  cones.  Where  much  affected 
the  young  cones  turn  brown  and  sere. 

The  same  worms  had  also  attacked 
the  terminal  branches  and  twigs  of 
the  same  tree,  eating  off  the  leaves 
and  leaving  a mass  of  excrement  on 
one  side  of  the  twig,  within  which 
they  had  spun  a silken  gallery  in 
which  the  worm  lived. 

On  removing  the  bunches  of  dis- 
eased cones  to  Providence,  one  cater- 
pillar transformed  in  a warm  cham- 
ber into  a moth,  which  appeared  the 
end  of  October;  its  metamorphosis 
was  probably  accelerated  by  the  un- 
usually warm  autumnal  weather.  All 
the  others  had  by  the  1st  of  Novem- 
ber spun  within  the  mass  of  castings 
a loose,  thin,  but  firm,  oval  cocoon, 
about  half  an  inch  long  and  a quar- 
ter inch  wide,  but  the  larvae  had  not 
yet  begun  to  change  to  chrysalids. 
Whether  in  a state  of  nature  they 
winter  over  in  the  larval  state  within  their  cocoons,  or,  as  is  more 
likely,  change  to  pupae  in  the  autumn,  appearing  as  moths  by  the  end 
of  spring,  remains  to  be  seen. 

The  chrysalis  is  of  the  usual  Phycid  appearance,  rather  slender,  but 
with  the  abdominal  tip  blunt,  with  no  well-marked  cremaster  or  spine, 
though  ending  in  the  usual  six  curved  stiff  bristles,  by  means  of  which 
it  hooks  onto  the  walls  of  its  cocoon,  thus  maintaining  itself  in  its  nat- 
ural position. 

I only  found  one  tree  next  to  the  house  thus  affected 
by  this  worm.  It  is  probable  that  in  a dense  spruce 
growth  the  trees  would  be  less  exposed  to  the  attacks  of 
what  may  prove  a serious  enemy  of  shade  spruces.  The 
obvious  remedy  is,  to  burn  the  affected  cones  and  mass 
of  castings  late  in  summer. 

Descriptive. — Larva.  (Fig.  3.)— Of  the  usual  Phycid  form;  the 
head  aud  pro  thoracic  shield  deep  amber-brown  ; the  body  reddish 
carneous  or  amber-brown,  with  a livid  hue;  a faint,  dark,  dorsal, 
aud  a broader,  subdorsal  line;  piliferous  warts  distinct;  each 
segment  divided  into  a longer  anterior  and  shorter,  narrower,  pos-  Fig.  3.— Spruce 

terior  section,  bearing  two  dorsal  piliferous  warts,  besides  a lateral  {^gecT original) n" 
one.  Length  16mm. 


23 


Pupa. — Of  the  usual  Phycid  appearance;  rather  slender,  the  abdominal  tip  blunt, 
with  six  long  slender  up-curved  bristles.  Length  9mm. 

Moth.  (Fig.  4.) — 1 male.  Fore- wings  long  and  narrow,  stone-gray,  with  no  reddish 
or  brownish  tints.  Head,  palpi,  and  body  dark  gray  with  white  scales  intermixed. 
Fore-wings  dark  and  light  gray ; a broad  basal 
light  pitch  ; before  the  middle  of  the  wing  a white 
.zigzag  line  composed  of  a costal  and  median  scal- 
lop. A square  whitish  distal  patch,  and  half  way 
between  it  and  the  outer  margin  is  a narrow  white 
zigzag  line  inclosed  on  each  side  by  a dark  border, 
the  line  being  deeply  angulated  three  times.  Edge 
of  the  wing  next  to  the  base  of  the  fringe  deep 
black,  interrupted  by  narrow  pale  gray  spots- 
Fringe  dusky,  with  fine  white  scales.  Legs 
banded  with  black  and  gray.  Hind  wings  pale  gray.  Expanse  of  wings  22mm; 
length  of  body  10mm.  (Identified  by  Prof.  C.  H.  Fernald.) 

THE  GrREEN- STRIPED  PHYCID  WORM. 

(. Meroptera  pravella  Gr.) 

This  a common  insect  on  the  Willow,  occurring  at  Brunswick,  Me., 
August  20,  and  through  the  month.  It  spins  a web  on  the  under  side 
of  the  leaf,  and  pupates  from  the  15th  to  20th  of  September,  the  moth 
in  confinement  appearing  (in  the  breeding  cage  at  Providence)  the  end 
of  May  (the25th-31st).  The  caterpillar,  which  is  longitudinally  striped 
with  light  and  dark  green  with  black  slashes  on  each  side  of  the  head, 
varies  somewhat;  in  some  there  are  only  four  slashes  on  the  head,  with 
no  other  markings.  The  moth  differs  from  Phycis  rubrifasciella  on  the 
Hickory  in  having  no  cross-band  of  raised  scales,  while  the  insect  is 
much  darker,  and  the  palpi  are  twice  as  broad. 

Descriptive. — Larva. — Body  of  tbe  usual  form,  tapering  from  near  the  bead  to  tbe 
end.  Head  of  tbe  usual  size,  not  quite  so  broad  as  tbe  protboracic  segment  ; green, 
slashed  vertically  and  mottled  with  large  and  small  brown  or  jet-black  spots.  Pro- 
tboracic segment  a little  swollen  ; tbe  shield  not  striped  like  tbe  rest  of  tbe  body. 
Body  with  narrow  alternating  light  and  dark  green  stripes  ; brown  along  tbe  back, 
and  inclosing  a large  round  green  spot  on  each  segment ; tbe  brown  portion  with 
three  interrupted  green  lines,  one  median  and  two  lateral.  Piliferous  dots  minute, 
not  conspicuous.  Length,  15mm. 

Pupa. — Of  tbe  usual  Phycid  shape  ; mahogany-brown  ; end  of  the  terminal  abdom- 
inal spine  smooth,  shining,  convex,  and  ending  in  a stout  curved  lateral  spine  on 
each  side.  Length  10mm. 

Moth. — Body  and  fore  wings  dark  gray,  with  brick-red  scales  and  bauds.  Palpi  very 
broad,  especially  tbe  second  joint ; dark  gray  ; vertex  of  bead  light  gray,  with  dark 
scales;  antennae  blackish.  Protboracic  scales  and  shoulder  tippets  (patagia)  dull 
brick-red ; middle  (disk)  of  thorax  gray.  Fore  wings  dark,  dusky  gray,  with  scattered 
pale  gray  scales ; base  of  wings  dull  brick-red ; a broad,  diffuse  band  of  the  same  color 
crosses  the  basal  fourth  of  the  wing ; on  the  outer  fourth  of  the  wings  is  a similar 
broad,  diffuse,  dull  brick-red  band,  sending  a diffuse  longitudinal  stripe  towards  the 
basal  baud ; an  incomplete  transverse  pale  gray  line,  curved  outward  in  the  middle 
of  the  wing,  borders  the  inside  of  the  outer  reddish  baud.  Costal  edge  dusky,  the 
reddish  bands  not  reaching  it.  Fringe  of  the  same  dull  slate-color  as  the  hind  wings. 
Expanse  of  wings,  20mm.  (Identified  by  Prof.  C.  H.  Fernald.) 


24 


THE  ALDER  FLEA-BEETLE. 

(Haltica  alni  Harris.) 

In  the  correspondence  of  the  late  Dr.  Harris  the  following  mention  is 
made  of  this  beetle  : u In  traveling  from  Centre  Harbor,  N.  H.,  to  Con- 
way, on  the  2d  of  August,  1854,  and  from  Conway  to  Upper  Bartlett, 
and  subsequently  to  Jackson,  we  saw  the  Alders  ( Alnus  serrulata)  every- 
where ravaged  by  insects  which  had  destroyed  their  leaves  in  the  man- 
ner of  canker  worms.  Upon  examination  the  spoilers  were  found  not 
to  be  all  dispersed  and  several  were  seen  upon  the  leaves  still  continu- 
ing their  work ; at  the  same  time  were  found  in  Conway  numerous 
beetles,  which  proved  to  be  a species  of  Haltica,  eating  the  leaves  off 
the  same  Alders.  The  larvrn  which  had  ravaged  the  shrubs  were  doubt- 
less those  of  the  Haltica  before  named.” 

We  have  reared  the  beetles  from  the  grubs  during  the  past  season. 
At  Merepoint,  near  Brunswick,  Me.,  during  the  middle  of  August, 
1886,  we  noticed  clumps  of  Alders  standing  in  dry  soil  partly  defoliated 
or  with  skeletonized,  brown  or  blackish  leaves,  on  which,  as  well  as 
the  still  remaining  green  leaves,  were  black  grubs,  sometimes  seven  or 
eight  on  a leaf.  All  the  alders  in  the  region  were  not  molested,  the 
grubs  occurring  locally.  August  15  we  found  a single  beetle,  on 
placing  a number  of  leaves  with  the  grubs  in  a tin  box.  We  found  a 
white  pupa  lying  loosely  on  the  bottom  of  the  box  August  20  ; soon 
more  pupse  appeared,  and  the  beetles  began  to  appear  in  considerable 
numbers  the  last  week  of  August.  It  is  evident  that  in  nature  the 
larva  falls  to  the  ground  to  transform,  the  pupse  entering  the  earth. 

Afterwards,  September  10,  we  found  whole  clumps  of  Alders  at  the 
base  of  Iron  Mountain,  Jackson,  N".  H.,  stripped  by  the  grubs,  neariy  all 
the  riddled,  brown,  dead  leaves  having  fallen  off  and  thickly  covering 
the  ground  under  the  bushes.  Such  a wholesale  devastation  of  Alders 
we  never  witnessed.  By  this  time  the  beetles  had  become  very  abun- 
dant, and  were  apparently  feeding  on  the  few  leaves  still  attached  to 
the  tree.  The  Alder  is  the  source  of  some  of  our  destructive  forest  and 
fruit  insects,  and  should  this  grub  ever  spread  to  other  food  trees  it 
will  be  very  annoying,  though  it  can  be  subdued  by  proper  spraying. 
There  seems  to  be  a periodicity  in  the  appearance  of  this  beetle  in 
unusual  numbers,  Harris  having  seen  the  same  grubs  in  great  abun- 
dance in  1854  in  the  same  region.  We  have  never  observed  it  so  com- 
mon and  destructive  before  in  Maine.  It  is  most  probable  that  the 
beetles  hibernate  under  the  leaves  and,  soon  after  the  leaves  expand 
in  May,  lay  their  eggs  in  masses  on  them,  the  grubs  scarcely  stirring 
from  the  leaf  on  which  they  are  born,  until  ready  to  pupate^  The 
grubs  are  probably  distasteful  to  birds,  otherwise  they  would  fall  an 
easy  prey  to  them  and  be  kept  within  due  limits. 

Descriptive. — Larva. — Body  somewhat  flattened ; head  scarcely  two-thirds  as 
wide  as  the  body  in  the  middle ; black,  becoming  brown  in  front  near  the  jaws. 
Body  livid  brown  above ; the  tubercles  black  ; paler  beneath ; with  three  pairs  of 


25 


black  jointed  thoracic  legs;  no  abdominal  legs,  but  an  anal  prop-leg.  The  abdom- 
inal segments  each  with  a traverse,  oval-rounded,  ventral,  rough  space  forming  a se- 
ries of  creeping  tubercles  ; and  in  front  on  each  segment  is  a transverse,  oval,  crescentic 
chitinous  area  bearing  two  piliferous  tubercles ; the  back  of  each  segment  divided 
into  two  ridges,  each  bearing  a row  of  six  sharp  tubercles,  bearing  short  hairs ; a 
single  ventral  row  on  each  side  of  the  ventral  plate.  Length,  7-10mm. 

Pupa. — Body  rather  thick,  white.  Antennae  passing  around  the  bent  knees  (femero- 
tibial  joints)  of  the  first  and  second  pair  of  legs,  the  end  scarcely  going  beyond  the 
middle  of  the  body.  Elytra  with  five  or  six  rather  deep  longitudinal  creases.  The 
salient  points  of  the  body  armed  with  piliferous  warts.  Abdominal  tip  square  at  the 
end,  with  a stout  black  spine  projecting  from  each  side.  Length,  6mm. 

Beetle.— Uniformly  deep  prussian  blue,  with  greenish  reflections  on  the  head.  An- 
tennal flagellum  with  fine  whitish  pubescence ; tibiae  clothed  with  tawny  hairs. 
Length,  5-6mm. 

THE  ALDER  LEAF-ROLLER. 

(Gelechia  oronella  Walsingham.) 

While  the  leaves  of  the  Alder  are  variously  folded  and  rolled,  per- 
haps the  most  striking  leaf- roller  is  the  above  species,  which  occurred 
in  Maine  late  in  the  summer,  in  August  and  the  early  part  of  Septem- 
ber. 

The  little  worm  is  amber  colored,  the  body  rather  thick  and  cylindri- 
cal, but  with  no  distinctive  markings.  One  was  observed  which  had 
sewed  a portion  of  the  edge  of  the  leaf  for  half  an  inch  in  extent  with 
four  or  five  large  white  silk  stitches.  The  moth,  which  appeared  in  the 
breeding  cage  May  4 of  the  following  year,  is  described  below. 

In  another  example,  probably  of  this  species,  the  end  of  the  leaf  was 
rolled  up  one  and  a half  turns,  and  sewed  with  three  broad  strong  silk 
stitches.  On  unrolling  it  the  end  of  the  leaf  was  found  to  be  more  or 
less  eaten,  the  roll  being  gradually  drawn  in  and  made  more  perfect  as 
the  caterpillar  consumes  the  tip  of  the  leaf.  It  pupated  September  18. 

Descriptive. — Larva. — Body  rather  thick,  cyliudrical ; body  aud  head  delicate 
amber-colored ; end  of  the  body  with  quite  long  hairs,  longer  than  the  body  is  wide. 
Length  6mm. 

Pupa.—  Rather  thick;  mahogany-brown;  length,  7mm. 

Moth. — Palpi  with  the  second  joint  moderately  broad,  scarcely  more  than  twice  as 
wide  as  the  third  joint,  which  is  moderately  broad  and  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  sec- 
ond joint.  Head  and  palpi  whitish-gray ; second  joint  black  externally  ; third  joint 
white,  with  two  black  rings.  Fore  wings  of  the  usual  shape ; white-gray  ; at  the  base 
a black  streak  parallel  to  the  costa;  on  the  basal  fourth  of  the  wing  is  a pair  of  con- 
verging black  spots;  beyoud  is  a similar  but  thicker  pair  of  black  spots,  and  still  be- 
yond another  pair,  one  of  the  spots  being  situated  on  the  costa ; four  black  costal  spots 
towards  the  apex  of  the  wing.  Hind  wings  pale  glistening  gray.  Expanse  of  wings, 
18mm.  I am  indebted  to  Professor  Fernald  for  the  identification  of  this  species. 

THE  PINK-STRIPED  WILLOW  SPAN-WORM. 

( Deilinia  variolaria  Guen.) 

The  caterpillar  of  this  pretty  moth  is  one  of  the  commonest  inch  worms 
to  be  found  on  the  Willow. 

The  genus  to  which  this  caterpillar  belongs  was  founded  by  Huebner 
for  a moth  referred  by  Guenee  to  Cabera.  The  species  of  Deilinia  are 


26 


distinguished  from  those  of  Corycia  by  the  pectinated  antennae,  the  two 
common  lines,  and  the  generally  ocherous  tint,  though  the  females  of 
D.  variolaria  are  with  difficulty  separated  from  those  of  Corycia.  From 
Acidalia  the  species  differ  in  having  pectinated  antennae,  in  the  want  of 
a decided  band  on  the  hind  wing,  and  in  the  larger  palpi.  The  species  is 
figured  on  Pl.  10,  fig.  26,  of  Packard’s  Monograph  of  Geometrid  Moths. 

The  caterpillar  occurred  August  10  on  the  Willow  at  Brunswick,  Me. 
It  pupated  August  14,  and  the  moth  emerged  from  May  20  till  June  6. 
The  moths  are  seen  flying  among  willows  in  June  and  July.  We  have 
also  found  the  larvae  July  24,  and  from  that  date  till  the  first  week  in 
September. 

Descriptive. — Larva. — Body  smooth,  cylindrical.  Head  as  wide  as  the  hody^ 
flattened  from  above,  especially  in  front;  antennae  pinkish.  Green  with  a pinkish 
tinge  ; on  the  side  of  the  head  a lateral  distinct  deep  pink  line,  sutures  and  upper  side 
of  the  segments  pinkish.  There  are  eight  dorsal  median  spots  along  the  abdominal 
segments,  a central  dark-brown  dot,  flanked  on  each  side  by  a pale  lilac  patch.  First 
pair  of  abdominal  feet  deep  lilac  ; anal  legs  with  a vertical  anterior  lilac^line.  Su- 
pra-anal  plate  large,  triangular,  with  two  minute  tubercles.  Length,  22mTn. 

Pupa. — Thorax  moderately  stout,  at  first  greenish,  finally  becoming  like  the  abdo- 
men, mahogany-brown ; terminal  spine  (cremaster)  rather  stout  and  blunt,  ending  sud- 
denly in  two  large  curved  bristles  with  three  minute  slender  much  curved  ones  on  each 
side;  the  basal  pair  situated  about  half-way  between  the  base  and  the  middle  of  the 
spine.  Length,  10mm. 

Moth. — Front  of  head  deep  reddish-ocherous ; white  on  the  front  edge;  palpi  deep 
ocherous ; antennae  white.  Fore  wings  with  the  costal  edge  rather  full.  Both  wings 
strigated  more  or  less  thickly  with  brown;  sometimes  the  wings  are  pure  white.  In 
the  male,  the  strigae  (or  short  lines)  are  arranged  in  two  parallel  lines  on  both  wings. 
Beneath,  pure  white  ; sometimes  a complete  black  discal  dot  on  each  wing.  Fore  and 
middle  legs  ocherous.  Expanse  of  wings  26mm.  This  species  differs  from  D.  erythe- 
maria  (Guen.),  also  common  in  the  Atlantic  States,  by  its  white  wings,  which  are  often 
without  lines,  and  by  the  deep  reddish  ocherous  front  of  the  head. 

THE  HERALD. 

( Scoliopteryx  libatrix  Linu.) 

This  fine  moth,  common  to  the  New  and  Old  World,  is  in  England 
called  “the  Herald.”  Here  as  well  as  in  Euiope  it  feeds  as  a general 
rule  upon  the  Willow,  but  we  are  told  by  Mr.  H.  L.  Clark  that  he  has 
bred  it  from  the  Wild  Cherry  in  Rhode  Island. 

Its  habits  so  far  as  they  have  noticed  are  nearly  the  same  as  observed 
in  Europe.  Mr.  Lintner,  the  State  Entomologist  of  New  York,  says  that 
the  caterpillar  feeds  on  and  pupates  among  some  of  the  leaves  drawn 
together  by  silken  threads  to  which  the  pupa  is  attached  by  an  anal 
spine.  The  fall  brood  remains  in  the  pupa  state  from  fifteen  to  twenty 
days.  He  bred  a moth  which  emerged  August  3,  hence  he  thinks  that 
there  are  probably  two  annual  broods  of  this  species,  since  he  has  taken 
it  in  the  early  part  of  May.  In  Illinois  Mr.  Coquillett  bred  a larva  which 
spun  its  cocoon  August  23,  while  the  moth  appeared  September  7. 


27 


Professor  Riley’s  notes  show  that  he  found  the  larvae  at  Kirkwood, 
Mo.,  in  May,  1872;  that  they  began  to  spin  their  cocoons  May  29;  and 
that  the  moths  began  to  emerge  June  1 1 . On  June  17  eggs  were  found. 

We  have  found  the  larva  on  the  Willow  at  Brunswick,  Me.,  August 
26,  when  it  was  nearly  fully  grown.  It  is  easily  recognized,  since  it  is  one 
of  the  few  Noctuid  caterpillars  to  be  found  on  the  Willow,  and  may  be 
recognized  by  its  pale  green  hue  and  the  yellow  lateral  line  as  well  as 
the  yellowish  sutures  between  the  body  segments.  A chrysalis  beaten 
out  of  a Willow  tree  during  the  last  week  in  August  disclosed  the  moth 
about  the  12th  of  September.  Another  chrysalis  was  found  at  Jackson? 
N.  EL,  during  the  second  week  in  September,  the  moth  appearing  Sep- 
tember 14.  The  larva  had  sewed  together  four  or  five  willow  leaves  at 
the  end  of  a terminal  shoot,  and  the  cavity  thus  formed  was  lined  with 
a thin  but  dense  whitish  cocoon  in  which  the  pupa  was  situated  with 
the  head  upwards,  and  firmly  held  in  place  by  the  hooks  on  the  abdom- 
inal spine.  The  moth  hibernates,  appearing  in  May  as  soon  as  the 
leaves  ate  unfolded,  and  we  see  no  grounds  for  supposing  that  there 
is  more  than  a single  brood  of  caterpillars  or  of  moths.  The  chrysalis 
is  quite  unlike  that  of  most  Noctuidse  which  transform  in  the  earth,  and 
has  a simple  blunt  spine.  The  cremaster  or  spine  of  the  present  species 
is  much  like  that  of  those  Geometrids  which  spin  a cocoon. 

We  thus  have  an  interesting  departure  from  the  usual  structure  and 
habits  of  a numerous  family  of  moths,  the  end  of  the  pupa  being  spe- 
cially adapted  for  a residence  in  a cocoon  to  prevent  its  being  shaken 
out  of  its  exposed  pupal  abode.  Like  all  tree-feeding  Noctuidae,  the 
caterpillar  is  well  protected  from  observation  by  its  style  of  coloration; 
in  the  present  case  the  pale  green  assimilating  it  to  the  leaves  among 
which  it  feeds. 

THE  BROWN  CRYPTOLECHIA. 

( Gryptolechia  quercicella  Clemens.) 

The  leaves  of  the  Oak  and,  as  we  have  found  the  past  season,  the 
Aspen,  are  often  bound  together  by  a rather  large  flattened  Tineid  cat- 
erpillar, larger  in  size  than  most  larvae  of  the  family  to  which  it  belongs. 
It  is  of  about  the  size  of  the  caterpillar  of  another  less  common  species 
of  the  same  genus  ( C . schlagenella)  whose  habits  we  have  already  de- 
scribed in  Bulletin  No.  3 of  the  Division  of  Entomology  (U.  S.  Depart- 
ment Agriculture,  p.  25.) 

The  larva  of  the  present  species  (originally  described  by  Clemens  as 
Psilocorsis  quercicella)  was  said  by  that  author*  to  bind  the  leaves  of 
oaks  together  in  August  and  September  (in  Pennsylvania)  and  to  pick 
out  the  parenchyma  between  the  network  of  veins  ; to  weave  a slight 
cocoon  between  two  leaves,  appearing  as  a moth  in  March  and  April. 
Our  observations  confirm  the  accuracy  of  Clemens’s  observations.  In 

*Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Phil.,  June,  18H0.  See  also  Clemens’s  Tineina of  North 
America,  edited  by  H.  T.  Stainton,  p.  149. 


28 


1884  we  reared  it  from  the  Oak  in  Providence,  the  moths  in  confine- 
ment appearing  May  3 to  13  of  the  following  spring. 

During  the  season  of  1886  we  found  the  larvae  both  on  the  Oak  and 
on  the  Aspen  at  Brunswick,  Me.,  daring  the  last  week  in  August  (the 
25th  to  31st).  It  disfigures  these  trees  by  binding  the  leaves  together, 
where  it  occupies  a gallery  in  the  mass  of  excrement  filling  the  space. 
It  weaves  a slight,  but  quite  consistent,  oval,  flat  cocoon  between  the 
somewhat  crumpled  leaves  ; the  moths  appeared  in  the  breeding  cages 
from  May  15  to  20 ; at  first  sight  the  moth  resembles  a Tortrix,  the 
wings  being  wide  and  broad  at  the  end,  and  the  markings  plain  ; it  is 
very  different  in  appearance  from  the  moth  of  the  other  species  we  have 
mentioned,  which  is  white,  with  longer,  narrower  wings.  The  abdomi- 
nal spine  of  the  chrysalis  is  also  very  peculiar  in  shape. 

Descriptive. — Larva. — Body  flattened.  Head  wide,  slightly  narrower  than  the 
prothoracic  segment ; dark  brown;  prothoracic  shield  dark  brown,  slightly  paler  than 
the  head.  Body  behind  pale  livid  greenish  flesh-colored  ; no  dorsal  setiferous  warts, 
but  on  each  side  of  each  segment  are  two  dark  warts  of  unequal  size  giving  rise  to 
long  hairs ; below  them  are  two  smaller,  paler,  less  conspicuous  warts.  Supra-anal 
plate  large,  broad,  rounded,  blackish,  with  five  setiferous  warts  around  the  edges  of 
the  plate.  All  the  legs  concolorous  with  the  body.  Length,  12mm. 

Pupa. — Of  the  shape  of  the  Tortricidae,  being  unusually  stout  and  of  a mahogany 
brown  color.  Abdominal  segments  peculiar  in  having  a single,  finely  crenulated 
ridge  passing  dorsally  and  laterally  around  the  front  edge  of  the  segment ; there  are  no 
teeth  or  spines,  but  a rough  surface  on  the  ridge  with  confluent  granulations  The 
tip  is  peculiar,  the  last  segment  being  conical,  with  a stout  spine  (cremaster),  which 
is  rounded,  a little  flattened,  and  ending  in  two  forks,  from  the  sides  and  ends  of  which 
arise  in  all  6-8  long  bristles,  which  stick  into  the  silken  lining  of  the  rather  slight 
cocoon  in  which  it  transforms.  Length,  7mm. 

Moth. — Recognized  by  its  large  size,  broad  square  wings,  and  long  slender  palpb 
curving  backwards  high  over  the  head.  Head,  thorax,  and  fore  wings  tawny  gray, 
with  a line  of  fine  dark  scales  on  the  base  of  the  antennae  and  on  the  upper  and  un- 
der side  of  the  last  joint  of  the  palpi.  Fore  wings  uniform  tawny  gray,  mottled  with 
fine  blackish  scales ; no  distinct  markings  except  a dark  diffuse  discal  dot.  Fringe  gray. 
Hind  wings  and  abdomen  as  well  as  the  legs  shining  pale  tawny  gray,  much  lighter 
than  the  fore  wings ; beneath  of  the  same  color,  except  that  the  fore  wings  are  some- 
what dusky  except  on  the  outer  edge  and  outer  half  of  the  costal  margin.  Expanse 
of  wings  20mm. 

THE  BEECH  SPAN-WORM. 

(. Hyperetis  nyssaria  Smith  and  Abbot.) 

Although  the  Alder  is  one  of  the  food  trees  of  this  not  uncommon 
inch-worm,  it  is  known  to  live  on  the  Beech.  The  specimen  reared  from 
the  Alder  by  us  is  described  below. 

I have  reared  this  moth  from  a large  span-worm  found  on  the  Alder 
September  6,  at  Brunswick  Me.,  which  exactly  resembled  a small  twig 
of  the  same  shrub.  It  pupated  September  20,  in  a broad  flattened  oval 
cocoon  spun  between  the  leaves,  and  the  moth  appeared  at  Providence 
in  the  breeding  cage  May  15  of  the  following  year. 


29 


Mr.  W.  Saunders  has  reared  the  moth  from  a caterpillar  found  on  the 
Beech,  and  it  will  probably  occur  on  other  trees. 

Larva . — Head  rather  small,  much  narrower  than  the  body,  somewhat  flattened  in 
front.  First  thoracic  considerably  narrower  than  the  second  thoracic  segment ; sec- 
ond and  third  thoracic  segments  with  lateral  slight  swellings ; the  black  spiracles  are 
situated  on  dusky  swellings  ; on  the  fifth  abdominal  segment  is  a dusky  dorsal  hump, 
edged  in  front  with  white,  consisting  of  two  rounded  conical  tubercles.  Supra-anal 
plate  rounded  with  two  stiff  terminal  setae  ; anal  legs  rather  broad,  with  a setiferous 
fleshy  conical  tubercle  on  the  upper  edge.  General  color  of  head  and  body  lilac-brown  ; 
head  slightly  more  reddish,  and  on  the  back  of  each  segment  is  a pair  of  whitish  spots, 
especially  distinct  on  the  second  thoracic,  but  wanting  on  the  first  segment.  Supra- 
anal  plate  and  anal  legs  sea-green,  mottled  with  dusky  spots.  Length  28mm. 

Pupa. — Body  rather  thick  ; mahogany-brown,  ends  of  wings  and  legs  reaching  to 
the  posterior  edge  of  the  third  abdominal  segment.  Terminal  spine  of  the  abdomen 
(cremaster)  large, flattened  beneath,  broad, triangular ; the  upper  and  undersurface 
with  fine  irregular  wavy  longitudinal  ridges.  Four  lateral  curved  bristles  and  a ter- 
minal pair  about  twice  as  thick  and  long  as  the  others.  On  the  under  side  at  the  base 
of  the  spine  are  two  orbicular  areas  like  flattened  tubercles.  Length  12  mm. 

Moth.— Fore  wings  pale  whitish,  with  fine  cross  specks  as  usual ; the  basal  cross 
line  is  heavy  on  the  costa  and  bent  sharply  outwards  on  the  subcostal,  with  a smaller 
angle  on  the  median  vein  and  a larger  angle  on  the  submedian  vein.  The  great  but 
obtuse  angle  made  by  the  outer  line  extends  quite  near  the  outer  edge  of  the  wing. 
Half  way  between  the  apex  and  the  outer  line  two  brown  costal  patches ; two  un- 
equal black  patches  near  the  internal  angle.  Beneath,  the  lines  and  cross  specks  are 
reddish-brown.  Expanse  of  wings  33mm.  The  specimen  does  not  agree  with  either 
of  the  four  figures  in  my  Monograph  of  Geometrid  Moths,  differing  especially  in  the 
shape  and  direction  of  the  outer  line. 

THE  CLEFT-HEADED  SPAN-WORM. 

(Ampliydasis  cognataria  Guen.) 

This  common  inch  or  measuring  worm  is  the  largest  species  we  have 
met  with  feeding  on  the  Willow,  and  may  be  readily  recognized  by  its 
deeply  cleft  head  and  reddish-brown  or  green  body  like  a reddish  or 
green  willow  twig,  which  it  closely  mimics.  We  have  noticed  it  as 
frequently  in  Jackson,  N.  H.,  as  in  Maine.  It  becomes  fully  fed  by  the 
first  week  in  September,  my  specimens  transforming  September  8,  the 
chrysalis  entering  the  earth.  The  moth  appears  in  June  in  Maine,  late 
in  May  in  Southern  New  England  and  New  York.  I have  raised  this 
moth  in  Maine  from  the  Larch  (pupating  September  15),  also  from  the 
Missouri  Currant,  an  ornamental  shrub;  also  from  the  Apple,  Elm, 
Cherry,  and  the  Aspen  in  Rhode  Island,  though  the  Willow  is  probably 
its  native  food  plant,  as  it  occurs  in  greatest  abundance  on  that  tree. 
Mr.  Lintner  states  that  the  larva  feeds  on  the  Maple;  that  the  caterpillar 
entered  the  ground  for  pupation  August  11,  the  moth  emerging  the 
latter  part  of  May.  (Ent.  Contr.  Ill,  166.)  My  specimens  emerged  in 
Providence,  May  13.  The  larva  found  on  the  Aspen  is  greenish  and 
like  a fresh  aspen  twig,  with  whitish  granulations,  which  are  black  on 
the  tubercles. 


30 


Descriptive. — Young  larva. — Head  large,  deeply  notched,  each  tubercle  distinctly 
conical ; body  cylindrical,  slender,  with  no  tubercles  ; a little  smaller  in  the  middle 
than  at  each  end.  Head  and  body  uniformly  of  a dull,  brick-red.  Length  13  to 

|4mmi 

Larva  before  the  last  molt. — With  the  characters  of  the  adult  larva ; salmon  red. 
Length  35mm. 

Mature  larva. — Twig-like,  head  very  deeply  notched,  each  side  above  conical  ; the 
face  flat  in  front,  the  surface  granulated.  Prothoracic  segment  raised  in  front  into  a 
large  granulated  piliferous  tubercle.  On  the  fifth  abdominal  segment  a pair  of  large 
lateral  rough  tubercles,  a little  paler  than  the  body;  on  the  8th  segment  a pair  of 
converging  pale  granulated  tubercles.  Anal  legs  very  large  and  broad,  with  a pair 
of  long  dorsal  sharp  fleshy  tubercles ; supra-anal  plate  very  large,  conical  and  acute, 
with  four  setae  near  the  apex.  Body  of  even  width  throughout,  reddish-brown,  like 
a reddish  willow  twig,  or  sometimes  greenish.  The  surface  finely  granulated  with 
light  and  black,  and  wTitli  flat  rough  warts,  paler  in  color  than  the  rest  of  the  body; 
our  on  the  front  edge  of  each  segment,  and  two  dorsal  ones  behind.  It  varies  in 
color  from  reddish-brown  to  green,  thus  mimicing  willow  twigs  of  different  colors. 
Length  55min. 

Pupa.  —Large,  full,  stout;  dark  brown.  Cremaster  large,  stout,  a projection  on 
each  side  in  the  middle,  beyond  rounded,  sharp,  the  point  ending  in  a slender  fork. 
Length  24mm. 

Moth. — A large  stout-bodied  moth,  with  heavily  pectinated  antennae  and  rather 
small  wings.  Fore  wings  narrow,  with  the  outer  edge  longer  than  usual;  pepper  and 
salt  or  ash  sprinkled  with  black  brown;  an  indistinct,  diffuse,  inner,  curved  line, 
with  a second  one  nearer  and  diverging  a little  on  the  costa,  being  nearer  together 
at  the  base.  A third  diffuse  line  encloses  the  discal  spot.  An  outer  distinct  black 
hair-line  always  present.  Hind  wings  with  three  dark  lines.  Abdomen  with  two 
rows  of  obscure  black  spots.  Expanse  of  wings  60mm. 

ICHTHYURA  STRIGOSA  Grote. 

The  caterpillar  of  this  interesting  species  was  found  July  30,  at  Bruns- 
wick, Me.,  feeding  on  the  Aspen  ( Populus  tremuloides).  It  moulted 
August  10,  and  about  the  20th  began  to  spin  a silken  cocoon  between 
two  leaves.  The  moth  (a  male)  appeared  in  the  breeding  cage  at  Prov- 
idence, May  20.  Like  I.  americana , it  sits  with  the  wings  folded  sharply 
over  the  back,  with  the  fore  legs  held  straight  out  in  front,  with  the 
tufted  tail  curved  up. 

Descriptive. — Larva  before  the  last  molt. — Head  broader  than  the  body,  flattened 
in  front,  dull  black,  with  long  white  hairs.  Body  flattened,  with  yellow  and  reddish 
longitudinal  stripes;  three  dorsal  faint  red  stripes  on  a yellowish  ground,  and  three 
deep  lake-red  lateral  stripes,  the  lowermost  the  broadest  and  deepest  in  hue.  Two 
bright  yellow  lateral  stripes.  Five  pairs  of  flesh-colored  abdominal  legs,  the  legs  pale 
amber,  colored  like  the  under  side  of  the  body.  Length  9mm. 

Larva  after  the  last  molt. — Markings  much  as  in  the  previous  stage.  Length  17  to 
18mm. 

The  rude  cocoon  is  formed  by  tying  a few  leaves  together,  gathering  them  by  a web 
at  the  edges,  thus  forming  a roomy  chamber,  partly  lined  with  silk,  within  which  the 
chrysalis  rests. 

Pupa. — Smaller  and  not  so  full  and  rounded  at  the  end  as  in  I.  inclusa ; cremaster 
as  in  that  species,  ending  in  two  stout,  very  short,  recurved  spines.  Length  12mm. 

Moth. — One  male.  Smaller  and  duller  brown  than  I.  indentata  Pack.  Palpi  whit- 
ish below,  dark-brown  above,  as  in  I.  indentata  (which  closely  resembles  Fitch's  /. 
vau)  ; front  of  head  slightly  broader  and  squarer ; median  thoracic  brown  band  as  in 


31 


I.  indentata.  Fore  wings  with  the  costal  edge  straighter  and  the  apes  less  turned  up 
than  in  I.  indentata,  the  apex  being  slightly  more  rounded  than  in  that  species  or  in 
I.  inclvsa.  Basal  line  distinct,  making  a sharp  angle  on  the  median  vein,  and  more 
incurved  in  the  submedian  space  than  in  I.  indentata ; second  line  much  more  sud- 
denly incurved  than  I.  indentata,  the  same  line  being  straight  in  I.  inclusa  ; the  short 
third  line  as  in  I.  indentata,  but  more  sinuous.  Fourth  and  outer  line  much  as  in  I. 
indentata,  but  the  species  differs  from  all  the  others  known  by  the  large  conspicuous 
irregular  whitish  ochreous  patch  which  fills  iu  the  costal  curve  of  this  line  and  ex- 
tends half  way  from  the  costal  end  of  the  line  to  the  apex  of  the  wing ; no  deep  brick- 
red  discoloration  on  each  side  of  costal  half  of  fourth  line,  so  distinct  in  I indentata, 
but  a long  discal  blackish  stripe  extends  along  the  first  median  venule  to  the  sub- 
marginal row  of  brown  dots  which  are  not  so  distinct  as  in  I.  indentata  or  I.  inclusa ; 
though  the  marginal  row  of  dark  brown  lunules  is  as  distinct  as  in  I.  inclusa.  Fringe 
as  in  I.  inclusa,  but  that  on  the  hind  wings  much  darker.  Hind  wings  darker  than  in 
I.  indentata.  Wings  beneath  much  as  in  I.  indentata,  but  there  is  no  reddish  tint  to- 
wards the  apex,  and  the  white  oblique  costal  streak  is  much  less  distinct.  There  are 
traces  of  a common  brown  diffuse  line.  Abdomen  a little  shorter,  the  fan  or  tuft  of 
scales  perhaps  shorter  and  expanding  wider.  Expanse  of  wings  25mm.  ; length  of 
body  12mm. 

THE  LIVE  OAK  THECLA. 

(Thecla  favonius  Smith  and  Abbot.) 

The  green,  slug-like  caterpillars  of  this  beautiful  butterfly  were  ob- 
served on  the  Live  Oak  at  Enterprise,  Fla.,  April  7 and  8,  also  a few 
days  afterwards  at  Crescent  City,  and  again  on  the  Scrub  Live  Oaks  on 
Anastasia  Island,  Saint  Augustine.  They  pupated  April  13,  14;  the 
chrysalis  in  general  appearance  closely  resembling  that  of  Theda  cala- 
nus, found  about  Providence.  They  breed  easily  in  confinement*  my 
specimens  having  been  placed  in  a small  pocket  tin  box.  After  my  re- 
turn to  Providence  the  butterflies  emerged  from  April  30  to  May  2.  It 
is  the  most  common  species  in  the  Southern  States,  and  is  said  by  Smith 
and  Abbot  to  feed  on  Quercus  rubra  and  other  Oaks. 

Descriptive. — Larva. — Closely  resembling  in  general  appearance  that  of  Thecla 
calanus.  Body  straw-yellowish  green,  with  fine  yellowish  papillae  and  dense  short 
hairs.  Head  pale  horn-color,  small  and  narrow.  Length  17mm. 

Pupa. — Of  the  same  size  and  shape  as  that  of  Thecla  calanus,  the  hirsutes  the 
same,  though  not  quite  so  coarse.  In  color  rather  pale  horn,  not  so  much  mottled 
with  black.  It  differs  from  T.  calanus  in  the  distinct  lateral  row  of  black  dots.  Length 
10mm. 

Imago. — Wings  of  the  usual  form  and  color  in  the  genus.  Fore  wings  of  male  with 
a blackish  sex-mark  below  the  costa ; a tawny  patch  in  the  first  and  a larger  more 
distinct  one  in  the  second  median  cell.  Hind  wiugs  with  a large  deep  orange  patch 
near  the  inner  angle,  with  a minute  one  on  each  side;  orange  spots  on  the  inner 
angle.  li  The  points  of  the  W formed  by  the  inner  line  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind 
wings  touching  the  outer  line”  (French).  Expanse  of  wings,  23mm. 

THE  LIVE  OAK  LEAF-ROLLER. 

Tortrix  quercifoliana  Fitch. 

While  at  Saint  Augustine,  Fla.,  early  in  April  I noticed  a pale  green 
leaf-roller  on  the  Live  Oaks  on  Anastasia  Island.  April  14  it  spun  a 


32 


slight  cocoon,  within  which  the  worm  changed  to  a pupa,  April  16  or 
17 ; the  moth  appeared  April  30,  after  my  return  to  Providence. 

Descriptive. — Larva. — Pale  green  ; head  green  ; otherwise  of  the  usual  appearance. 

Pujpa. — Body  pale  and  slender,  the  cast  skin  thin  and  unusually  so  for  a Tortrix. 
Cremaster  or  terminal  abdominal  spine  peculiar  in  being  long  and  narrow,  as  wide  at 
the  tip  as  at  the  Base  ; the  surface  above  and  beneath  with  tine  longitudinal  ridges ; 
a pair  of  short  dorsal  setae  near  the  end ; edge  of  the  extreme  tip  curvilinear,  with  four 
curved  setae  of  nearly  equal  length.  Each  abdominal  segment  with  two  rows  of  fine 
teeth.  Length,  10mm. 

Moth. — Pale  tawny  yellow,  with  yellowish  brown  darker  scales  and  dots  and  darker 
brown  lines.  Head  pale,  tawny  brown  on  the  vertex  with  a small  spot  in  the  middle 
of  the  front.  Palpi  dark,  externally  pale  above  and  at  tip  of  second  joint.  Fore 
wings  pale  whitish  tawny  yellow,  densely  speckled  with  darker  scales ; on  the  inner 
third  of  the  wing  an  oblique,  dark  brown,  narrow  line  beginning  on  the  inner  third 
of  the  costa  and  ending  in  the  middle  of  the  hind  margin.  An  outer  parallel  line, 
which  is  forked  on  the  costa  and  ends  on  the  internal  angle;  from  near  the  middle 
the  line  sends  off  a spur  to  the  apex,  but  before  reaching  the  apex  a spur  is  sent  to 
Hie  costa,  also  a 3-forked  line  to  the  outer  edge  of  the  wing.  Hind  wings,  abdomen, 
and  legs  almost  white.  Expanse  of  wings,  20mm.  (Identified  by  Prof.  Fernald.) 


/ 


REPORT  OK  NEBRASKA  INSECTS. 


By  Lawrence  Bruner,  (Special  Agent. 

This  has  been  an  unusually  favorable  year  in  Nebraska  and  adjoining 
States  for  the  ravages  of  certain  injurious  insects.  The  spring  was  a 
little  backward,  rather  drier  than  usual,  and  warm,  suitable  for  the 
development  of  all  kinds  of  our  most  destructive  species.  The  summer 
was  a hot  and  uncommonly  dry  one,  killing  off  the  parasites,  while  con- 
tinuing favorable  to  most  of  the  species  causing  injury  to  crops. 

Among  the  species  noticed  to  be  injurious  the  following  were  chief: 
The  Red-legged  Locust  (Melanoplus  femur -rubrum),  the  Differential  Lo- 
cust (ill.  differ  entialis),  Chinch  Bug  ( Micropus  leucopterus ),  the  Striped 
Cottonwood  Beetle  ( Plagiodera  scripta ),  the  Ash  Saw-fly,  the  Colorado 
Potato  Beetle  ( Doryphora  10 -lineata),  the  Gray  Blister  Beetle  ( Lytta 
cinereus ),  the  Corn  Worm  ( Heliothis  armigera ),  and  the  larvae  of  the  Asli 
Saw-fly,  and  early  in  the  season  the  Box-elder  Plant  Louse. 

Notwithstanding  the  ravages  of  all  these  insects  in  connection  with 
a very  dry  summer,  our  crops  have  fallen  but  little  below  the  average 
year,  and  at  the  present  time  everything  appears  in  first  rate  condi- 
tion. 

As  would  naturally  be  supposed,  from  data  received  last  year,  locusts 
are  again  on  the  iucrease  at  various  points  both  southward  and  north- 
ward. During  the  months  of  April  and  May  I visited,  under  your  in- 
structions, central  Texas,  where  several  species  of  these  insects  had  be- 
come so  numerous  as  to  endanger  the  crops  in  that  particular  locality. 
Upon  these  I reported  at  the  time.  We  have  since  learned  that  crop 
prospects  iu  that  portion  of  the  State  were  good,  and  that  the  locusts 
were  diminishing  in  numbers.  On  the  other  hand,  in  Montana  and 
northwestern  Dakota,  advices  stated  that  the  Rocky  Mountain  Locust 
(Melanoplus  sprctus ) with  several  other  species,  were  even  more  numer- 
ous than  they  were  in  these  places  last  year.  This  being  a new  and 
sparsely  settled  country  it  has  been  very  difficnlt  to  obtain  reliable  data 
as  to  their  numbers,  movements,  and  injuries,  if  any. 

Judgiugfrom  occasional  newspaper  reports  during  the  season  it  is 
quite  evident  to  my  mind  that  scattering  swarms  of  locusts  have  reached 
eastward  at  least  as  far  as  the  James  River,  along  the  line  of  the  North" 
eru  Pacific  Railway,  and  southward  of*  this  point  probably  75  or  100 
miles.  These  swarms  have  certainly  left  their  eggs  scattered  over  the 
country  passed  through  while  migrating,  and  will  evidently  be  heard 
17523— No.  13 3 33 


from  next  spring,  providing  the  winter  is  favorable  to  their  preserva- 
tion. We  do  not,  however,  look  for  any  extraordinary  increase  in  these 
insects  over  an  extended  scope  of  country  next  year. 

In  southwestern  Nebraska  and  portions  of  northern  Kansas  the 
Chinch  Bug  (M.  leucopterus)  became  very  numerous  during  June  and 
early  July,  and  did  a considerable  amount  of  injury  to  crops — especially 
to  small  grain.  This  undue  increase  was  mainly  due  to  the  excessive 
drought  in  that  particular  region.  A reference  to  the  accompanying 
telegraphic  crop  reports  will  be  sufficient  proof  of  the  magnitude  of  the 
injury  done  and  the  area  overrun.  Soon  after  harvest  heavy  rains  in 
this  region  diminished  the  numbers  of  the  insect. 

The  Striped  Cottonwood  Beetle  ( Plagiodera  scripta)  has  also  been 
quite  numerous  in  several  portions  of  the  West  during  the  year,  and 
did  much  injury  to  both  Cottonwoods  and  Willows  upon  high  land. 
Especially  was  this  true  with  respect  to  the  young  trees  upon  tree  claims 
in  newly  settled  areas.  There  has  been  considerable  vexation  at  the 
United  States  land  offices  on  account  of  the  injuries  of  this  insect  and 
of  a species  of  Saw-fly,  the  larvae  of  which  attack  the  foliage  of  our  va- 
rious species  of  Ash  trees,  causing  them  to  die.  When  the  time  comes 
for  “ proving  up ” there  are  too  few  trees  growing  upon  the  tract  of 
laud,  and  the  result  is  its  probable  loss  to  the  enterer. 

The  Colorado  Potato  Beetle  ( Doryphora  10 -lineata)  and  Cabbage  But- 
terfly ( Pieris  rapac ) have  both  been  rather  more  abundant  than  usual 
during  the  year  and  have  done  much  injury  to  their  respective  food- 
plants. 

In  addition  to  these,  the  Ash-gray  Blister  Beetle  ( Lytta  cinerea)  has 
been  observed  in  several  localities  in  northern  Nebraska  to  entirely  de- 
foliate young  hedges  of  Iloney  Locust.  Until  the  present  summer  I 
have  not  observed  this  insect  attacking  the  Honey  Locust  since  the  sum- 
mer of  187G  or  1877.  At  that  time  a nursery  of  small  trees  of  this  kind 
were  entirely  stripped  of  leaves  by  them,  as  were  also  several  larger 
ones  standing  alone. 

The  Corn  Worm  ( Heliothis  armiyera)  was  very  numerous  and  caused 
considerable  injury  by  eating  the  ends  of  the  ears  of  corn.  It  has  also 
been  found  quite  abundant  in  tomato  patches,  where  it  bored  into  the 
fruit,  causing  the  tomatoes  to  rot. 

We  append  a series  of  short  extracts  from  western  newspapers  bear- 
ing on  some  of  these  topics. 


“ GRASSHOPPERS.” 

A cloud  of  grasshoppers  stopped  for  a meal  at  Sanborn  [Dakota]  recently  and 
chewed  up  a held  of  wheat  in  ten  minutes. — Omaha  Daily  Bee,  July  23, 1866. 

Grasshoppers  are  reported  in  numerous  quantities  in  Winneshiek  County,  Iowa, 
Howard  County,  Indiana,  and  in  Athens  County,  Ohio. — Omaha  Daily  Bee , May  31, 
1886. 

Grasshoppers  are  reported  at  Fargo  and  Huron,  Dak.  Lawrence  Bruner,  who  is 
authority  on  the  subject,  informs  us  that  there  is  no  doubt  they  are  increasing  yearly, 


35 


and  unless  something  is  done  to  check  them  they  will  eventually  he  as  numerous 
as  ever.  One  consolation,  however,  is  that  they  will  never  be  able  to  do  the  same 
amount  of  damage  in  one  locality  as  formerly,  on  account  of  the  wider  expanse  of 
settled  and  cultivated  land  over  which  they  will  have  to  travel.  Nebraska  is  forever 
more  free  from  any  serions  ravages. — West  Point  Progress , Thursday,  July  22,  1866. 

CHINCH  BUGS. 

Chicago,  May  30. — The  following  crop  summary  will  be  printed  in  this  week’s  issue 
of  the  Farmer’s  Review  : “ As  the  season  advances  reports  of  the  presence  of  insects  in 
winter  wheat  fields  grow  more  numerous,  but  beyond  certain  afflicted  districts  in 
Kansas,  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Ohio  the  reports  are  of  an  isolated  character  and  do  not 
appear  to  seriously  threaten  the  general  outlook  for  an  average  crop  yield.  Southern 
Illinois  continues  to  send  in  the  most  bugs.  Alexander,  Bond,  Edwards,  Jefferson, 
and  Monroe  Counties,  all  in  Southern  Illinois,  report  great  injury  in  many  of  the  fields, 
Grenola,  Franklin,  and  Panorama  Counties,  in  Kansas  ; Felton  and  Highland  Counties, 
in  Ohio,  and  Howard  County,  in  Indiana,  report  considerable  injury  from  chinch  bugs. 
Looking  over  the  entire  winter  wheat  belt,  the  promise  is  still  good  for  an  average 
yield,  but  the  early  promise  that  the  season  was  to  bring  forth  a “ bumper”  crop  will 
now  be  abandoned.  The  acreage  would  not  warrant  such  an  outcome,  unless  the 
conditions  were  everywhere  extremely  favorable. — Omaha  Daily  Bee , May  31,  1886. 

Chester,  Nebr.,  July  2. — [Special  to  The  Bee'] — The  chinch  bugs  have  been  making 
great  havoc  with  the  spring  wheat.  Some  fields  are  entirely  destroyed,  others  greatly 
damaged,  and  scarcely  any  left  untouched.  When  the  bugs  get  through  with  the 
wheat  they  attack  adjoining  cornfields  and  are  damaging  them  to  some  extent. 

Belvidere,  Nebr.,  July  2. — [Special  to  The  Bee] — Prospects  for  all  kinds  of  crops 
are  good  with  the  exception  of  wheat,  which  the  chinch  bugs  are  taking  to  some  ex- 
tent. 

Hebron,  Nebr.,  July  2. — [Special* to  The  Bee.] — Crops  have  needed  rain  badly  for 
some  time  until  last  Saturday,  when  a copius  downpour  came  to  their  relief.  Wheat 
is  suffering  from  the  depredations  of  chinch  bugs,  many  fields  having  been  taken  en- 
tirely and  not  considered  worth  harvesting.  Corn  is  growing  finely,  and  although 
small  for  the  season  of  the  year  bids  fair  to  make  a good  crop. — Omaha  Daily  Bee,  July 
3,  1886. 

Hastings,  Adams  County,  Nebraska,  July  9. — Rye  and  barley  harvest  is  showing 
about  two-thirds  of  a crop.  The  yield  of  oats  and  wheat,  on  account  of  drought  last 
month  and  the  present  ravages  of  chinch  bugs,  will  not  exceed  two-fifths  of  an  average 
yield.  Corn  is  doing  fairly  well  but  needs  rain. 

Crete,  Sabine  County,  Nebraska,  July  9. —The  condition  of  wheat  is  bad.  Chinch 
bugs  and  rust  are  the  cause,  and  there  will  be  only  a half  a crop.  Oats  will  only  be 
half  a crop,  on  account  of  late  planting.  Barley  will  be  a larger  crop  than  last  year. 
Rye  is  a heavy  crop  There  has  been  no  rain  for  ten  days.  Farmers  are  jubilant. 

Wahoo,  [Saunders  County,]  Nebr.,  July  9.— Nearly  all  the  corn  is  laid  by.  It  is 
needing  rain  badly.  A few  more  days  of  dry  weather  will  work  great  injury,  but  a 
rain  in  a few  days  will  help  it  wonderfully.  Oats  and  spring  wheat  will  be  slightly 
injured  by  drought,  and  chinch  bugs  are  doing  some  damage  to  wheat. 

Exeter,  Filmore  County,  Nebraska,  July  9, — Wheat  will  be  a poor  yield  this 
year.  Chinch  bugs  are  reported  from  several  places  as  very  destructive.  Corn  was 
never  better.  It  is  two  weeks  since  the  last  rain  and  more  is  needed,  but  no  damage 
as  yet.  Farmers  feeling  o.  k. 

Faibmont,  Fillmore  County,  Nebraska,  July  9. — Farmers  need  rain  very  much. 
Wheat,  small  acreage,  is  badly  eaten  by  chinch  bugs  and  injured  by  drought  and  heat. 
Corn  and  other  small  grains  are  suffering  from  drougth  and  heat.  If  dry  spell  con- 
tinues one  week  more,  farmers  will  raise  only  a small  crop. 

Dannebrog,  Howard  County,  Nebraska,  July  9. — The  hottest  day  so  far  this 
summer  was  yesterday,  the  temperature  reaching  104°  in  the  shade.  No  rain  has  fallen 


for  five  weeks  and  growing  crops  are  suffering.  Some  fields  of  oats  and  spring  wheat 
will  be  an  almost  total  failure.  Rye,  winter  wheat,  and  barley  are  ready  for  harvest, 
and  the  yield  will  be  fair ; chinch  hugs  are  commencing  to  he  very  had  in  some  parts 
of  the  county.  The  prospect  of  a good  corn  crop  heretofore  has  been  good,  hut  now 
it  is  discouraging  on  account  of  the  drought. — Omaha  Daily  Bee,  Saturday,  July  10, 
1836. 

Hebron,  Thayer  County,  Nebraska,  July  10. — Corn  is  in  need  of  rain.  The  dry 
weather  has  continued  for  a period  of  two  weeks  or  more.  Small  grain  in  general  is 
suffering  for  want  of  rain.  A rain  any  time  within  a week  will  help  the  corn  in  its 
growth  and  destroy  the  chinch  hug,  now  playing  havoe  in  many  fields.  Most  of  the 
small  grain  failed  to  fill  out  by  reason  of  the  dry  weather,  and  its  production  won't 
reach  that  of  last  year's  by  one-half.  Our  farmer  friends  are  somewhat  discouraged 
over  the  present  outlook  for  prospects  of  a good  corn  crop. 

York,  York  County,  Nebraska,  July  10. — Chinch  hugs  are  working  on  wheat  and 
other  small  grain.  Com  looks  fair,  but  some  of  it  is  turning  to  a yellowish  shade. 
Squash  and  melon  vines  are  wilting  and  hugs  working  on  them.  No  rain  for  nearly 
three  weeks.  If  we  have  rain  in  a few  days  there  will  not  he  a great  shortage  on  au 
average  crop.  Farmers  feel  blue,  knowing  that  the  crop  will  not  he  an  average  one. 

York,  York  County,  Nebraska,  July  10. — The  condition  of  the  corn  crop  in  York 
County  is  good,  notwithstanding  the  dry  weather  of  the  past  two  weeks.  Oats  will  he 
an  immense  crop.  Spring  wheat  is  an  entire  failure.  The  crop  was  very  short  and 
what  remained  is  being  rapidly  destroyed  by  the  chinch  hugs.  The  dry  weather  has 
had  a damaging  effect  on  wheat  and  corn.  Winter  wheat  and  other  crops  are  good. 
The  York  County  crop  will  average  about  60  per  cent. 

Edgar,  Clay  County,  July  10. — Small  grain  has  suffered  badly  from  the  drought  in 
this  part  of  Nebraska.  There  has  been  no  rain  in  this  section  for  two  weeks,  duriug 
which  time  the  weather  has  been  intensely  hot  and  dry.  Barley  and  rye  are  har- 
vested, but  there  is  not  more  than  two-thirds  of  a.crop.  There  was  yielded  about  two- 
thirds  of  a crop.  Spring  wheat  and  oats  are  very  short,  and  are  being  destroyed  by 
chinch  bugs  rapidly.  Unless  rain  comes  soon,  but  little  grain  will  be  harvested  on 
account  of  chinch  bugs.  Farmers  are  very  much  discouraged,  though  they  still  enter 
tain  hopes  of  a medium  corn  crop. 

Fairchild,  Clay  County,  Nebraska,  July  10. — Wheat  will  make  about  one-half 
a crop,  barley  about  three-fourths,  and  oats  a good  average  yield.  Dry  weather  in 
the  early  part  of  the  season  injured  small  grain  most.  We  had  good  rains-in  the  lat- 
ter part  of  May.  Since  that  time  it  has  been  dry,  no  rain  at  all  since  June  28.  Corn 
is  looking  well  in  spite  of  dry  weather.  If  we  get  rain  in  a few  days  there  will  be  a 
good  prospect  of  nearly  a full  crop.  Lately  chinch  bugs  have  made  their  appearance 
in  large  numbers  and  are  doing  considerable  damage.  Farmers,  as  a rule,  are  feeling 
in  good  spirits  over  the  crop  prospects. — Omaha  Daily  Bee,  July  12,  1886. 

Fort  Dodge,  Iowa,  July  16. — [Special  telegram  to  The  Bee'] — A much  needed  rain 
fell  in  this  locality  yesterday.  * * * The  crops  are  slightly  damaged  by  the  drought. 
Chinch  bugs  have  made  their  appearance  in  portions  of  the  county  and  are  getting 
their  work  in  on  grain  and  corn. 

Hebron,  July  16. — [Special  to  The  Bee] — Your  correspondent  has  made  a thorough 
investigation  of  crops  in  Thayer  County  and  Southern  Fillmore,  arriving  at  this  place 
to-day.  The  chinch  bugs  have  entirely  destroyed  many  fields  of  spring  wheat  and 
oats.  Some  fields  have  been  burned  on  the  ground,  with  the  hope  of  killing  the  bugs 
to  keep  them  out  of  adjoining  fields  of  small  grain  and  corn.  At  the  best,  small  grain 
will  not  make  over  one-third  of  a crop  throughout  this  section.  Corn  has  looked  well 
until  within  the  past  ten  days,  but  the  hot,  dry  weather  of  the  last  two  weeks  has 
put  a different  hue  on  the  aspect  and  on  farmers’  countenances.  The  earliest  plant- 
ings and  most  forward  corn  suffers  the  most,  but  on  all  sides  can  be  seen, sprinkled 
through  the  fields,  stalks  of  corn  that  are  white  as  snow.  With  copious  rains  within 
a few  days  a fair  crop  of  corn  may  be  had,  but  a delay  of  wet  weather  for  ten  days 


37 


will  insure  anywhere  from  one-third  of  a crop  to  nothing.  Pasture  and  hay  lands  are 
also  showing  the  effects  of  the  drought. — Omaha  Daily  Bee , July  17,  1886. 

Grand  Island,  Hall  County,  August  5. — The  wheat  crop  throughout  Hall  County 
is  turning  out  much  better  than  was  expected.  In  some  precincts  the  farmers  report 
the  yield  better  than  it  has  been  for  years,  while  in  other  localities  it  was  damaged 
by  drought  and  chinch  bugs,  but  the  average  yield  will  be  about  12  bushels  per  acre. 
The  recent  rains  have  done  much  tow  ard  bringing  out  tho  corn  crop,  which  is  in  a 
splendid  condition,  and  in  some  places  it  will  make  60  to  80  bushels  to  the  acre,  and 
without  any  more  rain  it  will  average  about  40  to  50  bushels  to  the  acre.  Farmers 
are  feeling  good  generally,  and  think  the  entire  crop,  on  an  average,  is  better  than  it 
has  been  for  years. — Omaha  Daily  Bee,  August  6,  1886. 


TESTS  WITH  INSECTICIDES  UPON  GARDEN  INSECTS. 


By  William  B.  Alwood,  Special  Agent. 

LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Columbus,  Ohio,  October  30,  1886. 


Sir  : I inclose  herewith  a summary  of  my  tests  with  different  insecticides.  These 
are  not  written  in  the  style  of  a report,  hut  to  acquaint  you  with  the  results  I have 
obtained.  My  work  is  just  begun,  and  I do  not  feel  as  though  anything  creditable 
in  the  way  of  a report  could  be  furnished  so  far.  I trust  this  will  be  satisfactory 
and  furnish  you  with  what  information  you  desire  concerning  the  progress  of  the 
work  thus  far.  If  yon  desire  it  I can  furnish  a copy  of  the  original  notes  from 
which  this  summary  is  made  up;  however,  many  of  my  serial  tests  were  noted  in  bulk 
instead  of  keeping  an  individual  record  of  each  test.  This  was  done  because  of  same- 
ness and  lack  of  importance  in  the  individual  record.  This  matter  would  have 
reached  you  a week  sooner  had  I not  been  ill  for  several  days.  I will  forward  some 
notes  about  machinery  in  a few  days. 

Very  respectfullv, 

WM.  B.  ALWOOD 


Prof.  C.  Y.  Riley, 

U.  S.  Entomologist. 


KEROSENE  EMULSION. 

Formula. — Kerosene,  67  per  cent. ; water,  33  per  cent. ; whale-oil 
soap  sufficient  to  form  a stable  emulsion. 

This  preparation  was  used  on  several  insects  with  somewhat  varying 
results,  the  chief  features  of  which  are  condensed  in  this  note. 

On  Cabbage  Worms. 

The  first  series  was  begun  before  Plusia  brassicce  was  numerous,  hence 
only  Fieris  rapw  is  spoken  of.  The  emulsion  was  used  in  different  di- 
lutions, ranging  from  equal  parts  of  water  and  emulsion  to  16  parts  of 
water  and  1 of  emulsion.  It  was  in  all  cases  applied  as  a spray,  and 
when  the  worms  were  numerous  and  eating  vigorously.  Several  hun- 
dred plants  were  used  in  the  field  tests.  Weaker  solutions  than  1 of 
emulsion  to  3 of  water  were  of  no  avail  unless  applied  very  heavily,  and 
then  they  caused  considerable  injury  to  leaves.  In  the  proportion  of  1 
to  3 it  was  quite  effective  where  the  worms  could  be  reached,  i.  e.,  were 
not  under  the  leaves,  and  destroyed  about  75  per  cent,  of  them.  It  did 
not  injure  the  leaves  in  this  strength  if  properly  sprayed.  Where  so- 
lution of  1 to  5 was  put  on  excessively  it  killed  and  also  injured  plants. 
Stronger  solutions  than  1 to  3 were  not  more  efficacious  and  injured 
plants  seriously.  The  weaker  solutions  would  sicken  the  worms  and 
38 


39 


affect  them  unpleasantly  for  a short  time,  but  they  would  uniformly 
recover,  and  either  proceed  again  to  eat  or  crawl  away  to  another 
plant.  In  no  case  were  worms  injured  unless  spray  was  delivered  di- 
rectly upon  them.  Eating  of  the  plants  after  they  had  been  sprayed 
did  not  affect  them.  These  experiments  occupied  several  days  and 
were  duplicated. 

Tests  in  small  Jars. — This  was  a duplicate  test  on  Plusia  brassicce  and 
Pieris  rapce.  The  liquid  was  applied  with  a feather  and  in  sufficient 
quantity  to  moisten  the  entire  body  of  the  worm.  In  dilutions  up  to  1 
to  5 it  killed  both;  weaker  solutions  occasionally  killed  one  or  more 
rapce  but  not  brassicce. 

In  breeding  Cages. — In  this  test  the  above  was  duplicated  on  larger 
scale.  Liquid  was  applied  as  spray  and  until  all  worms  were  thoroughly 
drenched.  They  were  placed  on  parts  of  a small  cabbage-head,  so  that 
each  box  very  nearly  represented  an  out  door  experiment  and  enabled 
me  to  be  much  more  certain  of  results  obtained. 

Up  to  5 dilutions  80  j>er  cent,  of  rapce  were  destroyed  and  10  per  cent, 
of  brassicce , there  not  being  much  difference  in  the  strength  of  liquid 
as  to  efficacy.  Weaker  solutions  did  little  or  no  injury  to  either.  P.  bras- 
sicce was  not  treated  with  emulsion  at  all  in  the  field,  but  from  effect 
on  rapce  am  sure  that  the  conditions  were  essentially  those  of  outside 
experiments.  The  amount  of  drenching  with  this  liquid  which  bras- 
sicce could  stand  was  certainly  remarkable.  In  previous  test  jars  were 
covered.  Liquid  in  each  case  was  taken  from  same  jar  of  emulsion. 
I had  no  trouble  in  making  a good  emulsion  that  was  stable  in  what- 
ever dilutions  I chose  to  use  it. 

On  Cabbage  Plant-louse. 

Wherever  used  on  this  insect,  even  in  weakest  solutions  (1  to  1G), 
the  emulsion  destroyed  all  that  were  touched  by  it. 

On  White  Grubs. 

A solution  of  1 part  emulsion  to  4 parts  water  was  used  quite  ex- 
tensively on  the  larvae  of  the  May  beetle,  Lachnosterna  fusca . The  re- 
sults were  far  from  satisfactory.  Where  used  on  the  lawn  the  grubs 
descended  2 or  3 inches  and  were  unharmed.  Some  few  appeared  a little 
sick,  and  occasionally  a black  spot  was  observed  on  some  of  them,  but 
none  were  destroyed.  After  conducting  this  test  for  twenty  days  it  was 
abandoned.  Several  boxes  were  arranged  with  loose  soil  and  grubs 
placed  in  these  for  experiment.  Here  where  they  were  only  lightly 
covered  with  loose  soil  the  emulsion  destroyed  nearly  every  one  in 
twenty-four  hours.  The  liquid  was  sprinkled  on  in  these  tests  suffi- 
ciently to  moisten  the  surface  thoroughly. 

Lime  and  salt  were  also  tried  over  the  lawn  and  in  boxes.  On  the 
lawn  where  they  washed  through,  the  grubs  immediately  descended  out 
of  reach,  Slope  were  actually  killed  on  the  lawn  that  I could  observe. 


40 


In  boxes  lime  was  nearly  as  efficacious  as  emulsion,  and  so  also  was 
salt  5 liowever,  to  do  good  execution,  salt  must  be  applied  in  quantity 
sufficient  to  injure  tlie  soil.  I think  there  is  no  doubt  but  these  insects 
can  be  easily  destroyed  if  they  can  be  reached,  but  how  to  reach  them 
under  the  soil  is  the  question.  Their  large,  soft  bodies  are  very  sus- 
ceptible to  injury. 

PYRETHRUM. 

This  powder  was  purchased  from  a local  wholesale  dealer,  and  to  all 
appearances  was  of  high  grade.  It  was  used  in  various  tests  to  experi- 
ment on  its  use,  and  as  a check  on  other  substances  it  was  used  in  all 
tests  of  whatever  nature. 


On  Cabbage  Worms. 

My  earlier  experiments  lead  me  to  believe  that  brassicce  was  much 
harder  to  destroy  than  rapce , and  this  I still  believe  to  be  the  case  to 
some  extent,  but  not  to  such  an  extent  as  at  first  supposed.  Quite  a 
large  series  of  tests  were  made  in  the  field  and  also  in  jars  and  cages  to 
test  the  above  supposition,  the  result  in  the  main  being  very  satis- 
factory. Pure  and  up  to  3 dilutions  it  killed  rapce  with  a precision 
and  certainty  that  was  remarkable,  the  powder  after  the  3 dilutions 
acting  nearly  as  well  as  if  stronger.  The  time  required  was  varia- 
ble, but  usually  the  worms  were  well  used  up  in  two  hours.  Above  3 
dilutions  its  action  was  uncertain  and  not  to  be  depended  upon,  although 
5 dilutions  will  kill  a fair  percentage  if  thoroughly  applied.  With  bras- 
sicce the  results  were  quite  similar  up  to  3 dilutions.  A large  quantity 
of  powder  was  used  of  this  strength  on  these  worms  after  rapce  had 
nearly  disappeared.  It  was  very  effective,  killing  fully  90  per  cent, 
of  all  worms,  although  the  time  required  is  somewhat  longer  than  with 
rapce-  Above  3 dilutions  it  is  not  efficacious  on  brassicce , killiug 
scarcely  any,  and  from  the  whole  experience  of  my  experiments  I am 
satisfied  that  3 dilutions  are  all  that  can  safely  be  made  for  out  door 
work. 

In  Jars. — A large  number  of  tests  were  made  in  jars,  with  very  minute 
quantities  of  powder  on  both  worms.  Jars  were  covered.  These  were 
very  successful,  causing  death  in  from  forty  minutes  to  two  hours.  The 
only  exception  to  this  was  a full-grown  larva  of  brassicce.  In  this  test 
dilutions  up  to  twenty  times  the  weight  of  powder  were  quite  efficacious 
on  rapce , but  a few  of  the  last  did  not  destroy  brassicce  with  certainty. 

This  series  was  also  repeated  in  breeding  cages  with,  in  the  main, 
corroboratory  results.  After  5 dilutions  its  action  on  brassicce  was 
quite  uncertain,  depending  somewhat  upon  the  amount  used  $ 15  dilu- 
tions would  not  kill  them  at  all  under  any  method  of  treatment.  Rapce 
was  killed  up  to  20  dilutions  if  thoroughly  applied,  although  in  such 
cases  they  were  more  severely  treated  than  would  be  possible  with 
powder  bellows  in  field  work.  Experiments  with  minute  portions  of 


4i 


pure  powder  would  indicate  that  it  is  not  the  amount  of  powder  that 
proves  fatal  but  that  it  is  the  fact  of  a few  grains  of  powder  coming  in 
contact  with  the  body  of  the  worm.  All  of  my  dilutions  above  5 times 
the  weight  of  powder  show  that  its  efficiency  is  thus  very  much  im- 
paired, and  I am  satisfied  that  while  almost  infinitesimal  doses  are  suf- 
ficient to  produce  death  when  powder  is  pure,  they  will  not  suffice  in 
the  presence  of  adulterations.  Iam  quite  convinced  that  5 dilutions 
is  the  limit  of  safe  adulteration,  and  think  that  I should  hesitate  to 
recommend  over  3.  The  age  of  the  worm  when  treated  is  of  consider- 
able importance  in  this  connection,  as  young  worms  are  destroyed  with 
much  greater  certainty  than  older  ones.  Pure  powder  exposed  on  the 
leaves  of  cabbage  plants  for  periods  of  thirty  minutes,  fifteen  hours, 
and  twenty  hours,  killed  with  as  much  certainty  as  fresh  powder.  Old 
powder,  which  had  stood  one  year  in  a candy  jar  without  cover,  killed  as 
well  as  fresh  powder.  This  last  was  used,  diluted  3 times,  in  field  work 
and  did  good  execution. 

One  pound  of  powder  diluted  with  3 pounds  of  flour  and  carefully 
used  in  a Woodason  double-cone  bellows  was  sufficient  to  dust  one 
acre  thoroughly.  Four  was  the  only  adulteration  used. 

EXTRACTS  OF  PYRETHRUM. 

Water  extract — 1 ounce  pyrethrum  $ 1 pint  water. 

Alcholic  extract — 1 ounce  pyrethrum  5 1 pint  alcohol. 

These  were  thoroughly  tested  and  the  tests  repeated  several  times, 
with  very  unsatisfactory  results. 

The  water  extract  was  made  by  stirring  together  the  ingredients. 
Only  the  liquor  was  used  which  was  kept  in  a tightly  closed  jar. 

This  extract  destroyed  rapae  at  an  average  rate  of  50  per  cent,  up  to 
4 dilutions,  and  at  5 dilutions  failed  entirely.  In  full  strength  it  was 
not  nearly  so  efficacious  as  dry  powder,  even  on  rapce , and  it  did  not 
affect  brassicce  at  all. 

The  alcoholic  extract  was  made  by  repercolation  with  about  80  per 
cent,  alcohol.  This  I anticipated  would  bear  a large  number  of  dilu- 
tions, and  it  was  used  in  an  extensive  series  of  tests  in  the  cages  and 
jars.  Up  to  5 dilutions  it  killed  fairly  well  and  a few  were  destroyed 
above  this,  but  not  enough  worth  mentioning,  only  a small  or  weak 
worm  dying.  This  test  was  repeated  several  times  and  a new  extract 
was  made,  but  with  little  better  results.  The  new  extract  killed  about 
50  per  cent,  very  slowly  at  10  dilutions.  Both  extracts  spoken  of 
above  were  applied  as  spray,  except  that  in  jars  a feather  was  used  and 
the  worms  thoroughly  wetted. 

On  Aphis  brassicce. 

Pyrethrum  in  several  forms  was  used  on  this  insect  with  unsatisfac- 
tory results,  the  action  being,  when  applied  pure  or  in  strong  mixtures? 


42 


to  dislodge  but  not  destroy  them.  Pure  powder  applied  with  a bellows 
quickly  dislodged  them,  but  did  not  kill  over  10  per  cent.  Those  not 
killed  soon  recovered  and  crawled  back  upon  the  plant. 

On  Potato  Beetle. 

Used  in  the  field  pure  it  destroyed  about  50  per  cent,  of  the  larvae, 
jmncipally  younger  ones.  Adults  were  not  injured  though  heavily 
treated,  but  when  confined  in  breeding  cage  and  thoroughly  dusted 
they  were  all  killed.  I am  quite  sure  pyrethrum  is  not  a satisfactory 
remedy  for  Potato  Beetle  where  London  purple  or  Paris  green  can  be 
used  with  safety. 

On  Tomato  Worms. 

Several  species  of  Sphingids  were  quite  numerous  on  the  tomato 
vines,  principally  quinque-maculata.  On  these  the  powder  was  used 
pure  and  also  diluted  three  times.  I did  not  observe  an  instance  where 
thoroughly  applied  that  it  did  not  produce  death  in  from  two  to  three 
days. 

On  Squash  Bugs. 

Diabrotica  vittata  and  also  1 2-punctata  were  treated  with  the  powder 
both  pure  and  diluted  three  times.  It  destroyed  them  very  effectually, 
although  I am  not  certain  that  they  could  be  so  successfully  treated  in 
the  spring  when  the  plants  are  small  and  the  beetles  very  active.  This 
treatment  was  late  in  the  season  when  they  were  feeding  on  pollen  in 
the  bloom  of  squashes. 


On  Fall  Web  worm. 

Not  enough  of  these  could  be  found  for  thorough  tests,  but  pure 
powder  used  on  one  colony  made  them  immediately  break  from  the 
web,  fall  to  the  ground,  and  scatter  in  all  directions,  but  two  days’  ob- 
servation failed  to  show  any  dead  ones. 

Several  times  woolly  caterpillars  were  treated  both  with  powder  and 
solution  without  in  any  instance  producing  death. 

The  powder  used  throughout  was  the  roseum , and  from  one  package. 

Buhach  ( Pyrethrum  cineraricefolium). 

I was  ordered  to  obtain  this  powder  direct  from  dealers,  and  finally 
sent  to  Stockton,  Cal.,  for  it.  It  did  not  arrive  in  time  for  full  com- 
parisons with  P.  roseum , but  I tested  it  quite  thoroughly  on  P.  brassicce. 

Used  in  minute  particles  it  kills  in  one  to  three  hours,  was  decidedly 
slower  in  action  than  P.  roseum , but  the  weather  was  cooler.  Exposed 
on  leaves  of  plants  it  killed  up  to  three  days’  exposure  though  very  slow 
at  last  trial.  Weather  cool  as  before  mentioned. 

Diluted  with  flour  it  kills  in  small  jars  up  to  30  dilutions,  but  iu 
cages  was  not  effective  after  10  dilutions,  and  I think  most  of  these 


43 


would  have  recovered  had  they  been  where  they  could  have  crawled 
away  to  fresh  leaves.  The  season  was  so  late  when  received  that  I was 
unable  to  give  it  a test  out  of  doors  with  anything  like  satisfaction. 

Alcoholic  extract.— One  ounce  powder,  4 fluid  ounces  alcohol  (reper- 
colated). 

This  killed  slowly  at  10  dilutions ; above  that  was  not  effective. 

BENZINE. 

This  was  used  on  several  insects.  Early  in  the  season  when  the  rapce 
worm  was  plenty  a large  number  of  infested  plants  were  sprayed  with 
very  unsatisfactory  results.  Where  it  was  used  lightly  not  1 per  cent, 
of  worms  was  killed,  used  heavily  a few  more  were  killed,  but  the  plants 
were  also  slightly  injured.  Tests  in  the  field  were  repeated  several 
times  with  no  better  results.  A number  of  tests  were  made  in  breed- 
ing cages  and  there  they  resisted  it  equally  as  well.  Of  one  lot,  after 
being  thoroughly  sprayed  four  times  in  quick  succession,  only  16  per 
cent.  died.  It  usually  sickened  the  worms,  but  they  soon  recovered. 
Of  the  lot  above  mentioned  two  had  pupated  in  twenty  hours.  Only  by 
the  most  thorough  drenching  was  I able  to  kill  cabbage  worms  at  all 
with  this  remedy.  The  injury  to  leaves  was  not  nearly  so  great  as  at 
first  would  be  supposed,  and  in  fact  only  extremely  heavy  applications 
did  any  lasting  injury. 


On  Potato  Beetle. 


Thorough  spraying  did  not  injure  these  at  all. 
jured. 


On  Tomato  Worms. 


Leaves  were  not  in- 


The  most  thorough  treatment  was  unavailing.  Leaves  slightly  in- 
jured. 

On  k Squash  Bugs. 

Were  not  injured.  Leaves  slightly  burned. 


On  Cabbage  Lice. 

These  were  destroyed  where  the  spraying  was  thoroughly  done. 

ALUM  WATER. 

This  was  first  used  in  solution  of  1 ounce  to  1 quart  of  water,  but  as 
this  had  no  effect  whatever  on  cabbage  worms  or  lice  a strong  solution 
was  made  by  boiling  water  with  a quantity  of  alum  in  it.  Part  of  the 
alum  crystallized  out  on  cooling,  but  left  the  solution  as  sfrong  as  could 
be  made.  This  was  used  very  thoroughly  with  no  result  whatever.  In 
pvery  respect  it  was  a complete  failure. 


44 


ICE  WATER. 

This  was  used  in  spray  and  poured  upon  the  plants  in  quantity,  also 
worms  were  submerged  in  the  water  for  periods  of  time  up  to  ten  seconds. 
Every  trial  showed  this  to  be  utterly  valueless  as  a remedy.  Occasion- 
ally a small  worm  would  be  injured  but  in  no  case  that  I observed  were 
any  killed  outright.  Temperature  of  water  during  trials  varied  from 
35°  to  38°  Fall.,  air  from  90°  to  95°  Fah.  A hot  day  was  purposely 
selected  for  the  work. 


TANSY  WATER. 

Strong  decoctions  of  this  were  made  both  by  soaking  and  boiling  the 
leaves.  In  both  cases  it  was  apparently  as  strong  as  could  be  made. 
Used  in  the  field,  no  result  whatever.  On  worms  confined  in  closed 
jars  they  died  in  about  six  hours.  In  cages  no  effect  whatever,  though 
tested  repeatedly  and  very  heavily  applied. 

TOMATO  WATER. 

A strong  decoction  of  this  was  made  by  boiling  and  used  as  above 
with  quite  similar  results.  In  many  instances  the  substance  has  de- 
stroyed the  worms  in  jars  (small  wide-mouth  bottles)  and  not  under 
exposed  conditions.  The  larvae  were  not  drowned  but  only  moistened. 
This  is  important  as  showing  that  the  manner  of  using  a substance  is 
quite  important. 

DREER’S  INSECT  TERROR. 

This  powder  was  used  both  in  the  field  and  in  cages.  In  no  instance 
of  the  field  trials  were  any  of  the  larvae  injured,  though  it  was  thoroughly 
applied,  lightly  with  bellows  and  heavily  by  hand.  Used  in  cages  it 
had  no  effect  whatever  except  that  in  one  instance  20  per  cent,  of  rapce 
were  killed  where  it  was  applied  to  food  so  heavily  as  to  completely  coat 
it  over.  P.  brassicce  was  not  affected  by  its  use  though  confined  from 
four  to  five  days  where  food  plant  was  completely  coated  with  powder. 
I feel  perfectly  safe  in  saying,  after  abundant  tests,  that  this  substance 
is  perfectly  worthless. 


HAMMOND’S  SLUG-  SHOT. 

This  was  used  only  on  Cabbage  Worms  ( rapce  and  brassicce).  In  field 
tests  several  hundred  plants  were  used  and  tests  made  very  thoroughly. 
At  first  the  powder  was  dusted  on  lightly  and  was  almost  an  entire 
failure,  but  with  repeated  and  heavier  dustings  better  results  were  ob- 
tained $ however  none  of  the  results  were  sufficiently  successful  to  com- 
mend its  use.  Where  used  heavily  not  over  20  jier  cent,  of  rapce  were 
killed,  and  brassicce  were  not  injured.  In  none  of  the  field  tests  was  I 
able  to  find  dead  brassicce . Worms  of  both  species  were  frequently 


45 


noticed  forty-eight  hours  after  application  feeding  as  usual  though 
themselves  and  the  leaves  were  coated  with  powder.  In  breeding  cages 
better  results  were  obtained.  Light  applications  did  but  little  good  as 
outside,  but  heavy  applications,  where  plants  were  completely  covered 
with  powder,  were  quite  effective,  both  species  being  destroyed  to  the 
extent  of  SO  per  cent,  to  90  per  cent.  (No  substance  was  more  carefully 
or  thoroughly  used  than  this  in  the  above  experiments.)  In  solutions 
the  effect  was  about  the  same.  It  was  used  up  to  8 ounces  to  1 pint  of 
water,  making  almost  a thick  mixture.  In  this  manner  about  25  per 
cent,  of  rapce  were  killed  in  the  field;  not  tried  in  cages. 

All  of  my  work  points  to  the  conclusion  that  brassicce  is  more  diffi- 
cult to  deal  with  than  rapce;  especially  is  this  true  where  the  poisou  is 
a powder  to  be  eaten.  They  are  easily  disturbed  and  will  move  away 
to  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  until  disturbing  cause  has  disappeared. 

This  powder  cannot  be  successfully  applied  with  a bellows,  because 
of  its  characteristic  of  accumulating  in  little  balls  or  masses  which  can- 
not pass  the  bellows,  and,  also,  it  must  be  applied  heavily  to  accomplish 
any  results  whatever.  Heavy  applications  by  hand  will  probably  prove 
the  only  means  of  doing  any  good  with  it. 

TOBACCO  SOAPS. 

Of  these  several  were  used,  Wolf’s  Vermin  Soap  and  different  brands 
from  the  Rose  Manufacturing  Company,  of  New  York,  known  as  sulfo- 
tobacco  soaps.  Also  two  brands  made  by  the  above  company  were 
sent  me  by  the  Division,  viz,  a soda  and  a potash  tobacco  soap.  These 
two  packages  seem  not  to  be  the  same  grade  of  goods  the  company  at 
present  manufacture,  as  evidenced  by  the  difference  in  strength  shown 
by  my  tests.  The  samples  sent  by  the  Rose  Company  were  a plain 
and  scented  soda  soap  and  a scented  potash  soap.  The  sample  of  Wolt’s 
soap  was  received  from  the  Milwaukee  Soap  Company,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
It  is  a stiff  soda  soap  strongly  scented  with  tobacco  and  very  offensive 
to  handle.  The  potash  soaps  above  mentioned  were  much  softer  than 
the  soda  soaps.  They  all  dissolved  readily  at  100°  Fall.,  and  the  Rose 
soaps  remained  in  solution,  but  the  Wolf’s  soap  solidifies  the  whole  so- 
lution even  when  very  weak,  forming  a jelly-like  mass.  This  is  a very 
objectionable  point  if  this  soap  is  desired  to  be  used  as  spray,  as  it 
necessitates  heating  every  time  before  using. 

On  Cabbage  Worms. 

The  two  samples  received  from  the  Division  were  thoroughly  tested 
on  both  species  previously  mentioned  in  this  report.  The  solutions 
were  made  of  different  strengths  up  to  4 ounces  to  l pint  of  water,  at 
which  strength  the  soda  soap  destroyed  slowly  but  thoroughly  all  larvra 
of  both  species,  and  the  potasli  soap  was  sure  death  to  all  larvra  which 
came  in  contact  with  it.  These  solutions  improved  with  age  as  did  all 
the  soap  solutions. 


46 


Of  the  samples  received  direct  from  the  Eose  Company  the  plain  and 
scented  soda  soap  were  of  the  same  strength,  the  only  difference  being 
that  the  scented  soap  is  much  more  pleasant  to  handle.  This  and  the 
potash  soap  were  of  about  equal  strength  and  destroyed  readily  all 
larvm  where  thoroughly  applied  in  solution  of  1 ounce  to  1 pint  of  water. 

These  soap  solutions  were  used  in  a large  number  of  tests  which  were 
duplicated  several  times,  and  in  the  strength  stated  gave  good  satis- 
faction, and  are,  I think,  among  the  best  liquid,  non-poisonous  appli- 
cations I have  ever  used. 

Wolf’s  soap,  in  solution  of  2 ounces  to  1 pint  of  water,  did  fairly  good 
execution,  but  was  not  safe  at  that  strength.  Iu  most  of  the  tests  it 
was  used  4 ounces  to  1 pint  of  water,  at  which  strength  it  was  sufficient 
to  destroy  all  worms.  After  standing  for  two  or  three  weeks  the  jelly 
formed  by  this  soap  when  first  dissolved  breaks  up  into  liquid,  and  its 
destructive  power  seems  to  be  enhanced. 

On  Cabbage  Plant-lice. 

The  Wolf’s  soap  and  the  two  samples  received  from  the  Division  were 
used  on  the  lice  in  several  strengths,  and  one-half  ounce  to  1 pint  was 
perfectly  efficient,  destroying  all  lice  immediately.  The  samples  re- 
ceived from  the  Eose  Company  direct  were  not  used  on  lice,  but  their 
efficiency  on  rapce  and  brassicce  would  indicate  that  they  would  bear 
still  greater  dilution. 

The  circular  of  the  Eose  Company  is,  I think,  quite  misleading  where 
they  state  that  the  essential  principle  of  their  soaps  is  a gum  taken 
from  tobacco  in  an  aeriform  condition  and  condensed  in  a vacuum.  The 
only  destructive  principle  which  I am  aware  is  contained  in  tobacco  is 
a liquid  alkaloid  (never  solid)  known  as  nicotine.  It  is  my  opinion 
that  the  destructive  effect  of  all  these  soaps,  when  used  on  the  bodies 
of  worms  or  soft  insects,  is  entirely  due  to  the  caustic  principle  of  the 
alkalies  used.  Potash,  being  the  strongest  alkali,  will,  I think,  give  best 
results  where  used  in  equal  quantity  with  other  alkalies.  I proved  to 
my  entire  satisfaction  that  none  of  these  soaps  are  poisonous  when 
eaten  on  the  food  plant.  Of  course,  insects  will  not  eat  them  readily. 
(A  sample  of  carbolic-acid  soap  was  used  in  various  strengths  without 
any  results  whatever.) 

SEVERAL  REMEDIES  IMPORTED  FROM  LONDON. 

These  were  used  only  on  Cabbage  worms.  The  results  were  entirely 
unsatisfactory. 

The  whole  series  of  tests  were  conducted  in  breeding  cages.  The 
quantities  used  were  double  what  directions  advised,  and  the  tests  were 
repeated  several  times:  Moore’s  compound,  in  solutions  of  one-half 
ounce  to  1 ounce  in  1 pint  of  water : Only  two  worms  killed  after  several 
trials.  Fir-tree  oil  solutions  of  1 to  2 teaspoonfuls  in  1 pint  of  water: 


47 


.During  repeated  tests  two  worms  were  killed.  Grishurst,  in  solutions  of 
1 to  2 ounces  in  1 pint  of  water:  This  sickened  many  worms, but  only 
three  were  destroyed.  Bridgeford’s  Antiseptic,  used  pure,  sickened  the 
worms  and  destroyed  several. 

These  remedies  wxere  entirely  worthless.  They  are  of  foreign  manu- 
facture, and  are  not  specially  recommended  for  cabbage  worms,  but  are 
advertised  as  insecticides  of  great  merit $ hence  my  notion  of  testing 
them  on  cabbage  worms. 


EEPOET  ON  OHIO  INSECTS. 


By  William  B.  Alwood,  Special  Agent. 

LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 

Columbus,  Ohio,  October  21,  1886. 

Dear  Sir:  I forward  to-day  a fow  pages  of  notes  on  insects  observed  during  the 
few  months  I have  been  at  work. 

Yours,  very  truly, 

WM.  B.  ALWOOD. 

Prof.  C.  Y.  Riley, 

U.  S.  Entomologist. 

THE  STRAWBERRY  LEAP-BEETLE. 

(Paria  aterrima.) 

This  insect  began  about  the  middle  of  August  to  feed  upon  the  foliage 
of  the  strawberry  beds  in  the  University  garden.  It  was  first  noticed 
upon  the  old  beds,  but  soon  spread  to  the  new  ones,  and  has  done  con- 
siderable damage,  in  some  places  completely  riddling  the  leaves  with, 
its  minute  round  holes.  At  the  present  date  (October  12)  it  is  yet 
busily  at  work. 

THE  STRAWBERRY  ROOT-BORER. 

( Grapliops  pubescens.) 

Since  the  1st  of  September  the  larva  of  this  beetle  has  been  doing 
considerable  damage  to  the  strawberry  beds,  attacking  both  old  and 
new  beds,  and  in  some  spots  destroying  as  many  as  10  per  cent,  of  the 
plants.  The  grubs  are  found  in  numbers  varying  from  two  to  eight  per 
plant  either  in  or  near  the  roots.  They  work  all  the  way  from  the  crown 
to  the  lower  part  of  the  roots,  eating  in  slight  channels,  which  are  left 
full  of  chips  and  castings.  The  grubs  never,  so  far  as  I have  noticed, 
bury  themselves  deeply  in  the  fleshy  part  of  the  root,  but  prefer  to  work 
along  the  sides.  Frequently  a dead  plant  may  be  taken  up  whose  roots 
show  their  work  plainly,  yet  none  of  the  larvae  are  present  in  it.  Ex- 
amination of  the  soil  around  the  plant  will,  however,  reveal  the  little 
fellows.  I have  observed  a great  number  in  position  feeding.  Up  to 

date  (October  20)  no  pupae  have  been  found. 

48 


49 


THE  STRAWBERRY  CROWN-BORER. 

( Tyloderma  fragarice.) 

This  insect  has  done  slight  damage  to  one  old  bed.  I have  not  in  a 
single  instance  observed  them  in  young  beds. 

THE  PLANTAIN  CURCULIO. 

(Macrops  sp.) 

This  insect  was  received  from  Medina  County,  the  first  specimens  ar- 
riving July  21.  With  them  came  several  specimens  of  plantain  which 
were  so  thoroughly  tunneled  by  the  little  grub  that  they  had  died. 
There  were  from  two  to  six  grubs  in  a single  plant,  and  they  completely 
exhausted  the  fleshy  portion  of  the  root.  From  this  lot,  received  July 
21,  several  adult  beetles  issued  August  7.  These  were  left  in  the  cage 
several  days,  and  I thiuk  must  have  deposited  eggs  on  fresh  plantain 
growing  in  the  cage,  as  several  days  later,  when  examining  this  cage 
preparatory  to  cleaning  it  up,  I found  several  young  larvae  in  the  fresh 
plantain  I had  put  in  the  cage  on  receiving  first  supply.  These  were 
observed  closely.  They  pupated  August  25  and  issued  September  3 to 
4.  Another  lot  of  specimens  was  received  August  6,  placed  in  a differ- 
ent cage,  began  pupating  16th  and  issued  25th  to  29th  of  August.  From 
the  account  of  the  gentleman  sending  them  they  were  quite  destructive 
over  a limited  area. 

A NEW  OAT  FLY. 

(0 semis?  sp.) 

This  insect  was  discovered  while  visiting  the  northern  part  of  Union 
County,  some  50  miles  from  Columbus,  to  investigate  another  insect 
which  had  appeared  in  the  wheat.  (This  insect  proved  to  be  Meromyza 
americana , and  was  confined  to  a very  limited  area,  though  it  took 
the  plants  clean  so  far  as  it  went.)  The  date  of  this  visit  was  June 
15,  and  the  farmers  had  first  noticed  the  attack  upon  the  oats  about 
June  9.  The  oat  plants  were  6 to  8 inches  high  and  where  attacked 
appeared  as  though  a fire  had  swept  over  them  just  low  enough  to  scorch 
the  upper  blades.  Eggs  and  larvie  were  both  present  at  this  time  as 
described  in  my  letters.  The  injury  was  confined  to  spots  of  several 
rods  in  dimension,  but  several  fields  in  the  neighborhood  were  affected. 
At  my  last  visit,  June  25,  I estimated  the  damage  to  be  about  40  per 
cent,  in  spots  affected.  A quantity  of  the  plants  were  brought  home 
and  placed  in  breeding  cage.  On  June  20  the  first  imagos,  two  in 
number,  issued.  From  this  cage  they  issued  afterwards  almost  daily 
until  July  7. 

On  my  second  visit  I also  brought  home  material  in  which  larvae  and 
pupae  were  quite  abundant,  but  found  no  eggs.  Flies  issued  from  this 
batch  in  great  numbers  up  to  July  12. 

17528 — No.  13 4 


50 


THE  CABBAGE  PLANT-LOtJSE. 

(Aphis  brassicce  L.) 

This  insect  was  quite  troublesome  this  season  from  about  the  1st  of 
August  to  1st  of  September.  After  the  latter  date  they  could  only  be 
found  in  scattering  colonies.  During  the  worst  period  of  attack  they 
were  so  plentiful  as  to  nearly  ruin  many  plants. 

I mention  them  more  for  the  purpose  of  speaking  of  the  insects  which 
preyed  upon  them  than  anything  else. 

Of  these  the  larvae  of  the  Syrphus  flies  (two  species  were  reared)  were 
the  most  persistent  and  literally  swept  the  lice  ofl*  by  thousands.  It 
was  very  interesting  to  watch  these  blind  maggots  in  their  work  of  de- 
struction. There  were  also  present  the  larvae  of  Lady-birds  and  Lace- 
winged flies.  These,  however,  did  not  do  anything  like  the  execution 
of  the  first-named  insects.  I noticed  where  lice  were  very  numerous 
that  a large  per  cent,  became  winged,  while  on  other  portions  of  the  field 
it  seemed  that  a much  larger  per  cent,  were  apterous. 


CABBAGE  WORMS. 

( Plusia  brassicce  and  Pieris  rapce.) 

August  3 a few  larvae  of  brassicce  were  noticed  in  a patch  of  a 
couple  of  acres  of  Cabbage  where  rapce  were  already  quite  abundant  and 
doing  considerable  injury.  They  were  so  few  that  it  was  hardly  thought 
possible  they  could  do  much  harm  the  present  year.  On  this  date  the 
rapce  as  above  stated  were  already  numerous  and  doing  much  harm. 
A series  of  experiments  was  at  once  begun  looking  towards  their  de- 
struction. However,  many  of  this  brood  pupated,  and  from  the  10th  to 
the  15th  of  August  I never  saw  the  rapce  butterfly  so  abundant  as  they 
were  over  the  cabbage  beds  in  the  University  garden.  These  deposited 
their  eggs  in  great  abundance,  and  after  several  days  disappeared. 
Among  the  first  brood  of  worms  (rapce)  I had  noticed  a few  larvm  af- 
fected by  Apanteles  glomeratus , and  also  several  pupae  which  had  been 
stuug  by  Pteromalus  puparum.  These  did  not  appear  to  be  abundant, 
but  probably  many  were  not  noticed.  As  this  second  brood  of  rapce 
developed  it  was  hardly  possible  to  find  a larvae  not  affected  by  one  of 
these  parasites.  A.  glomeratus  was  most  abundant,  as  it  stings  the 
young  larvae,  but  should  one  be  so  fortunate  as  to  escape  this  insect,  P. 
puparum  was  sure  to  find  it.  I noticed  that  the  last  named  always 
stings  the  larva  just  before  it  makes  the  last  molt  or  immediately  after 
the  pupa  is  formed.  So  well  did  these  parasites  do  their  work,  that 
after  the  large  brood  of  butterflies  previously  mentioned  not  an  adult 
was  seen  except  that  now  and  then  a straggling  individual  would  sail 
over  the  field.  In  all  of  my  experiments  in  boxes,  during  which  I con- 


51 

fined  a great  many  worms  for  days  at  a time,  not  a healthy  pupa  of 
rapce  was  formed. 

Neither  of  these  parasites  nor  any  other  affected  the  Plusia  in  the 
least. 

About  August  20  the  Plusias  began  to  appear  in  greater  numbers, 
not  formidable  as  yet,  but  so  numerous  that  I began  to  collect  them  in 
separate  cages  for  experiment.  From  this  time  on  until  the  1st  of 
October  this  insect  multiplied  at  an  astonishing  rate.  About  the  mid- 
dle of  September  a late  bed  of  cabbage,  of  x>orhaps  a little  more  than 
one  acre,  which  had  almost  escaped  rapce,  was  found  to  be  literally  alive 
with  these  larvae,  from  ten  to  forty  or  fifty  beiug  found  on  a single 
Xfiant.  They  destroyed  it  very  rapidly,  until  the  gardener  put  a man 
under  my  direction  to  kill  them,  which  was  done  very  successfully. 
The  moth  was  not  observed  to  move  about  at  all  during  daytime,  but 
was  frequently  found  hidden  among  the  leaves  of  the  xfiant.  When 
disturbed  it  flew  rapidly  in  a zigzag  manner  and  soon  alighted. 

It  deposits  its  eggs  irregularly  over  the  lower  side  of  the  leaf,  vary- 
ing from  a few  in  number  to  twelve  or  twenty.  This  habit  makes  it  a 
worse  enemy,  in  my  estimation,  than  rapce,  as  they  dex>osit  their  eggs 
singly,  and  never  in  my  observations  do  they  happen  to  get  so  many 
on  one  x>lant  as  brassicce  does.  The  latter,  from  my  observations,  is 
much  the  more  prolific,  and  is  also  more  hardy. 

THE  CORN  APHIS. 

(Aphis  maidis.) 

The  only  injury  I have  ever  known  to  be  done  by  this  insect  occurred 
this  year,  about  6 miles  northeast  of  this  city.  A gentleman  xfianted 
his  corn  earty  in  May.  The  weather  was  quite  favorable,  and  it  came 
up  pronqfily  and  looked  well  for  a few  days,  and  then  began  to  turn 
yellow  and  wither  awa}7.  On  examining  he  found  what  he  rightly 
called  a u small  louse”  in  great  abundance,  and  associated  with  it  a 
great  many  small  ants.  He  could  not  conclude  that  the  louse  was  the 
cause  of  injury,  so  laid  it  to  the  ants.  The  injury  became  so  great  in  a 
few  days  that  he  concluded  to  x>lant  the  field  all  over  again,  which  he 
did  with  a two-liorse  check-row  i>lanter.  This  planting  was  taken  the 
same  as  the  first,  and  the  field  again  planted  over.  This  last  planting 
was  not  much  injured,  and  with  the  remnants  of  first  two  xdantings 
made  quite  a crop.  On  the  11th  of  July,  being  in  the  neighborhood, 
my  attention  was  called  to  the  field.  I still  found  the  Aphis  present 
in  considerable  numbers,  but  the  corn  was  doing  fairly  well.  A large 
number  of  iusects  were  examined,  yet  none  but  apterous  forms  were 
observed.  The  first  field  is  black-loam  bottom-land,  extending  partly  up 
on  uxfiand,  lying  beside  a creek  of  considerable  size ; it  is  well  drained, 
and  the  soil  is  loose  and  friable. 


52 

THE  CLOVER-SEED  MIDGEi 
(Cecidomyia  leguminicola.) 

Quite  serious  complaiuts  came  to  me  concerning  this  insect,  princi- 
pally from  counties  lying  north  of  the  central  portion  of  the  State.  It 
was  not  noticed  at  all  in  this  vicinity,  and  so  far  as  I know  has  never 
been  found  here  or  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  Last  year  it  was 
quite  destructive  in  the  same  region  reported  from  this  year. 

Definite  facts  as  to  extent  of  injury  were  not  to  be  obtained,  yet  good 
farmers  reported  it  as  destroying  a large  part  of  the  crop  in  their  sec- 
tions. 

THE  MAY  BEETLE. 

(Lachnosterna  fusca.) 

The  larva  of  this  beetle  has  destroyed  a large  portion  of  the  sward 
on  the  university  campus  during  the  present  summer.  The  attack 
began  some  three  years  ago  and  has  become  worse  each  year,  until  this 
season  a large  part  of  the  lawn  was  left  bare  and  brown,  not  even  the 
first  growth  of  bluegrass  coming  to  maturity.  From  the  spots  where 
attack  is  most  severe  the  sod  can  be  rolled  up  in  bundles.  Clover  is 
not  injured  and  is  consequently  spreading  spontaneously  over  the  lawn. 
Examinations  frequently  showed  as  many  as  a dozen  grubs  to  the  square 
foot.  There  were  three  broods  plainly  to  be  noted ; the  two-year  and 
one  year  were  the  most  numerous,  there  being  comparatively  few  grubs 
from  eggs  laid  the  past  spring. 

A large  number  of  examinations  showed  no  case  of  disease.  Grubs 
began  descending  to  winter  quarters  about  September  20,  but  October 
20  there  are  yet  quite  a number  to  be  found.  They  were  reported  at 
work  in  lawns  and  strawberry  gardens  from  many  localities  around  the 
city,  but  were  nowhere  so  numerous  as  here. 

PTEROMALUS  PUPARUM  AND  APANTELES  GLOMERATUS. 

A few  observations  on  these  two  parasites  may  be  of  interest.  Many 
specimens  of  each  were  bred.  P.  pup  arum  issued  on  an  average  in  fif- 
teen days  from  date  of  ovipositing.  From  one  pupa  of  the  Cabbage 
Worm  I bred  fifty-two  flies  and  from  another  one  hundred  and  eleven. 
These  last  issued  in  just  sixteen  days  from  the  time  the  females  ovi- 
posited. This  I considered  a remarkable  number  to  issue  from  one 
pupa,  but  of  the  fact  there  is  not  the  possibility  of  a doubt.  I observed 
three  of  the  females  ovipositing  in  one  larva  on  the  afternoon  of  August 
24.  These  I watched  for  some  time,  intending  to  take  the  larva  when 
they  had  done  with  it,  but  as  they  were  still  at  work  late  in  the  after- 
noon I marked  the  spot  and  visited  it  the  next  morning  to  find  a pupa 
formed.  From  this  issued  the  flies,  as  noted  above.  In  two  instances 


53 


where  I disturbed  females  the  flies  hatched  ten  and  twelve  in  number, 
respectively,  and  were  all  females. 

I was  not  able  to  take  the  females  of  A.  glomeratus  in  the  act  of  ovi 
positing,  as  they  seem  very  sly.  Several  times  I thought  I caught  them 
in  the  act,  but  was  not  sure.  After  pupating  they  were  eight  to  ten 
days  before  issuing.  They  issued  from  twenty  to  possibly  fifty  in  num- 
ber, although  I was  never  positive  of  breeding  more  than  thirty-eight 
from  one  specimen. 

This  parasite  did  much  more  good  than  P.  puparum^  as  it  seemed  to 
get  the  first  chance. 

APANTELES  CONGREGATUS. 

This  insect  was  very  destructive  to  the  Sphingid  larvae  on  tomatoes. 
There  were  no  less  than  four  species  of  these  worms,  of  which  Macro- 
sila  quinque-maculata  was  most  abundant.  All  were  attacked,  scarcely 
any  escaping.  I took  one  hundred  and  eighty  cocoons  from  the  body 
of  one  worm. 


A KECORD  OF  SOME  EXPERIMENTS  RELATING  TO  THE 

EFFECT  OF  THE  PUNCTURE  OF  SOME  HEMIPTEROUS  IN- 
SECTS UPON  SHRUBS,  FRUITS,  AND  GRAINS,  1886. 

By  F.  M.  Webster,  Special  Agent. 

LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 

La  Fayette,  Ind.,  October  15,  1886. 

Sir:  I herewith  give  results  of  my  experiments  with  Hemiptera,  principally  Lijgus 
pratensis  L. 

F.  M.  WEBSTER. 

Prof.  C.  V.  Riley, 

U.  S.  Entomologist. 

The  object  of  the  following  experiments  was  to  determine  the  effect 
of  the  punctures,  or  the  Avithdrawing  of  sap  from  shrubs,  the  juices 
from  berries,  and  the  milk  from  ripening  grain;  and  if  possible  to  settle 
the  point  as  to  whether  or  not  these  Hemiptera,  in  thus  partaking  of 
their  food,  eject  a poisonous  saliva  into  the  wounds  which  they  neces- 
sarily produce,  and  thereby  cause  the  death  of  the  punctured  object. 

All  insects  Avere  confined  upon  these  shrubs,  fruits,  and  grains  by 
means  of  a sack  of  Swriss  muslin,  drawn  over  the  object  and  tied,  the 
stem  being  protected  from  undue  pressure  by  cotton  placed  in  the 
mouth  of  the  sack. 


Experiment  1. 

Peecilocapsus  quadrivittatus. 

May  22,  a number  of  adults  were  confined  upon  two  or  three  inches 
of  terminal  portions  of  a young  pear  shoot. 

Result. — Within  one  week  the  shoot  withered,  and  afterwards  the 
leaves  and  buds  died,  and  turned  black  as  far  down  as  the  muslin  sack 
extended,  but  beloAV  that  point  no  effect  was  noticeable.  Later,  after 
the  insects  had  also  perished,  new  leaves  were  put  forth  within  the  sack. 

Experiment  2. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

May  20,  placed  adults  on  shoots  of  Concord  grape. 

Result. — May  28,  no  effect  could  be  noticed. 

54 


Experiment  3. 


Lygus  pratensis  L. 

May  25,  confined  adults  on  young  shoots  of  Gooseberry. 

Result. — May  30,  no  effect  perceptible. 

Experiment  4. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

f 

Tried  same  experiment  as  No.  3,  leaving  adults  on  shoots  for  twenty 
days. 

Results . — Same  as  in  the  preceding.  Insects  all  dead. 

Experiment  5. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

June  25,  placed  twelve  adults  on  young  shoots  of  Pear. 

Result.— July  10,  both  the  insects  and  that  portion  of  the  shoot 
upon  which  they  were  confined  were  dead.  The  plant  withered  and 
turned  black,  as  in  Experiment  No.  2,  but  iu  this  case  died. 

Experiment  6. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

May  21,  placed  a number  of  larvae  on  a Charles  Downing  strawberry 
which  was  just  turning  to  the  white  color  which  precedes  the  final  red 
or  ripe  color. 

Result. — May  28,  berry  fully  ripe  and  uninjured.  Not  u buttoned.” 
Several  larvae  dead,  and  one  advanced  to  xiupa. 

Experiment  7. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

May  25,  placed  ten  pupae  on  nearly  full-grown  Orescent  strawberries. 

Results. — May  31,  berries  no  larger  than  when  insects  were  placed  on 
them,  but  are  withered  and  prematurely  ripe.  No  indication  of  u but- 
toning.” Some  of  pupae  dead;  others  now  grown  to  adults,  alive  and 
active. 

Experiment  8. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

May  26,  placed  larvae  on  a half-grown  Sharpless  strawberry. 

Result. — June  7,  berry  not  more  than  half  as  large  as  when  insects 
were  placed  upon  it;  withered  and  black.  Five  of  the  larvae  now  pupae 
and  still  alive. 


56 


Experiment  9. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

May  29,  placed  twelve  larvae  and  pupae  on  three  Crescent  berries, 
varying  from  less  than  one-fourth  to  about  one-third  grown. 

Result. — June  6,  all  three  berries  withered  up,  black,  and  dead.  In 
one  case  only  was  there  any  indication  that,  had  the  berry  continued  to 
grow  rapidly,  a buttoned  berry  might  have  been  formed.  A few  in- 
sects alive  and  either  in  pupal  or  adult  stage. 

Experiment  10. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

May  31,  placed  twelve  larvae  on  cluster  of  three  Crescents,  respect- 
ively one-fourth,  one-third,  and  one-half  grown. 

Result. — June  7,  cluster  killed. 

Experiment  11. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

May  31,  placed  four  larvae  on  a one-third  grown  Crescent. 

Result.— June  6,  killed  also. 

Experiment  12. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

May  31,  placed  fourteen  larvae  on  a one-third  grown  Crescent. 

Result. — June  4,  killed. 

Experiment  13. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

June  1,  placed  ten  larvae  and  pupae  on  a one-third  grown  Downing. 
Result. — June  5,  withered  and  drying  up. 

Experiment  14. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

June  1,  placed  nine  pupae  on  a rather  more  than  half-grown  Kentucky. 
Result. — June  11,  this  berry  made  some  growth  after  insects  were 
confined  upon  it,  and  exhibits  a tendency  to  “ button,”  which,  however, 
might  or  might  not  be  due  to  the  attack  of  the  bugs.  At  this  date  the 
insects  were  all  dead,  although  several  had  reached  the  adult  stage. 

Experiment  15. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

June  1,  placed  seventeen  pupae  on  a nearly  full-grown  Kentucky. 
Result. — June  5,  dried  up. 


57 

Experiment  16. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

June  1,  placed  six  pupae  on  a less  than  half-grown  Kentucky. 

Result. — June  7,  killed. 

Experiment  17. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

June  1,  placed  six  pupae  on  Kentucky  of  about  the  same  size  as  the 
preceding. 

Result. — June  7,  seriously  withered. 

Experiment  18. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

June  5,  placed  five  pupae  on  a one-fourth  grown  Jersey  Queen. 

Result. — June  21,  berry  seriously  injured  by  being  dwarfed,  and  it 
appeared  to  wither  instead  of  ripen,  although  the  plant  was  frequently 
watered.  Ko  indication  of  u buttoning.”  Insects  dead,  but  they  had 
lived  to  reach  the  adult  stage. 

Experiment  19. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

June  5,  placed  four  pupae  on  Jersey  Queen  as  near  as  possible  like 
the  one  used  in  Experiment  18. 

Result. — June  21,  berry  attained  nearly  full  growth,  not  deformed, 
except  by  a few  slight  depressions  in  surface  which  could  not  be  said 
to  indicate  buttoning.  Does  not  look  as  fresh  and  healthy  as  those 
not  under  experiment.  Bugs  dead,  but  as  adults. 

Experiment  20. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

June  5,  placed  three  pupae  on  Jersey  Queen  of  same  size  as  the  pre- 
ceding. 

Result. — June  11,  berry  smooth,  ripened  in  normal  condition,  and 
seems  uninjured.  The  insect  escaped  from  this  after  being  confined 
upon  it  for  about  one  week. 

Experiment  21. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

June  5,  four  larvae  had,  for  several  days  previous,  been  clustered 
upon  a Jersey  Queen  about  the  size  of  those  used  in  the  three  preced* 
ing  experiments.  These  bugs  are  now  confined  upon  the  berry. 


58 


Result. — J une  21,  being  ripened  in  perfect  condition,  so  far  as  form 
and  freshness  are  concerned.  Was  a very  little  smaller  than  No.  20. 
Insects  all  dead,  except  one,  which  was  in  last  larval  stage. 

Note. — During  June,  1885,  three  larvae,  to  all  appearances  of  the 
same  species  as  the  preceding,  took  up  their  abode  on  a full-grown 
Crescent  and  remained  there,  voluntarily,  until  the  latter  was  fully 
ripe,  the  young  bugs  being  observed  to  feed  upon  the  juices.  No  in- 
jury to  the  berry  was  in  any  way  apparent. 

Experiment  22. 

Calocoris  rapidus  Say. 

June  8,  confined  four  adults  on  as  many  heads  of  Fall  Wheat,  placing 
two  insects  together  upon  each  two  heads  of  grain,  and  covering  as  with 
the  berries. 

Result. — June  24,  kernels  as  plump  as  those  ripening  freely  in  the 
fields.  The  insects  died  some  time  between  the  16th  and  24th. 

Experiment  23. 

. EuscMstus  fissilis  Uhl. 

June  8,  placed  same  number  of  adults  upon  same  number  of  heads  of 
wheat  aud  in  same  manner  as  in  Experiment  22. 

Result. — June  24,  a few  kernels  badly  shrunken,  but  these  do  not 
amount  to  over  6 per  cent.  Bugs  now  dead,  but  were  alive  up  to  the 
20th. 

Experiment  24. 

Lygus  pratensis  L. 

June  8,  placed  four  adults  as  in  the  preceding  experiment. 

Result. — June  24,  kernels  do  not  differ  from  those  grown  elsewhere  in 
the  field.  One  set  of  insects  died  on  or  about  the  12th,  the  others 
between  16th  and  20th. 


Experiment  25. 

Siphonophora  avence  Fab. 

June  8,  placed  a number  of  adult  females  on  heads  of  wheat  as  in  the 
preceding.  > 

Result— June  24,  kernels  shriveled,  discolored,  and  nearly  worthless. 


NOTES  FROM  MISSOURI  FOR  THE  SEASON  OF  1886. 

By  Mary  E.  Murtfeldt,  Special  Agent . 

LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 

Kirkwood,  Mo.,  December  1,  1886. 

Sir:  I submit  herewith  the  more  important  of  my  notes  on  the  injurious  insects  of 
this  locality,  for  1886. 

MARY  E.  MURTFELDT. 

Prof.  C.  Y.  Riley, 

JJ.  S.  Entomologist. 

Climatically  the  past  season  was  characterized  by  excess  of  moisture 
during  May  and  June,  followed  by  unusual  drought  and  heat  through- 
out July  and  August.  That  these  extremes  had  a certain  effect  on  the 
development  of  insect  life  is  not  to  be  questioned,  and,  in  a general 
way,  may  be  attributed  to  them  the  unusual  numbers  of  all  sorts  of  leaf- 
feeding and  sap-sucking  species  early  in  the  season,  and  a correspond- 
ing dearth  of  Lepidoptera  and  some  families  of  Coleoptera  later  in  the 
year.  So  great  was  the  scarcity  of  nocturnal  Lepidoptera  in  August 
and  early  September  that  one  might  sit  evening  after  evening  in  a 
brightly-lighted  room  with  open  windows  and  not  a single  moth  would 
appear. 

Tentliredinid  larvae  were  especially  conspicuous  during  May  and  J une. 
These  included  not  only  such  familiar  pests  as  the  Rose,  the  Raspberry, 
and  the  Cherry  slugs,  the  Birch  and  Willow  False  caterpillars,  but  sev- 
eral species  on  Ash,  Oak,  Elder,  White-fringe,  &c.,  which  I have  not 
yet  reared  to  the  perfect  state.  A peculiar  and  interesting  species,  de- 
termined by  Professor  Riley  from  the  larvrn  as  Lyda  cerasi , appeared 
in  large  numbers,  in  July,  on  Wild  Cherry.  This  is  a gregarious  web- 
worm,  and  its  colonies  covered  quite  large  branches  with  their  brown, 
viscid  webs,  in  which  were  mingled  the  castings  and  exuviae,  forming, 
altogether  unsightly  and  disgusting  masses,  which  greatly  disfigure 
the  trees. 

Another  species  of  somewhat  unique  habit  bores  the  new  shoots  of 
Roses,  and  for  the  past  two  years  has  proved  quite  injurious,  especially 
to  Hybrids  and  Teas.  Its  effects  may  be  seen,  late  in  June  and  early 
in  July,  in  the  blackened  stems  and  withered  leaves  of  the  second 
growth,  and  the  consequent  destruction  or  prevention  of  the  midsum- 
mer blooming.  The  larva  is  one-third  of  an  inch  in  length,  when  full 
grown,  by  about  one-twelfth  inch  in  diameter,  nearly  equal  throughout, 
except  that  it  tapers  abruptly  toward  the  head.  Color  cream  white, 

59 


60 


immaculate.  Surface  finely  wrinkled  transversely,  but  without  pilifer- 
ous warts  or  pubescence.  Head  small,  round,  amber-yellow  with  dark- 
brown,  triangular  or  V-shaped  spot  on  each  side.  Anal  plate  orbicular, 
slate-gray.  Thoracic  legs  same  color  as  general  surface $ prolegs  im- 
perfectly developed.  It  bores  from  tiie  tips  of  the  shoots  downward 
for  an  inch  and  a half  or  two  inches,  devouring  everything  but  the 
cuticle  and  packing  the  frass  at  the  upper  end.  When  full  grown  it 
makes  its  exit  through  a round  hole  which  it  cuts  at  the  lower  end  of 
its  burrow,  and,  entering  the  earth,  incloses  itself  in  a tough,  silken 
cocoon,  in  which  it  remains  dormant  until  the  following  spring.  The 
single  fly  which  I have  thus  far  succeeded  in  rearing  issued  in  May,  and 
is  of  the  same  size  and  very  similar  in  appearance  to  the  common  Eose 
Slug  Hy  ( Selandria  roscc).  Professor  Eiley  says  of  it  that  ait  appears 
to  belong  to  the  genus  Ardis  of  the  SelandriidcvA 

Climbing  Cutworms  were  a prominent  feature  of  the  entomological 
developments  of  the  spring.  These  attacked  the  Oaks,  Elms,  and  other 
shade  trees,  as  well  as  Apple,  Pear,  and  Cherry  trees  and  a variety  of 
vines  and  shrubs.  Among  the  species  detected  in  their  work  of  de- 
struction were  Agrotis  saucia , A.  scandens , A.  alternata  and  Homoliadena 
badistriga.  The  grass  under  shade  and  fruit  trees  would  often  in  the 
morning  be  thickly  strewn  with  leaves  and  buds  that  had  been  severed 
during  the  night.  This  was  especially  noticeable  under  the  various 
Oaks  and  Sweet  Cherries.  On  a large,  isolated  specimen  of  the  latter, 
up  which  a Trumpet  vine  had  climbed,  I took  early  in  May  a great 
number  of  the  larvie  of  Agrotis  alternata.  These  mottled  gray  worms 
were  found  during  the  day  extended  longitudinally  on  the  trunk,  closely 
appressed  to  the  stems  of  the  Trumpet  vine,  where,  protected  by  their 
imitative  coloring,  it  would  be  impossible  for  an  unpracticed  eye  to  de- 
tect them  and  where  even  birds  failed  to  find  them.  When  ready  to 
transform  they  descended  to  the  earth  and  inclosed  themselves  in  an 
ample,  tough,  dingy-white  cocoon,  under  any  slight  protection  that 
might  be  convenient.  I also  took  this  species  from  crevices  of  oak- 
bark  and  occasionally  found  one  feeding  in  a rose. 

Canker  Worm  ( Anisopteryx  vernata , Peck). — Not  for  several  years  has 
this  pest  appeared  in  such  numbers  in  the  orchards  of  this  locality 
as  during  the  past  spring.  Nor  did  the  apple  trees  seem  to  recover 
from  the  excessive  defoliation  during  the  remainder  of  the  season.  The 
worms  were  especially  numerous  on  trees  around  which  the  soil  had 
not  been  stirred  for  a year  or  more. 

I noted  this  year  a habit  of  this  insect  that  has  not,  to  my  knowl- 
edge, been  previously  recorded,  viz,  that  the  worms,  with  great  regu- 
larity, desert  the  leaves  during  the  middle  of  the  day  and  hide  in  the 
forks  of  the  branches  and  on  the  trunk  in  crevices  and  under  loose 
scales  of  the  bark.  As  I did  not  at  once  discover  this  propensity  in 
these  larvm,  it  puzzled  me  for  some  time  to  account  for  their  scarceness 


61 


about  noon,  whereas  in  the  mornings  and  evenings  the  foliage  would 
be  crowded  with  them.  Happening  one  day,  while  standing  under  an 
apple  tree,  to  detach  a loose  scale  of  the  bark  I was  surprised  to  find 
more  than  a dozen  of  the  worms  on  the  under  side  stretched  out  side 
by  side  in  a close  cluster.  An  examination  of  the  bark  revealed  the 
fact  that  almost  every  scale  harbored  a larger  or  smaller  company  of 
the  worms.  Nor  was  there  any  evidence  of  their  having  sought  these 
retreats  merely  for  the  purpose  of  molting,  as  they  were  of  all  sizes  and 
ages,  and  besides  an  examination  a few  hours  later  disclosed  them  rap- 
idly looping  themselves  up  into  the  tree,  as  though  in  haste  to  begin 
their  nightly  banquet.  Observation  for  several  'successive  days  estab- 
lished the  fact  of  their  habitual  desertion  of  the  foliage  during  the  hot- 
test hours  of  the  day  and  of  their  return  to  it  as  evening  approached. 
As  the  infested  trees  had  not  been  smoothed  for  some  time,  and  the 
trunks  were  rather  “ shaggy,’7  advantage  was  taken  of  this  discovery  to 
have  them  cleaned  about  noonday  and  thousands  of  the  sluggish  worms 
were  thus  scraped  off  with  the  scales  of  bark  and  burned. 

The  Codling  Moth  was  more  than  usually  destructive  to  the  apple 
crop  throughout  the  West,  destroying  in  many  localities  fully  75  per 
cent,  of  the  fruit,  and  in  not  one  orchard  in  a hundred  were  any  meas- 
ures taken  to  destroy  the  pest  or  prevent  its  spread. 

The  Broad-necked  Root-borer  ( Prionus  laticollis , Drury)  proved  con- 
siderably destructive  to  young  nursery  stock  in  some  parts  of  the  State. 
In  some  sections  of  young  apple  trees  sent  me  it  was  found  to  have 
worked  up  into  the  trunk  for  a distance  of  4 or  5 inches. 

Leaf-hoppers  of  various  kinds  were  noticeably  abundant  during  mid- 
summer. Of  these,  two  species  of  Fulgorids,  Flata  conica , Say,  and 
Poeciloptera  pruinosa , Say,  attracted  much  attention  on  shrubs  and 
herbaceous  plants,  some  of  which  were  seriously  injured  by  them. 

The  former  species  I observed  chiefly  on  Osage  Orange  and  Lilac. 
The  larvae  are  scarcely  distinguishable  from  those  of  P.  pruinosa , being 
of  the  same  bug-like  form  and  greenish-white  color  and  thickly  cov- 
ered and  surrounded  by  the  white-tufted,  sweetish  secretion  peculiar  to 
the  group.  The  pupae  of  the  two  species  differ  widely,  that  of  pruinosa 
retaining  the  pale  color  and  flattened  form  of  the larvaand  continuing 
to  cover  itself  with  the  fibrous  exudation.  The  pupae  of  F.  conica , on  the 
contrary,  assume  an  angular,  humped,  somewhat  beech-nut-like  form,  a 
grayish-brown  color,  and  a more  horny  texture,  while  the  white  secretion 
is  limited  to  two  feathery  tufts  at  the  tail.  The  perfect  insect  of  this 
species  is  a deep  yellow-green,  and  with  its  broad  moth  like  wings  and 
crimson  eyes  it  is  a beautiful  object.  It  is  always  gregarious,  but  es- 
pecially so  in  its  perfect  state,  and  I have  often  seen  shoots  of  the 
Osage  Orauge  crowded  with  this  insect  ranged  in  close  ranks  for  a dis- 
tance of  18  inches  or  2 feet  and  presenting  a most  unique  and  not  unat- 
tractive appearance.  Th q pruinosa  species  is  somewhat  smaller  and  is 


62 


also  pretty  in  its  powdery  suit  of  pearl-gray  and  white.  It  attacks 
almost  all  kinds  of  vegetation  ; but  was  found  last  summer  to  be  espe- 
cially destructive  to  the  foliage  and  stalks  of  the  Dahlia  in  oue  garden 
in  Kirkwood,  injuring  the  plants  beyond  recovery.  As  it  inhabits  the 
under  side  of  the  leaves,  for  the  most  part,  and  its  punctures  cause 
these  to  curl  somewhat,  it  is  difficult  to  reach  it  with  insecticides,  but 
applications  of  air-slacked  lime  and  spraying  with  an  infusion  of  Pyre- 
thrum  will  kill  or  dislodge  it. 

Halticus  pallieornis  is  becoming  every  year  more  of  a pest  in  this  lo- 
cality on  Clover  and  many  kinds  of  garden  plants.  Its  punctures  cause 
the  leaves  to  turn  yellow  and  present  an  appearance  similar  to  those 
infested  by  Red  Spider. 

The  Flea-like  Kegro-bug  (Corimelcena  pulicaria)  also  this  year  attacked 
Composite  and  Hollyhocks  with  great  virulence. 

Acoloithus  falsarius — a congener  of  the  well  known  Procris  ameri- 
cana— appeared  on  all  varieties  of  the  Grape  in  July  in  such  numbers 
as  to  merit  some  attention  from  the  economic  entomologist.  The  larvae 
are  not  found  in  companies  feeding  in  regular  ranks,  as  is  the  habit 
of  P.  americana , although  several  are  often  seen  on  the  same  leaf. 
This  species  feeds  exclusively  on  the  upper  surface,  gnawing  off*  the 
parenchyma  in  irregular  patches.  The  handsome  little  larva,  when  full 
grown,  is  about  three  eighths  of  an  inch  in  length  by  rather  more  than 
one-eighth  inch  in  diameter.  The  form  is  depressed,  almost  rectan- 
gular. The  surface  is  velvety  and  prettily  checkered  in  dull  orange  or 
fulvous,  yellow,  and  two  or  three  shades  of  purple.  Medio-.dorsal  lino 
fine,  interrupted,  dark  purple,  on  each  side  of  which  is  a broad  stripe 
of  orange  outlined  in  pale  yellow,  the  dark  color  being  most  intense  in 
the  center  of  each  square,  where,  under  the  lens,  is  situated  a little 
tuft  of  silky  hairs.  The  lateral  stripe  is  similar,  but  contains  a larger 
proportion  of  purple.  A purple  band  extends  transversely  across  the 
fourth  and  ninth  segments.  The  depth  of  this  coloring  is  quite  variable, 
some  larvse  being  very  much  paler  and  less  distinctly  variegated  than 
others.  The  under  surface  and  legs  are  translucent,  velvety,  white, 
with  a tinge  of  green.  Head  very  small,  brown  and  retracted  under 
the  projecting  edge  of  first  segment.  It  incloses  itself  when  ready  to 
change  in  a fold  of  a leaf  or  between  two  leaves  in  a flat  flesh -tinted 
silken  cocoon  covered  externally  with  lime-like  granulations.  The  moth 
escapes  in  about  two  weeks  and  is  dull  black  with  orauge  collar  like  P. 
americana , but  it  is  considerably  smaller  than  the  latter.  A slight  dust- 
ing with  Pyrethrum  powder  caused  the  larvse  to  drop  from  the  leaves, 
and  this  will  probably  prove  one  of  the  best  remedies  where  this  insect 
has  become  unduly  abundant. 

The  Saddle-back  Caterpillar  ( Empretia  stimulea)  is  known  to  feed  on  a 
variety  of  trees  and  other  plants,  but  I have  seen  no  record  of  its  oc- 
currence on  Soft  Maple. 


Late  in  August  of  the  present  year  I found  quite  a colony,  probably 
ten  or  twelve,  on  a single  leaf  of  the  above-mentioned  tree.  They  had 
but  recently  hatched,  but  tiny  as  they  were — not  more  than  an  eighth 
of  an  inch  in  leugth — they  had  all  the  tubercles  and  other  character- 
istics of  the  mature  larva,  except  that  the  saddle-cloth-like  spot  was 
deep  yellow  instead  of  green  and  the  central  dorsal  spot  pinkish-gray. 
They  had  perforated  the  leaf  with  small  irregular  holes.  Not  thinking 
that  they  would  readily  loosen  their  hold  on  the  leaf,  I carried  it  care- 
lessly in  my  hand,  and  when  I reached  the  house  was  much  disappointed 
to  find  that  but  two  larvae  remained  on  it.  As  these  thrived  and  per- 
fected their  development  to  the  point  of  inclosing  themselves  in  cocoons, 
i-t  is  evident  that  Maple  maybe  included  in  the  list  of  their  food-plants. 

The  Cottony  Maple  Scale  (Pulvinaria  innumerabilis).  This  insect  has 
not  been  troublesome  in  this  part  of  Missouri  since  1884 ; but  in  and 
around  Eockford,  111.,  I learned  that  it  had  been  so  abundant  on  the 
Soft  Maples  for  three  successive  seasons  as  to  kill  many  young  trees 
outiight  and  greatly  injure  the  older  ones.  I was  told  that  the  side- 
walks shaded  by  these  trees  became  so  defiled  and  slippery  from  the 
exudations  of  the  scale  insect  that  it  was  difficult  and  unpleasant  to 
walk  on  them.  The  citizens  had  consequently  conceived  a prejudice 
against  the  Soft  Maple,  and  many  were  being  cut  down  or  dug  up  and 
replaced  by  other  trees. 

A new  Leaf-bug  on  Maple  ( Lygus  monaclius  Uhler,  n.  sp.).# — This  bdg 
came  under  my  notice  for  the  first  time  late  in  the  spring  of  1882  in- 
festing the  growing  points  of  young  Soft  Maples  ( Acer  (Uisyearpum). 
Most  of  the  insects  were  at  that  time  mature,  but  two  or  three  pupae 
were  found,  enough  to  indicate  that  the  leaves  of  the  maple  had  been 
their  breeding  place.  A lew  specimens  were  taken,  but,  as  the  insect 
was  not  present  in  sufficient  numbers  to  give  it  importance  as  an  injuri- 
ous species,  not  much  attention  was  paid  to  it.  During  several  succeed- 
ing springs  1 occasionally  came  across  a mature  specimen — which,  from 
its  exceeding  agility,  both  in  running  and  flying,  generally  evaded  capt- 

* Mr.  Uhler  has  given  us  the  following  description  of  this  new  Lygaeid  : 

Lygus  monachus  n.  sp. — Long-oval,  pale  green  or  testaceous,  coarsely  punctate 
above,  sericeous  pubescent.  Face  convex,  highly  polished,  bald;  base  of  vertex  with 
a longitudinal  impressed  line,  towards  which  a similar  line  runs  obliquely  each  side 
from  the  inner  corner  of  the  eyes;  antenme  sparsely  and  minutely  pubescent,  basal 
joint  thickest,  a little  longer  than  the  head,  tapering  at  base,  second  joint  thrice  as 
long  as  the  basal,  infuscated  and  a little  enlarged  towards  the  tip,  third  and  fourth 
setaceous,  together  not  as  long  as  the  second.  Pronotum  highly  polished,  convex, 
coarsely  punctate  in  transverse  wavy  lines,  each  side  with  a dark  brown  vitta,  or 
long  spot;  lateral  margin  smooth,  callous  at  base,  the  humeral  angles  subacute,  cal- 
losities prominent,  convex,  almost  confluent  on  the  middle  ; lateral  flap  of  pronotum 
irregularly  punctate.  Pectoral  pieces  pale,  impunctate.  Legs  pale  green,  feebly 
pubescent;  apex  of  posterior  femur  usually  with  one  or  two  fuscous  bands,  tip  of 
tarsi  and  the  nails  black.  Scutcllum  moderately  convex,  excavated  at  base,  trans- 
versely obsolete-punctate,  more  or  less  infuscated.  Corium  coarsely,  transversely 
rostrate-punctate,  the  cl  avers  more  or  less  infuscated,  sometimes  'frith  all  but  the 


64 


tire— but  it  was  not  until  the  present  season  that  the  maples  were  in- 
fested to  such  an  extent  as  to  injure  and  disfigure  them. 

Just  as  the  leaves  were  beginning  to  put  forth,  close  observation  re- 
vealed the  fact  that  they  were  all  more  or  less  stippled  with  transparent 
spots,  some  mere  dots,  others  a tenth  of  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter. 
As  the  leaves  expanded  the  delicate  cuticle  of  the  upper  surface  would 
give  way  and  they  presented  the  appearance  of  being  perforated  with 
holes  and  much  torn  and  tattered  along  the  margin,  marring  their 
beauty  for  the  entire  season.  If,  about  the  1st  of  May,  the  leaves  were 
carefully  examined,  there  would  be  found  on  the  under  surface  of  each 
from  two  or  three  to  a dozen  or  more  very  delicate  bugs  of  a very  pale 
translucent  green  color,  the  embryo  wing-pads  being  almost  white. 
They  were  further  characterized  by  very  long  and  slender  legs,  beak 
and  antennae,  body  flat  and  broad  oval  in  outline  ; head  small,  eyes  rel- 
atively large,  oblong  and  bright  red-brown  in  color.  The  larvae  varied 
in  size  from  one-twentietli  to  one-eighth  inch  in  length,  and  so  far  as  I 
could  discover  there  were  but  two  larval  molts.  Scattered  about  over 
the  leaves  were  small,  round,  translucent  green  eggs  rather  larger  than 
a Portulaca  seed.  The  pupal  form  was  precisely  like  the  larval,  except 
in  point  of  size  and  relative  development  of  the  wing-pads.  When  the 
under  side  of  a leaf  was  turned  up  for  examination  the  bags,  large  and 
small,  would  dart,  on  their  hair  like  legs,  to  the  reversed  surface,  mov- 
ing with  the  greatest  rapidity  and  sometimes  dropping  to  the  ground 
in  their  evident  desire  to  escape  observation.  The  final  transformation 
occurred  about  the  middle  of  May,  after  which  the  companies  dispersed. 
The  species  is  a pretty  one,  although,  from  the  glassy  texture  of  the  en- 
tire hemelytra  and  the  general  delicacy  of  coloring,  it  always  has  a 
somewhat  immature  appearance. 

This  bug  happily  lacks  the  disagreeable  odor  so  common  to  the  species 
of  this  suborder  and  which  pertains  even  to  most  of  its  closest  allies. 

Absence  from  Kirkwood  after  the  middle  of  May  somewhat  inter- 
rupted my  observations  on  this  insect.  On  my  return,  early  in  June, 

margins  covered  with  dark  brown ; corium  usually  with  a transverse,  dark-brown 
arc  next  the  posterior  border;  cuueus  long  and  wide,  the  incised  base  fuscous,  and  the 
inner  margin  brown  ; membrane  pale  testaceous,  with  two  or  more  dark  clouded  spots , 
the  inner  submargiu  of  the  principal  areole,  a spot  at  its  tip  aud  the  base  next  the 
cuneus  all  more  or  less  fuscous.  Venter  pale  greenish. 

Length  of  body,  female,  5,nm;  to  tip  of  wing  covers,  7mm;  width  of  prouotum,  2mm. 

Male,  length  of  body,  4mm ; to  tip  of  wing  covers,  5|mm  ; width  of  pronotum,  lfmm. 

This  has  proved  to  be  a very  common  insect  in  various  localities. 

Mr.  Cassiuo  collected  numerous  specimens  around  Peabody,  Mass.  Mr.  Bolter  sent 
to  me  a pair  from  Illinois  and  Missouri ; and  I have  taken  it  from  Alders,  Maples,  and 
many  other  kinds  of  small  trees  and  shrubs  on  Cape  Ann,  Mass.,  also  near  the  base  of 
the  White  Mountains,  and  in  New  Hampshire,  and  near  Quebec,  Canada. 

Mr.  Forbes  has  also  forwarded  to  me  specimens  from  near  Normal,  111. 

It  resembles  Lyrjus  invitus  Say,  and  presents  several  of  the  color  varieties  common  to 
that  species;  but  it  is  a much  larger  insect, of  a longer  figure,  and  has  a more  flattened 
upper  surface. — P.  R.  Uhler. 


65 


only  a few  of  the  mature  bugs  remained  among  the  curled  and  torn 
leaves  on  which  they  had  developed.  Occasionally  throughout  the  sum  - 
mer  a specimen  would  be  met  with,  as  often  on  the  foliage  of  any  other 
tree  as  on  maple,  but  there  was  no  second  brood.  This  species,  unlike 
Capsus  oblineatus , is  never  to  my  knowledge  found  on  flowers.  It  prob- 
ably secretes  itself  early  in  the  season  and  becomes  dormant  until  the 
following  spring. 

The  only  remedial  applications  experimented  with  were  Pyrethrum 
powder  and  air-slacked  lime,  both  of  which  were  measurably  effective, 
judging  by  the  small  scale  on  which  they  were  tried. 

17528— No.  13  —5 


APICULTURAL  EXPERIMENTS. 

By  Nelson  W.  McLain,  Special  Agent. 

INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 

The  following  article  is  extracted  from  Mr.  McLain’s  annual  report  for  1886,  tho 
major  part  of  which  is  published  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Department  for  that 
year. 

C.  Y.  R. 

PREPARING  BEES  FOR  WINTER. 

Bees  instinctively  begin  to  make  preparations  for  winter  somewhat 
earlier  in  the  season  than  is  commonly  supposed.  In  preparing  for 
winter,  as  in  all  other  matters  relating  to  bee-keeping,  the  apiarist  should 
see  to  it  that  the  method  of  management  is  as  nearly  as  possible  in 
agreement  with  the  instinct  and  habits  of  the  bee.  When  bees  build 
their  combs  after  their  own  design,  as  in  box  hives,  spaces  are  left  be- 
tween wide  enough  to  admit  of  elongating  the  cells  in  order  that  a large 
share  of  the  winter  stores  may  be  placed  in  the  top  of  the  hive,  easily 
accessible  in  the  severest  weather.  I find  it  good  practice  to  widen  the 
spaces  between  the  comb-frames  near  the  close  of  the  honey-gathering 
season,  in  order  that  the  bees  may,  by  elongating  the  cells,  place  a large 
share  of  the  winter  store  above  the  cluster. 

As  soon  as  the  storing  of  surplus  honey  is  done  the  condition  of  every 
colony  should  be  examined,  the  amount  and  character  of  the  winter 
food  ascertained,  the  number  of  comb-frames,  and  the  size  of  the  apart- 
ment should  be  determined  by  and  adapted  to  the  wants  of  each  colony. 
After  the  supply  of  winter  stores  has  been  equalized  among  all  the  colo- 
nies, if  the  supply  is  insufficient,  feeding  should  be  done  before  the 
advent  of  cold  nights. 

Bees  expected  to  perform  the  function  of  hibernation  should  not  be 
too  old  nor  yet  too  young.  Both  queen  and  worker  bees  should  be  in 
full  physical  vigor.  The  bees  constituting  the  colony,  when  placed  in 
winter  quarters,  should  be  such  as  are  hatched  after  the  midsummer 
working  season  is  past,  and  before  the  bees  cease  flying  freely  in  the 
fall. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  working  season  the  workers  instinctively 
cease  stimulating  the  queen  for  oviproduction  ; gradually"  the  bees  cease 
flying,  and  the  cluster  is  formed  for  winter.  After  the  cluster  is  formed 
the  colony  should  remain  undisturbed.  If  the  bees  are  to  be  packed  on 
the  summer  stand  the  work  should  be  done  with  care,  and  without  dis- 
66 


67 


turbing  the  bees,  and  before  the  temperature  at  night  reaches  the  freez- 
ing point.  If  the  bees  are  to  be  placed  in  a damp  or  in  cellar  or  winter 
repository,  great  care  should  be  taken  not  to  disturb  the  cluster  when 
the  hives  are  removed  from  the  summer  stand.  I have  found  woolen 
quilts  or  woolen  blankets  the  best  covering  for  winter.  Wool,  better 
than  any  other  material  which  1 have  tried,  prevents  the  radiation  of 
heat,  and  permits  the  escape  of  moisture,  thus  securing  warmth  and  dry- 
ness. Hives  should  be  placed  18  inches  above  the  bottom  of  the  cellar 
or  winter  repository,  and  in  tiering  them  up  one  above  another  it  is 
better  that  they  rest  on  a rack  prepared  for  the  hive  rather  than  one 
upon  another. 

My  report  for  1885  covers  the  period  from  June  1 to  November  25, 
when  the  severity  of  the  weather  forbade  further  out-of-door  experi- 
ments. As  nearly  all  the  colonies  in  the  apiary  had  been  subjected  to 
very  frequent,  almost  daily,  disturbance  and  annoyance  incidental  to 
the  experimental  purposes  for  which  they  had  been  used,  they  were, 
almost  without  exception,  in  very  poor  condition  for  passing  into  winter 
quarters.  November  25  I packed  twenty  colonies  for  out-door  winter- 
ing. Notwithstanding  the  lateness  of  the  season,  and  the  altogether 
unsatisfactory  condition  of  the  bees  when  packed,  eighteen  of  the  colo- 
nies wintered  fairly  well.  These  twenty  colonies  were  provided  with 
dry  sawdust  packing  8 inches  thick  on  the  sides,  and  covered  with  a 
quilt  and  dry  forest  leaves  to  the  depth  of  8 inches  on  top  of  the  frames. 
A rim  2 inches  wide  is  placed  under  the  body  box  of  the  hive,  making 
a 2-inch  space  under  the  bottom  bar  of  the  comb-frames.  A covered 
tunnel  leads  from  the  hive  entrance  through  the  packing.  This  pack- 
ing is  left  on  the  hive  until  warm  weather  is  assured,  thus  guarding 
against  danger  from  chilling  of  the  brood  when  building  up  the  colo- 
nies rapidly  in  early  spring.  The  hive  should  incline  from  b ack  to  front 
permitting  the  moisture  to  flow  out  at  the  entrance. 

I placed  ten  colonies  in  the  cellar  from  which  the  hive  covers  were 
removed  and  the  frames  covered  with  woolen  and  cotton  quilts.  These 
were  used  for  observation  and  experiment  during  the  winter.  Eight  of 
the  ten  came  through  the  winter  alive,  but  being  subjected  to  a wider 
range  of  temperature,  and  being  very  frequently  annoyed  and  disturbed, 
their  vitality  was  very  low,  and  the  old  bees,  of  which  most  of  these 
colonies  were  composed  fell  easy  victims  to  spring  dwindling. 

HIBERNATION. 

For  the  purpose  of  determining  the  degree  of  temperature  in  a dry 
cellar  necessary  to  secure  the  minimum  of  functional  activity  within  the 
hive  during  the  period  of  hibernation,  I framed  comb-frames  across  each 
other  at  right  angles,  and  into  these  frames  I fitted  and  fastened  combs 
filled  with  choice  sealed  honey.  These  were  suspended  in  hives  having 
glass  sides^and  top,  exposing  the  cluster  to  view  from  all  sides  and  from 
the  top.  Removable  wooden  doors  covered  the  glass. 


68 


My  observations  covered  a period  of  ninety  days  from  December  1, 
1885,  and  included  a range  of  temperature  from  zero  to  65°  F.  The 
hives  were  placed  in  a dark  apartment,  and  an  oil  stove  with  a radiator 
was  used  for  heating.  Different  degrees  of  temperature  were  maintained 
for  several  consecutive  hours,  and,  as  occasion  required,  for  consecutive 
days,  and  careful  observations  were  taken. 

At  a range  of  temperature  from  48°  to  52°  F.,  according  to  the  humid- 
ity of  the  atmosphere  in  the  cellar,  bees,  according  to  a rule  of  nature, 
enter  into  the  hibernating  state.  After  repeated  trials  over  a wide 
range  of  temperature,  at  41°  F.  I found  the  shape  of  the  cluster  most 
permanent.  While  that  degree  of  temperature  was  maintained,  little 
change  in  the  shape  or  location  of  the  clusters  could  be  seen,  and  func- 
tional activity  on  the  part  of  individual  bees,  and  of  the  whole  colony 
as  well,  seemed  to  have  reached  the  minimum  degree  of  manifestation, 
even  respiration  seemed  to  be  suspended.  The  change  in  the  form  of 
the  cluster  was  determined  by  outline  drawings  on  paper.  The  colonies 
presented  substantially  the  same  outline  for  days  together  when  a uni- 
form temperature  of  4L°  was  maintained.  I placed  some  colonies  in  a 
darkened  building  late  in  the  fall  of  the  year,  and  when  the  temperature 
was  40°  F.  natural  heat  on  a dry  day  above  ground,  the  same  phenom- 
ena were  observed. 

The  temperature  of  the  cellar  was  lowered  by  admitting  the  air  through 
an  outer  room,  so  that  no  perceptible  currents  entered  the  apartment 
where  the  bees  were  kept.  The  degree  of  unrest  and  activity  increased 
in  proportion  as  the  temperature  neared  the  aero  point.  Thirty-seven 
degrees  F.  in  a very  dry  cellar  is  a danger  point,  the  danger  increasing 
in  proportion  as  the  temperature  is  lowered  or  the  humidity  of  the  at- 
mosphere is  increased. 

The  degree  of  activity  shown  by  bees  when  the  temperature  in  the 
repository  or  cellar  is  44°  F.  is  not  much  greater  than  at  41°,  all  other 
conditions  being  the  same. 

At  intervals  of  about  one  week  the  bees  arouse  to  activity,  the  form 
of  the  cluster  changes,  and  after  three  or  four  hours  of  cheerful  and 
contented  humming,  having  in  the  mean  time  appeased  their  hunger,  the 
cluster  is  reformed  into  a compact  body,  the  humming  ceases,  respira- 
tion becomes  slow,  profound  silence  reigns  in  the  hive  until  change  of 
temperature  or  the  demands  of  hunger  rouse  the  bees  from  the  coma 
in  which  they  have  been  bound.  The  more  perfect  the  conditions  for 
hibernation  the  longer  the  periods  of  inactivity. 

As  the  activity  of  bees  is  not  much  greater  when  the  temperature 
in  the  cellar  or  repository  is  steadily  maintained  at  44  degrees  than  it 
is  at  41  degrees,  and  as  41  degrees  is  too  near  the  danger  point,  I find 
it  safer  to  keep  the  temperature  in  dry  winter  repositories,  whether 
above  or  below  ground,  at  44°  F.,  and  I find  it  better  that  the  variation 
from  the  standard  degree  of  41°  F.  should  be  in  proportion  of  2 degrees 
above  rather  than  1 degree  below.  If  the  repository  be  damp  a degree 


69 


of  temperature  liigher  iu  proportion  to  the  dampness  should  be  main- 
tained. The  hive  should  incline  from  back  to  front,  and  the  entrance 
should  be  lelt  wide  opeu. 

It  has  been  the  practice  of  many  to  raise  the  temperature  in  winter 
repositories  in  order  to  stimulate  breeding  toward  the  close  of  the  hi- 
bernating period.  I have  tried  this,  and  in  my  experience  I find  it  better 
to  maintain  as  nearly  as  possible  an  even  temperature  until  the  bees 
may  be  safely  placed  on  the  summer  stands.  What  is  gained  in  early 
breeding  is  more  than  lost  in  the  waste  of  vitality  on  the  part  of  the 
older  bees.  In  the  case  of  bees  wintered  on  the  summer  stands  or  in  a 
clamp,  the  packing  of  dry  forest  leaves,  chaff,  or  sawdust  placed  above 
the  quilt  should  be  closely  packed  about  the  edges,  and  should  be  from 
7 to  12  inches  in  thickness.  Indeed  it  would  be  difficult  to  get  the 
packing  above  the  cluster  too  deep,  provided  the  ventilation  above  the 
packing  is  sufficient  to  carry  off  moisture. 

SPRING  DWINDLING. 

For  preventing  spring  dwindling,  and  building  up  colonies  to  maxi- 
mum strength  and  efficiency  at  the  beginning  of  the  working  season — 
for  success  in  honey-producing  largely  depends  on  having  strong  colo- 
nies ready  for  work  at  the  very  time  when  efficient  work  may  be  done — 
I prepared  a bee-food  containing  the  elements  essential  in  brood-rear- 
ing. This  food  is  prepared  after  the  following  formula: 

To  10  pounds  of  sugar  I add  half  a pint  of  dairy  salt,  2 tablespoonfuls 
bicarbonate  of  soda,  2 tablespoonfuls  rye  flour,  2 tablespoonfuls  finely 
powdered  bone  ash,  and  1 tablespoonful  cream  tartar.  Mix  thoroughly, 
then  add  2 quarts  hot  water,  and  stir  until  thoroughly  dissolved,  and 
let  the  mixture  boil,  but  only  2 or  3 minutes.  I feed  this  food  in  the 
hive  as  honey  or  sirup  is  usually  fed,  thereby  keeping  all  the  bees  at 
home  to  aid  in  keeping  up  the  temperature  in  the  hive,  thus  reserving 
their  vitality  for  performing  the  functions  of  brood-rearing,  instead  of 
speedily  wearing  out  their  remaining  strength  in  roaming  the  fields  in 
search  of  the  elements  essential  to  larval  growth. 

The  bone  ash  is  prepared  by  burning  dry  bones  to  a white  ash,  which 
I pulverize  and  sift  through  a sieve  made  from  fine  wire  strainer  cloth. 
As  this  food  is  not  intended  for  use  until  after  the  bees  have  had  a good 
flight  in  the  spring,  almost  any  grade  of  sugar  or  dark  low-grade  honey 
may  be  supplied  for  brood-rearing. 

The  rapidity  with  which  a colony  consisting  of  a mere  handful  of  bees 
may  be  built  up  to  full  strength  and  working  efficiency  by  using  this 
preparation  is  surprising.  Only  as  much  as  is  needed  for  immediate 
consumption  should  be  frequently  supplied,  and  it  should  be  fed  only 
to  prevent  spring  dwindling,  or  when  it  is  desirable  to  quickly  increase 
the  numerical  strength  of  the  colony  in  anticipation  of  a honey  harvest? 
or  to  recruit  the  vigor  and  strength  of  the  colony  by  rearing  young  bees 
after  the  working  season,  and  prior  to  going  into  winter  quarters. 


70 


BEES  YS.  FRUIT. 

I have,  according  to  your  instructions,  repeated  my  experiments  of 
last  year  for  testing  the  capacity  of  bees,  under  exceptional  circum- 
stances, to  injure  fruit ; adding  such  other  tests  and  observations  as 
the  very  severe  and  protracted  drought  permitted.  The  house  used  last 
season,  10  feet  by  16  feet  in  size,  having  sides  partly  covered  with  wire 
cloth  and  large  screen  doors  in  each  end,  was  used  again  this  year. 
Two  colonies  of  Italian  bees,  two  of  hybrids,  one,  of  Caucasians,  and 
two  of  Syrians  were  confined  in  this  house. 

These  colonies  were  without  food  in  their  hives  and  at  intervals  of 
three  or  four  days  were  fed  a little  sirup  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  up 
their  vigor  and  to  prevent  dying  from  starvation.  A wood-stove  was 
placed  in  the  house  and  a high  temperature  was  maintained  for  a num- 
ber of  hours  each  day. 

The  conditions  incident  to  an  unusually  severe  and  protracted  drought 
were  present  within  and  without.  The  bees  were  repeatedly  brought  to 
the  stages  of  hunger,  thirst,  and  starvation,  the  test  continuing  for  40 
days. 

Through  the  favor  of  Mr.  T.  T.  Lyon,  president  of  the  Michigan  State 
Horticultural  Society,  I obtained  thirteen  varieties  of  choice  grapes 
from  A.  G.  Gulley,  of  South  Haven.  Every  inducement  and  oppor- 
tunity was  afforded  the  bees  to  appease  their  hunger  and  thirst  by 
attacking  the  fruit  which  was  placed  before  them.  Some  of  the  bunches 
of  grapes  were  dipped  in  sirup  and  hung  in  the  hives  between  the 
the  combs,  some  placed  before  the  hives  on  plates,  and  grapes  were 
suspended  in  clusters  from  the  posts  and  rafters.  The  bees  lapped  and 
sucked  all  the  sirup  from  the  skins,  leaving  the  berries  smooth. 

They  daily  visited  the  grapes  in  great  numbers  and  took  advantage  of 
every  crack  in  the  epidermis  or  opening  at  the  stem,  appropriating  to 
their  use  every  drop  of  juice  exuding  therefrom,  but  they  made  no  at- 
tempt to  grasp  the  cuticle  with  their  mandibles  or  claws.  I removed  the 
epidermis  carefully  from  dozens  of  grapes  of  various  kinds  and  placed 
them  on  plates  before  the  hives.  The  bees  lapped  up  all  the  juice  on  the 
outside  of  the  film  surrounding  the  segments  of  the  grape,  leaving  this 
delicate  film  dry  and  shining,  but  through  and  beyond  this  film  they 
were  not  able  to  penetrate.  I punctured  the  skins  of  grapes  of  all 
kinds  by  passing  needles  of  various  sizes  through  the  grape  and  placed 
these  before  the  bees.  The  needles  used  were  in  size  from  a fine  cam- 
bric needle  to  a packing  needle.  The  amount  of  juice  appropriated 
was  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  opening  in  the  skins  and  the  num- 
ber of  segments  of  the  grape  broken.  The  same  was  true  in  the  case 
of  grapes  burst  from  over-ripeness.  Bees  are  not  only  unable  to  pene- 
trate the  epidermis  of  the  grape,  but  they  also  appear  to  be  unable, 
even  when  impelled  by  the  direst  necessity,  to  penetrate  the  film  sur- 


71 


rounding  the  berry  even  after  the  epidermis  is  removed.  Grapes  so 
prepared  without  exception  laid  before  the  hives  until  dried  up.  If 
but  one  segment  of  a grape  be  broken  by  violence  or  by  over-ripeness, 
the  bees  are  unable  to  reach  the  juice  beyond  the  film  separating  the 
broken  from  the  unbroken  segments  until  further  violence  or  decay 
permits  an  entrance  for  the  tongue.  Clusters  of  sound  grapes  which  I 
hung  between  the  comb  frames  in  hives  occupied  by  strong  colonies 
wrere  unbroken  and  sound  after  fifteen  days7  exposure  in  the  hives. 
The  skins  were  polished  smooth,  but  none  were  broken.  I also  stopped 
up  the  entrance  to  several  hives — containing  good-sized  colonies — in 
the  apiary  and  in  the  wire-covered  house,  by  pushing  sound  grapes  into 
the  opening,  so  close  together  that  the  bees  could  not  pass  through. 
By  this  means  the  bees  were  confined  to  the  hives  for  days  in  succes- 
sion, not  being  able  to  break  down  and  remove  the  grapes,  and 
although  the  skins  of  the  grapes  next  the  inside  of  the  hive  were  pol- 
ished smooth  none  were  broken  or  injured. 

The  past  season  furnished  an  excellent  opportunity  to  observe  the 
capacity  of  bees,  under  so  exceptional  circumstances,  to  injure  fruit,  for 
the  drought  was  very  exceptional  both  induration  and  severity,  and  I 
was  called  to  several  places  by  fruit-growers  to  witness  the  proof  that 
bees  were  u tearing  open  the  skins  of  the  grapes 77  and  otherwise  behav- 
ing in  a manner  altogether  unworthy  of  an  insect  enjoying  a wide  rep- 
utation for  virtue  and  orderly  living.  In  each  instance  I succeeded  in 
convincing  the  fruit-grower  that  the  bees  were  simply  performing  the 
office  of  gleaners;  that  violence  from  other  sources,  or  over-ripeness 
and  decay  had  preceded  the  bees,  and  that  he  would  be  acting  the  part 
of  wisdom  in  following  the  example  of  the  bees  in  gathering  the  grapes 
before  further  violence,  or  the  action  of  the  elements,  rendered  them 
worthless. 

After  grapes  have  been  subjected  to  such  violence,  or  have  so  far 
burst  open  and  decayed  as  to  make  it  possible  for  bees  to  injure  them, 
and  the  circumstances  are  so  exceptional  as  to  lead  the  bees  to  seek 
such  food,  unless  they  are  speedly  gathered  they  would  soon  become 
worthless  if  unmolested.  During  the  past  season  I made  many  visits 
to  vineyards,  one  located  near  the  apiary  I visited  every  day,  and  my 
observations  and  experience  with  bees  in  confinement  and  those  having 
free  access  to  the  vineyards  furnishes  abundant  proof  to  convince  me 
that  bees  do  not  and  cannot  under  any  circumstances  injure  sound  fruit* 
If  from  any  cause  the  pulp  is  exposed,  such  as  the  attack  of  birds  or 
wasps — the  most  common  source  of  injury — or  from  the  ovipositing  of 
insects,  or  bursting  of  the  berry  from  over-ripeness,  and  if  no  other  re- 
sources are  available,  the  bees  appropriate  and  carry  away  the  juice, 
and  the  extent  of  the  injury  depends  upon  the  degree  to  which  the  pulp 
is  exposed,  the  sweetness  of  the  juice,  and  the  number  and  necessities 
of  the  bees. 


72 


BEE  FORAGE. 

If  excellence  in  the  bee  is  the  chief  factor  in  successful  honey  produc- 
ing, next  in  logical  order  is  abundant,  persistent,  and  cheap  bee-pastur- 
age. Abundant  pasturage  is  the  amount  necessary  to  satisfy  the  re- 
quirements of  the  number  of  colonies  kept  within  a given  area.  Persist- 
ent pasturage  is  that  which  contemplates  a variety  of  perennial  honey 
bearing  flora  of  hardy  constitution  and  rugged  habits  whose  terms  of 
blooming  follow  each  other  in  succession  continuously  from  early  spring 
to  late  fall,  thus  lengthening  out  the  season  in  which  bees  may  gather 
surplus  honey.  Cheap  bee-pasturage  may  be  such  as  is  furnished  from 
natural  sources  produced  in  forests  or  by  self-propagating  plants  grow- 
ing in  waste  places  or  upon  lands  of  little  value  and  requiring  little  or 
no  labor.  Or  cheap  bee-pasturage  may  be  secured  by  cultivating  fruits 
and  field  crops,  the  blossoms  of  which  are  valuable  for  honey  bearing. 

As  the  forests  of  the  country  disappear  and  the  waste  lands  are  being 
reclaimed-,  as  the  necessity  for  other  honey-producing  resources  is  felt,  as 
the  industry  assumes  more  importance  and  as  the  influence  of  competi- 
tion is  more  sharply  felt,  great  interest  is  shown  in  the  subject  of  bee- 
pasturage.  The  number  of  days  in  each  year  in  which  bees  can  gather 
and  store  surplus  honey  will  not  average,  except  in  exceptionally  fa- 
vored localities,  above  thirty  or  thirty-five  days;  the  remaining  time  and 
energies  of  the  bees  being  employed  in  gathering  sufficient  for  the  sus- 
tenance of  the  colony,  and  enforced  idleness  or  non-productiveness.  En- 
forced idleness,  and  the  consequent  waste  of  time,  stores,  and  energies 
sometimes  result  from  a failure  of  the  flowers  to  secrete  nectar,  even 
though  honey-bearing  flowers  are  blooming  in  abundance,  but  usually 
the  reason  why  the  time  is  so  short  in  which  bees  are  able  to  store  sur- 
plus honey  is  the  lack  of  abundant  pasturage.  1 have  not  had  the  time 
or  the  means  to  devote  to  bee-forage  that  the  importance  of  the  subject 
demands,  but  I have  made  a beginning  in  this  department  of  experi- 
mental work  which  I hope  to  continue.  Among  all  the  trees  and  shrubs 
which  are  cultivated  generally  throughout  the  United  States  by  fruit- 
growers, the  raspberry  is  commonly  conceded  to  possess  more  value  to 
bee-keepers  than  any  other.  A quarter  of  a mile  from  this  station  a 
market  gardener  has  4 acres  of  raspberries.  These  bushes  continued 
to  bloom  for  ten  days,  and  during  that  time,  with  the  exception  of  two  or 
three  rainy  days,  a continuous  procession  of  bees  could  be  observed  go- 
ing and  returning  to  and  from  the  apiary,  and  a fine  showing  of  honey 
was  made  in  the  hives  and  the  honey  was  of  superior  quality. 

On  account  of  the  superior  quality  of  its  nectar,  the  ease  with  which 
the  plant  is  propagated,  its  adaptation  to  all  kinds  of  soil  and  its  value 
as  a forage  plant  for  grazing,  white  clover  has,  until  of  late  years,  stood 
without  a rival  in  the  estimation  of  honey-producers.  About  twenty 
years  ago  Alsike  or  Swedish  clover  was  introduced  into  this  country, 


73 


and  since  then  has  been  thoroughly  tested  both  as  a honey  plant  and 
also  for  hay  and  pasture  for  all  kinds  of  stock. 

Mr.  J.  M.  Hicks,  of  Battle  Ground,  Ind.,  says  : u Alsike  Clover  has 
no  superior  as  a honey-producing  plant,  yielding  the  best  and  richest 
honey  known,  and  as  a hay  crop  it  is  not  surpassed,  often  producing  3 
tons  of  good  hay  per  acre.  The  stems  and  stalks  are  much  finer  than 
those  of  common  red  clover,  and  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep  feast  on  it, 
eating  it  clean  without  waste.  As  a pasture  of  all  kinds  of  stock  it  has 
no  equal.  It  will  grow  on  all  kinds  of  land,  clay,  or  sandy,  and  does  not 
freeze  out  as  easily  as  red  clover.  It  is  quite  similar  to  red  clover  in 
appearance.  The  first  crop  each  season  is  the  seed  crop.  The  seed  is 
about  one-third  the  size  of  red  clover  and  4 pounds  is  sufficient  to  sow 
an  acre.  The  bloom  is  a beautiful  pale  pink  color.  I have  no  hesitancy 
in  saying  that  Alsike  Clover  will  produce  500  pounds  of  the  richest  and 
best  honey  per  acre  in  a good  season.  I would  recommend  every  bee- 
keeper to  sow  at  least  a few  acres  of  Alsike  Clover.”  Mr.  W.  Z.  Hutch- 
inson, of  Rogers  ville,  Mich.,  says  that  it  will  pay  to  raise  Alsike  Clover 
for  honey  alone  upon  land  worth  $50  per  acje. 

Mr.  C.  M.  Goodspeed,  of  Thorn  Hill,  N.  Y.,  says : “ I have  grown  Alsike 
on  my  farm  and  watched  its  habits  closely.  It  is  very  hardy,  of  extra 
quality  as  hay  and  a heavy  seeder,  reaching  in  rare  cases  10  bushels 
per  acre.  In  this  locality  the  second  growth  seldom  yields  much  honey, 
but  the  first  growth  just  swarms  with  bees  for  about  three  weeks,  of1 
from  the  time  the  rich  blossoms  open  until  the  seed  is  ripe.  In  my  lo- 
cality it  begins  to  yield  honey  shortly  after  white  clover  and  continues 
well  into  the  bass-wood  season.  It  yields  twice  as  much  honey  as  white 
or  red  clover.”  Mr.  D.  A.  Jones,  of  Beeton,  Ontario,  says : u I think 
too  much  can  scarcely  be  said  of  Alsike  as  a hay  and  honey  crop,  and 
many  of  our  farmers  are  waking  up  to  the  fact  that  it  is  to  their  inter- 
est to  cultivate  it  largely  in  preference  to  almost  any  other  crop.  Bed 
Clover  will  soon  be  a thing  of  the  past,  as  Alsike  seed  is  now  in  great 
demand,  not  only  for  seeding  purposes  but  also  for  use  in  dyeing.  I am 
informed  that  large  quantities  are  being  shipped  to  Europe  for  that 
use.”  Mr.  A.  I.  Root,  of  Medina,  Ohio,  and  Mr.  L.  C.  Root,  of  Mohawk, 
R.  Y.,  both  speak  of  Alsike  as  the  most  valuable  variety  of  clover  for 
hay  and  pasturage  and  recommend  its  cultivation  as  being  of  the  first 
importance  to  bee-keepers.  Statements  testifying  to  the  unequaled 
value  of  Alsike  Clover,  both  for  hay  and  grazing  purposes,  and  as  a 
most  valuable  honey-bearing  plant,  might  be  indefinitely  multiplied.  I 
cannot  too  strongly  urge  the  bee-keepers  of  the  United  States  to  pro- 
vide abundance  of  this  forage  for  their  bees,  both  by  sowing  the  seed 
on  their  own  premises  and  also  by  inducing  their  neighbors  to  cultivate 
this  variety  of  clover  as  the  best  for  all  purposes. 

Sweet  Clover  ( Mellilotus  alba)  abounds  in  this  locality.  This  is  a 
hardy  plant,  of  wondrous  persistence,  continuing  in  bloom  from  about 
July  1 until  killed  by  frost.  It  is  adapted  to  almost  any  kind  of  soil. 


74 


In  this  part  of  Illinois  it  grows  in  rich  soil  by  the  wayside,  or  in  de- 
serted stone  quarries  with  equal  luxuriance.  As  the  plant  will  grow 
without  any  cultivation  in  by-ways  and  waste  places,  wherever  the  seed 
can  obtain  a foothold,  and  is  a perennial,  it  is  rightly  reckoned  among 
the  number  of  excellent  and  cheap  bee-forage  plants.  Sweet  Clover  will 
endure  drought  well.  During  the  long  drought  of  last  season  bees  in  this 
neighborhood  would  have  been  entirely  without  resources  for  many 
weeks  together  had  it  not  been  for  Sweet  Clover.  The  quality  of  the 
honey  is  excellent,  and  under  ordinary  conditions  the  yield  is  altogether 
satisfactory.  Much  apprehension  has  been  felt  among  farmers  lest  it 
become  a noxious  weed.  Observing  how  readily  the  seed  is  carried 
in  the  mud  on  wagon  wheels  and  horses’  feet  in  the  spring,  when  the 
roads  are  bad  and  the  entire  space  in  the  highways  is  used  for  travel, 
belief  has  obtained  that  the  fields  would  soon  be  invaded.  Careful 
and  continuous  observation  of  the  facts  for  five  years  past  has  convinced 
me  that  fears  of  trouble  from  this  source  are  groundless.  In  but  one 
instance  have  I seen  Sweet  Clover  invade  a plowed  field,  and  that  was 
for  a distance  of  3 rods  on  both  sides  of  an  old  road  leading  into  the 
field  and  the  seed  had  been  carried  in  on  wagon  wheels.  This  plant 
being  a biennial  is  easily  exterminated  when  desirable.  I would  recom- 
mend bee-keepers  to  provide  abundance  of  this  forage  by  scattering  the 
seed  in  waste  places  and  by  the  roadside.  Sweet  Clover  is  much  more 
sightly  and  useful,  and  less  objectionable,  in  every  way,  than  the  weeds 
which  ordinarily  cover  the  roadsides. 

Pleurisy-Koot  (Asclepias  tuber osa)  is  a honey-bearing  plant  indigenous 
to  nearly  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  but  its  growth  has  not  been 
encouraged  for  the  reason  that  its  value  to  the  honey-producer  has  not 
been  generally  known.  The  plant  is  a perennial  ; the  top  dies  and  rots, 
a new  growth  springing  up  each  year.  It  is  commonly  regarded  as  a 
harmless  prairie  weed.  The  deep  red  blossoms  hang  in  clusters.  The 
plant  is  very  hardy  and  of  a rugged  growth,  growing  luxuriantly  in  all 
kinds  of  soil.  The  honey  is  of  the  finest  quality  both  as  to  color  and 
flavor.  Mr.  James  Heddon,  of  Dowagiac,  Mich.,  speaking  of  Pleurisy, 
says : “ If  there  is  auy  plant,  to  the  growing  of  which  good  land  may  be 
exclusively  devoted  for  the  sole  purpose  of  honey  production,  I think  it 
is  this  5 I would  rather  have  one  acre  of  it  than  three  of  Sweet  Clover* 
It  blooms  through  July  and  the  first  half  of  August,  and  bees  never 
desert  Pleurisy  tor  bass-wood  or  anything  else.  The  blossoms  always 
look  bright  and  fresh,  and  yield  honey  continuously  in  wet  and  dry 
weather.  Bees  work  on  it  in  the  rain,  and  during  the  excessive  drought 
of  the  past  season  it  did  not  cease  to  secrete  nectar  m abundance.”  I 
have  had  some  observation  and  experience  with  the  plant,  and,  having 
secured  seed,  I expect  to  test  it  in  different  kinds  of  soil  next  season. 

For  two  years  past  I have  cultivated  a plot  of  Motherwort  (Leonurm 
cardiaca ),  and  I prize  it  highly  as  a honey  plant.  Bees  work  on  it  con- 
tinually all  day,  and  every  day,  unless  it  is  raining  quite  hard.  The. 


75 


summer  of  1885  it  continued  in  bloom  six  weeks.  Last  summer  it 
bloomed  but  was  soon  ruined  by  drought.  At  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  North  American  Bee-Keepers’  Association  held  in  Detroit  in  De- 
cember, 1885,  a committee,  of  which  I was  a member,  was  appointed  by 
the  association  to  investigate  the  merits  of  a new  plant  being  cultivated 
by  Mr.  Chapman,  of  Versailles,  N.  Y.,  who  was  present  and  repre- 
sented that  the  plant  was  of  unusual  value  to  honey-producers.  Being 
instructed  by  you  so  to  do,  I met  with  other  members  of  that  committee 
at  Versailles  on  the  28th  of  July.  I herewith  inclose  a copy  of  the  re- 
port which  I prepared  in  behalf  of  that  committee,  together  with  a letter 
of  Mr.  A.  E.  Manum,  president  of  the  Vermont  Bee-Keepers’  Associa- 
tion, which  I presented  to  the  North  American  Bee-Keepers’  Associa- 
tion at  its  annual  meeting  held  in  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  October  12, 13,  14, 
1886. 

My  experience  with  the  plants  furnished  for  observation  at  this  sta- 
tion was  nearly  identical  with  that  of  Mr.  Manum.  Fifty-two  plants 
arrived  here  by  express,  fifty-one  of  which  came  to  maturity.  Plants 
were  furnished  to  Prof.  A.  J.  Cook,  Lansing,  Mich.;  T.  F.  Bingham, 
Abronia,  Mich.;  W.  F.  Clarke,  Guelph,  Ontario,  and  Mr.  Van  Dom, 
Omaha,  Nebr.,  each  of  whom  highly  recommend  it  as  possessing  un- 
usual value  as  a bee-forage  plant. 


INDEX 


Acer  dasycarpum,  63 
Acidalia,  26 

Acoloithus  falsarius,  62 
Acridium  frontalis,  11 
Adelges  abieticolens,  21 
abietis,  21 

Agrotis  alternata,  60 
scandens,  60 
saucia,  60 

Alder  Flea-beetle,  24 

Insects  infesting,  20 
Leaf-roller,  25 
Aletia  xylina,  11 

Alum  water,  as  an  insecticide,  33 
Alwood,  ¥m.  B.,  Report  by,  38 
Amphydasis  cognataria  Guen.,  29 
Food-plant,  29 
Larva  before  last  molt,  30 
Life-history,  29 
Mature  larva,  30 
Moth,  30 
Pupa,  30 
YouDg  larva,  30 
Anisopteryx  vernata,  60 
Apanteles  congregatus,  53 
glomeratus,  50,  52 
Aphis  maidis,  51 
Apicultural  experiments,  66 
Bee-forage,  72 
Bees  vs.  Fruit,  70 
Hibernation,  67 
Preparing  bees  for  winter,  66 
Spring  dwindling,  69 
Ardis,  60 
Ash  Saw-fly,  33 
Beech  Span-worm,  28 
Benzine,  43 

Effect  of,  upon  Cabbage-lice,  43 
Potato-beetle,  43 
Squash-bug,  43 
Tomato-worm,  43 
Box-elder  Plant-louse,  33 
Bridgeford’s  Antiseptic,  47 
Broad-necked  Root-borer,  61 
Brown  Cryptolechia,  27 
Bruner,  L.,  Report  by,  9,  33 
Buhach,  42 

Alcoholic  extracts,  43 
Effect  of,  upon  P.  brassicae,  42 
Cabbage  Butterfly,  34 
Cabbage  Plant-louse,  50 
Worms,  50 
Cabera,  25 
Calocoris  rapidus,  58 
Canker-worms,  60 
Capsus  oblineatus,  65 
Cecidomyia  leguminicola,  52 


Chinch  Bug,  33,  35 
Cleft-headed  Span-worm,  29 
Climbing  Cut-worm,  60 
Clover-seed  Midge,  52 
Codling  Moth,  61 
Colorado  Potato  Beetle,  33 
Corimelaena  pulicaria,  62 
Corn  Aphis,  51 
Corn-worm,  32 
Corycia,  22 
Cotton  Worm,  10,  11 
Cottony  Cushion-scale,  7 
Cottony  Maple  Scale,  63 
Cryptolechia  quercicella,  27 
Habits,  28 
Larva,  26 
Moth,  28 
Pupa,  28 

Deilinia  variolaria,  25 
Larva,  26 
Moth,  26 
Pupa,  26 

Doryphora  10-lineata,  33 
Dreer’s  Insect  Terror,  44 
Empretia  stimulea,  62 
Euschistus  fissilis,  58 
Fir-tree  oil,  46 
Flata  conica,  61 
Flea-like  Negro-bug,  62 
Gelechia  oronella,  25 
Larva,  25 
Moth,  25 
Pupa,  25 
Gishurst,  47 
Grasshoppers,  34 
Gray  Blister  Beetle,  33 
Graphops  pubescens,  48 
Habits,  48 

Green-striped  Phycid  worm,  23 
Haltica  alni,  24 
Beetle,  25 
Larva,  24 
* Pupa,  25 
Halticus  pallicornis,  62 
Hammond’s  Slug  Shot,  44 
Heliothis  armigera,  33 
Herald,  The,  26 
Homohadena  badistriga,  60 
Hyperetis  nyssaria,  28 
Larva,  29 
Moth,  29 
Pupa,  29 

Icerya  purchasi,  7 
Ice-water  as  a remedy,  44 
Ichthyuria  strigosa,  30 

americana,  30 

Larva  before  the  last  molt,  30 


78 


Ichthyuria — Continued. 

Larva,  after  the  last  molt,  30 
Moth,  30 
Pupa,  30 

Insecticides,  Tests  with,  upon  garden  insects,  38 
Insects  injurious  to  forest  and  shade  trees,  7. 
Kerosene  emulsion,  38 

Effect  of,  upon  Cabbage  Plant-louse,  39 
Cabbage  Worms,  39 
White  Grub,  39 

Formula  for,  38 

Lace-winged  flies,  Larvae  of,  preying  upon  A.  bras- 
sicae,  50 

Lachnosterna  fusca,  52 

Lady-birds,  Larvae  of,  preying  upon  A.  brassi- 
cae,  50 

Larch  Saw-fly,  20 
Leaf-bug  on  Maple,  A new,  63 
Leaf-hopper,  61 
Live-Oak  Leaf-roller,  31 
Live-Oak  Thecla,  31 
•Locusts  in  Texas,  7,  9 

Melanoplus  atlanis,  11 

angustipennis,  11 
robustus,  11 

Presence  of,  in  different  counties,  16 
Lygus  monachus  Uhler,  n.  sp.,  63 
Lygus  pratensis,  54, 55 
Lytta  cinerea,  33 
Macrops  sp.,  49 

Macrosila  quinque-maculata,  53 
May  Beetle,  52 
Melanoplus  atlanis.  11 

angustipennis,  11 
differentialis,  11,  33 
femur-rubrum,  33 
spretus,  33 
Melanoplus  sp.,  11 
Eggs,  12 

Experiments  with  Paris  green  upon,  14 
Larvae,  12 
Mode  of  attack,  12 
Remedies,  13 
Meromyza  americana,  49 
Meroptera  pravella,  23 
Larva,  23 
Moth,  23 
Pupa,  23 

Micropus  leucopterus,  33 
Moore’s  Compound,  46 
Murtfeldt,  Miss  M.  E.,  Report  by,  59 
Kotes  from  Missouri,  7,  59 
Norway  Spruce,  21 
Oat-fly,  A new,  49 
Ohio  Insects,  Report  upon,  48 
Osage  Orange,  Flata  conica  Say,  found  on,  61 
Oscinis  ? sp.,  49 
Paria  aterrima,  48 
Phycid  caterpillar,  20, 21 
Phycis  rubrifasciella,  23 
Pieris  rapaB,  34,  50 
Pinipestis  renicullela,  21 
Larva,  22 
Moth,  22 
Pupa,  22 


Pink-striped  Willow  Span-worm,  25 
Pitch  Pine,  21 
Plagiodera  scripta,  33 
Plusia  brassicae,  50 
Habits  of,  51 
Plantain  Curculio,  49 
Plant-bugs,  Effect  of  puncture,  7 
Poecilocapsus  quadrivittatus,  7, 54 
Pceciloptera  pruinosa  Say,  61 
Post-oak  Locust,  17 
Classification,  18 
Description,  19 
Habits,  18 

Prionus  laticollis,  61 
Procris  americana,  62 

Pteromalus  puparum,  infesting  P.  rapae,  50,  52 
Pulvinai  ia  innumerabilis,  63 
Pyrethrum  cinerariaefolium,  42 
Alcoholic  extract,  43 
Effect  of,  upon  Pieris  brassicce,  42 
Pyrethrum,  extracts  of,  41 

Effect  of,  upon  Aphis  brassicae,  41 
Fall  Web- worm,  42 
Potato-Beetle,  42 
Squash  Bugs,  42 
Tomato  Worm,  42 
Red-legged  Locust,  36 
Remedies  imported  from  London,  46 
Riley,  C.  V.,  quoted,  60 
Rocky  Mountain  Locust,  11 
Saddle-back  Caterpillar,  62 
Scoliopteryx  libatrix,  26 
Habits,  26 
Selandria  rosae,  60 
Siphonophora  avenae,  58 
Sphingid  larvae  on  Tomato,  53 
Spruce  and  Hackmatack  Worms,  20 
Bud-louse,  21 
Caterpillar,  20 
cones,  new  enemy  of,  7 
Cone-worm,  habits  of,  21 
Strawberry  Crown-borer,  49 
Leaf -beetle,  48 
Root-borer,  48 

Striped  Cotton- wood  Beetle,  34 
Sulfo-tobacco  Soap,  45 

Syrphus  flies,  Larvae  of,  preying  upon  A.  brassi- 
cae, 50 

Tansy  water,  44 
Tenthredinid  larvae,  59 
Thecla  calamus,  31 
flavonius,  31 
Tobacco  Soaps,  45 

effect  of,  upon  Cabbage  Plant-lice,  46 
worms,  45 

Tomato  water,  44 
Tortrix  fumiferana,  20 
Tortrix  quercifoliana,  31 
Larva,  32 
Moth,  32 
Pupa,  32 

Tyloderma  fragariae,  49 
Webster,  F.  M.,  report  by,  54 
Willow,  Insects  infesting,  20 
Wolfs  Vermin  Soap,  45 


o 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  14. 


c°trr/ 


OF 


to  Ay  ..  "7’4ac^ 
' %/) 

'-■'0farKn. 


REPORTS^'  a,  ,m-'° 


OBSERVATIONS  AND  EXPERIMENTS 


THE  PRACTICAL  WORK  OF  THE  DIVISION, 


UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1887. 


U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  14. 


REPORTS 


OBSERVATIONS  AND  EXPERIMENTS 

IN 


THE  PRACTICAL  WORK  OF  THE  DIVISION, 


MADE 


UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1887. 


22340— No.  14 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington , D.  May  30,  1887. 

Sir  : I have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication  Bulletin  No.  14  of 
the  Division  of  Entomology,  containing  certain  reports  of  agents  and 
other  matter  additional  to  that  contained  in  Bulletin  13,  and  excluded 
from  my  annual  report  from  lack  of  space. 

Respectfully, 


Hon.  Norman  J.  Golman, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture . 


0.  Y.  RILEY, 

Entomologist . 


3 


$77 


I 


f 


I 


CONTENT^ 


Page. 

Introdnction 7 

Report  on  Insects  injurious  to  Garden  Crops  in  Florida 9 

Report  on  Buffalo  Gnats 29 

Native  Plums.  How  to  fruit  them.  They  are  claimed  to  be  practically  curcu- 

lio-proof 39 

The  Serrell  automatic  Silk-reel 52 


5 


INTRODUCTION. 


This  Bulletin  contains  matter  referring  to  the  season  of  1886,  addi- 
tional to  that  already  published. 

Mr.  Ashmead’s  report  on  insects  affecting  garden  crops  in  Florida  is 
necessarily  very  incomplete,  as  it  represents  only  four  months’  field  ob- 
servations, and  as  the  subject  is  one  of  no  inconsiderable  magnitude. 

Mr.  Ashmead’s  work  was  stopped  September  1st  on  account  of  the  re- 
duction in  the  appropriations. 

Mr.  Webster’s  report  on  Buffalo  Gnats  is  in  the  main  the  results  of 
work  in  March  and  April,  1886.  It  contains  many  interesting  details 
in  addition  to  the  more  important  observations  which  are  quoted  in 
our  own  article  on  the  subject  in  the  annual  report.  It  is  also  due  to 
Mr.  Webster  to  say  that  the  investigations  since  made,  and  especially  * 
those  by  himself  the  present  year,  have  added  materially  to  our  exact 
knowledge  on  the  subject. 

In  reference  to  Mr.  Wier’s  article  on  the  curculio-proof  nature  of  the 
native  plums  and  his  explanation  thereof  we  wish  to  be  understood  as 
in  no  way  indorsing  either  the  statements  or  conclusions  of  the  paper. 

Mr.  Wier  is  an  old  friend  and  correspondent  and  has  written  much  of 
late  upon  this  question.  He  claimed  to  have  abundant  personal  evi-, 
dence  of  the  wild  plums  being  proof  against  Conotrachelus  nenuphar 
by  virtue  of  the  eggs  failing  to  hatch  therein.  This  was  an  important 
matter,  bearing  directly  on  economic  entomology,  and,  as  we  have  often 
been  asked  for  our  opinion  as  to  the  immunity  of  these  wild  plums,  we 
engaged  Mr.  Wier  to  prepare  a statement  of  his  evidence.  His  two 
main  claims  are  (1)  that  these  wild  plum  trees  are  unfruitful,  except 
where  the  flowers  receive  the  pollen  from  other  varieties ; (2)  that  the 
female  Curculio  prefers  their  fruit  for  purposes  of  oviposition,  but  that 
the  egg  fails  to  hatch  therein  or  the  larva  perishes  after  hatching.  The 
first  point  belongs  to  economic  botany,  or  rather  pomology,  and  while 
we  consider  that  it  is  disproved  alike  by  historical  and  botanical  evi- 
dence and  general  experience  we  leave  it  with  the  horticulturist  to  deal 
with  more  fully.  With  regard  to  the  second  point  we  confess  that  the 
reading  of  Mr.  Wier’s  essay  has  brought  no  sense  of  his  theory  being 
well  sustained  or  of  its  general  truthfulness.  Yet,  for  the  reasons 
stated,  we  have  decided  to  publish  the  paper  very  much  as  received, 
omitting  only  such  portions  as  dealt  with  well  known  and  trite  entomo- 
logical facts,  as  also  a dissertation  on  grafting,  and  entering  our  dis- 

7 


8 


sent  in  the  form  of  foot-note  where  the  statements  are  unjustified  from 
the  entomological  side. 

The  description  of  the  principles  and  mechanism  of  the  Serrell  auto- 
matic silk-reel  has  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Philip  Walker,  assistant  in 
charge  of  the  reeling  experiments  and  machinery  at  the  Department. 
It  will  be  found  useful  in  explaining  the  advantages  which  that  deli- 
cate and  remarkable  invention  has  over  the  ordinary  reel  as  a labor- 
saver,  though  no  amount  of  description  will  impress  the  fact  on  the 
mind  so  forcibly  as  a few  moments’  observation  of  the  reel  at  work. 

C.  Y.  R. 


REPORT  ON  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  GARDEN  CROPS  IN  ELORIDA. 


By  Wm.  H.  Ashmead,  Special  Agent. 

LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 

Jacksonville,  Fla., 

September  2,  1886. 

Dear  Sir:  I have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith,  in  pursuance  to  your  instructions, 
my  report  on  11  insects  injurious  to  garden  crops  ” in  Florida,  comprehending  field-work 
and  studies  on  these  pests  from  May  15  to  August  31,  1886. 

My  time  was  too  limited  to  do  fulljustice  to  the  subject ; moreover,  it  will  take  several 
years  of  the  most  laborious,  painstaking  industry  to  thoroughly  work  up  the  life  his- 
tories of  the  destructive  insect  pests  affecting  our  garden  crops  in  this  State. 

Yours,  very  respectfully, 

WM.  H.  ASHMEAD. 

Prof.  C.  Y.  Riley, 

U.  S.  Entomologist , Washington,  D.  C. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

The  insects  depredating  “ garden  crops”  in  Florida  are  legion,  and 
the  time  at  my  disposal,  May  15  to  August  31,  was  too  limited  to  begin 
to  do  the  subject  justice. 

Daily  rains,  too,  from  latter  part  of  June  and  all  during  July  greatly 
interfered  with  my  field-work.  During  the  months  of  March  and 
April  early  vegetables  are  raised  in  great  quantities  for  northern  ship- 
ment and  consumption,  and  it  is  then  that  the  greatest  activity  exists 
among  certain  destructive  pests  depredating  these  crops.  That  is  the 
timeinvestigation  should  begin.  However,  considerable  work  has  been 
accomplished^  and  in  the  following  pages  will  be  found  descriptions  of 
some  of  the  more  injurious  insect  pests  injuring  these  crops ; moreover, 
to  make  the  report  of  practical  value  to  our  vegetable  growers,  I have 
given  the  best  remedies  known,  extracted  principally  from  the  writings 
of  Professors  Riley,  Fitch,  Lintner,  Packard,  Forbes,  Thomas,  &c. 

INSECTS  AFFECTING  THE  CABBAGE. 

Probably  there  is  no  garden  crop  in  Florida  that  is  so  preyed  upon 
and  so  seriously  threatened  from  the  attacks  of  insect  pests  as  the  cab- 
bage and  its  numerous  varieties. 

To  well-known  imported  European  insect  pests,  now  thoroughly  estab- 
lished here  and  depredating  this  crop,  may  be  added  many  indigenous 

9 


10 

species  that  attack  and  destroy  it  in  different  ways,  and  the  injury  and 
loss  is  very  great. 

Necessarily  I have  given  considerable  time  and  study  to  unraveling 
the  life  histories  of  some  of  the  more  important  ones,  giving  them  that 
prominence  in  my  report  that  their  importance  to  the  grower  seem  to 
warrant. 

THE  CABBAGE  PLUSIA. 

( Plusia  brassicce  Biley.) 

This  is  one  of  the  most  serious  and  destructive  of  cabbage  insects. 
Prof.  0.  Y.  Biley  first  described  it  in  his  Second  Missouri  Beport,  1870, 
page  110. 

Distribution. — While,  undoubtedly,  originally  indigenous  to  the  South- 
ern States,  it  is  now  very  generally  distributed  over  most  of  the  Eastern 
and  Western  States.  In  IT.  S.  Agricultural  Beport  for  1883,  Professor 
Biley  states  that  he  has  received  it  from  Mississippi,  Georgia,  Florida, 
the  Carolinas,  Alabama,  Texas,  New  Jersey,  Missouri,  Kansas,  Nebraska, 
Virginia,  and  Maryland. 

Food  Plants. — The  food  plants  of  the  larvae,  as  given  in  same  report, 
are  Cabbage,  Kale,  Turnip,  Tomato,  Mignonette  (Reseda),  Dandelion 
( Taraxacum ),  Dock  ( Rumex ),  Crepis,  Clienopodium,  Clover,  Senecio  scan- 
dens,  Lettuce,  and  Celery.  Professor  Biley  also  says:  11  We  have 
also  found  it  in  Florida  feeding  upon  the  Japan  Quince  (Cydonia  japon- 
ica ),  and  it  has  been  found  in  Washington  upon  same  plant.” 

Life  History. — The  life  history  of  this  insect  is  treated  in  the  Annual 
Beport  of  the  Department  for  1883,  pp.  119-122,  and  it  is  figured  at 
Plate  I,  figs.  2 and  2 a,  and  Plate  XI,  figs.  2,  a,  b,  c.  The  different  stages 
are  described  in  Professor  Biley’s  Second  Missouri  Entomological  Be- 
port, pp.  111-112. 

Number  of  Broods. — Professor  Lintner,  State  Entomologist  of  New 
York,  in  treating  of  this  species  in  his  second  report,  page  92,  says  : 
“In  its  more  northern  extension  there  are  two  annual  broods,  for,  from 
larvae  taken  in  August,  after  about  two  weeks  of  pupation,  Dr.  Thomas 
has  had  the  moths  emerge  on  the  1st  of  September,  which  deposited 
their  eggs  for  a second  brood  in  October.  In  the  Southern  States  there 
are  probably  four  broods,  for  Mr.  Grote  took  examples  of  the  moths  in 
Alabama  during  the  last  of  February.” 

Here  in  Florida  there  are  certainly  not  less  than  six  broods,  for  I have 
taken  the  moths  every  month  but  the  winter  months,  November,  De- 
cember, and  January. 

Its  Injuries. — Not  a cabbage  patch  visited  by  me  this  spring  and  sum- 
mer but  was  more  or  less  damaged  by  the  attacks  of  this  terrible  cab- 
bage pest,  and  the  injury  it  does  and  the  loss  sustained  by  the  trucker 
is  immense. 

The  very  young  begin  by  eating  the  fleshy  portion  of  the  leaves;  as 


11 


they  grow  in  size  and  strength  they  gnaw  irregular  holes  through  the 
leaves,  until  they  are  completely  riddled  or  honey-combed  and  the  cab- 
bage rendered  thereby  unmarketable. 

Natural  Enemies  and  Parasites. — Comparatively  few  natural  enemies 
have  been  observed  preying  upon  this  insect,  although  carabid  beetles 
and  others  are  supposed  to  destroy  it  at  the  North. 

A European  chalcid  fly,  Copidosoma  truncatellum  Dalman,  has  been 
reported  as  parasitic  on  this  species  at  Washington,  by  Mr.  L.  O.  How- 
ard; twenty-five  hundred  and  twenty-eight  specimens  of  this  parasite 
were  actually  counted  as  coming  from  a single  parasitized  worm. 

Professor  Riley  has  also  bred  an  ichneumon  fly,  Apanteles  congregatus 
Say,  from  larvrn. 

Here,  in  a single  instance,  I bred  from  a chrysalis  an  ichneumon  fly 
( Limneria , sp.)  a common  parasite  of  the  Cabbage  Plutella,  and  it  will  be 
found  treated  further  on  under  the  parasites  of  that  insect. 

From  the  egg,  however,  I bred  a pretty  little  chalcid  fly  (Trichogram- 
mapretiosa  Riley).  It  was  first  described  by  Professor  Riley  in  Canadian 
Entomologist  Vol.  XI,  page  161,  from  specimens  bred  from  the  eggs  of 
the  Cotton  Worm  ( Alelia  argillacea  Hiibn.). 

Besides  the  above  parasites,  three  larvae  were  brought  under  my  ob- 
servation, attacked  by  the  parasitic  fungus  ( Botrytis  Pileyi  Farlow). 

Remedies. — Pyrethrum. — Professor  Lintner  recommends  pyrethrum : 
“A  tablespoonful  of  good  fresh  powder,  diffused  through  2 gallons  of 
water  and  sprinkled  over  the  plants,  would  destroy  the  larvae.” 

Hot  Water . — Every  worm  visible  upon  the  cabbages  maybe  killed  by 
the  use  of  water  at  the  temperature  of  130°  Fahrenheit,  or  55°  centi- 
grade. The  water  may  be  boiling  hot  when  put  in  the  watering-can, 
but  it  will  not  be  too  hot  when  it  reaches  the  cabbage  leaves.  The  thick 
fleshy  nature  of  the  leaves  enables  them  to  withstand  considerable  heat 
with  very  little  injury.  The  sacrifice  of  a few  heads  of  cabbage  will 
soon  teach  an  experimenter  how  far  he  can  go  with  the  hot  water.  It 
may  be  sprinkled  over  the  plants  from  a fine  rose  watering-can  or  poured 
on  with  the  sprinkler  removed.  If  it  is  very  hot  it  will  color  some  of 
the  leaves,  but  even  where  the  cabbage  is  considerably  sorched  it  will 
recover  and  renew  growth  from  the  heat.  (Prof.  C.  Y.  Riley). 

Kerosene  Emulsion. — The  kerosene  emulsion,  as  formulated  by  Mr.  H. 
Gr.  Hubbard  for  scale  insects,  will  also  be  found  valuable  for  cabbage 
worms. 

Lime  and  Carbolic  Powder. — This  is  also  good.  Take  20  parts  super- 
phosphate of  lime,  3 parts  fresh  air-slaked  lime,  and  1 part  carbolic 
powder;  mix,  and  scatter  a small  quantity  upon  each  cabbage  head  three 
or  four  times  at  short  intervals  about  three  days  apart.  The  carbolic 
powder  is  made  by  taking  sawdust  and  thoroughly  impregnating  it 
with  carbolic  acid. 


12 


THE  CABBAGE  PLUTELLA. 

( Plutella  crucifer  arum  Zeller.) 

Second  only  in  importance  to  the  Cabbage  Plusia  is  another  cabbage 
worm,  the  “ Cabbage  Plutella,”  the  larva  of  a small  moth,  and  which 
may  easily  be  confoun.ded  with  the  very  young  larva  of  the  Cabbage 
Plusia. 

This  insect  was  treated  at  some  length  in  Professor  Riley’s  Annual 
Report  as  Entomologist  to  the  Department  for  1883,  and  it  will  therefore 
be  unnecessary  to  go  into  detail  here?  I maj  state,  however,  that  while 
at  the  North  there  are  probably  but  two  annual  generations,  there  are 
at  least  four  here  in  Florida.  Tbe  larvse  are  quite  plentiful  on  cabbage 
from  the  last  of  February  to  July,  and  again  in  the  fall.  The  damage 
done  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the 'Plusia  and  is  almost  as  great,  al- 
though it  seldom  attacks  other  than  the  outer  leaves. 

I have  bred  a parasite,  additional  to  those  mentioned  by  Professor 
Riley, which  agrees  with  the  description  of  Cresson’s  Limneria  obscura. 

THE  CABBAGE  APHIS. 

(Aphis  brassicce  Linn.) 

The  Cabbage  Aphis  (Aphis  brassicce ) first  described  by  Linnaeus,  in 
his  “Systema  Naturae,”  is  quite  widely  spread  throughout  this  country 
and  Europe.  It  was  undoubtedly  imported  into  this  country  at  a very 
early  day,  for  Dr,  Fitch  shows,  by  reference  to  the  Transactions  of  the 
New  York  State  Agricultural  Society  for  1791,  that  it  was  already 
known  as  a cabbage  pest  at  that  early  date,  and  at  this  day  it  has 
spread  to  most  parts  of  the  world  where  the  cabbage  is  cultivated. 

Food  Plants — It  is  found  on  the  Turnip,  Raddish,  Field-cress  (Isatis 
tinctoria ),  Shepherd’s-purse  (Capsella  bursa-pastor  is),  Charloch  (Brassica 
arvensis ),  Cabbage,  and  other  cruciferous  plants. 

Here  I found  it  on  Cabbage,  Turnip,  and  Raddish. 

Its  Life  History. — The  Young. — These  are  oval,  about  .01  inch  in 
length,  and  of  a greenish -yellow  color,  without  the  mealy  coating  of  the 
older  ones. 

Buckton,  the  British  authority  on  the  Aphididae,  thus  describes  the 
different  forms : 

Apterous  Vivijjarous  Female. — Body  long,  oval ; plentifully  covered  with  a wliitisli 
mealy  coat,  hoth  on  the  upper  and  under  sides.  When  this  is  removed  by  a drop  of 
spirits  of  wine  the  body  below  is  grayish-green,  with  ©light  black  spots  ranged  down 
each  side  of  the  back,  which  increase  in  size  as  they  approach  the  tail.  Antennae 
green  with  black  tips,  shorter  than  the  body.  Eyes  and  legs  black.  Cornicles  very 
short  and  black.  Tail  also  small  and  black. 

Winged  Oviparous  Female. — Head,  neck,  and  thoracic  lobes  black.  Antennae  and 
nectaries  dark  brown.  Eyes  black.  Rest  of  the  body  yellowish-green.  Abdomen 
with  a row  of  fine  punctures  on  each  lateral  edge,  with  several  obscure  transverse 
dorsal  marks.  Legs  dusky  brown,  pilose.  Tail  dark  green  or  brown  ; hairy.  Cor- 


13 


nicies  short  and  brown,  as  also  is  the  tip  of  the  rostrum.  This  last  organ  reaches  to 
the  second  coxte.  Wings  rather  short,  with  stout  coarse  veins  and  stigma. 

Its  Injuries. — -The  injuries  this  species  does  are  more  apparent  in  early 
spring  and  late  fall  than  at  any  other  time,  for  it  is  then  that  they  are 
most  plentiful,  and  less  subject  to  the  attacks  of  their  numerous  natural 
enemies. 

They  are  found  in  colonies,  on  the  upper  and  lower  surface  of  the 
leaf;  often  hidden  in  the  wrinkles  and  folds  of  the  leaf,  deep  down  at 
its  base  and  on  the  leaf  stalk. 

Buckton  says  : u Both  the  upper  and  under  sides  of  the  foliage  of  which 
last  plant  ( Brassica  oleracea)  it  often  crowds  in  such  numbers  that  the 
leaves  become  hidden  by  the  living  mass.  Indeed  sometimes,  weight 
for  weight,  there  is  more  animal  than  vegetable  substance  present.  The 
leaves  then  become  putrid,  offensive  in  odor,  and  quite  disgusting  to  the 
eye.” 

It  is  seldom  that  plants  are  so  badly  infested  in  Florida  as  described 
by  this  author,  although  some  years  ago  I did  see  old  cabbage-stalks 
that  had  been  left  go  to  seed  in  an  old  cabbage  patch  so  affected. 

Every  stalk  was  literally  covered,  promiscuously  piled  one  upon 
another,  with  living,  pumping,  slimy  aphids,  rendered  such  by  the  exud- 
ing sap  of  the  plants.  I was  unable  to  touch  a portion  of  the  stalk  with- 
out my  fiugers  being  covered  with  the  slimy,  viscid  mass. 

Natural  Enemies  and  Parasites. — Fortunately,  in  Florida,  the  species 
has  very  many  natural  enemies  and  parasites  which  keep  it  from  increas- 
ing very  rapidly. 

In  Europe,  too,  it  has  several  parasites.  Buckton  mentions  a Coruna , 
a Ceraphron , and  a Trionyx  (T.  rapce  Curtis)  as  having  been  bred  from  it 
in  Europe;  also  “several  species  of  Syrphidse  and  Ichueumonidie  act 
effectually  as  checks  upon  the  increase  of  A.  brassicce.  The  larvm  of 
the  former  dipterous  flies,  living  in  the  midst  of  such  plenty,  soon  gorge 
themselves  and  become  of  great  size.” 

Trionyx  rapce  Curtis  has  also  beeu  bred  from  it  in  this  country.  It  was 
received  at  the  Department  February  27,  1880,  from  Norfolk,  Ya.,  and 
redescribed  by  Mr.  Cresson  in  the  Annual  Report,  U.  S.  Department  Ag- 
riculture for  1879,  page  260,  as  a new  species,  Trionyx  piceus.  Professor 
Riley  bred  it  at  Saint  Louis,  Mo.,  as  early  as  1871,  and  I have  bred  it  here 
in  great  quantities  in  May,  June,  and  July. 

It  is  one  of  the  principal  checks  in  keeping  this  pest  within  bounds, 
and  but  few  of  the  Aphids  escape  its  sting. 

But  there  are  other  parasites;  and  below  I give  descriptions  of  sev- 
eral others  bred  here  which  are  apparently  new  and  as  yet  undescribed. 

The  rearing  of  a parasitic  Cynips  from  this  species  is  quite  interest- 
ing, inasmuch  as  the  habits  of  but  few  of  our  species  are  known.  Up 
to  the  present  time  Allotria  avence , A.  tritici  Fitch,  and  A.  lachni  Ashm. 
are  the  only  Cynipids  bred  from  Aphids  in  North  America. 


14 


The  Cabbage  Aphis  Allotria — AJlotria  brassicce  n.  sp. — Female. — Length  .05  inch . 
Black,  highly  polished,  face  and  vertex  of  head  testaceous]  cheeks  hroad,  convex, 
antennae  13-jointed,  long,  pale  yellowish-brown  or  yellowish  towards  base,  becoming 
brownish  or  infuscated  at  tip  ; thorax  smooth,  parapsides  distant ; scutellum  small, 
round,  convex,  with  a deep  transverse  groove  at  base;  wings  clear,  pubescent  and 
fringed  with  short  cilia ; veins  yellowish,  the  radial  area  closed ; abdomen  globose, 
with  the  second  segment  but  slightly  longer  than  the  third,  highly  polished  black, 
but  more  or  less  testaceous  at  base  and  at  vent,  and  a clump  of  whitish  hairs  at  base ; 
legs  honey-yellow  ; in  dry  specimens  tawny-yellow. 

Male.  — The  male  is  of  the  same  size  or  slightly  smaller  than  the  female,  and  is  easily 
recognized  by  the  14-jointed  antenuse;  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  joints  almost  equal 
jn  length,  and  all  are  excised  outwardly;  the  testaceous  spot  on  vertex  of  head  is  not 
so  apparent ; the  pleura  are  more  or  less  testaceous  and  the  abdomen  is  ovate. 

Described  from  several  specimens  bred  from  June  6th  to  July  15th. 

The  Cabbage  Aphis  Pachyneuron — Pacliyneuron  aphidivora  n.  sp. — Female.— 
Length  .04  to  .05  inch.  Head  metallic  green  suffused  with  purple  and  purplish 
black  on  vertex  ; sliagreened,  the  sculpture  coarser  beneath  eyes  ; mandibles  large; 
tridentate ; eyes  purplish-brown  ; antennae  brown,  pubescent,  scape  and  pedicel 
darker  ; thorax  purplish-black  with  bronzy  and  cupreous  reflection,  finely  reticulately 
sculptured;  scapulae,  golden  green;  scutellum  prominent,  convex,  rounded;  meta- 
thorax  finely  wrinkled  ; abdomen  flat,  oval,  blue-black,  metallic  at  base  and  with 
bronze  tingings  towards  apex,  darker  beneath ; wings  hyaline,  iridescent,  pubescent 
excepting  at  base ; veins  pale  yellow,  the  thickened  marginal  vein  brownish,  the 
stigmal  slightly  longer  than  marginal ; along  outer  edge  are  seven  long  hairs  ; legs 
pale  yellowish,  coxae  black,  anterior  and  middle  femora  d usky  near  base  and  along 
upper  and  lower  surface,  at  least  two-thirds  their  length. 

Described  from  several  specimens  bred  June  6th. 

TnE  Cabbage  Aphis  Excyrtid—  Encyrtus  aphidiphagus  n.  sp.— Female.— Length 
.06  inch.  Blue-black.  Head  shagreeued,  face  and  mouth  parts  blue,  the  facial  impres- 
sion is  very  deep,  eyes  brown ; ocelli  region  greenish  ; antennae  brown  ; thorax  shag- 
reened  in  wavy  curved  rugosities,  hind  margin  metallic  green  ; abdomen  bronzed,  blue- 
black;  wings  hyaline,  marginal  vein  short ; legs  honey- yellow,  all  femora  brown  ex- 
cept at  tips,  a large  brown  blotch  near  base  of  tibhe,  terminal  tarsal  joints  dusky. 

Near  Encyrtus  sublcstus  Howard  but  the  color  of  the  legs  will  at  once  distinguish  it. 
Described  from  several  sjiecimens. 

The  Cabbage  Aphis  Syrphus  Fly — AUograpta  obliqua  Say. — The 
larva  or  maggot  of  this  fly  has  been  taken  feeding  on  the  u Cabbage 
Aphis,”  and  below  I give  description  of  its  various  preparatory  stages: 

The  Egg. — Pearly  white,  long  oval ; .03  inch  in  length,  deposited  on  the  leaves 
among  the  Aphids. 

The  Maggot. — It  is  difficult  to  distinguish  this  from  many  other  Syrphid  larvae. 
The  full  grown  larva  measures  .25  inch  in  length,  cylindrical,  tapering  anteriorly  to 
point ; it  is  perfectly  smooth,  a translucent  green,  and  the  viscera  are  plainly  discerni- 
ble, variously  shaded,  dark  green,  yellowish  or  brownish  ; the  jaws  are  black ; the  air 
vessels,  which  are  visible  on  either  side  through  the  body  walls,  become  contiguous  on 
last  segment,  where  they  are  connected  externally  with  two  small  warty  spiracles. 

The  Puparium. — The  puparium  into  which  the  maggot  transforms  resembles  a cone, 
with  the  side  attached  to  the  leaf,  flattened  and  held  in  place  by  a viscid  substance 
secreted  by  the  larva  ; its  anterior  end  broad  and  well  rounded,  gradually  nar- 
rowing posteriorly ; at  the  end  are  still  to  be  seen  the  two  warty  tubercles.  Color 
yellow-brown,  with  occasionally  darker  shadings. 


15 


From  the  puparium  of  this  fly  I have  bred  the  following  parasite  : 

The  Syrphus  Fly  Pachyneuron — Pachyneuron  allograptae  n.  sp. — Female. — 
Length  .08  inch.  Black,  rather  coarsly  punctate,  with  a slight  metallic  luster.  Head 
large,  face  and  cheeks  full ; eyes  brown  ; antennae  brown,  scape  rufous  ; legs  tawny 
yellow,  a large  brown  blotch  on  fore -and  middle  femora,  while  the  hind  femora  are 
almost  entirely  brown  ; abdomen  flattened,  oval,  shiny  black  ; wings  hyaline,  veins 
pale  brown;  the  bristles  on  eubmarginal  vein  are  not  long  and  are  difficult  to  count. 

Male. — Length. 0l5  inch,  otherwise  similar  to  female. 

Described  from  f-everal  specimens.  The  large  size  of  this  species  and  color  of  legs 
will  distinguish  it  from  others  in  our  fauna. 

Besides  the  above  parasites  there  is  a small  Coccinellid  that  preys  on 
the  Cabbage  Aphis,  viz,  Scymnus  cervicalis. 

OTHER  INSECTS  FOUND  ON  CABBAGE  IN  FLORIDA. 

A Centipede  (Julus  muJtistriatus)  Say,  a Cricket  ( Tridactylus  minutus 
Scudder),  the  Southern  Cabbage  Butterfly  (Pieris  protodice  Boisd.),  the 
Large  Cabbage  Butterfly  ( Pieris  monuste  L.),  the  Cabbage  Mamestra 
(Mamestra  clienopodii  Albin.),  the  Zebra  Cabbage  Worm  (Ceramica picta 
Harris),  the  Cabbage  Pionea  ( Pionea  rimosalis  Guen.),  the  Cauliflower 
Botis  ( Botis  repetitalis  Grote),  the  Harlequin  Cabbage  Bug  (Murgantia 
Mstrionica  Hahn.),  and  others. 

INSECTS  AFFECTING  CORN. 

The  lateness  of  the  season  at  which  I began  my  investigations  pre- 
cluded me  from  studying  insects  depredating  this  crop  in  its  earlier 
growth;  consequently  nothing  can  be  reported  of  the  cut- worms  and 
borers  that  do  so  much  injury  to  this  crop  in  early  spring. 

THE  CORN  WORM. 

( HeliotJiis  armigera  Hiibn.) 

This  well-known  insect  has  been  very  plentiful  and  injurious  in 
Florida  during  the  past  season.  Not  a field  of  corn  was  free  from  its 
attacks,  and  but  few  perfect  ears  could  be  found  that  were  not  bored 
into  by  this  pest. 

From  ears  taken  from  a field  near  Jacksonville  I obtained  from  eight 
to  a dozen  worms  in  each  ear,  and  out  of  the  whole  patch  hardly  an  ear 
could  be  found  that  had  less  than  two  or  three  worms  in  it. 

The  insect  is  treated  in  full  in  the  Fourth  Report  of  the  IJ.  S.  Ento- 
mological Commission,  and  a repetition  of  its  life-history,  habits,  and 
remedies  are  unnecessary  here. 

Its  Injuries. — Enormous  injuries  are  committed  by  this  worm,  whole 
fields  of  corn  being  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  it.  The  eggs  are  laid 
on  the  leaves,  and  the  young  larvae,  which  hatch  therefrom,  begin  by 
eating  the  leaves,  but  they  soon  leave  these  and  bore  into  the  tender 
ears,  gnawing  and  eating  them  in  all  directions,  so  that  frequently 
hardly  a perfect  ear  can  be  found.  At  times  it  is  also  found  at  the 


16 


base  of  the  tassel,  feeding  on  the  accumulated  saccarhine  juice,  found 
there,  just  before  the  tassel  emerges  from  its  sheath. 

The  worms  will  not  only  gnaw  irregular  burrows  and  feed  on  corn 
while  in  the  milk,  but  the  mature  larvae  are  known  at  times  to  continue 
feeding  on  mature  hard  corn. 

I have  taken  on  corn  two  hemiptera  or  bugs  which  probably  prey  on 
the  worm,  although  not  detected  in  the  act — the  Wheel  Bug  ( Prionidus 
cristatus  L.)  and  Euschistus  servus  Say.  From  the  egg  I bred  Triclio- 
gramma  pretiosa  Biley,  already  noticed;  but  no  other  parasite  has  been 
bred  from  it  by  me. 

THE  CORN  MINING-  FLY. 

(. Diastata  sp?) 

A mining  fly  larva  is  quite  frequently  met  with,  making  long  irregular 
mines  on  corn  leaves,  and  while  I have  not  been  able  to  rear  the  perfect 
fly,  yet  I am  satisfied  it  is  the  same  species  mentioned  by  Prof.  Com- 
stock, in  U.  S.  Agricultural  Beport  for  1880,  page  245,  as  Diastata  sp. 

Several  specimens  of  a parasite,  agreeing  tolerably  well  with  Mr. 
Howard’s  Entedon  diastatce , reared  from  it  at  the  North,  were  also  bred 
from  it  here. 


MISCELLANEOUS  CORN  INSECTS. 

A Hemipteron  ( Oebalus  pugnax  Fabr.)  was  found  in  considerable  num- 
bers feeding  on  corn  pollen,  along  with  a Capsid  and  several  flies.  A 
fly  ( Ortalis  sp.)  is  common  on  the  stalk,  but  was  not  observed  to  do  any 
injury.  A common  beetle  ( Allorhina  nitida  Linn.)  was  taken,  with  head 
immersed  in  the  ear,  feeding  on  corn  while  in  the  milk. 

OTHER  INSECTS  INJURING-  CORN  IN  FLORIDA. 

The  following  insects  also  injure  corn  here:  The  Corn-stalk  Borer 
(. Diatrasa  saccharalis  Fabr.);  the  Corn  Bill-bug  ( Sphenophorus  robustus 
Horn.),  and  the  Angoumois  moth  ( Gelechia  cerealella)  and  several  Cut 
Worms.  From  the  tassels  I have  taken  the  larvae  of  Nola  sorghiella 
Biley,  and  in  the  crib  the  Corn  Weevil  ( Galandra  granaria). 

INSECTS  AFFECTING  THE  TOMATO. 

The  cultivation  of  the  Tomato  for  Northern  markets  is  a rapidly  grow- 
ing industry  in  Florida,  particularly  in  the  southern  portions  of  our 
State ; and  thousands  of  boxes  are  now  forwarded  by  our  growers  to 
Northern  commission  men  every  season. 

It  behooves  us,  therefore,  to  keep  a watchful  eye  on  the  insect  depre- 
dators of  this  fruit,  for  we  may  naturally  expect,  with  the  extension  of 
any  horticultural  industry,  a corresponding  increase  of  insect  pests. 

Fortunately,  no  serious  damage  done  this  plant  by  insects  has  been 
reported  this  season,  and,  while  I have  been  unable  to  visit  West  and 


17 


South  Florida,  the  sections  in  which  the  Tomato  is  more  extensively  cul- 
tivated, yet  studies  on  insects  infesting  it  in  gardens  near  Jacksonville 
will,  I feel  assured,  prove  of  interest. 

THE  TOMATO  WORM. 

(Sphinx  Carolina  Linn.) 

This  is  a well-known  insect,  common  in  all  tomato  patches,  although 
the  moth  into  which  it  transforms  is  seldom  seen,  and  remains  totally  un- 
known to  the  great  majority  of  our  farmers.  When  you  tell  them  that 
the  worm  will  change  into  a large  moth,  nine  times  out  of  ten  they  ex- 
press surprise  and  think  it  a most  wonderful  piece  of  information. 

Distribution . — It  is  quite  generally  distributed  throughout  the  United 
States,  Mexico,  the  West  Indies,  and  is  not  uncommon  in  South 
America. 

Food  Plants. — It  feeds  on  Tomato,  Potato,  Jimpson  weed  (Datura  stra- 
monium), Egg-Plant,  Tobacco,  and  other  plants.  I took  specimens  the 
past  season  feeding  on  Poke-berry  (Bivina  Icevis). 

Its  Life  History. — The  Egg. — The  egg  is  spherical,  perfectly  smooth,  and  green  or 
yellowish-green  in  color  ; diameter  about  .05  inch. 

The  Larva. — When  full  grown  it  measures  over  three  inches  in  length.  The  head 
and  body  are  dark  green,  interspersed  with  greenish-white  dots  ; it  is  transversely 
wrinkled ; oblique  white  or  greenish-white  lateral  bands  extend  from  dorsum  to  spi- 
racles, edged  above  with  bluish  and  short  transverse  black  lines.  The  spiracles,  ex- 
cepting the  first  and  last,  are  blackish,  with  a yellow  dot  above  and  below,  all  edged 
with  blue,  the  first  and  last  orange  yellow.  The  shield  and  terminal  prolegs  edged 
below  with  yellow ; the  caudal  horn  is  reddish-brown  towards  tip,  and  the  feet  are 
white,  edged  with  black. 

The  Pupa. — Length  one  inch  and  a half.  Dark  reddish-brown,  with  coarse  punc- 
tures on  abdominal  segments,  and  a detached  cylindrical  thick  tongue-case,  not 
quite  reaching  to  tip  of  abdomen. 

The  moth  is  a mottled  gray  species,  with  orange  spots  along  the  body, 
and  lias  too  often  been  figured  and  described  to  need  description  here. 

Ds  Injuries.— When  plentiful  the  injury  done  is  considerable,  and  great 
care  should  be  taken  to  remove  and  destroy  them.  They  eat  the  leaves 
and  tenderer  and  terminal  shoots,  frequently  stripping  the  plant  bare, 
whereby  the  plant  is  unable  to  breathe  or  mature  fruit. 

Natural  Enemies  and  Parasites. — I have  observed  a species  of  Wasp 
carrying  off  the  young  worms  to  provision  its  nest.  It  is  also  probable 
that  the  Microgaster  and  Blacas  that  attack  its  nearest  ally  (Sphinx 
5-maculata)  will  be  found  parasitizing  this  worm. 

A Tachiua  fly,  a species  of  Mascicera , has  been  bred  from  it  in  the 
North  by  Prof.  Riley  (Fourth  Missouri  Entomological  Report,  page  129). 
In  June  I bred  from  its  eggs  Tricliogramma  pretiosa  Riley,  a general  egg 
parasite  already  noticed,  and  a species  of  Teleas.  Of  the  former  three 
to  six  specimens  issued  from  each  egg;  from  the  latter  two  to  four. 

22340 — No.  14 2 


18 


I submit  a description  of  the  Teleas,  which  is  apparently  new: 

The  Sphinx  Egg  Teleas — Teleas  sphingis  n.  sp. — Length,  .04  inch.  Black,  smooth, 
and  polished.  Head  large,  much  broader  than  thorax;  antennae  12  jointed,  dark 
brown,  sparsely  pubescent,  the  scape  barely  reaching  to  the  head ; pedicel  much 
stouter  and  larger  than  first  funicle  joint,  which  is  small  ; other  joints  slightly  in- 
crease in  size  to  club,  which  enlarges  and  widens  considerably,  and  comprises  five 
joints;  the  antennae  in  male  are  more  flagellate.  The  thorax  is  ovate,  smooth,  con- 
vex, and  sparsely  covered  with  microscopical  pubescence. 

Under  a very  high  power  the  head  and  thorax  show  a microscopical  reticulated 
scratched  surface. 

No  parapsidal  grooves;  the  scutellum  is  separated  by  a deep  groove  at  base  and  has 
some  wrinkled  ridges;  metathorax  rugose.  The  abdomen  is  very  flat  ovate,  and 
somewhat  carinate  laterally;  on  first  segment  there  are  three  deep  transverse,  punc- 
tate grooves,  and  the  second  segment  occupies  most  of  the  upper  surface  ; surround- 
ing the  tip  are  a few  hairs. 

Legs  clavate  ; femora  and  coxae  black  or  very  dark  brown  ; tibiae  brown,  with  tips  ; 
tarsi  and  trochanters  yellowish  or  tawny  ; wings  hyaline,  hairy,  and  with  a distinct, 
rather  long,  stigmal  vein. 

Described  from  numerous  specimens  bred  in  July. 

Remedy. — For  destroying  this  worm  no  better  method  need  be  wanted 
than  hand-picking. 

The  worms  are  large  and  conspicuous,  easily  seen,  and  no  difficulty 
will  attend  their  destruction.  The  best  time  for  searching  for  them  is 
in  the  early  morning  and  evening ; during  the  middle  of  the  day  the 
majority  oi  them  will  be  found  hidden  under  trash  and  in  the  ground 
at  the  foot  of  the  vine. 

THE  TOMATO-STALK  BORER. 

( Qortyna  nitela  Gueu.) 

This  insect  is  comparatively  rare  in  Florida,  although  I have  noticed 
it  several  times  the  present  season.  It  has  been  so  often  treated  in  the 
reports  and  in  popular  articles  as  to  need  no  extended  notice  here. 

THE  TOMATO  APHIS. 

(Megoura  solani  Thomas.) 

In  some  cases  brought  under  my  observation  this  year,  this  Aphid 
did  considerable  damage  to  tomato  vines,  particularly  in  the  early 
spring. 

Distribution. — It  is  pretty  generally  distributed  throughout  the 
United  States,  although  it  has  not  been  reported,  that  I am  aware  of, 
west  of  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

Its  Natural  History. — Prof.  Cyrus  Thomas  described  the  species  in  the 
Eighth  Illinois  Keport  as  follows  : 

Winged  Female. — Antennae  7-jointed,  a little  longer  than  the  body;  first  and  second 
joints  short;  third  and  seventh  longest,  nearly  equal ; fourth  a little  shorter  than  the 
third;  the  fifth  not  quite  as  long  as  the  fourth;  sixth  about  half  or  less  than  half 
the  length  of  the  fifth;  tubercles  prominent.  Honey  tubes  extending  beyond  the 
abdomen,  excessively  enlarged  in  the  middle,  and  expanding  at  the  tip  in  trumpet 


19 


shape.  Tail  of  moderate  length,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  honey  tubes,  conical. 
Wings  as  usual  in  Siphon opliora ; fourth  vein  strongly  and  regularly  curved  ; second 
fork  about  equally  distant  from  apex  and  third  vein;  stigma  elongate,  slender  and 
pointed,  size  large. 

General  color  greenish ; tail  greenish-yellow  at  the  base,  darker  at  the  tip;  body 
greenish  or  pale  greenish-yellow  ; antennae  dusky.  Another  winged  specimen,  proba- 
bly a male,  varies  considerably  from  the  above  description ; the  second  fork  of  the  third 
vein  is  very  short  aud  near  the  apex,  and  in  some  cases  absent  in  one  wing  and  present 
in  the  other.  Honey  tubes  with  the  enlargement  less  than  the  precedin  g,  and  carried 
nearer  to  the  apex;  antennae  also  differ  slightly  in  the  respective  length  of  the 
joints.  Head  and  abdomen  olive  green;  thorax  and  eyes  black;  antennae  dusky, 
legs  pale,  dark  at  the  knees  and  tarsi. 

Pupa. — Elongate  oblong  inform;  very  pale  with  a dark  green  stripe  along  the 
middle  of  the  back,  with  apparent  whitish  powder  speckled  sparsely  over  the  body. 
Head  whitish;  base  of  antennae  greenish-white,  rest  pale  fuscous,  dark  at  the  tip  of 
the  joints  and  at  the  tip  of  the  antennae  ; eyes  brown ; femora  greenish- white ; tibiae 
fuscous;  tarsi  darker.  Honey  tubes  long,  slender,  pale  at  base  and  dusky  at  the  tip. 
Tail  short,  conical,  greenish. 

The  summer  broods  of  this  species  are  viviparous,  but  there  must  be 
a fall  sexual  brood,  containing  oviparous  females  which  deposit  eggs, 
from  which  hatch  the  early  spring  broods. 

Its  Injuries. — This  species  was  first  detected  in  the  garden  of  Col.  L. 
W.  S pratt. 

The  Colonel  drew  my  attention  to  some  sickly  tomato  vines  and 
showed  me  others  that  had  died  and  asked  me  what  was  the  matter 
with  them.  An  examination  revealed  the  Aphids  along  the  stem  stalk 
and  on  some  of  the  leaves,  and  I feel  convinced  that  these  little  creatures 
were  the  cause  of  the  trouble.  Their  puncture  has  a blistering  and 
blighting  effect  on  the  vine,  and  the  leaves  curl  and  wither. 

Natural  Enemies  and  Parasites. — I detected  the  larvae  of  a Lace-wing 
(Remerobius)  and  certain  Scymni  feeding  upon  them;  also  bred  from 
them  two  internal  parasites  as  follows  : 

Tomato  Aphis  Allotria — Allotria  megource  n.  sp. — Female. — Length  .03  inch. 
Black,  shining.  Face  testaceous  ; autennae  long,  13-jointed,  subfiliform,  dark  honey- 
yellow,  infuscated  from  two-tliirds  its  length  to  tip;  thorax  smooth,  shining  ; scutel- 
lum  oval,  convex;  abdomen  globose,  slightly  testaceous  in  certain  lights;  legs  dark 
honey-yellow  ; wings  hyaline,  ciliated,  veins  yellowish. 

Described  from  one  specimen  bred  May  26th. 

The  Tomato  Aphis  Encyrtid— Encyrtus  ? megource  n.  sp. — Male  and  Female. — 
Length  from  .02  to  .03  inch.  Blue-black.  Head  finely  punctate;  eyes  large  with 
coarse  facets;  mouth  piceous;  antennae  11-jointed,  covered  with  short  pubsecenco 
in  female,  in  male  with  two  whorls  of  hairs  on  each  joint;  the  flagellum  gradually 
widens  towards  tip  in  female,  narrower  in  male;  scutellum  slightly  metallic  in 
female,  brighter  in  male,  with  some  long  hairs  ; abdomen  blackish  or  brownish,  short, 
stout,  with  long  hairs  at  sides;  wings  hyaline  ; veins  yellowish  ; marginal  vein  very 
short ; legs  yellowish,  coxae,  femora  except  at  tip,  and  a broad  annulus  on  upper  half 
of  tibiae  darker. 

Described  from  three  specimens. 

Remedies. — Those  recommended  for  u Cabbage  Aphis  ” will  be  just  as 
effectual  for  this  species. 


20 


INSECTS  AFFECTING  THE  EGG  PLANT. 

The  egg  plant  is  comparatively  but  little  cultivated  in  Florida,  and 
no  serious  injury  is  done  it  by  insect  pests. 

The  u Tomato  Worms,”  Sphinx  Carolina  and  Sphinx  5-maculata  are 
both  found  on  it  eating  the  leaves;  also  a Tortricid  and  a Tineid. 

A Membracid  ( Acutalis  calva  Say)  is  fouud  on  the  stalk,  a Blister 
Beetle  ( Lpicauta  cinerea  Forst.)  in  blossoms,  and  occasionally  eating  the 
leaves;  at  times  a small  black  jumping  bug  ( Halticus  bractatus  Say)  is 
very  plentiful  on  both  stalk  and  leaves,  as  well  as  Stictocephala  in - 
ermis  Fabr.,  and  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  an  Aphis. 

THE  EGG  PLANT  APHIS. 

(Siphonophora  cucurbitce  Middleton.) 

Distribution. — This  species  was  first  detected  on  Squash  vines  at 
Carbondale,  Illinois,  May,  1878,  by  Miss  Nettie  Middleton,  and  described 
in  Eighth  Beport  Illinois  Insects,  page  G7,  and  I know  of  no  other  ref- 
erence to  it.  The  specimens  found  here  on  Egg  Plants  agree  perfectly 
with  her  description,  and  it  is  probably  extensively  distributed  over  the 
Eastern  United  States  on  various  plants  belonging  to  the  Cucurbi- 
taceae. 

I quote  her  original  description  : 

Winged  Specimens. — Large  and  green.  Antennae  very  long,  reaching  to  or  beyond 
the  tip  of  the  tail ; third  joint  a little  longer  than  the  fourth ; fourth  about  the  same 
length  or  very  slightly  longer  than  fifth ; sixth  not  more  than  one-fourth  or  one-third 
the  length  of  the  fifth  ; seventh  longest ; wings  transparent;  veins  slender ; the  first 
fork  makes  a very  acute  angle  with  the  third  vein ; second  fork  rather  nearer  the 
third  vein  than  the  apex ; fourth  vein  curves  sharply  and  approaches  somewhat 
closely  in  its  middle  to  the  first  fork ; stigma  elongate  and  narrow  ; honey  tubes 
long,  slender,  and  cylindrical,  extending  beyond  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  but  not  to 
the  tip  of  the  tail,  about  one-fifth  the  length  of  the  body  ; tail  long,  subconical,  more 
than  half  the  length  of  the  honey  tubes  (in  the  wingless  specimens).  The  form  of  the 
body  in  both  the  winged  and  wingless  specimens  is  elongate  and  fusiform,  the  latter 
being  slightly  broader  than  the  former.  Length  of  body  .10  inch,  to  tip  of  wing  .18 
inch,  and  some  appear  to  even  exceed  this  size  ; body  green  ; head  paler,  more  or  less 
yellowish  ; thorax  pale  brownish  or  fawn  colored  or  tinged  with  this  color;  abdomen 
green,  with  a darker  green  median  line  ; first  aud  second  joints  of  the  antennae  pale, 
third  dark,  seventh  light,  shades  of  light  and  dark  more  or  less  alternating;  honey 
tubes  green  at  base,  changing  to  fuscous  at  the  tip;  tail  greenish;  eyes  brown; 
stigma  pale. 

Wingless  Specimen. — Green,  with  few  markings:  Body  slightly  broader  than  winged 
specimens,  and  elongate  ovate;  the  abdomen  tapering  posteriorly  to  the  elongated 
tail,  which  is  elongate  conical,  its  length  more  than  half  and  almost  equal  to  that  of 
the  honey  tubes.  The  honey  tubes  are  long,  somewhat  robust  and  cylindrical;  they 
extend  beyond  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  although  the  posterior  tapering  segments  are 
much  drawn  out,  but  not  to  the  tip  of  the  tail.  In  most  of  the  specimens  examined 
under  a strong  magnifying  power  they  appear  slightly  and  minutely  wrinkled  trans- 
versely, or  what  may  perhaps  better  describe  the  appearance  pustulate  or  scaly.  The 


21 


length  of  body  is  usually  rather  greater  than  of  the  winged  specimens.  In  both  the 
antennae  and  front  of  the  head  are  hairy,  and  many  of  the  hairs  appear  to  be  capi- 
tate. 

Its  Injuries. — It  is  only  in  early  spring  that  the  plant  sutlers  much 
from  this  Aphid,  and  then  almost  any  wash  would  destroy  it;  later  the 
rains  and  natural  enemies  almost  totally  destroy  it. 

Parasites. — Enemies  that  are  usually  found  destroying  plant-lice — 
CoccinellidiB  and  Hemerobiidse — were  also  observed  associated  with  this 
species ; but  besides  these  I bred  from  it  a parasitic  Oynipid  as  follows : 

The  Egg  Plant  Aphis  Eucoila,  Eucoila  siplionopliorce  n.  sp. — Male. — Length,  .05 
inch ; dark,  piceo-black ; polished  ; iu  shape  somewhat  linear  ; antennae  longer  than 
body:  15-jointed;  filiform,  red;  third  joint  longest,  excised;  following  joints  long, 
moniliform ; scutellum  cupuliform  ; abdomen  slightly  compressed,  with  hairy  girdle 
at  base  ; legs  red ; posterior  coxae  rather  large,  somewhat  pale  ; wings  hyaline,  pub- 
escent, and  ciliate. 

Described  from  one  specimen,  bred  May  30. 

INSECTS  AFFECTING  THE  PEA. 

There  are  several  insects  destroying  the  Pea  in  Florida,  but  it  was 
too  late  in  the  season  when  I began  my  work  to  study  them  in  the 
field,  the  Pea  crop  being  about  over. 

Crickets,  grasshoppers,  beetles,  and  caterpillars  cut  and  eat  the 
leaves  and  pods ; but  by  far  the  most  destructive  is  a root-mining  An- 
thomyid  fly,  which  preys  upon  the  roots. 

Its  existence  is  entirely  unsuspected  by  the  grower,  and  I hope  an- 
other season  will  enable  me  to  thoroughly  work  it  up. 

The  maggots  bore  into  and  burrow  the  roots  near  the  crown,  and  in 
a short  time  flourishing  and  luxuriant  vines  are  killed. 

Our  people  attribute  the  cause  to  the  hot  weather,  and  would  be  sur- 
prised could  they  see  the  larvae  at  work. 

INSECTS  AFFECTING  THE  BEAN. 

The  same  general  remarks  made  in  regard  to  insects  of  the  Pea  will 
apply  to  the  Bean  also,  and  I have  only  been  able  to  work  up  the  life 
history  of  one  “Cut-worm,”  taken  while  in  the  act,  in  June. 

THE  BEAN  CUT-WORM. 

( Telesilla  cinereola  Guende.) 

The  moth  of  this  species  has  long  been  known  to  collectors,  but  the  cat- 
erpillar, I believe,  up  to  the  present  time,  remains  unidentified  and  un- 
described. 

Distribution. — Found  generally  spread  over  the  United  States  east 
of  the  Pocky  Mountains  and  in  Canada  and  the  West  Indies.  Pro- 
fessor Snow  reports  it  common  in  Kansas  ; in  Florida  it  is  rare. 


22 


Its  Life  History. — The  Egg. — Unknown. 

The  Larva. — This  in  shape  and  size-very  much  resembles  the  Cabbage  Worm  ( Plusia 
brassicce,)  and,  like  it,  when  disturbed  draws  itself  up  and  has  the  appearance  of  ageo- 
metrid  larva.  When  full  grown  it  measures  one  and  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in  length. 
Pale  green,  with  a wavy,  yellow  stigma  line  and  a supra-stigma  creamy  white  line 
and  two  pale  dorsal  lines,  8 transverse  black  warty  dots  on  segments  with  two  more 
on  dorsum  back  of  these,  from  all  of  which  issue  pale  hairs ; on  either  side  of  the 
dorsal  black  warty  tubercles  is  an  irregular  yellowish  line,  and  an  indistinct  yel- 
lowish oblique  line  extending  from  the  outer  line  obliquely  between  the  first  pair  of 
tubercles  and  last  pair  to  the  dorsal  lines.  The  six  true  legs  are  pale,  glassy,  and 
there  are  prolegs  on  ninth,  tenth,  and  anal  segments.  Head  green,  with  sutural  edges 
dark  and  a few  hairs  at  sides. 

The  Pupa.—  Length,  .42  inch  ; greatest  width,  .15  ; wing  cases,  .21  inch  ; pale  yel- 
low brown,  the  fifth  segment  rather  strongly  constricted  anteriorly  and  widest ; the 
edges  of  all  the  segments  anteriorly  dark  brown. 

The  Moth. — Wing  expanse  from  one  inch  and  ten-hundredths  to  one  inch  and  fifteen- 
hundredths.  The  fore  wings  are  grayish  brown,  with  a few  short,  indistinct,  wavy, 
lighter  grayish  lines  interspersed  ; transversely  across  the  fore  wing  near  the  outer 
margin  is  a light  gray  or  slightly  yellowish  band. 

The  hind  wings  are  uniformly  gray,  fringed  with  short  cilia ; beneath,  silvery  gray 
with  numerous  brownish  gray  scales  at  anterior  margin  and  on  fore  wing. 

Its  Injuries. — The  worm  feeds  on  the  leaves  and  the  bean  pods,  some- 
times stripping  the  vine  bare. 

OTHER  BEAN  INSECTS. 

A Katydid  ( Phylloptera  oblongifolia  Dels.),  a Butterfly  larva  ( Euda - 
mus  proteus  Linn.),  and  a Tineid  are  also  found  damaging  this  crop. 

INSECTS  AFFECTING  THE  SQUASH. 

In  Florida  there  are  many  insects  found  feeding  on  this  plant;  the 
Cucumber  Flea-beetle  (Crepidodera  cucumeris  Harris),  thel2-spotted  Dia- 
brotica  ( Diabrotica  12-punctata  Oliv.),  a jumping  bug (Halticus  bractatus 
Say),  the  False  Chinch  ( Triphleps  insidiosus  Say),  a Mining  Fly  ( Oscinis ), 
and  an  Aphis  (Aphis  cucurbitce  Buck  ton)  are  common  on  the  leaves  and 
stems,  but  have  not  been  observed  to  do  much  injury.  The  life  histories 
of  and  observations  concerning  the  more  injurious  are  given  below. 

THE  SQUASH  BUG. 

(Anasa  tristis  DeGeer). 

When  this  bug  exists  in  quantities  probably  there  is  no  more  inju- 
rious insect  known  to  squash  and  pumpkin  vines.  The  mature  bug 
hibernates  in  the  winter  under  debris,  old  vines,  dry  grass,  boards,  &c., 
and  from  early  spring  to  late  fall  there  is  a continual  succession  of 
broods. 

I have  taken  some  specimens  in  mid-winter,  on  warm  days,  in  old 
fields  and  on  fences. 

Distribution. — It  is  found  generally  throughout  the  United  States  and 


23 


in  Canada;  Anasa  ulileri  Stah,  found  in  Mexico,  will  probably  prove  to 
be  nothing  but  a climatic  or  varietal  form  of  this  well-known  insect: 

Its  Life  History — The  Egg. — Length,  .04  inch;  oval,  flattened  on  three  sides,  so 
that  when  viewed  from  either  end  it  has  a triangular  appearance ; in  color  it  is  dark 
golden  bronze.  To  the  unassisted  eye  it  is  smooth  and  shining,  but  when  viewed 
under  a liigh-power  lens  the  surface  is  reticulated. 

The  Larva. — When  first  hatched  the  young  bug  is  broadly  oval,  with  long  antennae, 
the  joints  of  which  are  flat,  hairy  ; the  head,  thorax,  and  wing-scales  blackish,  while 
abdomen  is  a bright  ocher  yellow.  Length,  .08  inch. 

Its  Injuries  and  Food  Hants. — It  confines  its  attacks  almost  exclusively 
to  the  Squash  and  Pumpkin,  although  it  is  not  improbable  that  other 
cucurbitaceous  vines  also  suffer  from  it. 

The  bug  punctures  the  leaves  and  the  stem  of  the  vine,  causing  them 
to  wrinkle  and  wither;  also  the  fruit. 

The  eggs  are  laid  in  patches,  twenty  or  thirty  together,  on  the  upper 
or  lower  surface  of  the  leaves,  fastened  to  the  leaf  with  a sticky  or  gluey 
substance,  at  night  or  just  before  dark,  for  during  the  day  these  disgust- 
ing bugs  seek  shelter  in  the  ground  or  under  trash  at  the  base  of  the 
vine  stalk. 

It  is  curious  to  watch  them  come  forth  from  their  hiding  places  as  the 
sun  sinks  and  darkness  begins  to  fall.  Brood  after  brood  march  up  the 
vine,  led  by  an  older  one,  like  the  different  corps  of  an  army  march  to 
the  parade  ground  at  roll  call.  They  come  from  everywhere — in  the 
ground,  under  grass,  trash,  and  boards.  Indeed,  it  is  astonishing  to  see 
how  soon  vine -s  will  be  crowded  with  these  bugs,  where  but  a few  hours 
before  not  one  could  be  found. 

Natural  Enemies  and  Parasites. — Birds  and  fowls,  on  account  of  their 
peculiar  odor,  will  not  feed  on  them,  and  beetles,  wasps,  and  spiders, 
which  attack  caterpillars  and  other  insects,  shun  it  as  a foul  thing. 
Fortunately,  however,  there  are  parasites  that  prey  on  the  egg,  and  thus 
greatly  diminish  it,  although  no  author  that  I am  aware  of  mentions 
this  fact.  It  was  therefore  a surprise  and  a gratification  for  me  when  I 
bred  three  distinct  parasites  from  the  eggs  the  past  summer — a Eupel- 
mid,  an  Encyrtid,  and  a Telenomid. 

The  Squash-bug  Egg  Telenomus — Telenomus  anasa;  n.  sp. — Male  and  Female. — 
Black,  very  coarsely  irregularly  reticulately  punctate,  with  white  pubescence; 
antennae  in  female  clavate,  12-jointed,  brown;  in  male  flagellate,  14-jointed,  pale 
brown;  legs,  pale  brown  or  yellowish  brown  ; coxae,  black  ; abdomen  in  female,  ovate, 
sub-convex  above,  highly  convex  beneath,  and  with  a light  carina  at  sides;  in  male 
somewhat  fusiform.  Wings,  hyaline,  with  a slight  fuscous  tinge,  pubescent,  the  mar- 
ginal vein  very  short,  post  marginal  long,  while  the  stigmal  is  about  two-thirds  as 
long  as  post  marginal ; all  yellowish. 

Described  from  numerous  specimens  bred  in  June  and  July. 

About  thirty  per  cent,  of  the  eggs  collected  were  parasitized  by  this 
insect. 

The  Squash-bug  Egg  Encyrtid — Encyrlus  anasa ? n.  sp. — Female. — Length,  .05 
inch;  robust;  head  and  thorax  blue-black;  abdomen  and  tip  of  scutellum  cupreous; 
the  very  large  pleura  and  cheeks  are  decidedly  blue ; antennse  and  legs  pale  brown ; the 


24 


scape  at  base  and  tarsi  yellowish.  The  femora  have  a large  bluish-black  blotch  in  the 
middle. 

Described  from  two  specimens. 

The  Reduvius  Egg  Eupelmid — Eupelmus  reduvii  Howard. — Seven 
specimens  of  what  I have  identified  as  this  species  were  bred  from  Anasa 
eggs  in  July. 

For  a description  of  the  species  see  Canadian  Entomologist,  Yol.  XII, 
page  207. 

THE  SQUASH  BORER. 

(Eudioptis  nitidalis  Cramer.) 

The  worm  so  commonly  found  with  us  boring  into  squashes,  at  the 
Xorth  goes  under  the  name  of  u Pickle  Worm.”  There  it  is  found  eat- 
ing the  leaves  and  boring  into  the  fleshy  portions  of  the  Cucumber. 

Distribution. — It  is  found  in  the  West  Indies,  throughout  the  United 
States,  and  in  Canada. 

Food  Plants. — As  a borer  it  is  found  in  Squash,  Cucumbers,  and  Mel- 
ons, but  it  will  also  feed  on  the  leaves  of  all  of  these  vines.  The  moth 
is  very  common  and  it  must  have  other  food  plants;  Guenee  mentions 
a species  of  Potato  as  its  food  plant. 

Its  Injuries  — The  worms  bore  cylindrical  holes  into  the  Squash,  and 
feed  on  the  fleshy  pulp,  causing  it  to  rot  and  decay. 

Parasites. — From  one  of  the  pupae  I bred  a Chalcid  fly,  Chalcis  ovataf 
Siy,  but  no  other  parasites  are  known  to  infest  it. 

Remedy. — Professor  Riley,  Second  Missouri  Entomological  Report,  p. 
70,  suggests  “overhauling  the  vines  early  in  the  summer,  and  destroying 
the  first  worms  that  appear,  either  by  feeding  the  infested  fruit  to  hogs  or 
cattle,  or  by  killing  the  worms  on  the  spot.” 

THE  SQUASH  YINE  BORER. 

( Melittia  ceto  Westw.). 

This  well  known  insect,  unlike  Eudioptis  nitidalis , does  not  bore  into 
the  Squash  or  fruit,  but  into  the  stem  of  the  vine,  often  killing  it. 

I have  taken  two  or  three  borers  at  a time  from  a single  stem,  and  in 
confinement  they  proved  to  be  cannibalistic — feeding  upon  one  an- 
other— as  was  exemplified  with  some  1 attempted  to  rear  this  summer. 

Xo  borers  were  observed  in  the  vine  until  July. 

Distribution. — Found  generally  throughout  the  United  States. 

Food  Plants. — Its  attacks  are  almost  strictly  confined  to  the  Squash, 
although  it  has  been  reported  to  bore  at  times  into  Pumpkin  vines. 

Its  Life  History. — The  egg. — The  egg  is  oval  and  of  a dull  red. 

The  Larva. — Full  grown  larvae  measure  from  one  inch  to  one  inch  and  a fourth. 
Somewhat  depressed,  fleshy,  soft,  tapering  at  each  extremity  ; segments  ten  in  num- 
ber, very  distinct,  the  incisions  being  deep ; the  eleventh  or  last  segment  minute,  and 
hardly  distinct  from  the  tenth.  Head  retractile,  small,  brown,  paler  on  the  front,  and 
with  the  usual  V-like  mark  on  it.  First  segment  or  collar  with  two  oblique  brown 
marks  on  the  top,  converging  behind.  A dark  line,  occasioned  by  the  dorsal  vessel 


25 


seen  through  the  transparent  skin,  along  the  top  of  the  back,  from  the  fourth  to  the 
tenth  rings  inclusive.  True  legs  six,  articulate,  brown  ; prolegs  wanting  or  replaced 
by  double  rows  of  hooks  in  pairs  beneath  the  sixth,  seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth  rings, 
and  two  single  rows  under  the  last  ring.  Spiracles  brown.  A few  very  short  hairs 
on  each  ring,  arising  singly  from  little  hard  points  or  pit-like,  warty  substances. 

The  Papa. —This  is  inclosed  in  a cocoon  made  of  the  squash  stalk,  tied  together 
with  a few  silken  threads. 

The  Moth. — The  wings  expand  one  inch  and  one  quarter.  Opaque  lustrous,  olive- 
brown  ; hind  wings  transparent,  with  the  margin  and  fringes  brown  ; antennae 
greenish  black,  palpi  pale  yellow,  with  a little  black  tuft  near  the  tip  ; thorax  olive  ; 
abdomen  deep  orange,  with  a transverse  basal  black  band,  and  a longitudinal  row  of 
five  or  six  black  spots  ; tibiae  and  tarsi  of  the  hind  legs  thickly  fringed  on  the  in- 
side with  black,  and  on  the  outside  with  long  orange-colored  hairs  ; spurs  covered 
with  white  hairs.  (Harris. ) 

Its  Injuries. — The  female  moth  lays  an  egg  on  the  vine  near  the 
roots;  the  worm  which  hatches  therefrom  bores  into  and  feeds  on  the 
soft  succulent  interior  of  the  stem,  particularly  at  its  origin  near  the 
ground,  and  at  the  base  of  the  leaves ; frequently  when  small  the 
worm  bores  even  into  the  larger  leaf- veins.  It  may  easily  be  detected 
at  work  by  the  withering  of  the  leaves  and  stem. 

Parasites. — 1 know  of  no  parasites  bred  from  this  borer ; although  I 
have  a large,  beautiful,  golden  green  Pteromalid,  captured  on  the 
vines,  that  may  possibly  prove  to  be  its  parasite ; others  were  seen  on 
the  vine  or  its  vicinity. 

Remedies. — The  following  suggestions  and  remedies  will  be  found  use- 
ful in  destroying  the  pest: 

Cutting  out  the  larvce. — This  method  has  been  long  in  use  by  garden- 
ers, and  with  a little  practice  one  soon  becomes  quite  expert  in  detecting 
and  removing  the  larvae. 

Bisulphide  of  Carbon  in  the  Ground. — Prof.  C.  Y.  Eiley  first  suggested 
the  use  of  this  insecticide  in  destroying  grape  phylloxera  and  Prof.  A. 
J.  Cook  has  since  used  it  successfully  in  destroying  this  borer.  He 
says:  “ A small  hole  is  made  in  the  earth  near  the  main  root  of  the 
plant  by  the  use  of  a walking-stick  or  other  rod,  and  about  a teaspoouful 
of  the  liquid  poured  in,  when  the  hole  is  quickly  filled  with  earth  and 
pressed  down  by  the  foot.”  In  every  instance  the  insects  were  killed 
without  injury  to  the  plant. 

Gas-lime. — Fresh  gas-lime,  liberally  distributed,  after  the  removal  of 
the  crop,  will  kill  the  larvae  within  the  cocoons.  It  is  well  also  to  fol- 
low Professor  Lintner,  who  says:  “An  infested  crop  should  not  be 
followed  by  another  upon  the  same  ground.” 

Treatment  with  Saltpeter. — “Four  tablespoonfuls  dissolved  in  a pail 
of  water,  and  about  a quart  applied  to  each  hill  where  an  attack  was 
noticed  and  the  leaves  were  wilting,  at  the  time  when  the  vines  were 
just  beginning  to  run  nicely,  effectually  arrested  the  attack  aud  a fine 
crop  followed.”  ( Country  Gentleman.) 


26 


INSECTS  AFFECTING  THE  MELON. 

There  are  two  insect  pests  which  seriously  damage  this  crop  in  Florida — 
a borer  and  an  Aphis — both  damaging  the  crop  annually  to  the  extent 
of  thousands  of  dollars. 


THE  MELON  BORER. 

(. Eudioptis  hyalinata  Linn.) 

In  July  the  melon  crop  (Cantaloupes  and  Musk-melons)  is  almost 
totally  destroyed  by  the  injuries  committed  by  this  worm.  By  the  end 
of  the  month  hardly  a melon  can  be  found  that  has  not  been  bored  into 
by  this  destructive  pest. 

Distribution. — It  is  a common  and  extensively  distributed  species  over 
North  America,  the  West  Indies,  and  South  America.  Guenee  also 
records  having  received  it  from  French  Guiana. 

Its  total  annihilation  is  devoutly  wished  for  by  growers  and  lovers  of 
good  melons,  and  a preventive  from  its  attacks  greatly  desired. 

Food  Plants. — In  several  instances  I have  taken  the  larvte  in  Squash, 
but  it  is  almost  exclusively  confined  to  the  Melon.  From  two  to  six 
worms  have  been  taken  from  a single  nutmeg  melon.  Guenee  states  it 
is  found  in  Pumpkins,  Watermelons,  and  other  cucurbitaceous  plauts. 
Now,  I have  never  yet  found  a borer  in  Watermelons,  aud  the  statement 
that  this  worm  is  found  in  this  fruit  must  be  taken  cum  grano  salis. 

The  Larva. — Length  eight-tenths  of  an  inch.  Color  translucent  green  or  pale  green- 
ish-yellow, with  the  head  and  cervical  shield  yellowish  ; the  jaws  and  surroundings 
of  mouth  parts  black ; from  both  sides  of  head  issue  some  hue  hairs ; the  stigmata  are 
yellowish  ; the  warty  tubercles  on  the  different  segments  are  arrauged  as  in  the  larva 
of  Eudioptus  nitidaUs,  its  nearest  ally,  only  they  are  neither  so  prominent  nor  black, 
but  green,  and  the  hairs  issuing  therefrom  are  very  fine  and  almost  invisible  to  the 
naked  eye  ; the  legs  are  the  same  in  both  species. 

The  Pupa. — This  is  long  and  slender,  seven-twelfths  of  an  inch  in  length,  yellow- 
brown,  darker,  and  tapering  to  a point  at  tail;  the  wing  cases  are  long  and  rather 
narrow,  and  the  antennal  case  is  very  long,  projecting  beyond  the  base  of  the  8th 
ventral  segment.  All  the  segments  are  well  separated,  microscopally  rugose  and 
wrinkled.  The  pupa  is  generally  inclosed  in  a loosely-woven  web  or  cocoon  made  by 
drawing  a leaf  together.  But  this  is  not  always  the  case.  In  two  instances  I found 
the  pupa  loose  in  the  soft  pulp  of  the  melou,  in  the  juiciest  portion,  and  it  was  quite 
lively,  twisting  its  abdomen  from  side  to  side  and  wiggling  about  like  a thing  of 
life. 

The  Moth. — Wing  expanse  from  one  inch  and  one-sixth  to  a little  over.  The  wings 
are  translucent,  pearly  white,  iridescent,  and  with  a glossy  brown-black  border;  the 
abdomen  is  also  pearly  white,  excepting  the  last  two  segments  above,  which  are  black- 
ish, and  ends  in  a tuft  of  hairs  or  expanded  brush,  of  a buff  color,  tipped  with  white 
and  black ; the  head  aud  the  thorax  above  are  brown-black,  glossy ; the  legs  are  white 
excepting  the  fore-thighs  and  tibiae,  which  are  discolored  above  with  buft’-colored 
scales ; middle  tibiae  armed  with  two  spin'es,  one  longer  than  the  other ; posterior 
tibiae  similarly  armed,  but  with  an  additional  pair  in  the  middle,  beneath. 


27 


Its  Injuries. — The  larvae  begin  by  eating  the  leaves,  and  the  diet  of 
the  first  brood  of  worms  must  consist  almost  exclusively  of  phyllopha- 
gous food.  It  is  only  as  the  melons  begin  to  mature  that  the  worms 
bore  into  them  ; for  comparatively  few  green  melons  were  found  affected. 

Of  the  large  melons  examined,  from  four  to  six  worms  were  taken 
from  each,  and  in  ever}7  case  where  this  happened  the  melon  had  reached 
its  full  growth  and  was  undergoing  the  process  of  ripening. 

This  worm  does  not  always  bore  directly  into  the  interior  of  the  fruit, 
sometimes  confining  itself  to  the  outer  rind  or  boring  irregular  galleries 
just  beneath  it;  when  it  attacks  the  inner  or  fleshy  portion  s it  is  most 
destructive,  excavating  long  galleries  filled  with  its  soft  excrements,  in 
Avhich  the  worm  wallows  and  crawls  backward  and  forward,  and  the 
fruit  then  soon  sours  and  decays. 

Parasites. — Two  parasites  were  reported  on  the  worm  in  the  Agricul- 
tural Eeport  for  1879.  An  Ichneumouid  fly  ( Pimplaconquisitor  Say),  and 
a Tachiua  fly  are  represented  in  Plate  III,  Fig.  fi,  of  said  report.  No 
parasites  were  bred  from  it  by  me,  the  majority  of  the  pupae  in  my  breed- 
ing boxes  having  been  destroyed  by  a small  red  ant. 

Remedy. — See  Squash  Borer. 

THE  MELON  PLANT-LOUSE 
( Aphis  citrulli  Ashmead.)* 

My  first  acquaintance  with  this  plant-louse  was  made  while  on  an 
entomological  tour  to  extreme  South  Florida  in  April,  1880,  on  Meta- 
combie  Key,  where  it  had  completely  devastated  the  melon  patch  of 
a Mr.  Sands. 

Mr.  S.,  who  was  a native  of  the  Bahamas,  termed  the  disease 
41  Curled  Leaf,”  and  was  not  aware  it  was  caused  by  an  insect,  until  I 
convinced  him  of  that  fact  by  showing  him  the  insects  through  my 
pocket  lens. 

Distribution. — At  times  the  species  is  very  injurious  to  melon  vines  in 
Florida,  Georgia,  and  places  in  the  West.  Prof.  S.  A.  Forbes  treats  of 
this  same  insect  under  the  name  of  “ the  Melon  Plant-louse,”  (Aphis  cu- 
cumcris  n.  sp.),  in  the  Twelfth  Eeport  of  the  State  Entomologist  of 
Illinois,  page  83.  It  was  first  briefly  described  by  the  writer  in  the 
Florida  Dispatch,  New  Series,  Vol.  1,  page  241,  July  7,  1882,  more  than 
a year  previous  to  the  description  by  Professor  Forbes,  t 

Food  Plants. — Its  attacks  are  confined  generally  to  the  watermelon 
vines,  although  occasionall}7  found  on  Squash  and  other  Cucurbitacese. 

In  the  West  its  habits  seem  to  be  similar.  Dr.  Cyrus  Thomas,  in 

* Synonym,  Aphis  cwcumeris  Forbes,  111.  Insect  Rep.,  XII,  p.  83. 

t Mr.  Ashmead  disregards  the  well-known  rules  of  zoological  nomenclature  in  insist- 
ing upon  the  priority  of  his  A.  citrulli , as  a name  attached  to  a description  published 
'simply  in  the  Florida  Dispatch  cannot  hold.  This  species  should  be  known  as  A. 
cucumeri8  Forbes. — C.  V.  R. 


28 


the  Farmers’  Beview  for  September  2,  1880,  says : u There  has  been 
great  complaint  among  our  gardeners  this  season  in  reference  to  a 
plant-louse  that  is  doing  much  injury  to  the  nutmeg  and  muskmelon 
vines,  and  also  to  the  cucumber  vines.  In  some  instances  they  have 
•almost  entirely  destroyed  the  entire  fields  of  vines.” 

Its  Natural  History. — Very  Young. — Length,  .02  inch;  greenish  yellow;  eyes, 
brown  ; tips  of  honey  tubes  brown  ; legs  pale. 

Wingless  Female—  Length,  .04  inch;  yellow;  eyes  dark  brown;  honey  tubes 
slightly  conical,  black;  cauda  distinct,  dark  green  ; legs  pale ; extreme  tips  of  tibiae 
and  tarsi  black. 

Winged  Females. — Length,  .05  inch,  ovate;  head  and  thorax  shining  black,  some- 
times with  the  prothoraeic  segment  green  or  yellowish;  the  autenme  are  dark  and  do 
not  reach  the  honey  tubes ; abdomen  dark-greenish  yellow,  spotted  along  sides ; 
honey  tubes  black,  thickest  at  base,  gradually  tapering  to  tip ; cauda  distinct,  green- 
ish yellow  or  dark  green  ; wings  hyaline,  with  stigma  and  veins  pale  yellowish  ; legs 
pale,  with  tarsi  and  extreme  tips  of  tibiae  and  femora  black. 

Its  Injuries. — The  viviparous  female  breeds  very  rapidly  and  is  soon 
surrounded  by  young  in  various  stages  of  growth.  In  a brief  time  these 
reach  maturity,  wander  off  to  new  leaves  and  shoots,  and  begin  colonies 
of  their  own.  When  these  lice  become  too  numerous  they  exhaust  the 
vitality  of  the  vine,  distort  the  leaves  and  cause  them  to  curl  up  and 
wither.  The  growing  terminal  shoots  are  also  crowded  with  them,  and 
then  the  vine  can  make  no  headway $ it  is  fruitless  and  dies. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  destructive  plant-lice.  To  illustrate  its  destruc- 
tiveness I cannot  do  better  than  quote  from  an  article  I wrote  in  Florida 
Dispatch,  July  27,  1882,  after  investigating  its  injuries  in  Georgia: 

Some  figures  here  in  regard  to  the  damage  done  by  the  “Watermelon  Aphis”  will 
not  be  amiss,  and  will  show  our  planters  the  necessity  for  prompt  and  united  efforts 
in  its  destruction. 

In  Georgia  the  estimated  yield  of  the  watermelon  crop  this  year  (1882)  for  ship- 
ment was  900  car-loads,  or  900,000  melons.  Many  at  the  beginning  of  the  season 
bring  $40  and  $50  per  hundred.  However,  to  keep  within  a fair  valuation  and  rather 
below  the  true  amount,  we  will  say  they  bring  $25  per  hundred,  which  equals,  in 
round  numbers,  for  the  crop  $225,000.  Now,  what  has  been  the  yield?  The  ship- 
ments are  nearly  over,  and  they  have  not  yet  reached  600  car-loads.,  a falling  off  of 
33^  per  cent.,  or  a total  loss  of  $75,000,  due  mainly  to  the  ravages  of  an  insect! 

The  above  statistics  of  loss  are  founded  upon  data  of  the  estimate  yield  for  but 
three  counties,  principally  Thomas,  Brooks,  and  Lowndes,  in  Georgia.  In  Florida 
the  crop  has  from  the  same  cause  met  with  a loss  still  greater,  and  we  are  considera- 
bly below  the  estimate  when  we  say  the  total  loss  to  the  planters  of  the  two  States 
is  not  less  than  $150,000. 

Natural  Enemies  and  Parasites. — These  have  not  beeu  specially 
studied,  but  the  enemies  and  parasites  will  be  found  to  be  similar  to 
those  of  the  “Cabbage  Aphis” — flies  belonging  to  the  family  Syrphi- 
dm,  the  Lace-wings  (Clirysopidce),  Chalcid  flies  (Chalcididw,)  and  Lady- 
birds (Coccinellidw.) 

Remedies. — An  important  help  in  their  destruction,  and  to  which  the 
planters’  especial  attention  is  requested,  and  which  is  equally  applicable 
to  other  crops,  is  the  following,  which,  if  universally  carried  out,  would 


29 

materially  assist  in  the  destruction  of  all  noxious  and  destructive  insect 
pests : 

Never  plant  watermelons  two  successive  years  in  the  same  field. 
Plant  always  in  an  entirely  new  field  and  as  far  off  as  possible  from 
ground  in  which  they  were  grown  the  previous  year. 

My  reason  for  recommending  this  is  obvious  on  account  of  the  pecul- 
iarity in  the  development  and  propagation  of  the  Aphididse.  The 
spring  and  summer  broods  in  the  majority  of  the  species  are  vivipa- 
rous, while  the  fall  brood  of  females  are  oviparous.  The  last,  therefore, 
lay  the  eggs,  which  lie  dormant  in  the  ground  all  winter  and  hatch  with 
the  first  warm  breath  of  spring ; now,  then,  if  this  field  is  plowed  up 
and  other  crops  planted,  the  young  aphids  have  nothing  to  feed  on 
and  so  perish. 

My  observation  on  this  species,  too,  has  been,  that  it  is  only  trouble- 
some in  fields  planted  in  melons  two  or  three  years  in  succession 5 new 
melon  fields  are  not  affected  by  it,  or  to  such  a small  extent  as  to  be  uu- 
notieeable. 

Spraying  with  a dilute  emulsion  of  kerosene  will  doubtless  prove  an 
effectual  remedy  as  with  other  plant-lice.  The  emulsion  should  be 
sprayed  from  the  ground  up  so  as  to  reach  the  under  sides  of  the  leaves, 
Professor  Riley  has  figured  and  described  devices  for  this  method  of 
spraying  in  his  report  as  entomologist  to  the  Department  for  1883,  pp. 
136-138,  and  Plates  IV  and  V. 


REPORT  ON  BUFFALO-GNATS. 

By  F.  M.  Webster,  Special  Agent. 

LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 

Lafayette,  Ind.,  April  20,  1886. 

Sir  : I herewith  transmit  a report  of  my  investigations  of  the  habits  of  the  Southern 
Buffalo-gnat. 

In  accordance  with  your  instructions  I left  my  home  in  La  Fayette,  Indiana,  on 
February  18,  reaching  Vicksburg,  Mississippi,  on  the  20th.  Learning  here  that  these 
gnats  appeared  every  season  in  greater  or  less  numbers  in  the  vicinity  of  Somerset 
Landing,  Tensas  Parish,  Louisiana,  in  company  with  Mr.  T.  C.  Bedford,  of  Vicksburg, 
one  of  the  leasers  of  Somerset  Plantation,  I left  for  that  locality  on  the  22d,  reach- 
ing our  destination  on  the  same  day. 

On  the  23d,  the  weather  being  very  pleasant,  the  day  was  spent  in  riding  about 
among  the  teams  at  work  on  the  plantation,  in  the  hopes  of  observing  some  of  the 
earliest  appearing  gnats. 

During  the  afternoon  swarms  of  a species  of  Anthomyia  were  observed  in  the  air,  and 
I Was  informed  that  these  were  the  insects  that  killed  cattle  and  mules.  The  follow- 
ing day  was  both  cold  and  rainy,  and,  in  fact,  during  the  two  weeks  following  there 
were  but  two  days  of  sunshine. 

During  this  inclement  weather  the  lakes  and  bayous  about  Somerset  were  carefully 
examined,  no  trace  of  the  true  gnat  being  found.  In  the  meantime  larvae  of  An- 
thomyia  were  found  in  considerable  abundance  about  decayed  logs  and  among  de- 
cayed leaves  in  the  woods,  and,  as  the  planters  to  whom  I applied  for  information  al- 


30 


most  unanimously  agreed  that  these  adult  Anthomyia  were  the  depredators,  it  really 
seemed  that  the  term  Buffalo-gnat  here  might,  like  the  Tent-worm  and  the  Weevil  in 
other  localities,  include  a variety  of  insects. 

Wishing  to  make  the  best  possible  use  of  time,  I utilized  the  bad  weather  also  by 
visiting  our  correspondent,  Mr.  Robert  E.  Craig,  at  Luna  Landing,  Chicot  County, 
Arkansas,  spending  a few  days  there,  and  at  Greenville,  Miss.,  returning  to  Somer- 
set March  8. 

The  9th  and  10th  being  pleasant,  the  Anthomyia  again  appeared,  but,  although 
very  demonstrative,  none  were  observed  to  alight  upon  the  teams  at  work.  This  fact 
led  to  the  impression  that  my  information  had  been  incorrect,  and  that  I was  on  the 
wrong  track.  This  proved  true,  for  during  my  entire  stay  I never  saw  one  of  these 
Anthomyia  alight  on  stock. 

Oh  the  11th  word  came  that  mules  were  being  harassed  by  gnats  on  a plantation 
six  miles  to  the  northwest,  and,  on  the  following  day,  I rode  out  to  that  locality  and 
found  the  true  gnat  in  considerable  numbers. 

Four  days  were  now  spent  in  a fruitless  search  for  the  adolescent  stages  in  the 
bayous  and  ditches  adjacent  to  the  locality  where  the  adults  had  now  appeared,  and 
as  many  more  were  lost  on  account  of  bad  weather. 

During  this  time,  and  up  to  noon  of  the  20th,  no  adult  gnats  had  appeared  on  the 
Somerset  plantation.  A strong  northwest  wind  had,  however,  set  in  during  the  morn- 
ing, and  by  evening  the  gnats  were  quite  abundant.  The  next  day  (Sunday)  the 
wind  blew  still  stronger  from  the  same  quarter,  and  Monday  morning,  the  22d,  found 
them  abundant  enough  to  cause  some  considerable  uneasiness  among  the  teams  at 
work. 

Fully  satisfied  now  that  these  gnats  did  not  breed  in  the  vicinity  of  Somerset,  I 
started  out  on  horseback,  and  after  riding  for  about  eight  miles  toward  the  northwest 
reached  a small  stream  known  as  Mill  Bayou.  Following  this  down  stream,  through 
the  woods,  the  current  soon  became  quite  rapid,  the  banks  being  more  or  less  grown 
up  with  brush  and  bushes,  to  below  the  water's  edge.  The  gnats,  too,  whose  num- 
bers had  been  continually  increasing,  now  became  numerous  enough  to  worry  my 
horse  considerably. 

Finding  that  little  could  be  accomplished  in  the  way  of  inspecting  the  stream  with- 
out a boat,  and  it  being  too  late  in  the  day  to  procure  one,  I returned  to  Somerset. 

On  the  next  day,  the  23d,  procuring  a dugout,  a thorough  examination  was  made, 
not  only  of  Mill  Bayou,  but  of  two  others,  tributaries  to  it,  one  of  which  had  no  per. 
ceptible  current,  the  result  being  that  where  there  was  no  current  no  larvae  of  gnats 
could  be  found.  As  the  current  became  sluggish  a few  were  observed,  the  number  in- 
creasing in  proportion  to  its  rapidity,  reaching  the  maximum  in  numbers  in  the 
swiftest  current  of  Mill  Bayou ; always  provided,  howeve  r,  there  was  sufficient  mate- 
rial to  which  to  attach  themselves.  Thus,  the  larvae  would  occur  abundantly  on  one 
side  of  the  stream,  where  a beud  caused  it  to  run  very  swiftly,  while  on  the  opposite 
side,  in  comparatively  still  water,  few  could  be  found. 

Upon  inquiry  and  personal  investigation,  this  bayou  was  found  to  be  receiving 
water  from  the  Mississippi  River  through  Lake  Palmyra  and  Bayou  Vidal,  and  also 
that  its  water  rose  and  fell  with  that  of  the  river  itself,  until  the  height  of  the  latter 
fell  below  25  feet  on  the  gauge  at  Vicksburg. 

It  now  seemed  quite  important  to  learn  to  what  extent,  if  any,  the  other  inland 
bayous  were  influenced  in  this  manuer,  and,  as  the  country  is  of  difficult  access,  I 
thought  best  to  visit  our  correspondent,  Judge  A.  A.  Gunby.  of  Monroe,  Louisiana, 
whose  circuit  I knew  comprised  the  entire  infested  territory  of  the  northwestern  por- 
tion of  the  State,  and  whom,  I learned,  was  then  at  home  on  a short  vacation. 

Leaving  Somerset  on  the  25th,  and  returning  again  on  the  31st,  I was,  by  this 
journey,  enabled  not  only  to  obtain  much  valuable  information  from  Judge  Gunby, 
but  also  to  examine  the  Washita  River,  and  also,  but  very  superficially,  on  account 
of  recent  heavy  rains,  the  country  between  it  and  the  Mississippi  River. 


31 


Finishing  my  labors  at  Somerset  on  the  7th  of  April,  I bade  a final  adieu  to  the 
country  and  turned  homeward. 

To  Maj.  T.  C.  Bedford,  of  Vicksburg,  and  Mr.  J.  B.  O’Kelley,  of  .Somerset  Landing, 
I am  under  very  many  obligations.  From  first  to  last — and  I made  the  latter  gentle- 
man’s home  my  headquarters  for  over  a month — both  left  nothing  undone  that  could 
aid  me  in  my  work,  or  make  my  stay  pleasant. 

To  Judge  F.  H.  Faner,  of  Bayou  Sara,  Judge  E.  D.  Faner,  and  other  gentlemen  of 
Vicksburg,  to  General  Furgerson,  of  the  Mississippi  Loan  Board,  Judge  Gunby,  and 
Messrs.  Robert  E.  Craig  and  John  M.  Lee,  I am  under  obligations  for  both  personal 
courtesies  and  aid  in  my  investigations. 

And  lastly,  I have  had  your  own  kindly  advice  and  counsel,  the  more  valuable  from 
your  personal  knowledge  of  the  country  and  of  the  insect. 

Respectfully, 

F.  M.  WEBSTER. 

Dr.  C.  V.  Riley, 

Entomologist. 


There  is  no  authentic  record  of  the  occurrence  of  the  Southern  Buffalo- 
gnat  in  Louisiana  prior  to  the  year  1850,  when  there  seems  to  have 
been  some  complaint  of  tlieir  harassing  domestic  animals,  but  no  fa- 
tality is  known  to  have  resulted.  A vague  rumor  exists  to  the  effect 
that  they  had  previously  appeared  in  1846 ; but  this  lacks  confirmation. 
The  earliest  record  I have  Been  able  to  obtain  of  stock  being  killed  by 
gnats  was  related  to  me  by  Mr.  Jacob  Alexander,  present  mayor  of 
Greenville,  Miss.,  who  states  that  he  observed  cattle  being  killed  by 
gnats  at  Clarendon,  Ark.,  in  the  spring  of  1859. 

A colored  man,  formertyan  overseer,  states  that  mules  were  killed  by 
gnats  near  Refuge,  Miss.,  in  1861  and  1862.  General  Furgerson,  who 
came  to  Greenville,  Miss.,  in  1862,  with  a battery  of  Confederate  artillery, 
states  that  gnats  were  exceedingly  troublesome  to  horses  and  mules 
during  the  spring  of  that  year.  They  were  also  observed  in  Concordia 
Parish,  Louisiana,  during  the  spring  of  1862. 

In  1863  and  1864  the  gnats  were  very  abundant  about  Shreveport, 
La.,  and  also  Chicot  County,  Arkansas.  No  trouble  is  reported  during 
1865,  but  in  1866  the  alluvial  country  between  the  Arkansas  and  Red 
Rivers  lying  east  of  the  Washita  was  literally  overrun  with  the  pests* 
Mr.  T.  S.  Coons,  an  intelligent  planter  living  at  the  time  near  New  Car- 
thage, Tensas  Parish,  Louisiana,  preserved  a written  memorandum  made 
at  the  time  the  gnats  first  appeared. 

From  this  record  we  learn  that  up  to  the  afternoon  of  April  11  no 
gnats  had  been  observed,  but  towards  evening  they  came  in  hordes, 
settling  upon  and  biting  the  mules  and  horses  and  throwing  them  into 
the  greatest  agony.  Of  6 mules  and  2 horses  belonging  to  Mr.  Coons, 
all  of  which  were  as  well  as  usual  on  the  morning  of  the  11th,  the  morn- 
ing of  the  12th  found  only  one  mule  alive.  In  the  meantime,  a neigh- 
boring planter  had  lost  30  mules,  and  Mr.  Douglas,  on  Somerset  plan- 
tation, a few  miles  below,  had  lost  75  mules. 

The  mortality  throughout  the  jiarishesof  Madison,  Tensas,  and  Con- 


32 

cordia,  within  a few  days,  amounted  to  upwards  of  4,000  mules  and 
horses,  principally  the  former. 

Although  frequently  causing  more  or  less  trouble  and  loss,  the  gnats 
did  not  again  appear,  generally,  and  in  such  countless  myriads  until 
1882,  although  they  caused  serious  injury  in  Tensas  Parish  in  1873  and 
1874,  and  doubtless  in  other  localities  also. 

But  in  1882  they  were  more  destructive  to  stock  than  ever  before. 
The  deer  were  driven  from  the  woods,  and  frequently  took  refuge  from 
their  tormenters  in  the  smokes,  built  by  planters  for  the  protection  ot 
their  cattle  $ when  in  their  agony  they  would  allow  people  to  rub  the 
gnats  from  their  bodies,  and  would  even  lay  down  in  the  glowing  em- 
bers, or  hot  ashes,  in  their  frantic  endeavors  to  seek  relief. 

In  1884  the  gnats  again  appeared  in  great  numbers,  and  were  fully  as 
destructive  as  in  1882.  Throughout  Franklin  Parish,  Louisiana,  within  a 
week  from  their  first  appearance,  they  had  caused  the  death  of  3,200 
head  of  stock.  And  for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  pest,  they 
attacked  horses  and  mules  on  the  streets,  and  in  the  stables,  in  the  city 
of  Vicksburg,  Miss. 

No  general  outbreak  took  place  in  1885,  yet  they  appeared  in  Tensas 
and  Franklin  Parishes  in  sufficient  numbers  to  kill  quite  a number  of 
mules. 

During  the  present  season,  although  the  gnats  appeared  pretty  gen- 
erally throughout  the  country  between  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas  and 
that  of  the  Bed  Kiver,  and  westward  to  the  Washita,  and  along  the 
Yazoo  River  in  Mississippi,  no  fatality  to  stock  had  been  reported  up 
to  April  10,  and  there  had  been  little  or  no  suspension  of  work  on 
plantations  on  account  of  gnats. 

Generally  speaking,  the  Southern  Buffalo-gnat  may  be  said  to  infest 
the  low,  flat,  wooded  country  adjacent  to  the  Mississippi  River  and  its 
tributaries,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Red  River  in  Louisiana  as  far  north 
at  least  as  Southern  Missouri. 

I have  found  nothing  to  indicate  that  these  gnats  originate  in  large 
streams,  or  even  in  small  ones  in  hilly  localities,  although  the  latter 
may  have  both  a swift  current  and  a rocky  bed.  The  fact  of  adult 
gnats  occurring  in  such  localities,  even  in  destructive  numbers,  is  not  of 
itself  sufficient  proof  of  their  having  originated  there,  as  they  maybe 
carried  long  distances,  and  in  immense  numbers,  by  a strong  wind. 
Furthermore,  I have  found  no  indication  of  their  origin  in  other  than 
perennial  streams,  although  many  intermittent  bayous  and  small  lakes 
were  closely  examined  with  this  point  in  view. 

From  the  foregoing,  we  are  forced  to  the  conclusion  that  these  gnats 
follow  the  tendency  of  others  of  the  genus,  and  breed  exclusively  in 
the  running  water  of  small  streams.  But  besides  this,  there  is  another 
equally  essential  element,  viz,  something  to  which  the  insect  can  at- 
tach itself  during  the  adolescent  stages.  As  no  rocks  are  found  in  these 
bayous  and  small  streams,  we  find  the  larvae  utilizing  wholly  or  partly 


33 


submerged  stumps,  brush,  bushes,  or  any  other  material  of  like  nature, 
clustering  upon  or  making  their  way  upward  and  downward  with  a 
looping  gait,  or  attached  by  a minute  thread-like  spider  web,  they  sway 
with  the  ripples  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  water,  often  half  a dozen 
being  attached  by  a single  thread.  While  these  larvae  make  their  way 
up  and  down  these  submerged  objects  with  perfect  freedom,  they  do 
not  venture  above  the  water,  and  when  about  to  pupate  select  a situa- 
tion well  down  toward  the  bottom  of  the  stream.  In  deep  water  they 
were  found  8 to  10  feet  below  the  surface,  and  also  much  higher  up. 
But  in  shallow  water  they  may  be  found  in.  the  pupal  stage,  clustered, 
one  above  the  other,  just  above  the  bottom  of  the  stream,  their  instinct 
having  evidently  taught  them  to  provide  for  a sudden  fall  in  the  water. 
Notwithstanding  this,  with  the  water  falling  at  the  rate  of  1 foot  per 
day,  I found  many  pupce  had  been  left  high  and  dry. 

These  pupae  are  at  first  of  a light  brown  color,  afterwards  changing 
to  a pinkish  cast,  and,  just  previous  to  the  emerging  of  the  adult,  to 
black.  During  the  first  of  these  coloral  epochs  they  are  attached  to 
these  vegetable  substances  by  the  thoracic  filaments,  by  threads  about 
the  body  and  at  the  anal  extremity,  somewhat  after  the  manner  of  some 
Lepidopterous  chrysalids;  but  during  the  last  two  the  pupae  hang  by 
the  short  anal  attachment  alone,  and  in  this  way  swing  about  freely  in 
the  current,  the  adult  issuing  from  beneath  the  water  after  the  manner 
of  others  of  the  genus. 

The  time  and  exact  place  of  oviposition  as  well  as  the  exact  length  of 
time  required  for  the  insect  to  pass  through  either  the  larval  or  the 
pupal  stage  I was  unable  to  determine.  But  when  I left  Mill  Bayou, 
on  March  24,  the  larvae  were  nearly  all  of  a uniform  size  and  probably 
nearly  full  grown,  a few  only  being  one-fourth  to  one-half  as  large.  On 
returning,  on  April  1,  nearly  all  larvae  had  passed  the  pupa  stage,  and 
the  adults  had  emerged;  all  of  those  larvae  now  remaining  being  as 
large  as  the  majority  were  on  March  24.  This,  besides  indicating  that 
the  breeding  season  was  nearly  ended,  also  leaves  some  grounds  for  the 
inference  that  several  broods  may  be  thrown  off,  during  early  spring, 
in  rapid  succession  ; some  strength  being  added  to  this  theory  by  the 
fact  that,  as  I now  learned  from  those  residing  near  this  bayou,  the 
cattle  had  been  driven  from  the  woods  in  the  vicinity  of  the  stream 
about  the  20th  of  February.  These  are  points  which  the  necessarily 
limited  period  during  which  I had  the  adolescent  stages  under  consider- 
ation, and  the  sudden,  and  to  me  rather  unexpected,  termination  of  the 
breeding  season,  prevented  my  settling. 

The  adult  gnats  are  usually  observed  in  the  vicinity  of  places  where 
they  breed,  during  the  first  warm  days  of  spring,  and  they  remain  from 
ten  days  to  three  or  four  weeks,  seeming  to  prefer  a moderately  cool  tem- 
perature; and  hence,  during  warm  weather,  are  more  numerous  in  the 
early  morning  and  towards  evening,  frequently  being  as  troublesome 
during  bright  moonlight  nights  as  during  the  day  time.  They  are  said 
22340— No.  14 3 


34 


to  spend  the  night  among  grass  and  like  herbage.  They  are  exceedingly 
active,  and  no  sooner  have  they  gained  a foothold  on  an  animal  than 
they  are  busy  at  their  bloody  work,  selecting  the  breast,  flanks,  ears, 
nose,  or  wherever  the  skin  is  the  most  easily  punctured. 

Very  inconspicuous  in  their  flight,  making  little  noise,  seldom  arising 
more  than  a few  ffiet  from  the  ground,  they  often  bite  mules  working  in 
the  fields,  sufficiently  to  cause  death  before  their  presence  in  considera- 
ble numbers  has  been  discovered.  This  will,  perhaps,  account  for  the 
prevailing  notion  that  the  bite  of  these  gnats  flrst  appearing  is  the 
most  poisonous,  for  inclement  weather  and  adverse  winds  may  cause 
them  to  appear,  for  the  first,  at  any  time  during  the  .breeding  season, 
in  localities  where  they  do  not  actually  originate,  and,  as  will  be  shown 
farther  on,  the  same  wind  that  holds  them  back  from  one  locality  may 
convey  them  to  another.  It  would  appear  as  rather  more  probable, 
however,  that  the  poison  introduced  into  the  animals’  system  by  the 
bites  of  the  first  gnats,  unless  sufficient  to  prove  fatal,  may  to  some  ex- 
tent serve  as  an  antidote  for  that  introduced  by  those  appearing  later ; 
and  should  this  poison  remain  in  the  system  with  considerable  stability, 
the  fact  would  also  account  for  acclimated  stock  being  less  susceptible  to 
poison  from  the  bites  of  these  gnats  than  those  unacclimated.  Except 
in  the  case  of  great  numbers,  death  does  not  necessarily  follow  the  bite 
of  these  gnats,  and  even  then  it  is  not  suddenly  fatal.  Mules  that  at 
night  do  not  appear  to  be  seriously  injured  will  often  be  found  dead 
next  morning. 

Stock,  and  mules  especially,  that  have  been  fatally  bitten  by  gnats 
are  affected  in  much  the  same  manner  as  with  colic,  and,  in  fact,  many 
think  the  bites  bring  on  that  disease.  But  Dr.  Warren  King,  of 
Vicksburg,  who  has  made  a large  number  of  post  mortem  examina- 
tions, states  that  he  has  never  been  able  to  obtain  any  facts  which  would 
justify  such  a conclusion. 

Dr.  King  opines  that  the  effects  of  these  bites  from  gnats  are  on 
animals  much  the  same  as  that  of  the  rattlesnake  on  the  human  sys- 
tem ; and  this  seems  to  be  the  generally  accepted  opinion  among  the 
more  intelligent  planters. 

In  regard  to  artificial  methods  of  counteracting  the  poison  of  gnats, 
there  is  of  course  no  end,  apropos  to  which,  one  planter  remarks  that  if 
the  gnats  failed  to  kill  the  mule  the  remedies  used  certainly  would. 
Be  this  as  it  may,  I could  learn  of  no  measures  that  had  been  generally 
tested  and  proved  effective,  and  no  opportunity  was  offered  me  to  make 
any  experiments  in  that  direction. 

Dr.  King  recommends  rubbing  the  affected  animal  thoroughly  with 
water  of  ammonia,  and  administering  internally  a mixture  of  40  to  50 
grains  of  carbonate  of  ammonia  to  one  pint  of  whisky,  repeating  the 
dose  every  three  or  four  hours  until  relieved.  The  doctor  claims  to 
have  never  lost  an  animal  under  this  treatment,  although  they  were 
sometimes  apparently  beyond  recovery.  This  measure  I do  not  think 


35 


is  generally  known,  but  it  certainly  contains  sufficient  merit  to  warrant 
a thorough  and  careful  trial.  Various  external  applications,  such  as 
decoctions  of  Alder  leaves,  tobacco,  pennyroyal  and  other  herbs,  have 
been  tried  with  a view  of  preventing  gnats  from  biting  mules  while  at 
work,  but  all  of  these  have  proven  ineffective.  A mixture  known  as 
Gnat  Oil  is  now  the  chief  protection,  but  this  is  apt  to  remove  the  hair 
and  is  considered  injurious  to  the  mules.  Fish-oil,  and  also  a mixture 
of  Kerosene  and  Axle-grease,  are  both  useful,  but  none  of  these  can  be 
used  to  advantage  on  stock  running  at  large. 

Smokes  made  about  the  fields  serve  as  a partial  protection,  both  to 
teams  at  work  and  stock  in  pasture.  Smoldering  fires  of  cotton  seed 
are  also  made  in  tin  cans  and  like  objects,  and  these  are  hung  about  the 
teams  at  work. 

While  these  protective  agencies  are  of  considerable  service  when  there 
are  comparatively  few  gnats,  they  are  of  little  value  in  seasons  of  great 
abundance,  for  then  stock  can  only  be  protected  by  placing  them  in 
dark  stables,  the  gnats  having  a great  aversion  to  entering  dark  places. 
I am  told  that  to  look  for  relief  from  simply  killing  the  gnats  would  be 
worse  than  hopeless,  for,  though  millions  were  destroyed,  they  would 
not  be  missed. 

Judging  from  the  results  of  some  experiments  made  with  insecticides 
by  myself  upon  larvae  of  the  gnats,  it  will  be  nearly  if  not  quite  im- 
possible to  reduce  their  numbers  by  killing  them  in  the  streams. 

These  experiments  were  made  by  confining  the  larvae  in  glass  tubes 
and  submitting  them  to  a current  of  the  decoctions  or  solutions  indi- 
cated below. 

Larvae  remained  in  a decoction  of  China  berries  for  half  an  hour  with, 
out  apparent  effect,  and  the  same  larvae  immediately  withstood  a brine 
of  salt  water,  composed  of  a heaping  handful  of  salt  to  seven  quarts  of 
water,  for  twenty  minutes,  and  still  remained  alive.  Lime-water  and 
sulphur  and  water  had  no  effect.  Strong  tar- water  killed  them,  but 
diluted  it  proved  harmless.  Kerosene  emulsion,  diluted  to  contain  5 
per  cent,  kerosene,  was  effective,  but  it  would  be  impossible  to  get  a 
strength  of  even  1 per  cent,  in  the  stream.  About  an  ounce  of  Bisul- 
phide of  Carbon  was  placed  in  seven  quarts  of  water,  but  half  an  hour  in 
this  failed  to  affect  the  larvae.  About  three  ounces  was  placed  in  same 
amount  of  water,  and  this  proved  fatal  within  ten  minutes. 

From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  while  the  larvmare  susceptible  to  ordi- 
nary insecticides,  it  will  be  next  to  impossible  to  place  a sufficient 
amount  in  a stream  to  affect  them.  At  the  time,  too,  when  remedial 
measures  are  the  most  needed  these  streams  are  swollen,  and  are  often 
from  ten  to  twenty  yards  wide  and  half  as  deep.  Besides,  both  men  and 
beasts  are  dependent  upon  these  streams  for  their  water-supply,  and 
cutting  this  off  by  introducing  poisons  would  cause  almost  as  much  trou- 
ble as  the  gnats. 

Notwithstanding  all  attempts  to  combat  this  pest  have  so  far  been 


36 


discouraging,  there  is  yet  some  hope  of  relief,  and  that,  too,  from  quar- 
ters little  expected,  by  myself  at  least,  when  these  investigations  began. 

But,  in  order  to  fully  understand  the  matter,  it  will  be  necessary  to 
bring  together,  not  only  chronological  data  relating  to  the  insect  in 
question,  but  to  the  height  of  water  in  the  large  streams  during  the  past 
thirty-five  or  forty  years.  Also,  we  must  understand  something  of  the 
nature  of  the  country  which  these  gnats  inhabit,  as  well  as  the  elements 
necessary  to  their  production.  And  not  only  must  these  facts  be 
weighed  independently,  but  very  carefully  with  relation  to  each  other, 
for  it  is  more  than  probable  that  it  is  through  a combination  of  circum- 
stances that  the  pest  holds  its  sway. 

A very  noticeable  feature  connected  with  the  occurrence  of  the  Buf- 
falo gnat  is,  that  below  the  Arkansas  Biver  there  is  no  record  of  any 
fatality  to  stock,  attributable  to  gnats,  previous  to  the  outbreak  of  the 
war,  even  in  seasons  of  high  water.  But  since  that  time  the  two  have 
occurred  in  connection  with  such  regularity  that  the  fact  has  been 
noted  by  even  the  most  unobserving  ; that  is,  in  season  of  low  water 
during  the  first  three  or  four  months  of  the  year,  there  have  been  few 
gnats,  but  with  high  water  during  these  months  they  were  abundant, 
reaching  the  maximum  during  an  overflow. 

The  banks  of  the  rivers  of  this  alluvial  district  are  peculiar,  in  that 
the  country  slopes  from  instead  of  toward  the  streams.  Hence  water, 
escaping  through  the  banks  first  runs  inland,  and  then  more  or  less 
parallel  with  the  parent  stream,  until  it  can  empty  its  waters  into  a 
larger  tributary.  Of  this  characteristic  of  the  Mississippi,  Bed,  and 
Yazoo  Bivers,  whether  considered  individually  or  collectively,  I do 
not  think  it  would  be  too  much  to  say  that  it  is  one  of  the  primary 
causes  of  the  production  of  the  gnats  in  such  destructive  numbers. 

My  own  observations  were  almost  wholly  confined  to  the  country 
lying  between  the  Arkansas  and  Bed  Bivers  on  the  one  hand  and  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  and  Washita  on  the  other.  This  section  is  of 
difficult  access,  and  I have  relied  for  my  information  principally  upon 
civil  engineers  and  other  people  familiar  with  topography  of  the  coun- 
try, as  my  own  time  was  largely  occupied  in  studying  the  gnats  them- 
selves in  Tensas  Parish. 

With  the  exception  of  a low,  wide  ridge  of  country  lying  between 
Boeuf  Biver  and  Bayou  Mason,  and  extending  from  Franklin  Parish  to 
Southern  Arkansas,  and  known  as  the  Bayou  Mason  Hills,  this  whole 
region  is  very  flat ; and  the  streams,  with  only  rain  and  sewage  water 
to  carry  off,  would  naturally  have  a sluggish  current.  A glance  over 
the  map  of  this  section  will  show  that  it  is  traversed  by  Bayous  Bar- 
tholomew and  Mason,  and  Bivers  Bceuf  and  Tensas,  the  last  two 
really  not  materially  differing  from  bayous. 

Three  of  these  will  be  observed  to  originate  in  extreme  Southeastern 
Arkansas,  and  running  south-southwest,  finally  unite  together,  and  form 
Black  Biver,  which  is  a tributary  of  the  Washita. 


37 


Besides  these  main  bayous  there  are  innumerable  smaller  ones  which 
often  intersect  them  aud  each  other,  so  that  if  one  of  the  main  streams 
becomes  suddenly  swollen,  the  water  escapes  from  it  into  all  of  the 
others,  and  if  continued,  affects  the  whole  internal  water  system. 

These  bayous  all  differ  from  the  rivers,  in  that  the  descent  from  the 
* top  of  the  bank  to  the  water  is  much  more  gradual,  and  this  slope  is 
apt  to  be  more  or  less  overgrown  with  brush  and  bushes  to  below  low- 
water  mark.  Hence,  it  will  be  seen  that  whatever  contributes  to  the 
volume  of  water  in  these  bayous  not  only  adds  rapidity  to  the  current, 
but  brings  it  more  and  more  in  contact  with  the  second  element,  viz, 
material  to  which  the  larvae  can  attach  themselves,  and  we  have  the 
same  state  of  affairs  as  in  Mill  Bayou. 

In  Louisiana  there  is  but  one  locality  where  water  from  the  Missis- 
sippi gets  through  the  bank  into  these  inland  bayous,  and  that  is  by 
way  of  Bayou  Yidal  aud  Mill  Bayou,  although  in  very  high  water  it 
runs  into  Roundaway  Bayou  a couple  of  miles  above  B a you  Yidal  at  Dia 
mond  Bend.  The  next  opening  is  at  Master’s  Bend,  a short  distance 
north  of  the  Arkansas  line,  and  the  water  coming  in  through  it  enters 
both  Bayou  Mason  aud  Teusas  River.  The  next  break  is  just  above 
Luna  Landing,  and  is  known  as  Whisky  Short;  another,  Panther  For- 
est, is  just  below  Gaines’s  Landing.  Of  the  effect  of  these  last  two 
openings  extracts  from  a letter  received  from  Mr.  Robert  E.  Craig,  who 
resides  on  Point  Chicot,  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  will  fully  explain : 

“If  you  will  examine  your  map  you  will  find  Lake  Mason  lies  at  right 
angle  across  head  of  f Tensas  Basin.’  The  recent  rise  in  the  river  was 
high  enough  to  run  into  Lake  Mason,  the  southern  bank  of  which  is 
high.  There  are  two  or  three  bayous  through  this  bank  which  let  the. 
water  into  all  bayous  east  of  Bartholomew,  but  not  enough  water  to 
overflow  the  lower  banks  of  any  one  of  them.  Lake  Chicot  also  filled 
at  the  same  rise  in  the  river,  aud  is  gradually  being  emptied  through 
the  Mason  and  Boeuf.”  Mr.  Craig  also  adds  : “ When  you  were  here,  bay- 
ous were  all  receiving  Mississippi  River  water  through  Lake  Mason  and 
Lake  Chicot.”  It  was  during  “the  recent  rise”  to  which  Mr.  Craig  re- 
fers that  I was  his  guest  at  Point  Chicot.  And  on  March  2d,  the  day 
after  my  arrival,  the  water  measured  27.8  feet  on  the  gauge  at  Memphis, 
and  38.2  feet  at  Yicksburg,  as  the  signal  officer  at  the  latter  city  in- 
formed me. 

It  will  be  proper  to  state  here  that  up  to  the  breaking  out  of  the  war, 
owing  to  the  perfect  levee  system,  water  was  prevented  from  escaping 
into  these  bayous.  Duriug  the  war,  these  levees  were  destroyed  by  the 
caving  of  the  river  and  through  other  causes,  and  the  places  where  wa- 
ter now  escapes  from  the  Mississippi  River  and  runs  inland  are  breaks 
that  have  never  been  rebuilt. 

As  the  season  of  high  water  usually  occurs  during  late  winter  and 
early  spring,  the  effect  of  this  influx  of  water  is  not  only  to  fill  these  in- 
land bayous,  but  to  keep  them  full  during  the  breeding  season  of  the 
gnats.  Hence  the  effects,  if  any  occur,  should  be  noticeable  in  the 


38 


number  of  gnats  and  the  amount  of  damage  done  by  them  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  streams  thus  influenced. 

They  appear  in  the  vicinity  of  Mill  Bayou  every  year  in  greater  or 
less  numbers,  and  I have  twice  observed  them  being  carried  from  them 
to  Somerset  plantation  by  a heavy  northwest  wind,  and  as  often  ob- 
served them  gradually  disappear  under  winds  blowing  equally  strong 
from  the  north,  northeast,  and  south. 

Strong  winds,  blowing  from  a northwesterly  quarter,  bring  gnats  sud- 
denly and  in  great  numbers  to  the  neighborhood  of  Lake  Saint  Joseph, 
six  to  eight  miles  below  Somerset.  J udge  Gunby  states  that  they  appear 
at  Monroe  with  an  east  wind  ; Mr.  Craig  observes  them  at  Point  Chicot 
with  a west  or  southwest  wind,  and  at  the  time  they  appeared  in  the 
city  of  Vicksburg  they  came  with  a westerly  wind. 

Probably  the  worst  afflicted  parish  in  Louisiana  is  that  of  Franklin, 
which  is  situated  between  and  at  the  junction  of  Bceuf  River  and  Bayou 
Mason.  Judge  Gunby  and  others  well  acquainted  with  the  country 
through  which  these  two  streams  flow  state  that  gnats  appear  with 
more  regularity  and  in  greater  numbers  in  that  vicinity  than  elsewhere. 
Mr.  Craig  states  that  they  occur  to  some  extent  every  year  along  these 
streams  in  Arkansas,  being  observed  the  most  numerous  the  present 
season  near  Bayou  Mason.  This  is  in  accordance  with  all  reliable  in- 
formation which  I have  been  able  to  obtain,  and,  aside  from  the  country 
about  Mill  Bayou,  coincides  with  my  own  observations. 

In  connection  with  this  evidence  we  can  also  observe  that  these 
gnats  are  yearly  being  produced  in  numbers  close  up  to  the  danger 
line,  only  an  overflow  being  required  to  furnish  the  conditions  suitable 
for  carrying  them  far  beyond.  Soon  after  these  investigations  began  I 
learned  that  the  Buffalo  Gnat  did  not  occur  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Red  River.  Wishing  definite  information  on  this  point,  I addressed  a 
letter  to  Judge  F.  H.  Farrer,  of  Bayou  Sara,  La.,  whose  reply  is  given 
herewith,  and  I will  only  say  that  the  facts  embodied  therein  have  since 
been  corroborated  by  planters  whom  I have  met  from  that  region  : 

Bayou  Sara,  La.,  March  9,  1886. 

Dear  Sir  : Yours  of  the  4th  instant  was  received  day  before  yesterday,  Sunday. 
Court  being  in  session,  a great  many  farmers  were  in  town,  and  I had  plenty  of  old, 
experienced  men  to  apply  to  for  information  in  regard  to  the  Bulfalo-gnat. 

Many  had  been  familiar  with  the  mischief  it  did  farther  north,  but  all  agreed  that, 
except  to  young  turkeys  and  other  poultry,  it  worked  little  or  no  harm  in  this  region, 
either  in  low  or  high  lands.  A few  indeed  asserted  that  the  one  here  was  a different 
insect,  known  by  the  name  of  “ turkey  gnat,”  but  the  large  majority  maintained  that 
it  was. the  same  humpbacked  individual  so  destructive  in  North  and  Northwest  Lou- 
isiana. I presume  that  it  never  appears  in  such  numbers  here  as  there. 

My  own  experience,  as  far  as  it  goes,  agrees  with  that  of  the  majority  with  whom  I 
spoke  on  the  subject,  viz,  that  the  genuine  Buffalo-gnat  is  to  he  seen  here  every 
spring  for  a few  weeks,  hut  is  by  no  means  the  dangerous  pest  to  cattle,  horses,  &c., 
that  it  is  in  Northern  Louisiana. 

Respectfullv,  yours,  &c., 


F.  M.  Webster,  Esq.,  Vicksburg,  Miss. 


F.  H.  FARRAR. 


39 


In  summing  up  the  matter  we  find  that  so  long  as  this  influx  of  river 
water  was  prevented  no  damage  occurred  by  reason  of  gnats,  even  in 
the  district  now  the  worst  infested,  and  we  also  find  that  in  other  parts 
of  the  same  State,  where  this  influx  is  still  prevented,  no  trouble  is  ex- 
perienced. 

Hence  it  seems  but  reasonable  that,  if  this  protection  was  restored, 
the  trouble  would,  within  a few  years  at  most,  subside  to  its  former  state. 
This  time  would  be  materially  hastened  by  the  removal  of  underbrush, 
<&e.,  which  would  come  in  contact  with  the  current  in  portions  of  these 
inland  streams  where  it  runs  the  most  swiftly.  This  last  remedial 
measure  might  also  be  applied  to  bayous  affected  by  high  water  of  the 
Red,  Yazoo,  and  other  smaller  rivers. 

From  the  fact  that  the  gnat  breeds  during  the  season  when  the  water 
is  cool,  and  ceases  as  it  gets  warmer,  it  seems  not  impossible  that  the 
infusion  of  the  icy  current  of  those  rivers  flowing  from  the  north  into 
those  breeding  places  might  serve  to  prolong  the  breeding  season.  The 
truth  of  this  point  can  only  be  obtained  by  future  study. 

It  is  also  possible  that  a more  extended  study  of  the  Buffalo-gnat  and 
the  entire  country  it  infests  might,  to  some  extent,  modify  the  conclu- 
sions arrived  at  in  this  report ; but  with  the  evidence  now  before  me 
they  appear  correct. 


THE  NATIVE  PLUMS- HOW  TO  FRUIT  THEM— THEY  ARE  PRACTI- 
CALLY CURCULIO  PROOF. 

By  D.  B.  Wier,  Lacon,  111. 

During  the  past  forty  years,  in  the  vast  region  of  North  America  ly- 
ing west,  north,  and  south  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  the  west  line  of  the 
State  of  Indiana,  it  has  been  impossible  to  succeed  in  fruiting  the  fine, 
large,  delicious  Garden  Plums  {Primus  domestica)  of  Western  Europe,  for 
the  reasons  that  the  trees  were  not  hardy  in  this  fierce  Western  climate. 
The  fruit  was  destroyed  by  the  Plum  Gurculio  ( Conotrachelus  nenuphar), 
and  of  late  years,  if  not  so  destroyed,  “ rotted,”  particularly  south,  be- 
fore maturity. 

Long  and  persistent  trials  of  this  species  of  plum  iu  the  West,  by  the 
most  careful  and  expert  cultivators,  have  proven  that  it  is  folly  to  longer 
attempt  to  cultivate  the  old  and  well  known  varieties  of  these  plums, 
for  in  the  northern  part  of  this  region  neither  the  trees  nor  their  roots 
will  withstand  the  severity  of  the  winters,  and  south,  if  we  protect  the 
fruit  from  Plum  Gurculio,  it  seldom  escapes  total  annihilation  by  u rot” 
before  arriving  at  maturity,  and,  as  a rule,  for  many  years  all  intelligent 
cultivators  have  given  up  its  cultivation,  and  have  been  anxiously  seek- 
ing for  a substitute,  and  have  repeatedly  selected  for  this  purpose  the 
finer  varieties  of  our  two  most  common  species  of 


40 


NATIVE  PLUMS. 

The  Chickasaw  Plum  ( Prunus  cliickisa)  found  indigenous  from  North- 
ern Illinois  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  wild  yellow  or  red  plum 
( Prunus  americana)  found  indigenous  over  nearly  the  whole  continent. 
These  are  two  quite  distinct  races  (for  they  cannot  be  regarded  as  dis- 
tinct species)  of  the  subgenus  Prunus  of  the  Almond  family  ( Amygdalea ), 
order  Rosacem.  And  a typical  tree  of  either  so-called  species  is  very 
distinct  in  fruit,  foliage,  and  general  appearance  from  a typical  tree  of 
the  other.  But  so  far  as  we  are  concerned  in  this  study  of  them  they  are 
practically  the  same,  except  that  the  fruitof  the  P.  americana , or  North- 
ern type,  has  much  the  thicker,  tougher,  and  more  acerb  skin,  and  that 
some  of  the  Chickasaw,  or  Southern  type,  do  not  provehardy  far  North, 
i.  e.,some  of  the  named  varieties,  while  others  do,  and  the  same  would 
undoubtedly  prove  true  of  P.  americana.  But  as  this  last  is  found  gro w- 
ing  wild,  and  with  good  varieties,  at  least  as  far  north  as  the  northern 
limit  of  Dakota,  these  native  plums  are  a fruit  in  some  of  their  varieties 
perfectly  adapted  to  every  part  of  the  United  States  and  '.territories  and 
pre-eminently  the  fruit  of  the  great  Northwest. 

Yet,  as  a rule,  those  who  have  taken  these  wild  plums  from  their  na- 
tive thickets  and  planted  and  carefully  cultivated  them,  in  hope  of  find- 
ing at  least  a poor  substitute  for  the  Garden  Plum,  have  met  with  a com- 
plete, decisive  failure.  They  got  no  fruit.  We,  the  older  settlers  of 
the  WTest  (Illinois),  knew  the  wild  plums  as  the  most  plentiful  and  use- 
ful of  the  wild  fruits  when  the  country  was  first  settled  and  when  our 
u tame  ” plums  failed  (for  it  is  a fact  that  in  this  part  of  Illinois  as  early 
as  1845  we  fruited  many  varieties  of  the  Garden  Plum,  Nectarines, 
Peaches,  and  Apricots  in  abundance,  with  no  injury  from  the  Plum  Cur- 
culio,  or  u rot”).  We  began  to  hunt  out  and  plant  the  finer  varietiesof 
the  u wild  ” ones,  some  of  which  were  most  beautiful,  large  and  fine,  and 
of  very  good  quality.  But  after  years  of  patient  waiting  we  found  that 
these  gave  no  fruit  in  their  new  homes,  except  very  rarely.  We  found 
that  the  young  fruit  developed  to  the  size  of  a little  pea,  or  a little  larger, 
and  indeed  often  to  more  than  half  its  full  size,  and  then  all  fell  off. 

This  fallen  fruit,  if  examined,  showed  very  generally  the  ovipositing 
marks  of  the  Plum  Curculio,  made  when  laying  her  eggs. 

It  is  not  necessary  here  to  give  the  complete  natural  history  of  this 
insect,  because  all  the  more  important  facts  and  their  practical  bear- 
ings have  been  recorded  by  competent  writers,  and  especially  by  Walsh 
in  his  first  report  as  State  entomologist  of  Illinois,  and  by  Eiley  in  his 
third  report  on  the  insects  of  Missouri ; but  it  will  be  sufficient  to  say  that 
it  is  a small  insect  of  the  Curculio  (Curculionidcv)  or  snout-beetle  family 
that  deposits  its  eggs  under  the  skin  of  the  young  fruit  of  all  the  smooth- 
skinned species  of  the  Almond  family,  or  nearly  all  of  them,  and  some 
other  fruits  as  well.  The  eggs  are  deposited  in  little  holes  eaten  through 


41 


and  under  the  skin  of  the  fruit  by  the  mother  beetles,  and  so  soon  as 
deposited  she  cuts  around  and  under  the  egg,  leaving  a crescent  or  new- 
moon  shaped  mark  on  the  fruit,  with  a round  dot  (hole  where  the  egg 
was  laid)  between  the  two  horns  of  the  crescent.  In  the  Garden  Plums, 
Nectarines,  Peaches,  Apricots,  late  Cherries,  &c.,  these  eggs  soon  hatch 
and  bring  forth  white,  footless  grubs,  which  burrow  through  the  pulp 
of  the  fruit  and  live  and  grow  fat  on  its  substance,  and  at  the  time 
when  the  fruit  should  mature,  instead  of  a fine,  delicious  fruit,  one  finds, 
though  perhaps  quite  fair  without,  a mass  of  rottenness  within,  with  a 
nasty  grub  wallowing  around  in  its  own  excrement,  and  the  rotten  pulp 
of  the  fruit,  thereby  completely  destroying  it  for  any  purpose  whatever 
as  a fruit. 

That  the  numbers  of  this  pest  have  grown  less  each  year  for  the  past 
ten  years,  and  more  especially  during  the  last  three  years,  is  the  evi- 
dence of  all  careful  observers.  This  grand  result  has  evidently  been 
brought  about  by  the  continuously-increasing  numbers  of  its  natural 
enemies,  in  the  form  of  other  insects,  &c.,  and  if  this  rate  of  decrease 
and  increase  keeps  on,  we  may  in  the  near  future  be  so  relieved  of  this 
pest  as  to  be  able  to  have  fair  crops  of  the  stone  fruits  without  using 
preventive  measures. 

So  much  about  the  Plum  Ourculio  is  necessary  for  the  general  reader 
in  understanding  this  paper,  and  it  is  well  to  continually  bear  in  mind 
that,  until  a very  recent  date,  the  native  plums  were  considered  as  one 
of  the  fruits  totally  destroyed  by  the  Plum  Ourculio  by  all , unless  it 
was  u Ourculio  proof”  or  protected  from  the  parent  beetle.  But  this  be- 
lief was  not  and  is  not  true,  for  we  shall  find  as  we  proceed  that  all,  or 
nearly  all,  of  the  native  plums  are  practically  curculio  proof.  And 
what  is  of  very  much  more  value,  we  will  find  that  instead  of  breeding 
and  multiplying  the  Plum  Ourculio,  they  scarcely  breed  them  at  all, 
and  that  if  these  plums  are  planted  in  sufficient  quantity  they  will 
greatly  reduce  its  numbers  and  protect  other  fruit  from  its  ravages. 

Then,  of  course,  when  we  found  nearly  every  fallen  fruit  marked  with 
the  peculiar  marks  made  by  the  Ourculio  when  laying  her  eggs,  we  all 
of  us,  professors  of  entomology,  professors  of  horticulture,  fruit-growers, 
and  u clod-hoppers”  at  once  jumped  to  the  conclusion  that  the  u Little 
Turk”  (so  called  from  her  ovipositing  mark  being  crescent-shaped)  was 
the  cause  of  the  loss  of  our  plums.  We  all  believed  this  to  be  true  ; we 
looked  for  no  other  explanation ; we  had  no  data  on  which  to  base  a 
search  for  any  other  explanation,  so  we  sheathed  our  weapons  and  re- 
treated from  the  field  vanquished. 

in  the  mean  time  what  few  matured  plum  thickets  were  left,  the  few 
that  had  escaped  the  farmer’s  grubbing  hoe,  continued  to  give  annually 
bountiful  crops  of  fruit,  the  Curculio  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding, 
and,  whether  stung  or  not  by  that  insect,  matured  and  ripened  their 
fruit. 

It  is  true  that  the  treer  in  these  wild  plum  patches  were  not  as  vig- 


42 


orous  and  healthy  as  they  were  when  we  gray-headed  chaps  were  boys, 
for  their  surroundings  had  been  changed,  greatly  changed.  Their  old 
companion  plants  were  nearly  all  gone;  new  plants,  usurpers,  had  takeu 
their  places  and  their  environment  was  changed. 

These  new  plants  were  mauy  of  them  very  injurious  and  detrimental 
to  the  vigor  of  the  trees,  and  with  the  advent  of  man  had  come  his  herds; 
they  tramped  the  ground  down  hard  over  their  roots ; they  laid  bare 
the  surface  of  the  soil  to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  by  eating  the  herb- 
age. Things  injurious  to  the  foliage  and  fruit  of  the  trees,  in  the  shape 
of  new  insects  and  new  diseases,  were  introduced,  but  with  all  of  this 
a few  wild  plum  thickets  survived  and  matured  plums.  Why  these  did 
mature  fruit  under  these  adverse  circumstances,  and  why  the  selections 
we  made  of  a few  fine  plums  from  perhaps  some  of  the  most  fruitful  of 
these  same  thickets  could  not  be  made  to  mature  a plum  with  all  the 
care  and  petting  we  could  give  them,  when  planted  in  our  garden  or  or- 
chard, to  explain  this,  to  give  the  reasons  why,  and  to  show  how  easily 
all  can  have  this  valuable  and  delicious  fruit  in  abundance,  is  the  mo- 
tive of  preparing  this  paper  for  publication. 

And  now  I will  begin  my  task.  I was  born  here  (Marshall  County, 
Illinois)  in  1834,  and  can  therefore  well  remember  the  country  as  it  was, 
and  the  wild  plums  as  they  were  before  the  Plum  Curculio  made  its 
first  destructive  showing  here  in  1845.  Then  we  had  these  plums 
everywhere  ; u the  woods  were  full  of  them.”  The  valleys  of  the  smaller 
streams  were  almost  one  continuous  and  uubroken  plum  thicket  from 
source  to  mouth.  The  edges  of  the  prairies  were  skirted  with  them. 
They  were  the  most  plentiful  and  useful  of  all  our  wild  fruits. 

As  a boy  I was  passionately  fond  of  fruit  of  all  kinds,  and  the  lo 
cation  of  all  good  wild  fruits  that  I could  find  was  stored  up  in  my 
memory  for  future  use. 

Many  of  the  wild  plums,  as  I remember  them,  growiugin  our  woods 
were  ver}7  poor  in  quality — many  good,  a few  very  good,  and  a still 
smaller  proportion  of  them  very  good  and  very  handsome. 

About  the  year  184 i I found  growing  in  the  edge  of  a plum  thicket  a 
beautiful  young  tree,  with  a few  large  bright  golden  plums  on  it,  kissed 
by  the  sun  until  their  cheeks  blushed  crimson,  and,  when  ripe,  of  deli- 
cious, honeyed  perfumed  flavor,  large,  oblong,  and  most  beautiful.  The 
next  fall  it  was  fairly  loaded  with  its  glorious  fruit.  I determined  to 
secure  this  prize  and  have  it  all  my  own.  I took  it  up  very  carefully, 
transplanted  it  into  the  garden,  and  tended  it  with  the  greatest  care; 
it  grew  finely  in  its  new  home,  but  never  matured  a fruit  ; it  bloomed 
and  set  fruit  freely,  but  it  soon  all  fell  off,  but  they  were  not  stung  by 
the  Plum  Curculio  ! It  was  before  the  advent  in  great  numbers  of 
that  now  numerous  pest. 

I next  tried  the  European  or  Garden  riuin  ; they  bloomed,  fruited, 
but  every  plum  was  destroyed  by  the  Plum  Curculio  before  maturing. 


43 


At  last  a dry  autumn,  followed  by  a severe  winter,  cleaned  these  out, 
roots  and  all. 

I next  heard  of  a variety  of  the  Native  Plums  called  the  Miner  $ heard 
a great  mass  of  testimony  as  to  its  being  thoroughly  hardy,  entirely 
“ curculio  proof, ” and  yearly  productive  of  good,  large,  salable  fruit. 
I procured  500  trees  of  this  variety  and  planted  them  in  an  orchard,  the 
spring  of  1862,  and,  with  the  exception  noted  farther  on,  these  trees  have 
not  to  this  day  matured  one  peck  of  fruit.  This  variety  is  about  half 
way  between  or  a hybrid  between  the  extreme  types  of  the  two  species 
first  mentioned.  I next  learned  of  the  celebrated  plum  of  the  Southern  or 
Chickasaw  type,  known  as  the  “ Wild  Goose”  plum,  in  18G7.  I procured 
a few  scions  of  it,  and  top-grafted  them  in  the  center  of  the  Miner  or- 
chard. Five  of  these  grafts  grew,  and  the  next  spriug  the  grafts  bloomed 
freely  and  set  a large  amount  of  fruit,  nearly  every  one  of  which  ma- 
tured fully.  The  great,  bright  red  oblong  fruit  hung  on  ropes  on  these 
grafts,  and  I was  so  excited  over  them  that  I nearly  went  plum  crazy. 
They  ripened  the  first  half  of  July  and  they  were  snapped  up  in  our 
little  town  at  25  cents  per  quart.  In  my  dreams  I saw  golden  visions  ; 
a fortune  from  plums  stared  me  in  the  face.  Thinking  all  was  right  with 
this  plum,  so  soon  as  I could  obtain  trees  I planted  800  of  them  in 
orchard.  They  grew  and  flourished  grandly,  bloomed,  and  they  set 
fruit  profusely,  but  it  all  fell  off  when  quite  small.  Both  these  Miner 
and  Wild  Goose  orchards  were  planted  in  a solid  mass,  no  other  trees 
of  the  almond  family  being  among  or  near  them,  except  as  hereafter 
noted. 

I have  said  the  grafts  set  in  Miner  bore  profusely,  so  did  the  trees  in 
which  they  were  grafted,  i.  e.,  of  Miner  Plums,  as  did  the  trees  next  ad- 
joining, and  matured  their  fruit  perfectly.  These  plum  orchards  were 
both  a continuation  of  a large  orchard  of  hardy  cherries.  The  rows  of 
both  varieties  of  these  plums  next  to  the  cherries  have  every  year  matured 
more  or  less  plums,  some  seasons  quite  a crop.  With  these  exceptions,  no 
other  trees  in  these  orchards  have  ever  brought  one  plum  to  maturity. 
These  two  orchards  were  some  distance  away  and  so  were  not  observed 
very  closely.  In  carrying  on  a general  Nursery  I gathered  here  many  va- 
rieties of  Native  Plums,  aud  propagated  them  quite  extensively  for  sale. 
Trees  of  the  leading  varieties  on  their  own  roots  were  planted  isolated 
from  other  plums,  so  as  to  obtain  suckers.  The  varieties  so  planted 
were  Wild  Goose,  Miner,  Forest  Garden,  DeSoto,  Weaver  (though  not 
to  be  true  to  name),  Langdou,  Newman,  and  many  others,  none  of 
which  have  as  yet  matured  a plum  except  the  Newman.  About  the 
same  time,  or  sixteen  to  eighteen  years  ago,  I planted  the  varieties 
named  above,  together  with  several  others,  thickly  in  rows,  the  rows 
four  feet  apart,  with  the  seve'ral  varieties  intermingled  or  “all  mixed  up,” 
but  at  some  points  in  the  rows  all  of  one  variety  with  no  other  quite 
near,  and  these  trees  have  not  failed  of  bearing  and  maturing  a full  crop 
each  year  during  the  last  twelve  years.  Again  soon  after  this  I planted 


44 


in  nursery  rows  for  budding  2, ODD  one-year-old  seedlings  of  the  Ameri- 
cana type,  from  seed  grown  in  Wisconsin.  These  were  planted  in  two 
blocks  and  were  budded  over  once  with  the  varieties  last  named,  and 
some  others.  The  rows  were  four  feet  apart  and  the  seedlings  one  foot 
(or  less)  apart  in  the  rows.  But  a small  percentage  of  the  buds  grew, 
the  best  of  the  resulting  budded  trees  were  sold,  but  more  or  less  trees 
of  all  the  varieties  so  budded  were  left  among  the  seedlings  and  all  grew 
up  together  and  are  yet,  to-day,  to  be  seen  in  the  same  condition. 

Of  the  trees  planted  not  near  other  trees  of  the  Almond  family, 
numbering  some  hundreds,  not  one  of  them  ever  matured  a fruit  during 
the  sixteen  years  they  have  been  old  enough  to  produce,  until  last 
season,  when  a few  of  the  varieties  ripened  a very  high  crop  of  fruit, 
the  Miner  being  second  only  to  the  Newman  in  point  of  productiveness. 

The  Newman  as  an  exception  to  the  other  varieties  has  given  a fair 
crop  each  season  during  the  sixteen  years,  except  one,  when  it  failed 
entirely.  Ten  years  ago  I was  ready  to  retire  beaten,  and  give  up  the 
whole  plum  and  plum-tree  business  in  disgust,  in  fact  the  whole  Al- 
mond famity,  for  the  Plum  Curculio  seemed  determined  to  destroy  all  the 
cherries  also.  I had  followed  every  hint  and  theory  that  I had  ever 
heard  of.  1 carefully  examined  the  flowers  of  all  the  varieties,  and  found 
them,  so  far  as  I could  see,  perfect  in  all  their  parts.  The  first  grafts  of 
the  Wild  Goose  in  the  Miner  trees  continued  to  bear  each  year,  as  did 
the  trees  in  which  they  were  grafted.  The  isolated  trees,  scattered 
•over  the  plantation,  were  vigorous,  healthy,  and  each  year  bloomed  pro- 
fusely and  set  fruit  freely,  but  it  all  fell  oft*  when  quite  small,  except  a 
very  small  proportion  of  that  on  the  Wild  Goose;  some  of  the  fruit  of 
this  variety  would  attain  half,  two- thirds,  or  even  full  size,  ripen  pre- 
maturely and  then  fall  off.  But  in  all  such  instances  there  were  other 
trees  of  the  Almond  family  planted  not  far  away,  and  I can  safely  say 
that  during  the  twenty  years  or  more  that  I have  had  this  variety  old 
enough  to  bear,  the  hundreds  of  trees  of  it  in  my  orchards  have  pot 
matured  one  fruit  if  completely  isolated  from  other  trees  of  the  Almond 
family. 

One  day,  when  examining  the  fruit  of  this  variety  for  Curculio  young, 
I was  surprised  not  to  find  a live  grub  in  them  at  all,  and  at  that  time 
could  not  find  a fruit  in  which  the  larva}  had  ever  fed.  And  I was 
still  more  surprised  upon  cutting  through  the  shell  to  find  that  the  seed 
had  not  developed  and  was  imperfect.  This  fact  led  me  to  believe  that 
the  flowers  of  this  variety  were  not  perfect,  that  the  pollen  was  not 
good. 

Some  years  ago  I received  from  its  disseminator,  O.  M.Lord,  of  Min- 
nesota City,  Minn.,  scions  (grafts)  of  a fine  new  hardy  plum  found  in 
his  neighborhood,  named  the  u Rolling  Stone.”  Five  of  these  I grafted 
into  a tree  of  Wild  Goose  of  bearing  age  by  splice  grafting  on  the  ter- 
minal twigs  of  the  main  branches.  All  five  of  these  grafts  grew  ; one 
of  them  gave  three  clusters  of  bloom  the  same  spring  it  was  grafted, 


45 


and  matured  three  plums.  I was  very  greatly  surprised  this  same  sea- 
son, in  July,  to  find  near  this  graft,  and  in  the  same  tree,  about  twenty- 
five  perfectly  matured  Wild  Goose  plums,  all  very  close  to  the  Eolling 
Stone  graft  and  none  any  distance  from  it,  and  the  Wild  Goose  did  not 
ripen  prematurely  or  fall  off  before  fully  developed.  The  three  plums 
matured  by  the  graft  ripening  about  a month  later. 

Three  of  the  Eolling  Stone  grafts  grew  finely  the  first  summer  after 
grafting,  and  the  next  spring  bloomed  profusely.  The  tree  in  which 
they  were  grafted  grew  at  the  south  end  of  a row  of  the  same  variety 
(Wild  Goose)  about  30  rods  long.  This  second  season  after  tbe  grafts 
were  inserted  the  tree  in  which  they  were  growing  matured  a full  crop 
of  fruit ; the  one  next  north  4 feet  from  it  was  full  of  fruit  on  its  south 
side  5 the  fruit  was  scattering.  The  next  tree  10  feet  north  of  the  grafts 
matured  three  plums;  not  one  other  tree  in  the  row  out  of  perhaps  a 
hundred  matured  a plum  that  season. 

The  extreme  cold  of  the  following  winter  destroyed  the  Wild  Goose 
below  the  grafts,  and  the  following  spring  they  did  not  bloom.  Twenty 
feet  east  of  this  row  of  Wild  Goose  stood  a row  of  cross-bred  seedlings. 
The  following  summer  (of  1885)  this  row  of  seedlings  bloomed  and 
fruited  enormously,  and  the  row  of  Wild  Goose  fruited  very  heavily  on 
the  east  side  of  the  trees,  with  scarcely  a plum  on  the  west  side  of  the 
row. 

And  to  close  the  record  of  these  two  rows,  I will  add  that  during  the 
spring  of  1886  I made  a record  of  the  time  of  blooming  of  all  the 
plum  trees  on  the  place,  and  of  the  force  and  direction  of  the  wind 
during  the  time  of  blooming,  and  find,  by  referring  to  that  record, 
that  a gentle  east  wind  prevailed  for  three  days  during  the  time  when 
the  row  of  native  plums  were  in  the  height  of  bloom,  and  the  row  of 
Wild  Goose  matured  an  enormous  crop  of  very  fine  fruit,  but  with  very 
much  more  fruit  on  the  east  than  on  the  west  side  (the  row  of  seedlings 
furnishing  the  pollen  which  was  wafted  to  them  by  the  east  wind.) 

The  first  year  that  the  Eolling  Stone  grafts  bloomed  gave  me  the  long- 
hidden  secret  of  the  failure  in  productiveness  of  the  native  plums, 
which  has  proved  itself  to  be  that  a great  majority,  or  nearly  all 
of  them,  are  not  fertile  with  their  own  pollen;  or,  in  other  words, 
from  some  not  as  yet  fully  explained  cause  or  causes  the  pollen  of,  say, 
the  Wild  Goose  or  Miner  will  not  pollenize  the  ovaries  of  their  own 
flowers.  Why  it  will  not  does  not  become  material ; the  fact  remains, 
nevertheless. 

After  a pretty  thorough  investigation  my  conclusion  as  to  the  reason 
is,  that  the  pollen  matures  and  is  flown  away  and  wasted  before  the 
stigmas  are  mature  enough  to  receive  it ; or,  it  may  be  true  that  the 
pollen  of  some  varieties  is  impotent  to  their  own  stigmas,  or  possibly 
even  poisonous  to  them.  That  this  latter  condition  of  facts  may  exist 
has  been  fully  and  satisfactorily  proven  by  the  most  carefully  conducted 
experiments  by  the  great  Darwin,  and  the  results  given  in  detail  in  his 


46 


11  Plants  and  Animals  under  Domestication,”  and  tbe  same  theory  has 
to  some  extent  been  handled  in  works  by  other  eminent  scientists.  I 
found  that  the  Rolling  Stone  variety  would  pollenize  the  Wild  Goose  and 
render  it  fruitful.  I found  that  other  varieties  would  do  the  same  when 
twenty  feet  away,  if  the  wind  blew  from  the  right  direction  when  they 
were  in  bloom.  I found  that  in  every  instance  where  1 had  trees  of  the 
Miner  and  Wild  Goose  near  each  other,  both  varieties  were  very  pro- 
ductive, and  also  that  when  the  Newman  and  Wild  Goose  were  near 
together  neither  was  fully  productive,  and  that  where  Miner  and  New- 
man were  contiguous  both  were  enormously  and  regularly  productive. 

I also  found  that  where  I had  Newman  growing  isolated  from  other 
varieties,  that  it  was  yearly  productive  of  moderate  crops  of  good  fruit, 
but  scarcely  a seed  from  such  trees  would  grow $ but  where  the  Newman 
and  Miner  were  planted  near  together  the  Newman  was  not  only  enor- 
mously productive,  but  the  fruit  was  larger,  later,  darker  colored,  and 
thicker  skinned,  and  the  seed  all  good,  and  the  resulting  seedlings 
strong  and  vigorous,  the  Miner  being  also  very  productive  in  this  case. 

Further,  I found  that  where  I had  nearly  all  the  named  varieties  of 
both  types  of  these  plums  growing  together  in  the  two  blocks  of  seed- 
lings, that  all  of  them  (including  the  seedlings)  were,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Wild  Goose,  very  productive  each  year  since  old  enough  to 
bear.  Trees  of  the  Wild  Goose  were  growing  in  both  blocks  of  these 
seedlings,  but  none  of  them  have  ever  fruited  so  heavily  as  those  grow- 
ing near  Miner,  showing,  I think,  that  the  Miner  is  its  best  consort.  The 
trees  in  these  two  blocks  of  seedlings  are  about  one  foot  apart  in  the 
row,  and  the  rows  four  feet  apart.  Growing  in  this  way  much  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  natural  plum  thickets  of  the  earlier  days  of  this, 
country,  they  have  all  of  them  matured  a full  crop  of  plums  each  year 
for  the  past  seven  years,  and  the  trees  liave  remained  more  vigorous 
and  healthy  than  isolated  trees  of  the  same  varieties.  The  number  of 
varieties  in  these  two  blocks  may  be  safely  estimated  at  5,000,  running 
through  all  grades  of  the  northern  wild  plum,  from  the  poorest  to  the 
very  best.  During  the  whole  period  in  which  these  plums  have  been 
fruiting,  nothing  whatever  has  been  done  to  protect  the  fruit  from  or 
to  destroy  the  Plum  Curculio,  and  this  insect  has  been  present  in  large 
numbers  during  the  whole  time.  No  hogs  or  other  stock  have  been 
allowed  to  run  among  the  trees,  and,  until  the  last  three  seasons,  all  the 
u wormy  ” fruit  has  rotted  on  the  ground,  undisturbed. 

The  history  of  these  plum  trees  tells  my  readers  exactly  how  to  fruit 
the  native  plums  everywhere  in  abundance.  Heretofore  when  writing 
on  this  subject  I have  qualified  the  above  by  saying  how  they  will 
fruit  here  abundantly.  But  during  the  past  two  years  I have  cor- 
responded with  the  owners  of  or  visited  a great  number  of  plum  or- 
chards throughout  nearly  the  whole  country  and  find  the  same  results 
everywhere,  namely,  wherever  these  plums  have  been  planted  with 
several  varities  near  together  (or  near  trees  of  several  other  species  of 


47 


the  almond  family)  they  have  been  constantly  productive,  but  when 
planted  with  the  varieties  isolated  they  have  proven  barren,  except  in 
the  South. 

While  the  Wild  Goose  will  pollenize  its  own  stigmas  south  of  the  Ohio 
Eiver,  and  will  not  north,  may  seem  a little  strange.  But  this  fact  is 
easily  explained.  Here,  or  North,  fruit  trees  burst  suddenly  into  bloom, 
and  in  three  or  four  days  the  sexual  organs  of  the  flowers  have  matured, 
performed  their  functions,  and  lost  their  sexual  force.  South,  the  peach 
is  often  in  continuous  bloom  for  four  months,  the  plum  for  two  mouths, 
and  therefore  there  is  a continuous  supply  of  ripe  pollen  and  ripe  (stig- 
matic)  stigmas  to  receive  it.  Here  the  Wild  Goose  plum,  for  iustauce, 
opens  its  flowers  one  day,  ripens  and  sheds  most  of  its  pollen  the  fore- 
noon of  the  next  day  (the  pollen  of  the  plum,  which  is  the  male  element 
of  their  sexuality,  consists  of  very  minute  roundish,  egg-like  cells,  very 
light  and  produced  in  great  abundance,  and  may  be  carried  by  the  wind 
for  miles  under  favorable  circumstances  and  their  x>otency  remain  un- 
impaired), and  not  until  the  afternoon  of  this  day  do  the  stigmas  take 
on  the  sexual  heat  and  become  ready  to  receive  it.  These  and  the  other 
fully  established  facts,  that  to  many  varieties  and  species  of  plants  their 
own  pollen  is  neither  acceptable  nor  fertile  to  their  own  flowers — stig- 
mas— and  to  the  more  common  fact  that  in  many  plants  a flower  is 
not  fertile  with  pollen  of  that  flower,  but  fully  fertile  with  pollen  from 
another 5 why  we  have  failed  to  get  fruit  from  many  varieties  of  Na- 
tive Plums  when  not  growing  near  other  Plum  trees  (or  other  trees  of 
the  Almond  family),  and  why  these  same  varieties  are  very  productive 
when  planted  near  others ; the  reason  for  this  seems  to  be  that  nat- 
ure abhors  u in  and  in  breeding,”  or,  in  other  words,  she  has  carefully 
guarded  nearly  all  forms  of  life  from  unnatural  unions  or  a too  close 
consanguinity  of  offspring. 

But  in  our  Almond  family  the  different  species  seem  freely  to  fertil- 
ize each  other  sexually  in  many  instances,  and  the  resulting  hybrids 
are,  so  far  as  observed,  fully  fertile  with  all.  For,  as  before  intimated,  I 
have  absolute  and  incontestable  proof  that  the  flowers  of  the  Wild  Goose 
and  Miner  plums  are  fertilized  to  a limited  extent  by  the  pollen  of  our 
cherries,  which  belong  to  a different  genus  of  the  same  order.  Also, 
the  proof  is  absolute  that  the  pollen  of  the  peach  freely  fertilizes  the 
flowers  of  the  Chickasaw  plums,  at  least  some  of  them.  The  new  early 
peaches,  such  as  Hale’s  Early,  Amsden’s  June,  Alexander,  &c.,  are 
such  hybrids  nearest  the  peach  in  their  generalities ; and  the  Black- 
man, Golden  Beauty,  and  other  so-called  plums  are  such  hybrids  more 
nearly  resembling  the  plums. 

The  plums  of  Europe  freely  fertilize  our  native  plums,  and  vice  versa. 
So  far  there  is  no  proof  that  the  sub  genus,  Padus , to  which  our  wild 
cherries  belong,  is  sexually  fertile  with  other  members  of  the  sub  order, 
but  it  is  very  j)robable  that  it  is  not. 

We  have  now,  if  we  have  read  understanding^,  learned  how  we  may 


48 


FRUIT  THE  NATIVE  PLUMS 

everywhere  in  abundauce.  How  ? Simply  by  planting  several  va- 
rieties near  together  or  commingled,  or  by  grafting  or  budding  barren 
trees  with  one  or  more  different  varieties  as  above  explained.  Plant- 
ing the  different  varieties  near  together  is  most  practical,  and  easily 
done  by  selecting  such  two  (or  more)  varieties  as  will  pollenize  each 
other,  and  planting  them  alternately  in  rows  4 to  6 feet  apart,  the  rows 
running  in  the  direction  of  the  prevailing  winds  at  the  blooming  time 
of  the  plum.  If  we  do  not  know  what  varieties  will  pollenize  each  other, 
we  will  be  safe  if  we  plant  several  varieties  in  close  proximity,  so  as  to 
have  the  so-called  species  alternate  in  the  rows.  The  rows  may  be  15 
to  30  feet  apart. 

We  now  take  up  the 

plum  curculio  ( Conotraclielus  nenuphar) 

understandingly.  But  why  need  I add  one  more  word  about  it,  for  the 
proof  is  absolute  here,  and  I have  the  same  complete  proof  from  nearly 
every  State  and  Territory,  that  it  has  no  effect  on  the  fruiting  of  the 
great  majority  of  our  native  plums  whatever.  If  their  flowers  are 
pollenized  they  give  regular  crops  of  valuable  fruit  as  any  fruit  in  any 
climate,  with  no  material  damage  to  the  fruit,  except  rarely  to  a few 
varieties,  by  this  pest.  In  fact,  I will  here  put  it  on  record : I believe 
that  after  carefully  investigating  the  subject  throughout  three  seasons, 
that  what  effect  this  curculio  has  on  these  fruits  tends  to  benefit  the 
tree  and  fruit  rather  than  injure,  for,  where  these  plums  are  fully  pollen- 
ized  their  tendency  is  to  overbear — to  set  more  fruit  than  they  can  or 
should  bring  to  maturity.  The  most  material  injury  to  this  fruit  by  the 
curculio  is  that  the  cuts  through  the  skin  of  the  young  fruit,  made  by 
her  when  laying  her  eggs,  sometimes  forms  a nidus  (breeding  place)  for 
“ fruit-rot.”  The  varieties  will  be  affected  by  this  very  differently  in 
different  locations  and  climates,  but  this  rot  does  not,  as  is  the  case 
with  some  other  fruits,  so  far  as  is  known  prevent  our  securing  full 
crops  of  some  varieties  everywhere.  (Curiously  the  evidence  is  that  P. 
ehiclcasa  is  more  subject  to  rot  South  than  P.  americana , and  vice  versa. 
But  my  observations  here  prove  that  this  “fruit  rot”  in  the  native 
plums  more  often  finds  a nidus  or  origin  in  the  minute  punctures  of  leaf 
lice  ( Aphididce ) and  plant  bug3  ( Hemiptera ).  The  most  injurious  of  the 
bugs  to  the  fruit  of  our  native  plums,  and  perhaps  the  most  injurious  in- 
sect of  Korth  America,  is  the  now  notorious  tarnished  plant  bug  (Capsus 
oblineatus,  Say.).  This  pernicious  bug  is  abundant  nearly  everywhere, 
is  an  omnivorous  feeder,  and  not  only  depletes  trees  and  plants  of  their 
iuices,  but  the  puncture  of  its  beak  is  very  poisonous  to  them,  causing 
many  young  fruits  to  drop  soon  after  being  punctured,  on  others  leav- 
ing wounds  for  the  entrance  of  the  spores  of  the  sporadic  diseases  or 
“rots.”  Therefore  it  will  not  do  to  give  the  plum  curculio  credit  as  the 


49 


destroyer  of  all  fruit  that  falls  before  maturity ; and,  further,  it  is  a fact 
that  the  injury  to  the  young  fruit  by  this  curculio  when  laying  her  eggs 
does  not  cause  such  fruit  to  fall  while  small,  but  the  contrary  is  true. 
Therefore,  when  we  find  ail  our  young  plums  on  the  ground  early  in 
June,  notice  if  every  one  of  them  shows  the  ovipositing  mark  of  the 
Little  Turk.  She  or  her  work  was  not  the  cause  of  their  fall.  But  cut 
them  open  and  you  will  invariably  find  the  seed  embryo  dead,  or  the 
lice  or  bugs  before  mentioned  had  caused  their  death. 

Then  it  remains  to  give  a short  summary  of  the  facts  gathered,  show- 
ing the  true  status  of  the  Plum  Curculio  in  regard  to  fruit  growing 
generally  and  the  Native  Plums  especially. 

The  first  and  most  important  is  that  all  evidence  shows  that  this  in- 
sect seeks  the  Native  Plums  in  preference  to  all  other  fruits  in  which  to 
deposit  her  eggs.  This  is  a queer,  a strange  fact  in  biology,  which  nat- 
uralists will  be  inclined  to  dispute,  namely,  that  an  insect  should  seek 
and  use,  seemingly  by  preference,  a fruit  in  which  to  lay  her  eggs 
wherein  but  very  few  of  them  will  hatch  and  in  which  but  few  of  such 
larvae  as  do  hatch  can  be  nourished  on  its  substance  to  maturity. 

The  reason  why  the  Plum  Curculio  does  seek  the  Native  Plums  to 
oviposit  in  seems  to  be  because  of  their  very  early  and  very  fragrant 
bloom.  This  beetle,  unlike  some  others,  is  a ravenous  feeder  while  in 
the  imago  or  beetle  state,  and  flies  toward  the  nearest  inviting  food. 
With  what  result,  now  becomes  the  important  question.  I have  shown 
that  the  depositing  of  the  eggs  of  the  Curculio  in  the  young  fruit  does 
not  cause  it  to  fall  before  reaching  maturity ; that  it  does  not  materially 
injure  the  fruit,  for  I have  marketed  a.  Miner  plum  on  which  were  eight- 
een of  the  ovipositing  marks  of  this  beetle,  and  yet  it  was  a passable 
plum  for  use  (eating  or  canning).  But  the  facts  are  best  given  in  figures 
and  percentages. 

During  the  past  two  seasons  I have  gone  over  the  great  mass  of  native 
plums  in  bearing  here  twice  during  each  season,  or  four  times  syste- 
matically, and  very  carefully,  with  practically  the  same  results  each 
time,  and  I will  here  give  my  results  in  figures. 

I found  that  for  every  egg  that  hatched  and  the  larvae  had  fed  notice- 
ably, that  there  were  from  1,500  to  1,900  ovipositing  marks  of  the  Our- 
culio,  and  that  only  one  living  curculio  maggot  was  found  in  3,100  to 
3,500  plums  examined  and  in  which  her  eggs  had  been  laid.  These 
percentages  are  from  /the  June  observations  of  these  two  years  and 
coincide  with  previous  observations.  In  the  two  observations  made 
during  the  latter  part  of  July  and  first  of  August  the  percentages  were 
not  materially  changed  or  different.  Another  study  was  made  to  find 
out  how  many  larvae  that  had  hatched  had  fed  to  well  advanced  matu- 
rity as  larvae.  To  get  at  this  I selected  the  fruit  of  the  Wild  Goose  and 
Newman,  in  which  I had  found  more  living  larvae  than  in  any  other 
variety  here  (as  yet  I have  not  found  any  living  larvae  of  considerable 
size  in  the  Miner,  but  strangely  I found  more  living,  well  fed,  healthy 
22340— No.  14 4 


50 


looking  larvae  in  P.  americana  in  the  woods,  to  the  number  of  plums 
stung  than  I have  in  any  other  plum,  a not  very  careful  survey  of  this 
tree  showed  that  about  one  in  twenty-five  of  the  eggs  laid  in  the  fruit 
has  produced  well-grown,  healthy  looking  larvae).  I selected  first  100 
plums  of  the  Wild  Goose  variety,  in  which  eggs  had  seemingly  been 
laid.  (I  am  well  aware  that  in  many  species  of  insect  life  the  females 
will  continue  to  form  proper  nidi  for  the  reception  of  her  eggs  long 
after  her  supply  of  eggs  has  become  completely  exhausted;  in  fact, 
as  a rule  the  agriin  messenger”  finds  her  busily  at  work,  with  feeble 
effort,  trying  to  lay  eggs  and  reproduce  her  kind,  and  it  is  quite  proba- 
ble that  our  u Little  Turk”  possesses  this  instinct,  which  continues  to 
its  fatal  termination.  Therefore  my  percentages  are  not  so  correct  as 
if  I had  been  able  in  each  instance  to  locate  an  egg,  in  situ  within  the 
ovipositing  mark.)  At  least  the  ovipositing  mark  was  apparent  on 
each  fruit.  These  were  placed  in  a vessel,  and  taken  out  one  at  a 
time  and  cut  under  the  ovipositing  mark  to  ascertain  if  the  larvae 
had  fed.  If  it  had  not  fed  noticeably,  it  was  thrown  aside  and  another 
taken  up,  and  so  on  until  I had  obtained  a hundred  plums  in  which 
the  egg  had  hatched  and  the  larvae  had  fed.  Two  trials  of  Wild  Goose 
plums,  in  this  way,  gave  respectively  22  and  23  living,  sickly  look- 
ing, attenuated  larvae.  Two  trials  of  the  same  number  of  Newman  gave 
respectively  24  and  26  of  the  same  kind  of  grubs.  Whether  auy  one 
of  these  sickly  looking  larvae  would  have  matured  into  beetles  I do 
not  know,  but  I have  the  best  of  reasons  for  believing  that  none  of 
them  would.  And  here  are  my  reasons,  and  they  are  of  the  greatest 
value,  if  I have  made  no  mistakes.  The  autumns  of  1884  and  1885  I 
gathered  the  fallen  fruit  from  all  the  trees  for  seed,  and  of  course  in  this 
way  I got  all  the  fruit  with  living  larvae  in  them,  and  when  selecting 
what  good  fruit  there  was  for  market,  all  wormy  and  imperfect  fruit 
was  thrown  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  in  the  shade  of  trees,  day  by 
day  as  gathered,  and  on  and  convenient  thereto  were  placed  several 
contrivances,  such  as  the  young  beetles  are  known  to  seek  as  soon  as 
they  emerge  from  the  ground  for  shelter.  These  shelters  were  care- 
fully examined  until  cold  weather  without  finding  a single  beetle. 

The  next  spring  this  seed  was  gathered  up  early  and  planted.  A good 
portion  of  the  ground  it  had  occupied  was  at  once  covered  with  strong 
canvas,  with  its  edges  so  covered  and  fastened  down  that  it  was  im- 
probable that  the  beetles  could  escape  from  under  it.*  Now,  if  this  80 
bushels  of  plums  selected  from  the  264  bushels  marketed  on  one  season, 
and  of  course  including  practically  all  the  wormy  plums,  bred  no  Curcu- 
lios,  and  it  takes  3,200  eggs  to  produce  one  well-matured  larva,  and  if  we 
give  it  all  the  Native  Plums  it  may  require  in  which  to  lay  all  of  its  eggs, 


* This  experiment  was  very  poorly  conducted  and  proves  nothing.  If  the  plums  re- 
ferred to  were  wormy,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  at  least  a portion  of  the  larvm  wrere  in 
healthy  condition  and  went  through  their  transformations  under  ground.  We  have 


51 


this  is  the  pertinent  question:  Does  it  not  seem  conclusively  to  show 
that  when  this  great  western  region,  the  timbered  portion  of  it,  was,  we 
may  say,  one  vast  Plum  thicket,  that  there  were  then  plums  enough  to 
hold  the  Plum  Ourculio  entirely  in  check?  And,  further,  does  it  not 
also  show  conclusively  that  if  we  now  plant  a sufficient  number  of  these 
plum  trees  to  produce  fruit  for  the  beetles  to  feed  on  and  lay  all  of 
their  eggs  in,  and  such  eggs  do  not  hatch,  as  we  have  seen,  that  they, 
the  plums,  will  again  reduce  its  numbers  below  the  point  of  practical 
injury,  and  in  this  way  protect  all  our  other  fruit  from  its  depreda- 
tions? Again,  do  not  our  facts  show,  that  if  it  is  true  that  the  Plum 
Curculio  is  attracted  by  these  plums  early  in  the  season,  and  being 
there  on  the  plums  she  will  therefore  lay  her  eggs  in  them  exclusively, 
and  that  by  planting  these  plums  unstintedly  among  and  around  our 
Peaches,  Apples,  Cherries,  and  other  fruits  liable  to  injury  by  her,  that 
we  will  protect  these  fruits  from  damage  by  this  beetle? 

We  have  but  one  question  of  importance  to  answer,  which  is,  Are  the 
Native  Plums  a fruit  worthy  of  extended  cultivation?  I can  answer 
this  question  emphatically,  Yes , they  are.  They  are  one  of  the  most  cer- 
tain of  the  fruits  in  the  regularity  of  their  crop,  and  the  yield  is  usually 
abundant,  the  fruit  wholesome,  attractive,  and  easily  gathered,  and  can 
be  shipped  any  reasonable  distance  to  market.  When  thoroughly  ripe 
it  is  delicious,  eaten  in  a natural  state — that  is,  some  varieties  of  it  j 
others  are  among  the  finest  of  fruits  for  preparing  in  the  various  ways 
known  to  the  culinary  art — stewing,  canning,  drying,  preserving  in 
sugar,  sweet  pickling  (spicing),  &c.  And  many  of  the  varieties  of  the 
Northern  type  will  keep  perfectly  throughout  the  winter  if  simply  placed 
in  an  open  earthen  jar  and  covered  with  water.  They  all  make  most 

liad  some  experience  with  the  larvae  of  this  insect,  but  should  scarcely  venture  to  dis- 
criminate between  sickly  and  healthy  individuals  as  Mr.  Wier  has  done.  The  pre- 
cautions taken  to  observe  and  count  the  beetles  emerging  from  the  ground  were  en- 
tirely insufficient  for  the  purpose,  as  the  tendency  to  secrete  under  traps  is  mani- 
fested chiefly  in  cool  weather  in  spring. 

Moreover,  Mr.  Wier’s  statements  that  the  planting  and  cultivating  of  the  Wild  Plum 
will  protect  our  peaches,  apricots,  cultivated  plums,  &c,,  and  effect  a decrease  in  the 
numbers  of  the  Curculio,  are  mere  assumptions  and  contrary  to  experience.  The  fact 
that  these  cultivated  fruits  were  badly  infested  by  the  Curculio  as  soon  as  they  were 
introduced  is  a sufficient  proof  that  the  Curculio  shows  a decided  preference  for 
these  plants.  While  we  would  not  discredit  the  correctness  of  Mr.  Wier’s  observa- 
tion that  a large  proportion  of  Curculio  eggs  laid  in  Wild  Plums  fail  to  hatch  (be- 
cause they  often  thus  fail  in  cultivated  varieties  and  in  cherries,  pears,  and  apples), 
yet  we  do  not  believe  this  fact  has  much  influence  on  the  general  decrease  of  the  Cur- 
culio. The  Wild  Plums  were  the  original  food-plant  of  the  insect  and  it  has  “ ex- 
isted as  a species  ” on  this  plant  from  time  immemorial.  The  cultivation  of  peaches, 
apricots,  cherries,  &c.,  simply  furnished  the  means  for  it  to  increase,  and  only  the  com- 
plete abandonment  of  their  cultivation  would  re-establish  the  original  relative  scar- 
city of  the  Curculio.  The  state  of  affairs  would  be  quite  different  if  Mr.  Wier  could 
show  us  how  to  compel  the  insect  to  oviposit  in  the  fruit  of  the  Wild  Plum,  or  could 
even  prove  by  satisfactory  scientific  evidence  the  truth  of  his  assertion  that  it  has  a 
preference  for  said  wild  fruit.  — C.  V.  R. 


52 


beautiful  and  delicious  jellies.  Such  are  the  principal  uses  of  the  fruit. 
The  trees  will  thrive  on  any  soil  that  will  support  common  trees,  but  do 
best  on  a deep,  rich,  moist  soil ; they  thrive  finely  in  the  bottoms  of  deep, 
steep,  narrow  ravines  and  along  drains,  on  lands  too  rough  for  cultivation, 
if  reasonably  rich.  The  trees  are  natural  to  crowded  situations,  crowded 
by  each  other,  and  by  other  trees ; their  roots  do  best  rambling  through 
moist  soil,  shaded  from  the  sun,  and  the  trees  do  very  much  the  best  in 
a location  sheltered  from  the  strong  winds  of  spring  (which  blow  away 
the  pollen).  The  trees  are  easily  propagated ; they  throw  up  young 
trees  (suckers)  freely  from  their  roots ; therefore  when  planting  these 
plums  on  the  thicket  plan  in  waste  places  it  is  best  to  have  them  on 
their  own  roots.  Or,  if  we  do  not  wish  them  to  produce  suckers,  they 
may  be  budded  on  the  Chickasaw  variety  known  as  Mariana,  which 
variety  grows  freely  from  cuttings,  is  quite  hardy,  and  seldom,  if  ever, 
throws  up  suckers  from  its  roots.  In  the  South  these  plums  do  finely 
when  budded  or  grafted  on  peach  (which  do  not  sucker),  but  care  must 
be  taken  to  prevent  injury  from  the  Peach  Borer  (j. HJgeria  exitiosa  Say). 
North  they  do  nicely  if  u root-grafted”  on  peach.  Generally,  as  the  reader 
will  have  learned  from  this  paper,  the  Native  Plums  have  no  very  nox- 
ious insect  enemies  or  diseases  here  or  over  the  country  at  large,  an  1 it 
is  safe  to  say  that  they  in  some  of  their  varieties  or  tribes  can  be  grown 
profitably  in  every  part  of  the  country.  There  is  a vast  amount  to  be 
learned  about  them  as  yet,  and  some  very  important  facts  to  determine. 
The  most  valuable  one  is  this : I have  some  proof  that  certain  varieties 
of  these  plums  will  breed  the  Plum  Curculio  freely;  if  so,  such  varieties 
should  be  searched  out  and  destroyed,  and  we  should  be  sure  not  to 
plant  these  varieties  for  fruit,  be  that  ever  so  fine. 


THE  SERRELL  AUTOMATIC  SILK  REEL. 

By  Philip  Walker. 

In  previous  reports  the  new  Serrell  automatic  silk  reel  has  been  fre- 
quently mentioned,  but  owing  to  the  incomplete  condition  of  the  pat- 
ents upon  it,  it  has  been  considered  unwise  to  publish  even  such  a gen- 
eral description  as  that  which  follows.  Now,  however,  that  these  ma- 
chines are  in  operation  in  Washington,  it  is  possible  to  gratify  the 
laudable  curiosity  of  persons  interested  in  this  machinery,  of  which  so 
much  has  been  said  but  so  little  known  in  this  country. 

An  understanding  of  the  mechanical  principles  of  ordinary  non  auto- 
matic reels  and  of  the  Serrell  serigraph  are  so  necessary  to  a thorough 
comprehension  of  the  automatic  reel  that,  although  they  have  already 
been  described  by  Professor  Riley  in  Bulletin  No.  9 of  the  Division.* 
it  is  deemed  wise  to  insert  an  account  of  them  here.  The  quotations 

* The  Mulberry  Silk-Worm,  by  C.  V.  Riley,  M.  A.,  Ph.  D.,  Washington,  1886. 


53 


which  follow  are  from  that  pamphlet.  A farther  word  on  some  of  the 
properties  of  the  cocoon  filament  and  the  general  process  of  reeling  is 
also  given  in  order  to  make  the  descriptions  which  follow  more  intelli- 
gible. 

Thesilk-worm  occupies,  in  general,  about  thirty  days  in  passing  through 
the  period  comprised  between  its  birth  and  the  fabrication  of  its  cocoon. 
Most  of  this  time  is  employed  in  eating,  but  about  five  days  being  con- 
sumed in  passing  through  the  molts.  The  food  consumed  during  the 
last  ten  days  is  almost  entirely  employed  in  the  formation  of  a fluid 
which  fills  the  silk  ducts  and  which  goes  ultimately  to  the  fabrication  of 
the  silken  thread  of  the  cocoon. 

In  the  body  of  the  larvae  there  are  two  of  these  ducts,  each  of  which 
is  connected  with  an  orifice  called  a spinneret,  which  is  situated  in  the 
lower  lip  of  the  insect.  The  larva  in  the  formation  of  its  cocoon  throws 
out  from  these  orifices  two  fine  filaments  covered  with  a natural  glue. 
This  glue  serves  to  stick  the  two  filaments  together  and  to  form  them 
into  what  appears  to  the  naked  eye  to  be  one  compact  thread.  An  ex- 
amination of  this  thread  under  the  microscope,  however,  shows  its 
double  nature  and  its  flattened  section,  whose  width  is  three  to  four 
times  its  thickness. 

The  first  step  taken  by  the  worm,  after  it  has  found  a con  venient 
place  to  make  its  cocoon,  is  to  throw  out  a system  of  threads  designed 
to  form  a founda  ion  to  the  more  compact  pod.  The  tissue  of  this  sys- 
tem is  loose  and  is  not  apparently  woven  after  any  fixed  plan.  Once 
this  foundation  completed,  the  larva  begins  the  constru  ctiou  of  the 
stronger  wall  of  its  resting  place,  which  is  constructed  of  a firm  felting 
laid  on  in  figure-eight  loops  and  in  many  distinct  layers.  Of  these 
layers  it  is  easy  to  recognize  at  least  a dozen  and  to  tear  them  apart 
but  it  is  probable  that  in  reality  these  might  each  be  subdivided  into 
many  more  but  for  the  lack  of  instruments  of  sufficient  delicacy. 

Taking  the  yellow  Milanese  races  as  a type,  we  find  that  it  requires 
about  250  fresh  cocoons  to  make  a pound  and  that  each  contains  about 
one  thousand  yards  of  thread.  These  cocoons,  with  the  inclosed  chrys- 
alides, contain,  however,  6G  per  centum  of  water,  which  in  the  course  of 
three  or  four  mouths7  drying  will  effectually  evaporate.  Of  the  total 
weight  of  these  cocoons,  again,  but  about  15  per  centum  is  formed  of 
silk,  the  balance  being  composed  of  chrysalides  and  the  skins  cast  by 
the  larvae  in  their  transformation.  Thus,  were  we  to  recover  all  of  the 
silk  contained  in  a lot  of  cocoons,  it  would  not  exceed  15  per  centum  of 
the  total  weight  when  fresh,  or  33  per  centum  of  the  weight  when  dry. 
It  is  not,  however,  possible  to  accomplish  such  a result,  both  on  account 
of  the  loss  caused  in  getting  hold  of  the  end  of  the  thread  and  from  the 
fact  that  it  is  impossible  to  finish  the  reelingof  a cocoon  to  its  veryeud. 
Manufacturers  rarely  obtain  more  than  one  pound  of  silk  for  each  three 
and  one-half  pounds  of  dry  cocoons  employed,  and  it  is  not  uncommon 


54 


for  them  to  consume  at  least  four  pounds  of  raw  material  in  the  forma- 
tion of  each  pound  of  their  product. 

Before  reeling  the  cocoons  must  be  cleaned  by  the  removal  of  the 
outer  system  of  threads  which,  under  the  name  of  floss,  is  one  of  the 
waste  products  of  the  industry. 

In  the  filature  the  “cocoons  are  first  plunged  into  boiling  water, 
whereby  their  gluten  is  softened  in  such  a manner  as  to  render  the  un- 
winding of  the  filaments  an  easy  matter.  This  done,  they  are  brushed 
with  a small  broom,  to  the  straws  of  which  their  fibers  become  attached. 
The  bundle  of  filaments  is  then  taken  and  they  are  unwound  until  each 
cocoon  hangs  by  but  one  clean  thread.  These  three  operations  are 
called  ‘cooking,’  ‘brushing,’,  and  ‘purging.’  The  first  two  can  be  ac- 
complished mechanically,  and  are  currently  so  performed  in  Italy  and 
largely  in  France.  But  purging  is  a process  to  which  the  accuracy  of 
the  human  eye  and  the  delicacy  of  the  human  touch  have  so  far  been 
found  necessary.”  The  thread  unwound  in  these  processes  is  also  a 
waste  product,  called  “frisons,”  and  has  about  one-fifth  the  value  of 
reeled  silk.  In  good  working  about  four  times  as  much  silk  as  frisons 
is  produced. 


“The  elements  of  the  mechanism  of  all  modern  silk  reels  are  essentially 
the  same.  They  are  shown  in  Fig.  1,  and  consist,  in  general,  of  a basin, 
A,  in  which  is  a perforated  steam-pipe,  P,  by  means  6f  which  the  water 
in  the  basin  may  be  heated.  A few  inches  above  the  surface  of  the 
water  is  placed  a perforated  agate,  B.  The  cocoons  having  undergone 
the  three  operations  mentioned,  the  ends  of  the  filaments  of  four  or  more 
of  them  are  twisted  together  into  a thread,  which  is  passed  through  the 
hole  in  the  agate.  From  this  it  runs  through  the  “croisure”  M,  which 
will  be  hereafter  explained,  and  over  the  guide  E to  the  reel  at  F.  Be- 
tween E and  F the  thread  passes  a guide,  G,  moving  to  and  fro  (in  a 
line  perpendicular  to  the  plane  ot  the  paper),  which  distributes  it  in  a 


55 


broad  band  over  the  surface  of  the  reel.  This  facilitates  the  drying  of 
the  silk,  without  which  the  gluten  would  bind  together  the  threads  of 
the  skein  as  it  does  those  of  the  cocoons,  and  thus  ruin  its  commercial 
value.  The  shaft  of  the  reel  carries  at  one  end  a friction-wheel,  H , 
which  rests  on  the  large  friction-wheel  I,  that  constantly  revolves  on  the 
shaft  N,  and  thus  motion  is  imparted  to  the  reel.  In  order  to  stop  the 
reel  it  is  oaly  necessary  to  raise  the  wheel  H from  its  bearings  by  means 
of  the  lever  L.  This  movement  presses  the  wheel  against  the  brake- 
shoe  K,  and  its  motion  is  at  once  arrested. 

u As  has  been  said  above,  the  thread  is  passed  between  the  agate  and 
the  reel  through  the  croisure.  The  making  of  the  croisure  consists  in 
twisting  the  thread  around  itself  or  another  thread  so  as  to  consolidate 
its  constituent  filaments  and  wring  the  water  from  it  and  thus  aid  in  its 
drying.  The  mode  of  the  formation  of  this  croisure  forms  the  principal 
distinguishing  mark  between  the  French  and  Italian  systems  of  reeling. 
The  former  is  called  the  1 Chambon  system.7  Each  reeler  manages  two 
threads.  These  are  passed  through  separate  agates,  and  after  being 
brought  together  and  twisted  twenty  or  thirty  times  around  each  other 
are  again  separated  and  passed  through  guiding  eyes  to  the  reel.  The 
other  system,  called  ‘tavellette,7*  consists  in  passing  the  thread  up 
over  a small  pulley,  (7,  down  over  another,  D,  and  then  twisting  it  around 
itself,  as  shown  at  If,  in  Fig.  1,  and  thence  to  the  reel. 

u The  cocoon  filament  is  somewhat  finer  in  the  floss  or  beginning,  thick- 
ens at  the  point  of  forming  the  more  compact  pod,  and  then  very  gradu- 
ally diminishes  in  diameter  until  it  becomes  so  fine  as  to  be  incapable 
of  standing  the  strain  of  reeling,”  the  mean  sections  at  these  points  be- 
ing about  proportional  to  the  figures  30,  40,  and  25.  “ Therefore  a thread 

which  is  made  up  of  five  new  filaments  becomes  so  small  when  the  co- 
coons from  which  it  is  drawn  are  half  unwound  as  to  require  an  addi- 
tion. This  addition  might  also  be  made  necessary  by  the  rupture  of 
one  of  the  constituent  filaments.  It  is  here  that  the  skill  of  the  oper- 
ator is  called  into  play.  When  her  experience  tells  her  that  the  thread 
needs  nourishing  from  either  of  these  causes,  she  takes  the  end  of  the 
filament  of  one  of  the  cocoons  which  lie  prepared  in  her  basin,  and,  giv- 
ing it  a slight  snap  or  whip-lash  movement  with  the  index-finger,  causes 
it  to  wind  around  or  adhere  to  the  running  thread,  of  which  it  from  this 
moment  becomes  a constituent  part.  This  lancing,  as  it  is  called,  of  the 
end  of  the  filament,  although  in  hand  reeling  performed  in  the  manner 
described,  is  also  accomplished  mechanically,  several  devices  having 
been  invented  for  this  purpose.  They  consist,  in  general,  of  a mechan- 
ism (occupying  the  place  of  the  agate  B ),  which  causes  a small  hook 
to  revolve  in  a horizontal  plane  about  the  running  thread,  and  to  twist 
around  it  any  end  of  the  filament  that  may  be  placed  in  the  path  of  the 
hook.  The  reeler,  seeing  that  a new  filament  is  needed,  holds  the  end  of 
one  in  the  way  of  the  attaching  device,  and  it  is  automatically  caught.” 


The  trade  name  of  the  small  pulley  mentioned. 


56 


The  thread  of  “raw”  or  reeled  silk  is  excessively  strong,  ductile,  and 
elastic.  As  has  been  seen,  it  is-  composed  of  several  double  filaments, 
drawn  from  as  many  cocoons.  In  common  with  other  elastic  threads, 
a given  length  of  one  of  silk  will  resist  a tendency  to  stretch  to  an  ex- 
tent proportionate  to  its  mean  section.  This  is  the  un  derlying  princi- 
ple of  the  serigraph.  The  mode  of  determining  the  irregularities  exist- 
ing in  a thread  of  raw  silk  by  means  of  this  machine  is  as  follows  : The 
end  of  the  thread  is  brought  from  the  reel  or  bobbin  on  which  it  is  wound 


around  a drum,  8,  (Plate  I),  thence  over  a pulley,  R,  and  back  around 
another  drum,  T,  mounted  on  the  same  axis  as  S.  From  the  drum  T it 
is  wound  on  a reel.  The  drum  T is  larger  than  8,  so  that  the  former 
winds  on  the  thread  somewhat  faster  than  it  is  paid  off  by  the  latter, 
and  thus  stretches  it.  In  this  manner  we  apply  a constant  force  to  the 
pulley  _R,  tending  to  draw  it  from  its  normal  position.  This  pulley  is 
attached  to  the  base  of  a pendulum,  U , which,  under  the  action  of  the 
force  mentioned,  is  drawn  from  the  perpendicular.  The  weight  of  this 
pendulum  overcoming  the  force  thus  applied  to  an  extent  inversely  pro- 
portional to  the  mean  section  of  the  length  of  thread  submitted  to  the 
test,  the  position  of  equilibrium  taken  by  the  pendulum  depends  upon 
and  is  an  indication  of  that  mean  section.  The  portion  thus  tested  is 
that  between  the  two  drums  S and  T , and  as,  through  the  constant 
action  of  the  machine,  successive  lengths  of  thread  occupy  the  position 
indicated,  the  pendulum  oscillates  through  a course  which  depends  upon 
the  irregularities  of  the  thread.  These  irregularities  are  graphically 
recorded  by  a pencil,  attached  to  the  pendulum,  upon  a band  of  paper, 
which  moves  constantly  under  its  point. 

The  serigraph,  it  will  be  seen,  is  an  apparatus  for  continuously  meas- 
uring the  relative  size  of  any  thread  passed  over  its  drums  and  record- 
ing the  irregularities  in  its  size  on  a band  of  paper. 

From  this  machine  to  the  automatic  reeler  was  but  a slight  transition, 
easily  accomplished.  It  has  been  in  working  out  the  details  of  the  de- 
sired mechanism  that  the  greatest  difficulty  has  been  met  with.  The 
result  is  attained  in  general  by  causing  the  pendulum  TJ  to  close  an 


olxvwoxay  rri5imiH£! -mhx  ao  siodiDNiaj 


Bulletin  14,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agr.  Plate  I. 


57 


electric  circuit  whenever  the  thread  becomes  so  weak  as  to  permit  of  a 
certain  amount  of  stretching  under  the  tension  applied  to  it.  The 
electric  current  due  to  this  circuit-closing  is  then  employed  in  releasing 
the  detent  of  a suitable  feeding  device,  by  which  a new  cocoon  filament 
is  added  to  the  main  thread  and  its  size  augmented. 

In  the  operation  of  the  automatic  silk-reel  the  thread  is  made  as  in  an 
ordinary  hand-reel,  and  passed  through  the  centre  of  a filament-attaching 
device,  B , thence  through  the  croisure  M.  Thence,  as  in  the  serigraph,  it 
is  passed  around  a small  drum,  8,  around  a pulley,  jK,  situated  at  the  end 
of  a pendulum,  U,  which  is  called  in  the  reeler  the  control-lever,  thence 
around  the  larger  drum  T,  and  in  the  ordinary  way  over  the  guiding 
pulley  Ej  to  the  reel.  On  the  end  of  the  control  lever  U is  a circuit- 
closing contact  piece,  a , which  acts  when  the  pulley  R,  overcoming  the 
resistance  of  the  thread,  recedes  from  the  drums  8 and  T.  The  tension 
thus  resisted  by  the  thread  maybe  regulated  by  the  movable  weight  X, 
or  an  equivalent  device. 

We  will  now  suppose  the  thread  to  be  running  at  the  desired  size,  and 
that  the  tension  due  to  the  stretch  imparted  to  it  by  the  dilference  in 
the  circumferential  speed  of  the  two  drums  is  sufficient  to  keep  open  the 
circuit- closing  device  of  the  control  lever.  It  continues  in  this  condi- 
tion until,  through  the  diminution  in  the  size  of  the  constituent  filaments, 
or  the  rupture  of  one  of  them,  the  thread  falls  below  the  standard,  and 
the  addition  of  a new  cocoon  becomes  necessary.  Then  the  pendulum 
falls  back,  and  the  contact  at  a is  closed. 

Just  above  the  water  of  the  basin,  with  its  edge  dipping  beneath  the 
surface,  is  a cocoon -holding  device,  0.  This  apparatus,  usually  called 
the  magazine,  rests  on  a support  which  is  mounted  on  a shaft  around 
whose  axis  the  magazine  may  be  rotated.  The  magazine  consists  of  a 
number  of  compartments,  c,  situated  around  the  circumference  of  a lower 
disk  and  a number  of  small  pins,  d,  mounted  on  a parallel  disk  a short 
distance  above  the  lower  one.  In  each  compartment  is  placed  a cocoon 
previously  prepared  for  reeling,  while  its  filament  is  conducted  upwards 
and  wound  around  one  of  the  pins  d.  A magazine  thus  filled  is  set 
upon  its  support  in  readiness  to  furnish  cocoons  to  the  running  thread 
as  desired.  Its  position  is  such  that  the  hook  of  the  filament-attaching 
device  passes  just  below  the  disk  holding  the  pins  d,  and  in  such  a way 
that  a thread  passing  from  its  cocoon  to  the  pin,  which  for  the  moment 
is  opposite  the  attaching  device,  will  fall  in  the  path  of  the  hook  and  be 
caught  by  it  in  its  revolution. 

The  shaft  on  which  the  magazine  turns  is  connected  with  a suitable 
feed  movement,  W,  which  consists  in  general  of  a cam  to  which  a rotary 
motion  may  be  given  by  a proper  connection  with  the  shafting  of  the 
filature,  of  a lever  to  which  the  cam  imparts  a to-and-fro  motion,  and 
of  a magnet  to  whose  armature  is  attached  a detent  which,  when  no 
current  is  passing,  preveuts  the  rotation  of  the  cam. 

Now,  as  we  have  seen  above,  no  current  passes  through  the  electric 


58 


circuit  while  the  thread  is  at  its  standard  size  ; for  under  such  condi- 
tions the  lever  is  so  held  by  the  thread  that  the  contact  at  a is  kept 
open.  As  soon,  however,  as  the  thread  diminishes  in  size  the  lever 
recedes,  the  contact  at  a is  closed,  and  the  current  passing  through  the 
magnet  of  the  feed  movement  W causes  the  attraction  of  its  armature 
and  the  release  of  the  detent  holding  the  cam  in  place.  Upon  this  occur- 
ring the  magazine  is  advanced  one  step  and  brings  a new  cocoon  fila- 
ment into  the  path  of  the  hook  on  the  filament  attaching  device,  which 
catching  it  up  twists  it  around  the  running  thread  and,  with  the  help 
of  its  natural  gum,  attaches  it  firmly  thereto,  at  the  same  time  cutting 
off  the  loose  end.  The  rotation  of  the  cam  is  so  timed  that  its  detent 
will  not  arrive  at  the  stop  on  the  armature  until  the  new  filament  has 
reached  the  controlling  drums  and  had  its  effect  upon  the  position  of 
the  control  lever.  In  the  reeling  of  fine  sizes  the  addition  of  one  fila- 
ment will  generally  be  found  sufficient  to  bring  the  thread  to  its  normal 
size,  though  it  is  less  apt  to  be  so  with  larger  sizes.  In  any  case,  how- 
ever, if,  when  the  rotation  of  the  cam  is  completed,  the  electric  circuit 
still  remains  closed  the  action  of  the  feed  movement  is  repeated  and  con- 
tinued until  the  thread  is  again  brought  to  the  normal  size. 

Owing  to  the  irregularities  in  a thread  of  raw  silk  it  is  impossible  to 
obtain  any  measure  of  its  size  by  means  of  a caliper  or  even,  with  any 
degree  of  ease,  by  a microscopical  examination.  Merchants  are  there- 
fore obliged  to  content  themselves  by  approximating  its  size  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner : They  measure  off  upon  a suitable  real  a skein  of  a 
given  length  (476  meters)  and  obtain  its  weight  in  the  terms  of  an  arbi- 
trary unit  called  the  denier.  If  such  a sample  skein,  for  instance,  is 
found  to  weigh  ten  deniers  it  is  called  a u ten-denier  silk.”  Now  it  is 
found  that  the  exterior  thread  of  a cocoon  of  the  yellow  Milanese  races 
has  a value  of  about  two  and  a half  deniers,  so  that  it  takes  four  such 
new  cocoons  to  make  a thread  of  ten  deniers.  When  these  cocoons  are 
half  unwound  the  size  of  the  thread  formed  from  them  would  be  but  about 
eight  deniers.  Now,  in  order  to  augment  the  thread  and  bring  it  to  the 
normal  size  we  are  obliged  to  add  another  cocoon  which,  with  its  new 
thread,  would  increase  the  combined  thread  to  ten  and  one-half  deniers, 
and  it  will  be  seen  that  from  cocoons  of  this  race  it  is  impossible  to 
augment  the  thread  by  smaller  increments  than  that  mentioned.  For 
this  reason  no  attempt  is  made  to  produce  an  absolutely  regular  thread 
of  silk,  but  reelers  are  content  if  the  variation  from  the  desired  mean 
does  not  exceed  two  deniers  in  each  direction.  In  hand-reeling,  where 
the  regularity  of  the  thread  depends  eutirely  upon  the  ability  of  the 
reeler  to  estimate  its  present  size  and  to  add  a new  filament  at  the 
proper  time,  only  the  most  expert  operatives  are  able  to  make  silk  with- 
in the  limits  named.  In  the  automatic  reel,  however,  all  this  is  taken 
out  of  the  hands  of  the  operative  and  the  indication  of  the  need  of  a new 
thread  is  made  by  the  delicate  serigraphic  measuring  device  of  the  con- 
trol movement.  Its  delicacy  is  such  that  when  working  under  good 


59 


conditions  it  will  sometimes  ran  off  an  almost  theoretically  perfect 
thread.  A great  advantage  exists  in  this  fact,  as  the  beauty  of  a piece 
of  woven  goods  depends  very  largely  on  the  regularity  of  the  raw  silk 
entering  into  its  composition. 

In  addition  to  the  devices  mentioned  above,  the  automatic  reel  con- 
tains an  electrical  stop  movement  by  which  the  motion  of  the  reel  is 
arrested  upon  the  rupture  of  the  running  thread.  It  consists  of  a small 
faller  on  the  end  of  which  is  mounted  the  guide-pulley  at  E.  When  the 
thread  is  running  the  pulley  is  drawn  in  the  direction  of  the  refel  and  an 
electrical  contact,  ft,  placed  on  the  faller,  is  kept  open.  Upon  the  rupture 
of  a thread,  however,  this  contact  is  closed  and  a suitable  mechanical  de- 
vice at  V is  set  in  operation. by  an  electro-magnet.  The  releasing  of  the 
lever  of  this  apparatus  enables  the  spring  on  the  bell  crank  L to  act  on 
the  shaft  of  the  reel  and  draw  its  friction  drum  away  from  its  bearing 
on  the  large  drum  /,  and  thus  stop  its  motion  so  quickly  that  the  end  of 
the  broken  thread  will  rarely  be  drawn  into  the  skein.  When  this  ap- 
paratus works  promptly  and  well  there  results  a very  considerable 
saving  of  time  in  the  knotting  of  the  thread,  and  less  waste  is  produced 
thereby. 


INDEX. 


Aletia  argillacea,  11. 

Allograpta  obliqua,  14. 

Allorbina  nitida,  16. 

Allotria  avense,  13. 

brassicae,  14. 
lachni,  13. 
megourae,  19. 
tritici,  13. 

Anasa  tristis,  22. 

Ubleri,  23. 

Angouroois  motb,  16. 

Anthomyia  mistaken  for  Buffalo  Gnats,  29. 
Apanteles  congregatus,  11. 

Apbis  brassicae,  12. 
citrulli,  27. 
cucumeris,  27. 
cucurbitae,  27. 

Asbmead,  Wm.  H.,  Report  on  insects  injurious  to 
garden  crops  in  Florida,  9. 

Automatic  silk  reel,  Serrel’s,  52. 

Bean,  insects  affecting,  in  Florida,  21. 

Bean  Cut  Worm,  21. 

Distribution,  21. 

Earlier  states,  22. 

Injuries,  22. 

Bisulphide  of  carbon  for  squash  borer,  25. 

Botis  repetitalis,  15. 

Botrytis  Rileyi,  11. 

Buffalo  Gnats,  29. 

Amount  of  injury  in  various  years,  31. 

Breaks  in  'the  levees  the  cause  of  their  abun- 
dance, 36. 

Distribution,  32. 

Finding  of  the  larvaB,  30. 

Habits  of  imago,  34. 

History  of  the  injury,  31. 

Nature  of  their  bit6,  34. 

Nature  of  their  breeding  places,  32. 

Not  injurious  before  the  war,  31,  36. 

Not  injurious  below  the  mouth  of  Red  River, 
38. 

Pupa  and  pupation,  33. 

Report  on,  by  F.  M.  Webster,  29. 

Restoration  of  the  levees  probably  the  true 
remedy,  39. 

Swarms  of  Anthomyia  mistaken  for,  29. 
Topography  of  the  infested  country,  36. 
Various  direct  remedies,  34. 

Vitality  of  the  larva,  35. 

Cabbage  Aphis,  12. 

Buckton’s  description,  12. 

Enemies  and  parasites,  13. 

Food-plants,  12. 

Injuries,  13. 

Introduced  from  Europe,  12. 

Life-history,  12. 

Cabbage  Aphis  Allotria,  14. 

Encyrtid,  14. 

Pachyneuron,  14. 

Syrphus  Fly,  14. 

Cabbage,  insects  injurious  to,  in  Florida,  9. 
Mamestra,  15. 

Pionea,  15. 

Plusia,  10. 

Distribution,  10. 

Enemies  and  parasites,  11. 
Food-plants,  10. 

Injuries,  10. 

Life-history,  1 0. 

Remedies,  11. 

Plutella,  11, 12. 


Calandra  granaria,  16. 

Carbolic  powder  for  Cabbage  Plusia,  11. 
Cauliflower  Botis,  15. 

Ceramica  picta,  15. 

Ceraphron  sp.,  13. 

Cbalcis  ovata,  24. 

Conotrachelus  nenuphar,  39,  48. 

Copidosoma  truncatellum,  11. 

Corn,  insects  injurious  to,  in  Florida,  15. 

Bill-bug,  16. 

Mining  Fly,  16. 

Worm,  15. 

Enemies,  16. 

Injuries,  15. 

-stalk  Borer,  16. 

AVeevil,  16. 

Coruna  sp.,  13. 

Cotton  Worm,  11. 

Crepidodera  cucumeris,  22. 

Cucumber  Flea-beetle,  22. 

Curculio-proof  nature  of  the  native  plum  trees,  39. 
Cynipids  parasitic  on  Aphids,  13. 

Diabrotica  12-punctata,  22. 

Diastata  sp.,  16. 

Diatraea  saccharalis,  16. 

Egg  Plant  Aphis,  20. 

Distribution,  20. 

Injuries,  21. 

Middleton’s  description,  20. 

Parasites,  21. 

Egg  Plant,  insects  affecting,  in  Florida,  20. 
Encyrtus  anasa},  23. 

aphidiphagus,  14 
? megourae,  19. 
sublestus,  14. 

Entedon  diastatae,  16. 

Eucoila  sipbonophorae,  21. 

Eudioptis  hyaliuata,  26. 

nitidalis,  24. 

Eudamus  proteus,  22. 

Eupelmus  reduvii,  24. 

Euschistus  servus,  16. 

False  Chinch,  22. 

Florida,  insects  injurious  to  garden  crops  in,  9. 
Gas-lime  for  Squash-vine  Borer,  25. 

Gelechia  cerealella,  16. 

Gortyna  nitela,  18. 

Insects  affecting  the  Bean,  21. 

Cabbage,  9. 

Corn,  15. 

Egg-plant,  20. 

Melon,  26. 

Squash,  22. 

Tea,  21. 

Tomato,  16. 

Halticus  bractatus,  22. 

Harlequin  Cabbage  Bug,  15. 

Heliothis  armigera,  15. 

Hemerobius  sp.,  19. 

Hot  water  for  Cabbage  Plusia,  11. 

Introduction,  7. 

Julus  multistriatus,  15. 

Kerosene  for  Squash-vine  Borer,  25. 

emulsion  for  Cabbage  Plusia,  11. 

Large  Cabbage  Butterfly,  15. 

Letter  of  transmittal,  6. 

Lime  for  Cabbage  Plusia,  11. 

Limneria  obscura,  11,12. 

Mamestra  chenopodii,  15. 

Mascicera  sp.,  17. 

Megoura  solani,  18. 


(61) 


62 


Melittia  ceto,  24. 

Melon  Borer,  26. 

Descriptive,  26. 

Distribution,  26. 

Injuries,  27. 

Parasites,  27. 

Melon  Plant-louse.  27. 

Distribution,  27. 

Enemies  and  parasites,  28. 

Food-plants,  27. 

Injuries,  28. 

Natural  history,  28. 

Remedies,  28, 

Synonymy,  27. 

Murgantia  histrionica,  15. 

Nola  sorgbiella,  16. 

(Ebalus  pugnax,  16. 

Ortalis  sp.,  16. 

Oscinis  sp.,  22. 

Pacbyneuron  allograpt®,  15. 

apbidivora,  14. 

Pea,  insects  injurious  to,  in  Florida,  21. 
Phylloptera  oblongifolia,  22. 

Pieris  monuste,  15. 

protodice,  15. 

Pimpla  conquisitor,  27. 

Pionea  rimosalis,  15. 

Plum  Curculio,  44, 48. 

It  prefers  the  native  Plum  for  oviposition,  49. 
Larvm  not  developing  in  the  native  Plum,  44, 49. 
Plum  trees,  foreign  and  native,  39. 

Curculio  larvm  not  developing  in  the  native 
species,  44, 49. 

Failure  of  European  varieties  in  North 
America,  39. 

Fertilization  of  native  species  by  other  varie- 
ties and  species,  45. 

Native  species  and  their  failure  to  fruit,  40. 
Wild  Goose  Plum  in  the  South,  47. 

Plusia  brassic®,  10. 

Plutella  cruciferarum,  12. 

Prionidus  cristatus,  16. 

Pyrethrum  for  Cabbage  Plusia,  11. 

Reduvius  Egg  Eupelmid,  24. 

Riley,  C.  V.,  criticism  of  Mr.  Wier’s  report,  7,  50. 
introduction  to  the  Bulletin,  4. 

Letter  of  transmittal,  3. 

Saltpeter  for  squash  borer,  25. 

Scymnus  cervicalis,  15. 

Serrel’s  automatic  silk  reel,  8,  52,  56. 
serigraph,  52,  56. 

Silk  reel,  elements  of  mechanism,  54. 

Serrel’s  automatic,  8,  52,  56. 

Silkworm  cocoon,  how  it  is  spun  by  the  worm,  53. 

preparation  for  reeling,  54. 
Siphonophora  cucurbit®,  20. 

Southern  Cabbage  Butterfly,  15. 

Sphenophorus  robustus,  16. 

Sphinx  Carolina,  17. 

Egg  Teleas,  18. 

5-maculata,  17. 


Squash,  insects  injurious  to,  in  Florida,  22. 

Borer,  24. 

Distribution,  24. 

Food-plants,  24. 

Injuries,  24. 

Parasites,  24. 

Remedy,  24. 

Bug,  22. 

Distribution,  22. 

Egg  Encyrtid,  23. 

Telenomus,  23. 

Enemies  and  parasites,  23. 
Food-plants,  23. 

Injuries,  23. 

Life-history,  23. 

Vine  Borer,  24. 

Distribution,  24. 

Food-plants,  24. 

Life-history,  24. 

Parasites,  25. 

Remedies,  25. 

Syrphus  Fly  Pachyneuron,  15. 

Teleas  sphingis,  18. 

Telenomus  anas®,  23. 

Telesilla  cinereola,  21. 

Tomato,  insects  injurious  to,  in  Florida,  16. 
Aphis,  18. 

Allotria,  19. 

Distribution,  18. 

Encyrtid,  19. 

Enemies  and  parasites,  19. 
Injuries,  19. 

Life-history,  18. 

Remedies,  19. 

Thomas’  description,  18. 

Stalk  Borer,  18. 

Worm,  17. 

Distribution,  17. 

Enemies  and  parasites,  17. 
Food-plants,  17. 

Injuries,  17. 

Life-history,  17. 

Remedy,  18. 

Trichogramma  pretiosa,  11, 15, 17. 

Tridactylus  minutus,  15. 

Trionyx  piceus,  13. 
rap®,  13. 

Triphleps  insidiosus,  22. 

Twelve-spotted  Diabrotica,  22. 

Walker,  Pli.,  description  of  the  Serrel  automatic 
silk  reel,  52. 

Webster,  F.  M.,  Report  on  Buffalo  Gnats,  29. 
Wheel  bug,  16. 

Wier,  D.  B.,  Report  on  the  Curculio-proof  nature 
of  the  native  Plums,  39. 

Zebra  Cabbage  Worm,  15. 


o 


jj  U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  15. 


A: 





■m 


l!A*r^'LMENT 

may.;,  1 !ON- 

<■ 1 im  . 

THE 

>OA  * - OF  ILLlmi^ 


ICERYA  OR  FLUTED  SCALE, 


OTHERWISE  KNOWN  AS  TIIE 


COTTONY  CUSHION-SCALE. 


[REPRINT  OF  SOME  RECENT  ARTICLES  BY  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST  AND 
OF  A REPORT  FROM  THE  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT 
STATION,  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA.] 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1887. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  15. 


THE 

ICERYA  OR  FLUTED  SCALE. 

OTHERWISE  KNOWN  AS  THE 

COTTONY  CUSHION-SCALE. 


[REPRINT  OF  SOME  RECENT  ARTICLES  BY  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST  AND 
OF  A REPORT  FROM  THE  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT 
STATION,  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA.] 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1887. 


404 — Bull.  15 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Letter  of  Submittal 5 

Introduction 7 

The  Scale-insects  of  the  Orauge  in  California,  and  particularly  the  Icerya  or 

Fluted  Scale.  &c 9 

Notes  on  Icerya — Its  probable  Origin  the  Islands  of  Bourbon  and  Mauritius. ..  27 

The  Use  of  Gases  against  Scale-insects 35 

3 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL 


Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology. 

Washington,  D.  <?.,  June  27,  1887. 

Sir:  I have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication  Bulletin  No.  15,  from 
this  Division,  prepared  under  your  instructions. 

Respectfully,  C.  V.  RILEY, 

Entomologist . 

Hon.  Norman  J.  Colman, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture . 


5 


INTRODUCTION. 


This  Bulletin  consists,  1st,  of  a reprint  of  an  address  delivered  at 
Biverside,  Cal.,  on  the  treatment  of  Scale-insects,  and  more  particu- 
larly of  the  Icerya  of  the  Orange,  known  variously  as  the  “Australian 
Bug,”  “ Cottony  Cushion-scale,”  “White  Scale,”  “Fluted  Scale,”  &c. ; 
2nd,  a subsequent  communication  as  to  its  possible  origin  and  synonymy; 
3rd,  a recent  important  bulletin  from  the  State  University  of  California 
on  the  use  of  gases  against  Scale-insects.  These  papers  need  no  further 
introduction  and  are  all  supplementary  to  an  extended  article  upon  the 
Icerya,  which  will  appear  in  my  annual  report. 

The  importance  of  this  insect  and  of  all  the  different  scale-insects  af- 
fecting the  Orange  in  California  is  such  as  to  justify  the  republication 
of  these  papers,  as  there  is  a constant  demand  for  copies  of  them.  The 
report  by  Professor  Morse  on  the  use  of  gases  is  a valuable  contribu- 
tion to  the  advancement  of  our  knowledge  and  means  of  protecting 
trees  from  these  scale-insects.  It  may  be  looked  upon  as  a direct 
outgrowth  of  the  experiments  made  for  the  Department  by  Mr.  D. 
W.  Coquillett,  as  he  had  just  begun  to  experiment  with  gases  when  his 
commission  ended  for  want  of  funds.  He  subsequently  continued  these 
experiments  in  a private  capacity  with  more  or  less  success,  and  that 
which  Professor  Morse  found  most  satisfactory  is,  I believe,  essentially 
the  same  as  that  previously  adopted  by  Messrs.  Coquillett,  Craw,  and 
Wolfskill  and  referred  to  in  my  Biverside  address.  What  is  said  in 
that  address  under  the  head  of  “ Fumigation  ” will,  nevertheless, 
hold  true,  no  matter  how  satisfactory  the  use  of  these  gases  may 
become,  and  Professor  Morse’s  experiments  rather  confirm  the  difficul- 
ties which  I have  indicated  in  the  way  of  producing  a gas  which  will 
destroy  the  Icerya  and  its  eggs , as  also  the  danger  attending  the  use  of 
any  poisonous  gas  and  the  greater  expense  attending  the  use  of  gases, 
as  compared  with  washes,  especially  for  those  who  have  few  trees 
to  treat.  Some  excellent  improvements  have  been  made  in  the  cyclone 
nozzle,  whether  for  facilitating  the  change  of  direction  or  amount  of 
spray,  or  whether  for  ease  of  cleansing,  and  I would  especially  call  at- 
tention to  those  of  John  Croften  and  L.  D.  Green,  of  Walnut  Grove, 
Cal.,  and  of  Vermorel,  of  France. 

As  Vermorel’s  arrangement  for  cleansing  is  as  yet  unknown  in  this 
country,  we  may  briefly  describe  it  as  follows : 

The  nozzle  is  pierced  below  by  a circular  orifice  of  from  five  to  six 
millimeters  in  diameter,  which  can  be  closed  by  a fly- valve.  The  reg- 

7 


8 ' 

ulating  fliers  of  tlie  valve  project  on  the  outside  of  the  apparatus:  In 
the  middle  of  the  valve  a needle  is  welded  which  occupies  the  axis  of 
the  cylinder,  and  which,  when  the  valve  is  raised,  may  be  lodged  in  the 
aperture  with  which  the  stopper  of  the  cylinder  is  provided.  In  this 
way,  when  the  valve  is  raised  up  and  the  lower  orifice  unmasked,  the 
upper  orifice  is  closed  by  the  needle.  When,  on  the  contrary,  the  valve 
closes  the  lower  orifice,  the  aperture  of  the  stopper  is  uncovered  and 
allows  the  liquid  to  pass  out. 


c.  y.  r. 


THE  SCALE-INSECTS  OF  THE  ORANGE  IN  CALIFORNIA,  AND  PAR. 
TICULARLY  THE  ICERYA  OR  FLTJTED  SCALE,  ALIAS  WHITE 
SCALE,  ALIAS  COTTONY  CUSHION-SCALE,  ETC. 


[Address  by  Prof.  C.  V.  Riley  before  the  California  State  Board  of  Horticulture,  at 
its  semi-annual  session  at  Riverside,  Cal.,  April  12,  1887,  as  reported  in  the  Pa- 
cific Rural  Press,  April  23,  1887.  ] 


Afternoon  session. 

The  convention  met  in  the  afternoon  at  the  Pavilion.  It  being  cus- 
tomary to  appoint  from  the  fruit-growers  at  large  two  honorary  vice- 
presidents  at  each  meeting,  L.  M.  Ilolt,  of  the  Riverside  Daily  Press, 
and  S.  C.  Evans,  of  Riverside,  were  elected  to  fill  those  positions.  Mr. 
B.  M.  LeLong,  of  Los  Angeles,  was  invited  to  act  as  assistant  secretary. 

The  organization  having  been  fully  effected,  Mr.  Cooper,  the  presi- 
dent, gave  a brief  statement  of  the  work  of  the  board  since  its  organ  - 
ization.  He  referred  to  its  previous  sessions,  and  stated  that  it  was  the 
expressed  wish  of  prominent  fruit-growers  of  Los  Angeles  that  its  next 
session  be  held  either  in  San  Diego,  Santa  Barbara,  or  Riverside.  He 
had  accordingly,  in  the  hope  that  the  well-known  interests  of  the  people 
of  this  section  in  horticulture  would  lead  to  a better  attendance  than 
was  sometimes  obtained,  arranged  for  the  meeting  here.  The  previous 
session  had  brought  out  valuable  information,  which  was  being  printed, 
and  would  be  distributed.  It  was  necessary  that  the  mass  of  new- 
comers to  this  portion  of  the  State  should  be  furnished  facts  which  might 
save  them  from  making  expensive  blunders.  The  insect  pests  are  not 
being  overcome  as  could  be  wished.  He  referred  to  the  presence  of 
Professor  Riley,  one  of  the  most  prominent  entomologists  in  the  coun- 
try, and  stated  that  he  would  give  us  some  valuable  information  at  a 
subsequent  session.  He  urged  co-operation  among  fruit-growers,  and 
hoped  an  effort  would  be  made  to  modify  the  effect  of  the  interstate 
commerce  bill. 

The  president  then  introduced  Mr.  H.  J.  Rudisill,  a prominent  hor- 
ticulturist of  Riverside,  who  gave  an  eloquent  and  very  appropriate 
address  of  welcome. 

At  the  conclusion  of  this  address  the  secretary  read  a well-written 
and  valuable  essay  prepared  by  Mrs.  H.  H.  Berger,  of  San  Francisco, 
on  Japanese  fruits. 


9 


10 


At  the  conclusion  of  the  essay,  Mr.  Wilcox,  of  Santa  Clara,  suggested 
that  the  convention  consider  the  points  in  Mrs.  Berger’s  paper,  and  re- 
ferred to  the  high  character  of  our  fruits  exhibited  at  New  Orleans, 
making  special  mention  of  the  persimmons  there  exhibited.  They  could 
be  grown  successfully  over  the  larger  portion  of  the  State,  and  were 
really  a very  fine  fruit. 

Mr.  Klee  spoke  of  the  fact  that  most  of  the  Japanese  persimmons 
were  grafted  on  inferior  stock,  but  that  we  have  a better  stock  upon 
which  to  graft  in  the  European  persimmon,  and  that  with  it  we  may 
expect  an  improvement  in  the  fruit.  He  had  an  idea  that  while  the 
persimmon  would  grow  well  in  all  sections,  it  would  do  better  in  the 
more  humid  portions  of  the  State.  He  suggested  that  it  would  be  well 
to  experiment  with  the  Japanese  oranges  in  Riverside.  Didn’t  think 
they  would  grow  of  large  size,  but  had  excellent  points  in  their  favor. 

Mr.  Klee  said  the  loquat  could  be  grafted  on  the  quince,  but  did  well 
on  its  own  root.  Said  the  Chinese  had  better  varieties  than  those 
with  which  we  are  familiar.  This  fruit  could  be  dried  like  the  fig. 

Mr.  Starr,  of  Lugonia,  said  the  persimmon  did  excellently  in  the 
sandy  soil  of  his  neighborhood,  bearing  freely  and  regularly. 

Mr.  Holmes  thought  experience  in  Riverside  had  demonstrated  the 
correctness  of  Mr.  Klee’s  theory  that  a more  humid  climate  was  prefer- 
able for  this  fruit,  although  it  fruited  satisfactorily  here. 

Tuesday's  session. 

The  convention  assembled  at  9.30  a.  m.  The  first  business  on  the 
programme  was  the  address  of  Professor  Riley  on  Scale-insects.  He  was 
introduced  by  President  Cooper  in  a very  off-hand  but  happy  and  ap- 
propriate manner,  alluding  at  some  length  to  the  efficient  manner  in 
which  the  professor  had  conducted  the  labors  of  his  office,  in  studying 
the  habits  of  some  of  the  most  destructive  insects  which  have  afflicted 
the  farmer  and  horticulturist,  and  in  devising  ways  and  means  to  get 
rid  of  them. 

The  professor,  on  taking  the  floor,  very  modestly  disclaimed  the  eu- 
logy which  the  president  had  pronounced,  and  proceeded  at  once  with 
his  address,  which  was  full  of  valuable  information,  and  which,  though 
quite  lengthy,  was  listened  to  with  the  most  marked  attention  through- 
out. 

Professor  Riley  said : 

Mr.  President,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen  : When  I left  Washing- 
ton it  was  with  the  intention  of  resisting  all  invitations  to  speak,  as  I 
have  been  suffering  for  some  time  from  the  effects  of  overwork  and  de- 
sired quietly  to  pursue  some  investigations  in  relation  to  insects  in- 
juriously affecting  fruit  culture  here  and  at  the  same  time  get  rest 
from  exacting  office  duties.  But  it  was  impossible  to  refuse  the  urgent 
appeal  of  your  president,  Ellwood  Cooper,  to  address  this  meeting.  I 
have,  however,  no  formal  address  to  offer  you. 


11 


The  subject  anuouuced,  namely,  “ Entomology  iu  its  Relation  to  Hor- 
ticulture/’ is  one  chosen  by  some  enterprising  member  of  your  Board, 
and  is  altogether  too  comprehensive  to  be  dealt  with  without  more  time 
and  more  thought  than  I have  had  at  command.  I shall  endeavor  to 
confine  my  remarks  to  scale-insects,  and  particularly  to  what  you  know 
as  the  White  Scale.  This  is  the  insect  which  undoubtedly  most  con- 
cerns you  just  now,  aud  I have  au  elaborate  article  upon  it  now  going 
through  the  press  at  Washington.  This,  however,  would  require  two 
or  three  hours  to  read;  and  I will  pass  over  the  purely  historical  and 
entomological  details  and  touch  only  upon  such  points  as  will  probably 
interest  you. 

NOMENCLATURE. 

There  is  no  doubt  whatever  about  this  insect  being  the  leer  y a pur - 
chasiy  of  Maskell,  and  its  scientific  name  is,  therefore,  fixed.*  In  refer- 
ence to  its  popular  name,  there  are  several  in  use,  and  as  between 
“Australian  Bug,”  “ White  Scale,”  and  u Cottony  Cushion-scale  ” there  is 
very  little  choice,  and  it  is,  as  a rule,  useless  to  endeavor  to  change  pop- 
ular names  that  have  once  come  into  vogue.  So  far  as  they  can  be 
changed,  however,  and  with  a view  of  inducing  unanimity  in  the  adop- 
tion of  a single  name,  it  were  better  to  reject  all  these  names  and  call 
it  the  Fluted  Scale.  There  are  many  Australian  bugs  and  many  white 
scales,  some  of  which,  belonging  to  the  genus  Pulvinaria , equally  well 
deserve  that  cognomen.  Cottony  Cushion-scale  is  both  too  long  to  be 
acceptable  and  would  likewise  apply  to  the  species  of  this  last  genus? 
whereas  no  scale-insect  injurious  to  fruit  or  other  trees,  at  present 
existing  in  this  country,  secretes  its  white,  waxy  matter  in  such  a per- 
fectly fluted  mass  as  this.  The  generic  term,  Icerya,  if  once  popular- 
ized like  Geranium,  Phylloxera,  &c.,  has  the  advantage  of  brevity  and 
still  greater  accuracy. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

Historical  evidence  all  points  to  Australasia  as  the  original  home  of 
this  insect,  and  its  introduction  from  Australia  to  New  Zealand,  Cape 
Town,  South  Africa,  and  California.  Nothing  was  known  or  published 
upon  the  species  prior  to  the  seventh  decade  of  this  century,  and  it  seems 
to  have  first  attracted  attention  almost  simultaneously  iu  Australasia, 
Africa,  and  America.  The  evidence  as  to  whether  it  is  indigenous  to 
Australia  or  New  Zealand,  or  to  both,  is  not  yet  satisfactory.  The  first 
personal  knowledge  which' I had  of  it  was  from  specimens  sent  to  me  in 
1872  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Stretch,  then  living  in  San  Francisco,  and  all  the 
evidence  points  to  its  introduction  into  California  by  the  late  George 
Gordon,  of  Menlo  Park,  about  the  year  18G8,  and  probably  from  Aus- 
tralia, on  Acacia  latifolia. 

*Tkis  statement  is,  of  course,  based  on  the  assumption  that  Haskell's  purchasi  is  a 
good  species.  It  may  yet  prove  to  be  synonym  of  sacchari  Signoret. 


12 


More  light  is,  however,  yet  needed  on  this  point,  as  in  a recent  letter 
received  from  Baron  von  Muller,  of  Victoria,  he  claims  that  it  could  not 
have  been  imported  on  Acacia  into  this  State,  as  all  the  Acacias  in  the 
State  have  been  grown  from  seed.  This  is  a matter  upon  which  I should 
like  to  have  definite  information  from  members  of  this  body,  if  such 
information  is  extant. 

It  is  at  present  widely  distributed  in  the  State,  and  a very  full  ac- 
count of  its  distribution  kindly  furnished  to  me  by  Mr.  Matthew  Cooke 
shows  that  there  are  some  ten  infested  districts,  namely,  six  in  the  coun- 
ties of  Marin,  San  Mateo,  Santa  Clara,  Sacramento,  Sonoma,  and  Napa, 
and  four  in  the  counties  of  Santa  Barbara  and  Los  Angeles.  I find  that 
it  has  also  obtained  a foothold  in  a few  isolated  places  around  San  Diego, 
from  which  it  may  yet  be  stamped  out. 

FOOD  PLANTS. 

A very  long  list  of  plants  might  be  enumerated  upon  which  this  in- 
sect is  either  found  accidentally  or  upon  which  it  can  live  more  or  less 
successfully.  But  the  list  of  plants,  especially  of  trees  important  to  us 
for  their  products,  which  are  seriously  affected  by  it  is  comparatively 
limited,  and  will  include  the  Acacias,  Lime,  Lemon,  Orange,  Quince, 
Pomegranate,  and  Walnut.  Some  few  other  trees  might  be  added,  and 
it  is  particularly  partial  to  the  Rose  and  the  Nettle  $ but  it  is  doubtful 
whether  the  species  could  permanently  thrive  and  multiply  to  an  inju- 
rious extent  on  many  other  trees  than  those  mentioned. 

CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  INSECTS. 

The  genus  Icerya  was  founded  by  Signoret,  a French  entomologist,  in 
1875,  being  based  upon  the  single  species, Icerya  sacchari  (Guerin),  which 
lives  on  sugar-cane  in  the  island  of  Bourbon.  This  species  and  the  one 
we  are  now  dealing  with  are  the  only  two  species  of  the  genus,  and  the 
diagnosis  as  given  by  Signoret,  and  subsequently  elaborated  by  Maskell, 
of  New  Zealand,  is  incomplete  and  does  not  include  the  characteristics 
of  the  male. 

In  the  report  already  alluded  to  I have  given  a very  full  character- 
ization of  the  species  in  all  conditions  and  stages,  but  the  only  facts 
that  I need  draw  attention  to  on  this  occasion  are,  first,  that  the  female 
undergoes  three  molts  and  the  male  two ; i.  e .,  each  has  one  more 
stage  than  has  hitherto  been  recognized  by  entomologists  and  ob- 
servers $ secondly,  that  it  differs  from  all  other  members  of  its  family 
(Coccidm)  in  its  extended  powers  of  locomotion  in  most  of  its  stages  5 
in  its  extreme  hardiness  or  power  of  surviving  for  a given  period  with- 
out food,  and  in  its  polyphagous  habit,  or  the  ease  with  which  it  accom- 
modates itself  to  so  great  a variety  of  plants.  These  are  the  three  char- 
acteristics which  most  concern  you  as  fruit-growers,  and  which  make  it 
one  of  the  most  difficult  species  to  contend  with. 


13 


MODE  OF  SPREAD  AND  DISTRIBUTION. 

All  young  scale-insects  are  quite  active  when  they  first  hatch,  and 
most  of  them  at  this  time  are  extremely  small,  and  when  very  thick 
upon  a tree,  instinctively,  or  at  least  very  easily,  drop  from  the  terminal 
twigs  and  branches.  Their  specific  gravity  at  this  time  is  so  light  that 
they  are  easily  wafted  with  the  wind  in  their  descent.  This  general 
truth  applies  with  equal  force  to  the  Icerya,  which  is  readily  carried 
from  tree  to  tree  and  from  orchard  to  orchard  by  the  agency  of  wind, 
by  running  water,  or  by  birds  or  other  insects.  Another  local  means 
of  transport  not  to  be  ignored,  is  upon  the  clothing  of  persons  engaged 
in  cultivating,  upon  packages,  and  upon  all  implements  used,  whether 
in  cultivating  or  harvesting  the  crop.  This  particular  spectes  also  has 
quite  a habit  of  crawling  over  the  ground,  and  its  local  spread  is  very 
materially  enhanced  thereby. 

It  is  carried  long  distances,  however,  chiefly  by  high  winds,  birds, 
and  commerce,  and  its  introduction  from  one  continent  to  another  has 
undoubtedly  been  effected  by  the  latter  method  upon  young  trees  or 
cuttings. 

NATURAL  ENEMIES. 

No  bird  is  known  yet  to  attack  this  iusect  in  California,  and  but  one 
is  mentioned  even  in  Australia,  and  that  upon  very  slight  evidence  Of 
predaceous  insects,  a species  of  Lace- wing  (genus  Chrysopa)  has  been 
observed  to  feed  upon  it,  as  also  the  Ambiguous  Lady-bird  ( Hippodamia, 
ambigua).  The  larva  of  a little  moth,  which  I have  described  as  Blas- 
tobasis  iceryceella , is  also  known  to  feed  upon  the  eggs.  Among  the 
Heteroptera,  or  true  bugs,  quite  a number  have  been  found  upon  the 
trees  infested  with  the  insect,  but  none  have  yet  been  noticed  to  feed 
upon  it.  The  most  important  of  its  insect  enemies  are  a species  of  ear- 
wig not  yet  identified,  and  a number  of  mites  not  yet  carefully  studied. 

Of  true  parasites,  none  have  hitherto  been  reported,  whether  in  Aus- 
tralia, Africa,  or  America,  but  I am  glad  to  announce  that  two  speci- 
mens of  a minute  Chalcid-fly  have  been  bred  by  me  from  specimens 
around  Los  Angeles,  and  will  be  described  by  my  assistant,  Mr.  L.  O. 
Howard,  who  makes  a specialty  of  the  family,  under  the  name  of  Isodro- 
mus  iceryce.  The  genus  is  new  to  our  fauna,  and  the  probability  is  that 
this  little  friend  was  introduced  from  Australia  with  its  host.* 

PREVENTIVE  MEASURES. 

Most  of  the  members  of  this  society  are  doubtless  aware  that  for 
some  four  years  I was  conducting  a series  of  very  careful  experiments 
with  a view  of  controlling  the  scale-insects  and  other  insect  pests  that 
injuriously  affect  the  orange  trees  in  Florida.  This  work  was  carried 

*Mr.  D.  W.  Coquillett  informs  me  that  he  lias  since  reared  a Proctrotrupid,  proba- 
bly of  the  genus  Cosmocoma,  from  the  male  pupa. 


14* 


on  through  the  instrumentality  of  Mr.  H.Gr.  Hubbard, and  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  has  published  a special  report  prepared  by  him 
upon  this  subject.  All  that  is  said  in  that  report  in  reference  to  the 
value  of  preventive  measures  agaiust  the  scale-insects  of  that  part  of 
our  country  will  apply  with  equal  force  here  in  California. 

The  value  of  cleanliness;  of  thorough  cultivation ; of  pruning  judi- 
ciously so  as  to  get  rid  of  all  dead  wood,  opeu  the  top  of  the  trees  to  the 
light  and  to  the  sun,  and  facilitate  the  spraying  of  the  trees  need  scarcely 
be  emphasized.  There  may  be  some  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the 
value  of  pruning,  while  different  kinds  of  pruning,  or  no  pruning,  will 
have  their  advocates  here  as  they  have  had  elsewhere.  The  orange 
makes,  naturally,  a very  dense  head,  and  in  the  moist  climate  of  Flor- 
ida, where  they  have  a much  larger  average  of  shade,  cloudiness,  and 
moisture  than  you  have  here,  judicious  pruning  has  all  the  advantages 
stated,  and  whether  needed  or  not  in  California  for  the  purpose  of  more 
fully  ripening  and  maturing  the  fruit,  I am  quite  satisfied  from  what  I 
have  seen  that  it  is  just  as  much  needed  to  facilitate  proper  spraying  of 
the  trees  and  to  prevent  overproduction. 

Some  years  ago,  and  prior  to  the  discoveries  resulting  from  the  in- 
vestigation in  Florida  just  referred  to,  the  inadequacy  of  most  washes 
caused  many  of  the  orange-growers  of  that  State  to  cut  back  their  trees 
most  rigorously,  leaving  little  more  than  the  main  trunk,  in  the  hope  of 
thus  being  able  to  kill  out  or  exterminate  the  scale-insects  that  troubled 
them  there.  I find  that  many  of  your  orange-gro  wers  are  going  through 
the  same  sad  experience  and  resorting  to  the  same  sad  means.  It  is  a 
pity  to  find  men  thus  re-enacting  a farce  which  has  been  proved  in  an- 
other part  of  the  country  to  be  quite  unnecessary.  Such  wholesale  lop- 
ping of  limbs  requires  much  labor,  and  even  with  the  greatest  care, 
which  is  seldom  bestowed  upon  it,  the  tree  receives  an  immediate  and 
material  injury,  and  is  destined  to  suffer  still  more  in  years  to  come. 
Moreover,  this  radical  means  often  proves  futile  so  far  as  the  results 
aimed  at  are  concerned,  and  unless  the  greatest  precaution  is  taken  to 
properly  cover  and  heal  the  stumps  and  to  absolutely  kill  all  the  inserts 
upon  the  remaining  trunk,  as  well  as  those  upon  the  severed  branches 
and  the  ground,  the  new  growth  will  soon  be  as  effectually  infested  as 
was  the  old.  Many  of  your  own  growers  have  thus  lopped  or  are  now 
cutting  back  their  trees  in  a verv  blind  way  and  without  the  precautions 
here  indicated,  on  the  popular  but  erroneous  supposition  that  without 
such  p recautions  they  will  get  rid  of  the  troublesome  scales. 

The  value  of  shelters  in  theform  of  surrounding  trees  and  wind-breaks 
is,  I am  sure,  just  as  appreciable  here,  if  not  so  much  to  protect  from 
frost  and  winds,  fully  as  much  to  protect  from  infection  from  scale-in- 
sects. A row  or  tall  hedge  of  coniferous  trees,  such  as  your  cypress, 
upon  which  the  scale-insects  will  not  thrive — or,  better  still,  a belt  of 
the  same — will  often  serve  as  an  effectual  screen  to  prevent  the  young 
insects  from  being  carried  from  an  infested  to  an  uninfested  grove. 


15 


Preventing  its  Introduction. — But,  before  passing  this  subject  of  pre- 
ventive measures,  I must  not  omit  the  importance  of  any  effort  looking 
to  preventing  the  introduction  of  this  insect  from  one  section  of  the 
country  or  from  one  neighborhood  to  another.  No  insects  so  easily 
bear  transit  as  these  scale-insects,  and  it  is  eminently  true  of  this  par- 
ticular leery  a. 

All  the  worst  species  from  which  they  suffer  in  Florida  have  been  in- 
troduced from  abroad.  Their  Long  Scale  (Mytilaspis  gloverii)  was  in- 
troduced about  the  year  1835,  their  Chaff*  Scale  (Parlatoria pergandii) 
from  Bermuda  some  twenty  years  later,  and  their  Red  Scale  (Aspidio- 
tus  ficus)  from  Havana  in  1879. 

We  have  already  seen  how  this  Icerya  was  introduced  into  your 
State  from  Australia,  and  the  next  worst  species  which  you  have  to  deal 
with,  namely,  your  Red  Scale  ( Aspidiotus  aurantii ),  was  likewise  intro- 
duced, so  far  as  the  evidence  goes,  from  the  same  couutry. 

To  enumerate  merely  the  different  species  of  insects  destructive  of 
your  fruit  interests  that  have  been  introduced  from  other  parts  of  the 
country  or  from  other  parts  of  the  world  would  consume  too  much  time, 
and  I cannot  attempt  to  do  so.  But  I would  lay  stress  upon  this  con- 
viction, which  has  forced  itself  upon  me  after  a pretty  extended  experi- 
ence in  all  parts  of  the  country,  namely,  that  however  much  you  should 
encourage  all  co  operative  efforts  to  prevent  such  transferring  and 
spread  of  injurious  pests,  they  cannot  be  fully  exterminated  when  once 
they  obtain  a foothold,  and  in  the  end  each  individual  fruit-grower 
must  depend  on  his  own  efforts. 

REMEDIES. 

It  follows  without  saying  that  what  we  should  seek  in  any  direct 
remedy  is,  first,  perfect  killing  power,  or,  to  be  more  exact,  perfect  in- 
secticide quality  associated  with  harmlessness  to  the  tree;  second, 
reasonable  cheapness. 

Different  Washes. — I will  not  detain  you  with  any  general  remarks  on 
the  subject  of  insecticides,  because  it  has  received  full  attention  in  my 
official  reports.  Dry  insecticides  have  been  found,  in  the  main,  unavail- 
able here,  and  we  must  depend  upon  washes  or  materials  in  solution 
that  may  be  sprayed  upon  the  tree.  Here,  again,  I would  remind  you 
of  the  careful  and  extended  experiments  made  by  Mr.  Hubbard  in  the 
orange  groves  of  Florida  with  a view  of  solving  the  important  question 
as  to  what  is,  on  the  whole,  the  most  satisfactory  liquid  application, 
cheapness  and  efficiency  considered.  Carbolic  acid,  creosote,  sulphur- 
ated lime,  silicate  of  soda,  sulphuric  acid,  sulphuret  of  iron,  bisulphide 
of  carbon,  and  many  other  materials  have  been  thoroughly  tried,  as  well 
as  whale-oil  soap,  potash  and  soda  lye  and  their  various  combinations ; 
but  in  the  end  nothing  proved  equal  to  emulsified  kerosene.  Whale-oil 
soap  is  an  excellent  wash  for  destroying  some  insects  upon  some  plants, 
but  it  fails  to  kill  the  eggs  of  our  scale-insects,  so  that,  however  good  it 


16 


may  be  for  scrubbing  the  trunks  anil  brauches  of  a tree,  I cannot  con- 
scientiously urge  it  as,  on  the  whole,  satisfactory,  particularly  as  it  is 
known  to  stain  the  fruit,  and  because  of  the  many  different  grades, 
varying  in  their  effect  and  in  their  value,  which  are  upon  the  market. 
Potash  and  soda  lye  injure  the  tree  more  than  kerosene  does  and  do  not 
destroy  the  insects  as  well,  admirable  though  they  are  as  washes  in 
weaker  solution  for  some  other  purposes.  The  action  of  sulphurated 
lime  (flowers  of  sulphur  boiled  in  milk  of  lime)  is  very  similar  to  th^t 
of  caustic  potash. 

Notwithstanding  the  kerosene  emulsions,  in  proper  proportions,  have 
proved  so  satisfactory  against  the  scale-insects  of  the  Orange  in  Flor- 
ida, they  have, as  a rule,  failed  to  win  the  good  opinion  of  the  orange- 
growers  in  California.  I have  always  believed  the  want  of  success  in 
this  State  with  the  kerosene  emulsions  was  due  to  imperfect  preparation 
of  them,  or  to  imperfect  application.  I was  inclined  to  give  some  cre- 
dence to  the  theory  advanced  by  my  old-time  friend,  Prof.  E.  W.  Hil- 
gard,  who  is  so  keenly  alive  to  everything  that  interests  you,  and  whose 
services  have  been  so  invaluable  to  the  agriculture  and  horticulture  of 
the  State,  namely,  that  the  dryness  of  the  atmosphere  in  California 
induced  a more  rapid  evaporation  of  the  kerosene,  which  may  partly 
account  for  the  difference  in  experience  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pa- 
cific. For  these  reasons  I had  long  desired  to  make  a series  of  ex- 
periments in  California,  and  finally,  last  year,  did  have  such  a series 
carried  on  by  Messrs.  D.  W.  Coquiilett  and  Albert  Koebele.  It  were 
difficult  to  find  in  the  whole  State  two  gentlemen  combining  in  the 
one  instance  more  care  and  reliable  entomological  capability,  and  in 
the  other  more  industry,  earnestness,  and  enthusiasm,  and  this  I say 
without  desire  to  flatter,  but  as  evidence  that  their  experiments,  so  far 
as  they  went,  were  trustworthy — in  fact,  I may  say,  the  most  careful 
and  thorough  that  have  hitherto  been  made.  These  experiments  ex- 
tended over  a period  of  three  months  in  the  spring  and  three  months  in 
the  autumn,  and  the  detailed  reports  which  these  gentlemen  have  made 
will  be  published  in  connection  with  my  forthcoming  annual  report. 
They  show  that  the  kerosene  emulsions  must  still  be  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  list  of  washes,  not  only  for  ordinary  scale-insects,  but  for  thislcerya 
or  Fluted  Scale.  Among  the  different  substauces  thoroughly  experi- 
mented with  were  caustic  potash,  caustic  soda,  hard  and  soft  soaps,  to- 
bacco, sheep  dip,  tobacco  soap,  whale-oil  soap,  vinegar,  Paris  green, 
resin  soaps  and  compounds,  and  so  on.  It  is  impossible  to  give  even  a 
digest  of  the  very  many  experiments,  and  the  varying  results  obtained 
with  the  different  washes.  It  suffices  to  say  that  the  kerosene  emulsion 
diluted  with  from  eight  to  ten  parts  of  water  was  found  to  kill  all  the 
eggs  as  well  as  the  old  females,  and  that,  even  when  used  still  stronger, 
it  left  the  tree  uninjured.  Mr.  Coquiilett  reports  with  reference  to  the 
much-praised  caustic  soda,  that  it  has  no  effect  on  the  eggs  of  this  scale 
even  when  applied  so  stroug  as  to  burn  the  bark  and  kill  all  the  leaves. 


17 


Result. — Twenty-four  hours  after  application  the  insects  had  appar- 
ently deserted  the  vines,  but  I found  none  dead. 

Experiment  9.— CARBOLATE  OF  LIME. 

Sprinkled  larvae  and  adults  with  carbolate  of  lime,  and  placed  under 
glass. 

Result. — None  died. 

V.— Striped  Cucumber  Beetle.  ( Diabrotica  vittata  Say.) 

Experiment  1.— WOLF’S  SOAP. 

Solution,  3 ounces  to  1 gallon  water,  applied  at  normal  temperature, 
to  adults. 

Result. — After  G hours  none  appeared  injured. 

Experiment  2.— CARBOLATE  OF  LIME. 

Dusted  on  male  blossoms  of  squash  in  which  six  adults  were  feeding 
on  the  pollen. 

Result. — Two  days  after,  they  were  dead  in  the  blossom. 

YI. — Margined  Blister  Beetle.  ( Epicauta  cinerea  Forst.) 

Experiment  1.— TAR  WATER. 

Applied  to  a row  of  mangel  wurzels,  seven  rods  in  length,  which 
was  being  seriously  defoliated  by  this  insect. 

Result. — Five  hours  after,  only  an  occasional  plant  was  being  eaten. 

Experiment  2. — WOLF’S  SOAP. 

Applied  solution  of  3 ounces  of  soap  to  1 gallon  of  water  to  a row  of 
mangel  wurzels  beside  that  used  in  Experiment  1. 

Result. — Five  hours  after,  only  three  beetles  were  found  on  the  leaves, 
but  none  were  found  dead  or  injured. 

Experiment  3.— COPPERAS  WATER. 

Solution,  1 ounce  to  1 pint  water  sprayed  on  row  next  to  Experi- 
ment 2. 

Result. — Five  hours  after,  the  number  of  beetles  feeding  on  leaves 
does  not  seem  to  have  diminished. 

Note. — Three  days  after,  the  beetles  had  returned  to  all  three  rows 
in  about  equal  numbers. 

VII. — Ants. 

Experiment  1.— CARBOLIC  ACID. 

Large  numbers  of  ants  had  excavated  burrows  between  the  crevices 
of  a brick  walk  in  my  yard,  and  kept  the  entire  walk  in  an  unsightly 
condition  by  reason  of  the  numberless  little  circular  heaps  of  excavated 
92G8— Bull.  11 2 


18 


earth.  To  these  burrows  I applied  about  a tablespoonful  of  a solution 
of  1 part  carbolic  acid  to  64  parts  water. 

Result. — No  ants  appeared  in  the  burrows,  and  no  attempt  was  made 
to  re-establish  these  burrows  again. 

About  two  weeks  later,  a few  burrows  were  excavated  in  the  crevices, 
and  these  were  treated  in  the  same  manner.  The  results  were  as  fav- 
orable as  before,  and  up  to  date  (October  20),  no  ants  have  attempted  to 
work  in  crevices  of  the  walk. 

Experiment  2.— CARBOLIC  ACID. 

Solution  of  1 part  acid  to  128  parts  water  was  applied  to  burrows, 
about  two-thirds  of  a tablespoonful  to  each  burrow. 

j Result. — In  some  cases,  24  hours  after  application,  the  ants  had  re- 
turned to  work  in  the  old  burrows,  but  in  most  cases  the  burrows 
showed  no  signs  of  life. 

Experiment  3.— CARBOLIC  ACID. 

Solution  of  1 part  acid  to  96  parts  water,  applied  as  in  Experiments 
2 and  3. 

Result. — Only  in  a single  instance  was  any  attempt  shown  to  dig  out 
the  old  burrows,  and  about  this  were  a large  number  of  dead  ants  that 
had  been  removed  in  re-excavations. 

A few  attempts  to  excavate  burrows  in  the  vicinity  of  the  old  ones 
were  observed  a few  days  after  first  application,  but  these  burrows  were 
drenched  as  before,  and  no  attempt  was  afterwards  made  to  excavate 
between  the  crevices  in  that  vicinity. 

Experiment  4.— COPPERAS  WATER. 

Solution  of  1 ounce  to  1 pint  water  was  poured  into  the  burrows. 

Result. — Next  day  the  ants  were  busily  eu  gaged  in  clearing  out  the 
old  burrows. 

Experiment  5.— AMMONIA  WATER. 

Solution  of  three  tablespoonfuls  to  one  gallon  water  was  used,  as  in 
previous  experiments. 

Result. — Same  as  in  Experiment  4. 

Experiment  6.— TAR  WATER. 

Drenched  as  in  previous  experiments. 

Result. — The  ants  did  not  attempt  to  clear  out  the  old  burrows,  but 
excavated  others  close  behind  them. 

VIII.—  Lettuce  Aphis.  ( Siphonophora  lactucce  Linn.  1) 
Experiment  1.— SALT  WATER. 

Dissolved  salt  in  water  to  its  full  capacity.  Sprayed  solution  on 
lettuce  plants  infested,  the  aphids  being  on  upright  stalks  and  hence 
easily  reached. 


19 


Result. — About  50  per  cent,  were  killed.  A second  application  on 
the  following  day  was  fatal  to  nearly  all  of  the  remainder,  and  to  the 
plant  also. 

Experiment  2. — WOLF’S  SOAP. 

Solution  of  3 ounces  soap  to  1 gallon  of  water.  Sprayed  on  aphids 
on  plants. 

Result. — Thoroughly  effective. 

IX. — Wooly  Aphids.  [Species  various.) 

Experiment  1. — WOLF’S  SOAP. 

(Species  on  Tree-Ferns  in  green-house.) 

Solution  of  4 ounces  soap  to  1 gallon  of  water.  (Temperature  normal.) 
Sprayed  on  foliage  previously  wetted ; drenched  with  water  soon  after 
application  of  solution. 

Result \ — This  made  no  impression  on  the  insects. 

A second  application  after  24  hours  had  elapsed  from  first. 

Result. — Only  a small  per  cent,  were  destroyed. 

A third  application,  the  foliage  not  being  sprinkled  with  water  after 
application  of  solution,  proved  fatal  to  the  aphids  and  killed  the  entire 
foliage  of  the  plant. 

Experiment  2.— TAR  WATER. 

Wooly  Aphis  of  Apple.  (Sehizoneura  lanigera  Hausm.) 

Tar  water  sprayed  on  infested  branches,  August  31. 

Result. — September  2,  does  not  seem  to  have  had  the  least  effect. 

Experiment  3.— SOLUBLE  PINOLEUM. 

Species  as  in  Experiment  2.  Solution  of  5 parts  pinoleum  to  100 
parts  water.  Sprayed  on  branches  with  atomizer. 

Result.-^On  following  day,  many  active  lice  were  observed.  Three 
days  after,  they  were  abundant,  and  five  days  after,  were  as  abundant 
as  at  first. 

Experiment  4.— SOLUBLE  PINOLEUM. 

Species  as  in  Experiments  2 and  3.  Solution  of  15  parts  pinoleum  to 
82  parts  water.  Sprayed  on  branches,  September  15. 

Result. — Three  days  after  application,  none  were  to  be  found,  and  up 
to  October  20,  none  have  appeared  on  these  branches. 

Experiment  5.  -KEROSENE  EMULSION. 

( Glyphina  eragrostidis  Middleton.) 

An  emulsion,  composed  of  equal  parts  kerosene,  molasses,  and  water, 
was  diluted  with  three  times  its  volume  of  water.  This  was  sprayed 
on  aphids,  September  12. 


20 


Result. — September  13,  found  hardly  a trace  of  aphids.  September 
16,  a very  few  have  appeared.  September  25,  they  have  spread  over  the 
grass,  and  are  as  abundant  as  ever. 

Experiment  6.— SOLUBLE  PINOLEUM. 

Solution  of  5 parts  pinoleum  to  100  parts  water,  sprayed  on  same 
species,  September  3. 

Result. — September  4,  none  appear  affected  and  none  are  destroyed. 

X.— Apple  Aphis.  ( Aphis  mail  Fabr.) 

Experiment  1. -SOLUBLE  PINOLEUM. 

Solution  of  15  parts  pinoleum  to  85  parts  water.  Sprayed  on  twigs 
and  leaves. 

Result. — The  aphids  were  completely  destroyed. 

XI.  — Apple  Leaf  Skeletonizes.  (Pempelia  hammondi  Riley.) 

Experiment  1.— SOLUBLE  PINOLEUM. 

Solution  of  15  parts  of  pinoleum  to  85  parts  of  water.  Sprayed  over 
leaves,  September  15. 

Result. — Probably  75  per  cent,  of  the  larvae  were  destroyed,  but  full- 
grown  larvae  were  observed  on  leaves,  October  1st. 

Experiment  2.— HAMMOND’S  SLUG  SHOT. 

Dusted  leaves  seriously  affected  by  larvae,  September  15,  when  no  dew 
was  on  them. 

Result. — September  16,  50  per  cent,  are  dead.  Dusted  again,  on 
17 th,  on  dew-wet  leaves.  October  1,  not  one  living  larva  could  be  found 
on  the  leaves  that  had  been  dusted,  while  numbers  were  on  leaves  not 
treated.  September  26,  nine  days  after,  a larva  established  itself  on 
one  of  the  dusted  leaves,  ate  a very  small  spot  on  the  leaf,  and  died. 

XII.  — Yellow-necked  Caterpillar.  ( Datana  ministra  Dru.) 

Experiment  1.— POTASSIUM  SULPHIDE. 

Solution  of  1 part  potassium  to  500  parts  water.  Sprayed  on  larvae 
feeding  on  walnut. 

Result. — The  larvae  were  uninjured. 

Experiment  2.— POTASSIUM  SULPHIDE. 

Solution  as  in  1.  Applied  to  larvae  clustered  on  trunk  of  tree,  prepara- 
tory to  molting. 

Result. — The  larvae  molted,  and  ascended  the  tree.  I could  not  see 
that  the  application  had  the  slightest  effect. 


21 


Experiment  3.— WOLF’S  SOAP. 

Solution,  4 ounces  to  1 gallon  of  water.  Sprayed  on  larvae  feeding  on 
walnuts. 

Result. — The  larvae  only  changed  their  location  for  a branch  higher  up. 

Experiment  4.— COPPERAS  WATER. 

Solution  of  1 ounce  to  1 pint  of  water.  Sprayed  two  colonies  of  nearly 
full-grown  worms. 

Result. — This  seemed  to  destroy  a very  few  larvae,  and  the  remainder 
changed  their  location  on  the  tree. 

Experiment  5.— COPPERAS  WATER. 

Solution  as  in  Experiment  4.  Sprayed  cluster  on  trunk  of  tree. 

Result. — They  molted,  and  ascended  the  trunk  and  began  feeding., 

Experiment  6.— SOLUBLE  PINOLEUM. 

Solution  of  1 part  pinoleum  to  32  parts  water.  Sprayed  one  cluster 
on  leaves  and  another  on  trunk. 

Result. — There  appears  to  be  some  reduction  in  the  numbers  of  those 
feeding,  and  those  on  trunk  were  destroyed . 

Experiment  7.— SOLUBLE  PINOLEUM. 

Solution  of  5 parts  of  pinoleum  to  100  parts  water.  Sprayed  half 
grown  larvae  on  branch  high  up  in  tree,  so  that  I could  only  give  them 
a slight  whetting. 

Result. — None  were  injured,  and,  two  days  after,  they  were  feeding  as 
though  nothing  had  happened. 

Experiment  8.— SOLUBLE  PINOLEUM. 

Solution  of  15  parts  to  85  parts  water.  Sprayed  copiously  on  cluster 
on  trunk  of  walnut  tree. 

Result. — About  50  per  cent,  were  killed,  some  dying  after  the  second 
day.  The  cluster  became  detached  from  the  tree  and  fell  to  the  ground, 
but  a few  larvae  detached  themselves  from  it,  and  again  ascended  the 
tree,  and  molted. 

Experiment  9.— AMMONIA  WATER. 

Solution  of  1 tablespoonful  to  1 piut  of  water.  Sprayed  cluster  on 
trunk  of  tree. 

Result. — They  molted  and  ascended  the  tree. 

Experiment  10.— KEROSENE  EMULSION. 

An  emulsion,  of  equal  parts  kerosene,  molasses,  and  water,  was  di- 
luted with  three  times  its  volume  of  water.  Sprayed  on  cluster  on 
trunk  of  tree. 


22 


Result. — Not  over  20  per  cent,  molted,  and  many  of  these  died  before 
ascending  the  tree. 

Experiment  11.— KEROSENE  EMULSION. 

Emulsion  the  same  as  in  10.  Sprayed  on  caterpillars  on  leaves  and 
twigs  in  walnut  tree. 

Result. — All  disappeared  within  forty-eight  hours  after  application. 

Experiment  12.— HAMMOND’S  SLUG  SHOT. 

Dusted  leaves  on  which  nearly  full-grown  larvce  were  feeding. 

Result. — The  worms  changed  their  position  soon  after  to  a distant 
branch,  but  their  route  was  clearly  indicated  by  occasional  dead  larvse 
hanging  to  the  branch  along  which  they  had  crawled,  and  soon  after  all 
disappeared. 


REPORT  OF  EXPERIMENTS  AT  AMES,  IOWA. 


By  Prof.  Herbert  Osborn. 


Sir:  I send  you  with  this  a summary  of  my  tests  of  various  reme- 
dies for  cabbage  insects,  &c.  My  work  has  been  almost  entirely  con- 
fined to  cabbage  pests,  as  some  of  the  insects  mentioned  in  your  in- 
structions had  already  passed  the  active  stages,  while  some  mentioned 
have  not  appeared  in  this  locality.  There  are  no  gardens  worthy  the 
name  in  the  vicinity,  so  that  some  of  the  most  common  vegetables,  with 
the  insects  infesting  them,  have  not  been  within  my  reach.  Even 
cabbages  were  rather  scarce  this  year.  One  patch  of  about  eighty  plants, 
on  the  college  farm,  was  quite  well  stocked  with  insects — Pieris  rapce, 
Plusia  brassicce , Plutella  cruci/erarum , Aphis  brassicce , Haltica  striolata, 
&c.  Another  patch  on  the  college  farm,  containing  a greater  number  of 
plants,  contained  scarcely  one  with  a solid  head,  and  they  were  so  poor 
that  the  insects  seemed  to  consider  them  beneath  notice.  Scarcely  a cab- 
bage worm  could  be  found  there  during  the  entire  fall. 

A small  patch  of  about  eighty  plants,  on  a farm  owned  by  Professor 
Mount,  was  quite  free  from  worms  till  the  1st  of  October,  after  which 
they  were  more  plentiful,  and  served  for  experiments  with  several  sub- 
stances. The  small  number  of  plants  necessitated  experimenting  on  a 
few  for  any  one  substance,  and  going  over  the  same  plants  with  other 
remedies  after  the  lapse  of  a few  days,  sufficient  to  note  results. 

The  appearance  of  the  epidemic  disease  among  the  cabbage  worms, 
mentioned  in  connection  with  the  cold-water  experiments,  made  it 
necessary  to  be  very  careful  in  judging  of  results.  It  commenced 
about  the  middle  of  September,  and  continued  till  all  the  worms  disap- 
peared, great  numbers  dying  from  it,  though  all  the  plants  in  a patch 
would  not  be  found  to  contain  diseased  worms  at  the  same  time  (at  one 
time  a great  many  dead  or  diseased  worms  could  be  found  at  one  end  of 
the  patch  and  none  at  the  other).  The  characteristic  appearance  of  the 
worms  dying  of  this  disease  makes  it  easy  to  distinguish  them  for  a time 
after  death,  but  later  they  turn  dark  and  shrivel,  and  do  not  differ  much 
from  worms  that  have  been  killed  by  parasites  or  predaceous  insects  or 
by  application  of  remedies.  Parasites  have  been  quite  abundant,  both 
in  Aphides  and  worms.  Coccinella  larvae  and  adults,  Syrphus  larvae, 
and  Ichneumons  were  on  hand,  and  I noticed  one  cabbage  worm  im- 


24 


paled  on  the  beak  of  a soldier-bug,  and  others  which  appeared  to  have 
had  their  life  extracted  by  the  same  foe.  Altogether  the  worms  and 
Aphides  have  had  a hard  time.  Only  a small  proportion  of  Pieris  rapce 
could  have  pupated  in  a healthy  condition. 

Concerning  the  cold-water  remedy,  to  which  you  desired  me  to  give 
particular  attention,  my  tests,  while  not  crucial,  for  the  reasons  stated, 
satisfy  me  that  it  has  no  direct  effect  on  the  worms.  I applied  the  water 
ice-cold  (at  one  time  with  temperature  of  air  above  80°  F.),  so  as  to 
thoroughly  soak  many  of  the  worms  which  I could  see,  and  in  one  in- 
stance I placed  lumps  of  ice  on  a couple  of  cabbages  so  as  to  come  in  con 
tact  with  worms,  and  so  that  the  water  running  from  these  lumps  would 
give  them  a cold  bath  for  some  time,  but  could  not  discover  any  worms 
dead  from  its  effect.  However,  the  worms  on  the  plants  treated  with 
the  ice  water  died  off  very  rapidly  with  the  micrococcus  disease,  and  I 
think  it  possible  that  the  treatment  made  them  fall  an  easier  prey  to 
this  epidemic. 

Respectfully, 

HERBERT  OSBORN. 


Prof.  0.  Y.  Riley, 

U.  S.  Entomologist. 


TESTS  OF  REMEDIES. 

Kerosene  and  Molasses  Emulsion. — Made  by  shaking  together  violently 
equal  parts  of  kerosene,  molasses,  and  water.  Emulsion  thus  formed 
would  remain  for  some  minutes,  but  gradually  separate.  This  emulsion? 
applied  September  10, 1885,  killed  cabbage  worms  of  all  kinds,  Aphides, 
and  other  insects,  provided  it  came  in  contact  with  them,*  but  owing  to 
their  secreting  themselves  so  fully  within  the  leaves,  many  escaped. 
Even  when  applied  so  thoroughly  as  to  kill  the  leaves  of  the  plant, 
numbers  of  the  worms  would  escape,  and  were  seen  afterwards  as 
healthy  as  ever  upon  the  plants  treated  with  the  emulsion.  Not  more 
than  half  the  insects  were  killed  by  this  treatment. 

Cost  of  this  application,  one-fifth  of  a cent  per  cabbage,  not  counting 
time  of  making  or  applying. 

C old-ic  at  er  Application. — September  19,  applied  cold  water  from  a well* 
direct  to  cabbage  worms,  at  about  11  a.  in.;  day  warm  (77°  F.,  at  noon). 
Examinations  later  in  the  day  showed  no  result.  On  the  21st,  on  plants 
thus  treated  were  a number  of  dead  larvae,  also  many  alive  and  healthy. 
Those  dead  had  the  appearance  of  worms  dying  from  the  micrococcus 
disease  introduced  from  Illinois  two  years  ago,  and  microscopic  exam- 
ination of  the  body  contents  showed  them  to  be  swarming  with  micro- 
cocci apparently  the  same  as  those  in  the  disease  of  two  years  ago. 
Later  many  of  these  dead  larvae  were  found  on  plants  not  treated,  so  it 
* Temperature  of  water  in  well  here  is  about  40°  F. 


25 


is  uncertain  whether  the  applications  of  water  produced  any  effect.  On 
September  21,  at  about  11.30  a.  m.  (temperature  at  noon,  81°  F.),  applied 
ice  water  to  cabbage  worms.  Worms  were  decidedly  disturbed  when 
it  came  in  contact  with  them,  but  I could  get  no  positive  evidence  of 
any  of  them  dying  from  its  effects.  On  the  plants  thus  treated  the 
worms  soon  after  began  dying,  as  in  the  case  of  the  first  application  of 
water $ but  as  they  also  died  on  plants  not  treated,  it  is  unsafe  to  con- 
clude that  this  application  induced  the  disease.  On  these  plants 
worms  died  off  till  scarcely  a living  worm  could  be  found.  October  6, 
on  farm  of  C.  F.  Mount,  applied  cold  water  to  cabbage  worms  (day 
cool ; at  noon,  51°  F.) — water  cold  enough  to  make  the  worms  curl  up 
and  drop  when  it  came  in  contact  with  them.  Examined  October  7, 
and  could  find  none  killed  or  dying  from  effect  of  this  application. 

Carbolic  Acid  in  Water. — September  21,  applied  carbolic  acid  in  water, 
very  dilute  (1  dram  carbolic  acid  to  1 gallon  water).  An  hour  or  two 
later  no  effect  could  be  noted,  nor  on  subsequent  days.  September  26, 
applied  carbolic  acid  and  water  to  plant-lice  on  squash  and  on  cabbage, 
and  to  worms  on  cabbage  and  parsnips.  Up  to  October  1 no  effect  was 
to  be  noted  from  this  application.  On  October  6,  on  farm  of  0.  F. 
Mount,  applied  carbolic  acid  and  water  (one-lialf  ounce  to  gallon  of 
w’ater),  sprinkling  eighteen  iff  ants.  On  October  7,  on  plants  thus  treated 
a number  of  dead  worms  were  found,  but  a considerable  number  had 
escaped.  Professor  Mount  applied  carbolic  acid,  about  one-half  ounce 
to  one  gallon  of  water,  for  the  first  brood  of  worms,  and  his  cabbages 
were  not  injured  till  late  in  fall.  He  does  not  know  that  any  were 
killed,  but  thinks  it  prevented  injury. 

Bran. — October  6,  applied  bran  to  cabbage  plants  on  which  worms 
were  quite  plenty.  October  7,  found  the  worms  as  numerous  and 
apparently  as  healthy  as  before.  Perhaps  they  avoid  places  where  bran 
is  thick. 

Balt  Solution . — September  21,  this  solution  was  applied  to  cabbages, 
on  which  were  numerous  worms  aud  Aphides.  Worms  neither  killed 
nor  driven  away.  Aphides  unaffected,  except  where  they  were  washed 
off.  The  plants  were  watched  until  the  25th,  and  no  result  noted.  The 
solution  was  also  applied  to  Aphides  on  weeds,  with  no  effect.  Was  also 
applied  as  a warm  solution  to  Aphides  on  weeds,  and  some  branches 
thickly  covered  with  the  insects  were  dipped  iuto  the  solution,  without 
effect  on  the  Aphides  that  held  to  the  plant.  Some  were  washed  off  or 
crushed,  but  the  colonies  a few  hours  later  and  on  following  days  were 
as  thickly  populated  and  as  healthy  as  ever. 

Saltpeter  Solution. — September  21,  applied  saltpeter  in  solution  to  cab- 
bages on  which  worms  and  Aphides  were  abundant.  Neither  seemed 
affected  by  the  application.  Up  to  September  25  there  were  no  signs 
of  injury.  October  6,  applied  solution  of  saltpeter  to  eighteen  cabbages 
on  which  worms  were  tolerably  plenty.  October  7,  no  effect  to  be  seen  ; 
worms  plenty  and  healthy. 


26 


Alum. — September  26,  dusted  pulverized  alum  on  cabbages  where 
worms  and  Aphides  were  abundant.  Up  to  October  1 no  effect  was 
noted  on  either.  September  26,  it  was  applied  in  solution  to  them,  but 
no  signs  of  injury  to  either  worms  or  Aphides  were  observed.  October 
6,  applied  to  cabbages  on  which  worms  were  plenty.  October  7,  worms 
as  healthy  and  numerous  as  ever. 

Kerosene  in  Ashes. — On  October  4,  applied  this  mixture  to  cabbage 
plants  on  which  worms  and  Aphides  were  plenty,  and  watched  for 
some  time  to  see  the  effect.  Could  not  find  any  worms  killed  by  the  ap- 
plication, though  many  were  seen  with  the  oily  particles  in  contact  with 
them  on  the  leaves  or  adhering  to  their  hairs.  On  subsequent  days  no 
decrease  in  numbers  could  be  noted  as  a result  of  this  application. 
Aphides  w ere  killed  in  some  instances,  but  their  position  under  leaves 
made  it  very  difficult  to  dust  them.  The  worms  (P.  rapce)  seem  to  be 
protected  by  their  hairy  covering,  which  prevents  the  particles  from 
coming  in  direct  contact  with  the  skin,  and  renders  the  spreading  of  the 
oil  less  effective.  The  worms  with  smooth  skin  might  be  killed  more 
readily,  but  they  were  not  plenty  enough  on  the  plants  treated  to  enable 
me  to  arrive  at  any  positive  conclusion. 

Kerosene  in  Gypsum. — Applied  on  October  4,  the  gypsum  containing 
as  much  kerosene  as  possible  while  allowing  it  to  be  dusted  on  the  plants. 
The  results  were  the  same  as  followed  the  use  of  ashes,  but  I found  it 
more  difficult  to  mix  and  apply.  There  was  a constant  tendency  to  form 
lumps  too  large  to  be  dusted  on  the  plants,  and  unless  quite  fine  the  par- 
ticles will  simply  roll  off  the  leaves. 

Kerosene  in  Sawdust. — Sawdust  thoroughly  saturated  with  kerosene 
was  applied,  October  17,  to  a number  of  plants  on  which  cabbage  worms 
were  but  moderately  plenty.  They  were  watched  for  nearly  two  hours, 
without  any  marked  result.  Unfortunately,  I was  prevented  from 
making  any  further  observations  for  several  days,  and  in  the  meantime 
some  severe  frosts,  the  ravages  of  disease,  and  the  maturing  of  the  worms, 
left  scarcely  a living  worm  to  be  found  even  on  plants  not  treated. 

Tomato -vine  Inf usion. — Applied,  October  7,  to  18  cabbage  plants  infest- 
ed with  cabbage  worms.  The  plants  were  thoroughly  drenched  with  the 
infusion,  and  many  of  the  worms  were  well  soaked  in  it  without  appar- 
ent inconvenience  to  them.  On  the  following  day  the  plants  thus  treat- 
ed were  as  badly  infested  as  before  and  the  worms  were  all  vigorously 
feeding. 


REPORT  OF  EXPERIMENTS  AT  TRENTON,  NEW 

JERSEY. 


By  Thomas  Bennett. 


Trenton,  N.  J.,  June  15,  1885. 

Sir:  Under  your  direction  I have  tested  the  insecticide  value,  to  a 
limited  extent,  of  five  of  the  six  vegetable  substances  you  gave  me  to 
experiment  with.  These  were  as  follows:  Jamestown  weed  ( Batura 
stramonium );  tomato  leaves  (Lycopersieum  esculentum) ; Elder  ( Sambu - 
cus)  ; Ailanthus;  mandrake  root  (Podophyllum  peltatum)  j and  Tansy 
( Tanacetum ). 

At  this  date  I have  not  been  able  to  procure  tomato  leaves  in  suffi- 
cient quantity  to  experiment  with;  the  others  I have.  The  first  insect 
that  I found  requiring  attention  was  the  green  Aphis,  or  plant  louse 
(Myzus  persicce),  of  the  Peach,  which  was  collected  in  great  numbers  ou 
six  young  xieacli  trees  in  my  garden.  They  were  only  on  the  ends  of  the 
branches  of  the  present  summer’s  growth.  I marked  one  tree,  and  pre- 
pared a decoction  and  also  an  infusion  of  tansy  in  the  following  manner: 

Tansy. — June  5:  weighed  a handful  of  tansy,  weight  £ pound ; put  it  in 
three  quarts  of  water;  set  ou  to  boil;  let  it  simmer  an  hour,  then  set 
away  to  cool.  At  the  same  time,  made  an  infusion  of  4 pound  tansy  by 
pouring  on  three  quarts  of  boiling  water,  and  set  away  to  cool.  This  ex- 
tract I found  much  the  stronger  of  the  two. 

The  leaves  of  the  peach  trees  were  so  curled  that  I could  not  apply 
the  liquid  by  other  means  than  by  dipping ; besides,  I wished  to  save  my 
liquid.  I dipped  one  side  of  the  tree  in  the  decoction,  the  other  side  in 
the  infusion  or  extract.  I found  the  liquid  in  both  cases  would  wet  the 
leaf  but  not  the  insects.  They  seemed  covered  with  an  oily  substance 
wffiicli  prevented  the  preparation  in  both  cases  from  adhering  to  them  ; 
and  it  would  roll  off  as  water  rolls  from  an  oiled  flag  or  piece  of  polished 
marble.  Then  I thought,  as  lye  has  an  affinity  for  oils  and  grease,  I 
would  try  lime-water  and  also  urine,  in  the  proportion  of  first  one-quarter, 
then  one-half;  but  although  each  proportion  and  each  sort  did  some 
good,  they  were  not  satisfactory.  However,  the  insects  did  not  increase 
any,  and  1 dipped  them  every  day,  for  four  days,  and  at  this  writing 
(June  15)  there  are  few  to  be  seen. 


27 


28 


Elder  Leaves. — June  7:  made  an  infusion  of  elder  leaves  and  tops, 
weight  J pound ; poured  on  two  quarts  of  boiling  water;  set  on  back  of 
range  to  draw ; time,  two  hours.  I had  expected  a good  result  from  elder, 
as  it  has  long  been  used  by  gardeners  and  farmers,  combined  with  bur- 
dock and  walnut  leaves,  &c.,  as  an  application  against  insects  ; but  in 
this  case  it  did  not  seem  to  work  well.  I marked  another  tree,  and  ap- 
plied it  by  dipping  the  ends  of  the  branches.  The  water  rolled  off  as 
usual,  and  would  not  stick.  I mixed  a little  alkaline  lime-water,  but  it 
seemed  not  to  injure  them  in  the  least.  I noticed  that  the  infusion  was 
nauseous  but  not  bitter.  I cannot  see  how  it  acts  as  an  insecticide  unless 
by  the  smell.  Some  insects  have  a great  dislike  to  pungent  and  strong 
smells.  After  the  fourth  dip,  which  was  on  the  fourth  day,  I despaired 
of  its  doing  any  good  in  this  case,  and  so  tried  my  next  remedy,  which 
was  mandrake  root. 

Mandrake  Boot. — June  8 : made  a decoction  of  mandrake  root,  1 pound; 
put  in  two  quarts  of  water;  let  it  come  to  a boil,  and  then  simmer  or 
stew  slowly  for  one  hour.  When  cool  it  tasted  very  bitter  and  was 
rather  dark  colored,  and  I had  good  hopes  of  it,  in  which  I was  not  dis- 
appointed. I applied  it  to  another  young  peach  tree,  and  also  to  a 
young,  six-year  old  cherry  tree,  infested  with  black  Aphides  {Myzus 
cerasi).  Three  dips  almost  cleaned  them  entirely  from  the  peach  tree, 
and  also  from  the  cherry  tree,  so  that  the  Ladybug  and  her  larvae  made 
short  work  of  the  few  sickly  ones  that  remained.  I cannot  account  for 
it,  but  this  wash  seemed  to  take  abetter  hold  of  the  insects,  so  that  the 
Peach  Aphis  would  turn  brown  after  the  second  dip;  and  in  my  subse- 
quent experience  I found  that  whenever  the  insects  turned  brown  it  was 
a sure  indication  that  their  time  was  short.  They  would  not  increase 
afterwards,  and  the  Ladybug  larvae  soon  destroy  them.  I also  tried 
this  remedy  on  rose  bush  Aphis,  with  about  the  same  result. 

Ailanthus. — June  9:  made  an  infusion  of  8 ounces  of  the  leaves  of 
Ailanthus  in  two  quarts  of  water;  let  it  draw  two  hours.  The  liquor  was 
very  dark,  and  the  infusion  similar  to  elder  in  its  effects ; the  water  rolled 
off  and  would  not  adhere  to  the  iusects.  An  infusion  of  the  bark  was 
clear,  only  slightly  brown.  I added  some  lime-water,  for  the  purpose 
mentioned  in  my  first  experiment,  and  also  applied  a little  fine  dust 
through  a small  dredging  box.  This  made  the  infusion  adhere  very 
closely,  and  the  Aphides  succumbed  after  the  third  dip.  It  will  be  re- 
membered in  all  these  cases  that  I made  only  one  dip  each  day,  and 
waited  till  next  day  to  see  its  effects;  then  dipped  again.  Ko  one  need 
be  surprised  that  these  different  bitter  and  obnoxious  plants  had  no 
better  effect  on  these  insects  when  I say  that  I afterwards  tried  two  of 
the  strongest  vegetable  bitters  we  know — namely,  quassia  and  coloquin- 
tida,  or  the  colocynth  gourd — with  no  better  effect. 

I may  here  remark  that  I bottled  and  labeled  all  those  bitters  for 
other  experiments. 

N.  B. — I have  since  found  that  the  ailanthus  bark  contains  the  bitter 
principle  very  largely,  but  takes  a long  time  to  draw. 


29 


Stramonium. — June  10:  made  an  infusion  of  6 ounces  of  the  leaves 
and  young  tops  of  Stramonium  in  3 pints  of  water.  Let  it  draw  two 
hours.  When  cool  I applied  it  as  I did  the  others,  by  dipping  the  ends 
of  the  branches.  The  liquid  was  not  bitter,  but  I depended  on  the  effects 
of  the  poisonous  narcotic  principle,  which,  like  its  near  relative,  tobacco, 
it  very  largely  contains.  In  this  I was  not  disappointed,  for,  although 
it  would  not  adhere  very  closely,  the  Aphides  seemed  to  diminish  and  die 
after  the  third  application ; and  if  auy  scattering  ones  remained  they 
were  soon  eaten  up  or  destroyed  by  their  enemies.  I should  note  that  a 
few  rose  bushes,  infested  with  Eose  Aphis  ( Siphonopliora  rosce ),  were 
treated  in  a similar  manner  to  the  peach  and  cherry  leaves,  but  the  lice 
seemed  somewhat  harder  to  kill. 

Alder  Baric. — June  11 : I thought  I would  try  an  infusion  of  alder  bark, 
because  it  contained  the  tanning  principle,  which  is  an  astringent,  and  as 
all  astringents,  whether  vegetable  or  mineral,  are  more  or  less  insecticidal 
in  their  nature,  I thought  that  perhaps  it  might  be  of  some  value.  I 
found  it  had  some  effect  as  an  insecticide,  but  as  the  infusion  is  very 
dark,  almost  as  black  as  ink,  and  discolors  the  leaves  a good  deal,  I 
left  it  off  and  do  not  recommend  it. 

Quassia. — June  11:  made  an  infusion  or  extract  of  quassia  chips 
or  bark,  ground  fine.  These  are  made  more  nicely  prepared  than  for- 
merly. Gardeners  know  well  the  power  of  this  bitter,  in  greenhouses 
and  graperies,  in  keeping  down  Green  Fly,  as  they  call  it  ( Siplionophora 
viticola ),  also  Thrips  ( Erytlironeura ),  and  Fed  Spider  (Tetr  any  elms).  I 
poured  two  quarts  of  boiling  water  on  four  ounces  of  quassia.  This 
made  a strong  infusion  of  a beautiful  brown  color,  similar  to  the  tea  we 
use  from  the  shops.  I thought  surely  this  would  kill  at  the  first  dip,  but 
it  did  not,  though  very  bitter.  It  took  three  dips  of  this  strong  liquid 
to  kill  these  Aphides  on  the  Peach,  the  Cherry,  and  the  Eose,  and  then 
there  were  some  stragglers  around,  of  which  I could  not  be  sure  whether 
they  escaped  from  the  effects  of  the  dipping,  or  came  in  from  other  parts 
of  the  tree  or  rose  bush. 

Coloquintida , or  Colocyntli  Gourd. — June  11:  this  bitter  principle  I have 
formerly  used  to  a limited  extent,  in  greenhouses,  and  have  a high  opin- 
ion of  its  merits;  but  quassia  being  so  much  cheaper  and  generally 
effective,  I have  mostly  used  it.  However,  I procured  an  ounce  of  colo- 
cynth,  ground  it  up,  and  put  on  nearly  a pint  of  boiling  water,  and  drew 
it  as  tea.  It  is  very  powerful  as  a bitter,  but  it  took  three  dips  to  erad- 
icate the  Aphides  from  the  rose  bush,  peach,  and  cherry  trees. 

Further  Experiments. — Monday,  June  15:  went  out  a short  distance  in 
the  country,  about  one  mile  east  of  Trenton,  to  the  lands  occupied  by  Mr. 
James  McGrath,  who  is  an  extensive  cabbage-grower,  and  got  liberty  to 
make  some  tests  with  a view  to  preventing  the  cut-worm  from  injuring 
the  young  cabbages.  I had  previously  learned  that  he  was  going  to 
plant  on  this  day.  Was  allotted  a piece  to  experiment  on,  that  contained 


30 


60  plants  to  each  row.  I poured  on  the  stems  and  lower  ends  of  the 
leaves  of 

Row  No.  1:  Mandrake  infusion  ; 

Row  No.  2:  Elder  infusion; 

Row  No.  3:  Stramonium  infusion; 

Row  No.  4:  Ailanthus  infusion; 

and,  Tansy  being  plentiful  on  the  place,  I made  a strong  infusion  of  it, 
and  wetted  over  1,000  plants  which  were  to  be  planted  on  another  part 
of  the  lot.  I also  made  a solution  of 

Alum,  2 ounces  to  1 pint  of  water; 

Niter,  2 ounces  to  1 pint  of  water; 

Saleratus,  4 ounces  to  1 pint  of  water; 

Lime  water,  4 ounces  to  one  quart  of  water; 
and  applied  these  strong  liquids  to  rows  5,  6,  7,  and  8,  which  together 
made  9 tests  or  experiments. 

I did  not  examine  these  for  results  till  June  29.  The  Tansy  seemed 
to  show  the  best  results,  and  I could  only  find  4 plants  eaten  off  by  cut- 
worms. 

The  saleratus  had  been  strong,  and  killed  several  plants,  and  I could 
not  pronounce  any  of  the  other  experiments  entirely  successful. 

Mr.  McGrath  had  lost  many  plants  in  this  lot  of  about  four  acres  by 
cut-worms  during  the  last  two  weeks. 

June  17 : tried  the  effect  of  infusion  of  Ailanthus,  Tansy,  Elder,  and 
mandrake,  sprayed  on  with  a brush  by  drawing  the  hand  lightly  over 
the  brush  till  all  the  leaves  were  wetted.  These  did  not  give  very  sat- 
isfactory results,  though  partially  effective.  Next  day,  I thought  I would 
assist  them  with  some  cheap  powders.  I procured  some  gas  lime,  and 
sifted  it;  and  also  made  a powder  of  gas  tar  and  lime,  then  sifted.  This 
last  was  composed  of  J ounce  of  tar  to  1 pound  of  lime.  I also  made  a 
preparation  of  quicklime,  well  sifted.  After  spraying  the  vines,  and 
making  a number  for  each  experiment,  I proceeded  thus — 

No.  1.  Elder  leaves,  followed  by  a dusting  of  gas-house  lime. 

No.  2.  Stramonium,  followed  by  a dusting  of  tar  lime. 

No.  3.  Mandrake,  followed  by  a pure  lime  dust. 

No.  4.  Tansy  water,  followed  by  pure  lime  dust. 

No.  5.  Ailanthus  leaves  tea,  followed  by  gas-liouse  lime. 

No.  6.  Ailanthus  leaves  tea,  followed  by  tar  lime. 

No.  7.  Ailanthus,  followed  by  pure  lime. 

No.  8.  Lime  water  alone,  as  a thin  whitewash. 

No.  9.  Niter  water  alone,  2 ounces  to  1 pint  of  water. 

No.  10.  Alum  water  alone,  2 ounces  to  1 pint  of  water. 

No.  11.  Saleratus,  4 ounces  to  1 pint  of  water. 

No.  12.  Gas  lime  and  pure  lime,  mixed  in  equal  quantities. 

No.  13.  Tar  lime  alone. 

No.  14.  Pure  lime  alone. 

I had  never  seen  potato  vines  more  thickly  covered  with  bugs  than 
these  were  when  I commenced  with  them,  owing  to  the  fact  of  the 


31 


owner  having  removed  to  the  other  side  of  the  city,  and  not  having  time 
to  attend  to  them.  On  Saturday,  June  20,  there  were  no  bugs  there. 
I did  not  see  them  again  till  June  28,  then  I saw  only  5 bugs  on  the  lot. 
I have  given  them  another  sprinkling  of  tar  lime  since  then,  and  there 
is  not  a bug  to  be  found.  I am  sure  they  never  got  a particle  of  Paris 
green.*  As  many  persons  have  an  objection  to  putting  Paris  green  on 
potatoes,  I can  recommend  a dead  shot  made  of  one  pint  of  gas  tar  to 
1 peck  of  lime  as  an  effectual  remedy  against  potato  bugs. 

July  15, 1885. — As  you  directed,  I have  continued  through  this  month 
to  make  experiments  with  the  six  vegetable  substances  you  advised, 
namely,  Ailantlius,  Tansy,  stramonium,  Elder,  mandrake,  and  tomato. 

Before  I proceed  further,  I wish  to  say  that  during  the  fore  part  of 
this  month  I succeeded  in  cleaning  a few  hop  vines  in  my  yard  and 
those  of  some  of  my  neighbors  from  two  species  of  a destructive  cater- 
pillar, and  also  a species  of  Coreus  or  Stink  Bug,  which  was  doing  much 
harm  by  sucking  and  killing  the  leaves  of  the  vines.  I herewith  send 
specimens  of  the  bug  and  the  caterpillar.f  I made  a powder  of  gas  tar 
and  lime,  which  soon  cleared  the  vines  of  ever3T  insect,  and  now  there  are 
none  to  be  found  on  them.  I find  this  powder  is  good  also  for  every 
species  of  Plant-louse. 

July  6. — Collected  these  leaves  and  plants,  and  made  strong  infu- 
sions. First  tried  them  on  the  Cabbage  Cut-worms,  by  burying  a worm 
one  lialf  inch  deep  and  within  1 or  2 inches  of  each  cabbage  plant,  wet- 
ting them  thoroughly  with  each  liquid,  and  labeling  each  one.  At  the 
same  time  I tried  Hansen  & Smith’s  Piuoleum,  diluted  with  25  parts  of 
water.  Next  morning,  when  I went  to  examine  my  plants,  I found  the 
worms  had  all  moved  away  but  one ; this  one  had  been  wetted  with 
tansy,  was  curled  up  in  the  usual  way,  and  apparently  in  good  health. 
It  was  evident,  however,  they  did  not  like  their  situation,  for  only  one 
ventured  to  cut  his  plant,  and  that  was  the  one  wetted  with  elder;  he 
was  also  gone. 

I next  tried  the  effect  of  these  infusions  on  the  Jumping  Flea-beetle 
( Halticci ),  on  Early  Dutch  cabbages.  Most  of  them  proved  very  good,  but 
w ere  most  effectual  w hen  followed  by  a dusting  of  lime  powder  or  plaster. 

The  liquid  adheres  better  after  the  garden  syringe  than  the  w atering 
pot.  Infusions  of  ailantlius  leaves  and  also  of  stramonium  I have  used 
in  former  years  for  this  and  green  fly  and  cabbage  lice  with  good  effect,  but 
they  were  mostly  followed  by  a dusting  of  lime  in  fine  pow  der.  I w ould 
remark  just  here  that  tobacco  dust,  lime  powder,  plaster,  ashes,  or  soot 
well  mixed  with  five  or  six  times  its  bulk  of  charcoal  dust,  or  in  fact  any 
other  dust,  will  effectually  keep  off  the  Jumping-bug,  if  the  ground  around 
the  plants  be  kept  stirred;  and  here  is  where  many  fail  in  applying  these 
powders ; they  do  no(  seem  to  be  aware  that  it  is  necessary  to  stir  the 

*1  should  note  that  the  saleratus  was  too  strong,  and  killed  part  of  the  leaves  of 
the  potatoes  as  well  as  the  bugs. 

t These  insects  were  Agrotis  malefida,  Arctia  virginioa , and  Coreus  tristis. — C.  V.  E. 


32 


ground  often  around  tlie  plants.  If  a field  of  turnips  or  a bed  of  cab 
bages,  when  just  coming  over  the  ground,  be  only  lightly  stirred,  by 
drawing  a garden  rake  over  the  plants,  along  close  to  the  rows,  there  will 
be  very  little  if  any  powder  required,  but  this  must  be  done  often  to  keep 
down  this  bug;  and  in  this  the  secret  of  saving  the  crop  lies,  of  which 
few  seem  to  be  aware.  These  bugs  seem  to  breed  in  and  come  from  the 
ground  around  the  plants, but,  it  seems,  cannot  generate  if  the  ground  be 
kept  frequently  stirred.  This  I have  proved  to  my  entire  satisfaction  ; 
and  when  the  ground  cannot  be  stirred,  all  of  the  above  powders  will 
often  fail. 

I next  tried  the  effect  of  these  infusions  on  cabbage  lice  (Aphis  bras- 
sicce)  on  about  200  plants.  Here,  again,  I found  it  was  essential  to  fol- 
low with  the  lime  powder,  for  although  these  washes  killed  some  and 
stunned  most  of  the  others,  yet  it  had  not  the  powerful  effect  of  the  lime 
powder.  This,  as  far  as  I have  gone,  has  proved  effectual,  and  I think  if 
put  on  in  time  will  keep  down  this  pest  altogether. 

During  this  month  i have  also  been  trying  to  find  out  something  to 
prevent  the  Cut-worm  from  injuring  cabbages  after  being  planted.  I 
have  tried  soft  soap  and  tobacco  water  separately  and  combined,  as  a 
dip,  also  Hansen  & Smith’s  Pinoleum  in  12  times  its  volume  of  water- 
They  were  all  too  strong  and  killed  many  of  the  plants  at  first.  Noth- 
ing daunted,  I tried  again,  at  least  the  soap  and  tobacco.  Infused  two 
ounces  of  tobacco  stems  in  one  quart  of  water,  as  a dip  for  the  stems 
and  lower  ends  of  the  leaves.  Also  made  a suds  of  one  teaspoon  ful  of 
soft  soap  to  one  pint  of  water.  With  each  of  these  I wetted  25  cabbage 
plants,  and  placed  a Cut- worm  in  the  ground  near  the  stem  of  each. 
This  was  done  a week  since,  and  I have  had  none  of  these  cut  yet,  and 
they  continue  to  be  cut  in  a field  of  14  acres  near  by.  The  owner  has 
only  saved  this  lot  of  cabbages  by  keeping  boys  constantly  searching  for 
and  killing  the  grubs  around  the  plants  and  occasionally  transplanting. 
I also  tried  a plan  of  former  days,  by  putting  a little  freshly  slacked 
sifted  lime  around  115  plants,  with  this  exception,  that  in  order  to  make 
the  test  good  I buried  12  Cut-worms,  about  one-half  inch  deep,  and  from 
one  to  two  inches  from  the  stems  of  each  of  a dozen  plants.  I have  seen 
them  every  day  for  more  than  a week,  and  I have  not  found  one  plant  cut 
yet.  I have  also  tried  the  effect  of  these  infusions  on  the  Slug  ( Selandria ),  a 
small  soft-bodied  caterpillar  I found  on  pear  and  cherry  trees.  Syringed 
the  branches,  and  wetted  them  well.  The  stramonium  water  was  the 
most  powerful ; seemed  to  kill  at  once,  but  next  day  I found  many  yet  on 
the  leaves.  I then  gave  them  a dusting  of  lime  powder,  and  that  eoui- 
jdetely  banished  them. 

I formerly  used  a powder  of  ailantlms  and  also  of  stramonium 
leaves  to  eradicate  this  pest  from  fruit  trees,  but  of  late  years  I find 
lime  powder,  well  sifted  and  dusted  on,  involves  less  labor,  and  is  a most 
effectual  remedy  against  this  pest. 

I find  cabbage-growers  in  general  make  a great  mistake  by  plant- 


33 


ing  too  deep.  They  put  nearly  all  the  stem  into  the  ground;  this  gives 
easy  access  to  the  Cut- worm  to  destroy  the  heart  of  the  cabbage;  they 
would  do  much  better  not  to  plant  so  deep,  especially  the  late-grown 
kinds,  as  the  hard  stem  is  less  liable  to  be  cut  than  the  heart  of  the 
cabbage. 

July  31, 1885. — In  your  favor  of  the  17th  instant  you  requested  me  to 
continue  my  experiments  as  heretofore  with  infusions  of  Tansy,  Ailan- 
tlius,  stramonium,  Mandrake  root,  Elder,  and  tomato  leaves,  in  order 
to  give  a definite  answer  as  to  which  may  be  of  value  as  an  insecticide 
and  which  are  worthless.  I beg  leave  to  say  1 have  gone  to  work  very 
willingly  to  try  to  answer  this  important  question,  and  made  tests  on 
various  insects. 

As  most  of  the  above  plants  are  now  easily  procured,  I made  infusions 
in  large  quantities,  but  of  about  the  same  strength  as  heretofore.  I find 
it  is  better  to  let  these  leaves  dry  two  or  three  days  before  the  infusions 
are  made.  These  liquids  seem  also  to  gain  strength  by  age.  At  a week 
or  ten  days  old  they  are  much  stronger  than  when  first  made.  One 
pound  weight  of  the  partially  dried  leaves  to  one  gallon  of  water  makes 
a good  wash.  I first  tried  the  relative  value  of  these  infusions  on  some 
brown  and  yellow  hairy  caterpillars,  the  larvse  of  a Bombycid  moth 
( Arctia  virginica),  l.J  to  2 inches  long,  which  had  been  very  plenty  in 
this  locality,  on  the  Sunflower.  I marked  a certain  number  of  plants  for 
each  test,  and  sprayed  and  wetted  both  sides  of  each  leaf  thoroughly. 
They  all  continued  to  eat  the  leaves  after  this  as  before;  but  with  those 
sprayed  with  ailanthus,  stramonium,  and  mandrake  not  nearly  so  raven- 
ously— they  seemed  rather  dainty  in  their  biting. 

Next  day  I wetted  again  as  before,  with  about  the  same  result;  but 
when  I wetted  the  worms  thoroughly  with  stramonium  they  fell  off  and 
crawled  away,  and  seemed  not  to  ascend  the  plant  any  more. 

Then,  in  order  to  satisfy  myself  as  to  the  merits  of  the  different  liquids, 
I collected  a number  of  these  caterpillars  and  placed  them  in  six  groups, 
on  a short  piece  of  board.  I wetted  them  all  over  equally.  They  were 
all  able  to  crawl  out  of  their  bath ; but,  when  I pushed  them  back  and 
wetted  their  heads,  they  did  not  get  out  again  from  either  mandrake, 
ailanthus,  or  stramonium.  The  others  crawled  out  of  several  wettings  ; 
but  these  remained  on  the  board,  and  were  dead  next  day. 

About  the  middle  of  the  month  I sowed  a patch  of  white  turnips  in 
drills,  for  the  purpose  of  testing  these  liquids  on  the  Turnip  Fly  ( Haltica ). 
They  were  up  in  about  four  days.  1 commenced  wetting  them;  not  all, 
but  part  of  each  of  six  rows.  I found  it  was  necessary  to  wet  them  every 
day  for  a week,  and  afterwards  two  or  three  times,  before  they  got 
ahead,  in  order  to  keep  down  this  pest ; and  where  I did  not  wet  them 
they  were  all  eaten  off*  in  about  seven  or  eight  days,  and  I could  not 
say  positively  which  of  these  liquids  was  the  best. 

I tried  these  infusions  also  on  the  Grape-vine  Thrips,  on  an  outdoor 
arbor,  and  both  sides  of  the  leaves  had  to  be  wetted.  In  this  case  the 
9268— Bull.  11 3 


34 


stramonium  and  tansy  seemed  the  best,  but  the  leaves  had  to  be  well 
drenched  twice,  and  in  some  cases  three  times,  before  the  insects  forsook 
them  or  were  all  killed. 

T have  also  tried  the  effects  of  these  washes  on  the  Cabbage  Louse 
{Aphis  brassicce).  These  seem  easier  killed  now  than  about  the  begin- 
ning of  this  month.  Each  liquid  seems  to  have  a better  hold  of  them 
than  at  first,  and  two  applications  killed  them  all  on  every  head  to 
which  these  washes  were  applied.  I sprayed  12  heads,  two  to  each 
liquid  used. 

I also  tried  the  power  of  these  infusions  on  some  cucumber  vines,  to 
see  what  effect  they  would  have  on  the  Striped  Cucumber  Beetle  {Gale 
ruca ),  and  find  that  unless  these  washes  are  very  plentifully  applied  they 
will  have  but  little  effect  on  this  bug. 

On  the  24th  of  this  month  I procured  six  Cabbage  Cut- worms,  and  put 
one  near  the  stem  of  each  of  six  cabbage  plants,  and  placed  it  about 
one  inch  under  ground.  I then  placed  a common  tomato  can  over  each 
plant  and  sunk  it  in  the  earth  about  one-half  its  depth.  I had  previ- 
ously cut  off  both  ends  smoothly  with  a pair  of  scissors ; then  about 
one  half  pint  of  liquid  was  poured  into  the  can  around  each  plant,  and 
this  wetted  the  ground,  I should  say,  about  three  inches.  The  follow- 
ing night  the  plant  wetted  with  elder  was  cut  off  by  its  worm,  and  the 
fourth  night,  the  28th  instant,  another,  marked  “Ailanthus,”  was  cut; 
but  since  then  no  more  have  been  cut. 

My  object  in  this  experiment  was  to  find  out,  if  possible,  the  real 
value  of  each  of  these  infusions  as  a preventive  to  the  Cut- worm ; for  if 
some  will  not  cut  at  all,  after  being  starved,  as  it  were,  in  prison,  I think 
that  wash  may  be  depended  on. 

These  infusions  have  been  taken  on  their  merits  alone,  and  I do  say 
they  all  have  some  good  properties  as  insecticides.  I do  not  think  much 
in  general  of  tomato  leaves,  nor  Elder  alone ; nor  do  I think  Mandrake 
will  ever  become  popular,  from  the  fact  of  the  extra  labor  and  difficulty 
of  collecting  and  preparing  it.  Tansy,  Ailanthus,  and  stramonium  are 
the  best,  in  my  opinion,  and  of  these  three  stramonium  stands  the  high- 
est in  my  estimation. 

I have  to  thank  Professor  Biley  very  much  for  assistance  rendered 
in  determining  the  species  of  many  insects  in  these  and  many  other 
tests  performed  by  me. 

Most  respectfully, 

Professor  C.  V.  Biley, 

Entomologist , &c. 


THOMAS  BENNETT. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 


DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOIOGlN: 

Bulletin  No.  16. 


' x • 


May  < ' - ; - 

T 1 1 U 2/  m 

Li,rmsrrv  ° 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  WRITINGS 


De.  ALPHEUS  8PRING  PACKARD. 


SAMUEL  HENSHAW. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE, 

1887. 


. 


I 


/ 


U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  16. 


THE 

ENTOMOLOGICAL  WRITINGS 


OP 


Dr.  ALPHEUS  SPRING  PACKARD. 


SAMUEL  HENS  FI  AW. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1887. 


■ 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


If.  S,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington , D.  C .,  July  5,  1887. 

Sir:  I have  tlie  honor  to  submit  for  publication  Bulletin  No.  16  of 
this  Division,  being  a list  of  the  entomological  writings  of  Dr.  A.  S. 
Packard,  with  systematic  and  general  index,  prepared  by  Mr.  Samuel 
Henshaw.  Dr.  Packard  has  been  so  long  and  favorably  known  as  a 
writer  upon  insects  both  in  their  structural,  biologic,  and  economic  rela- 
tions, and  has  been  for  so  many  years  connected  with  Government  ento- 
mological work,  that  this  Bulletin  will  be  welcomed  by  all  interested  in 
the  subject  and  of  great  aid  in  the  divisional  work. 

Respectfully, 

G.  Y.  RILEY, 

Entomologist. 


Hon.  Norman  J.  Colman, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 


3 


U,0.  J- 


THE  ENTOMOLOGICAL  WRITINGS  OF  ALPHEUS 
SPRING  PACKARD. 


By  Samuel  Henshaw. 


Alplieus  Spring  Packard  was  born  in  Brunswick,  Me.,  February  19, 
1839.  His  father  was  Alplieus  Spring  Packard,  D.  D.,  for  over  sixty 
years  a professor  in  Bowdoin  College.  His  mother  was  Frances  E. 
Appleton,  daughter  of  Rev.  Jesse  Appleton,  president  of  Bowdoin 
College.  After  graduating  from  Bowdoin  College  in  1861,  he  spent 
three  years  at  the  Cambridge  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  as  a 
student  of  Prof.  L.  Agassiz.  For  a part  of  one  year  (1863-’64)  he  was 
the  private  assistant  of  Professor  Agassiz. 

Two  summers  (those  of  1860  and  1864)  were  passed  upon  the  coast  of 
Labrador,  where  collections  of  marine  invertebrates,  insects,  and  quat- 
ernary fossils  were  accumulated  for  future  investigations.  In  1861-’62 
he  was  assistant  to  the  Maine  Geological  Survey.  In  1864  he  took  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  at  the  Maine  Medical  School.  In  Sep- 
tember of  the  same  year  Dr.  Packard  was  commissioned  assistant 
surgeon  First  Maine  Veteran  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  served  in  the 
Sixth  Corps  until  mustered  out  with  the  regiment  in  July,  1865.  In 
1865-’66  he  was  acting  custodian  and  librarian  of  the  Boston  Society 
of  Natural  History.  Dr.  Packard  spent  eleven  years  (1867-78)  in 
Salem.  Appointed  in  1867  one  of  the  curators  of  the  Peabody  Acad- 
emy, he  was  for  about  two  years  (1877-78)  the  director  of  its  museum. 
At  Salem  he  established  a summer  school  of  biology,  and  in  March, 
1868,  the  first  number  of  the  American  Naturalist  was  issued.  Dr. 
Packard  was  one  of  the  originators  of  this  magazine,  and  for  twenty 
years  its  editor-in-chief. 

In  1867  he  married  Elizabeth  Derby,  daughter  of  Samuel  B.  Walcott 
of  Salem,  and  has  had  four  children,  of  whom  a son  and  two  daughters 
are  living.  As  lecturer  or  instructor  Dr.  Packard  has  been  connected 
with  the  Anderson  School  of  Natural  History,  Bowdoin  College,  and 
the  Maine  and  Massachusetts  State  Agricultural  Colleges ; as  assistant 
he  has  been  attached  to  the  Kentucky  Geological  Survey,  to  Hayden’s 
United  States  Geological  Survey  of  the  Territories,  and  to  the  United 
States  Fish  Commission.  When  in  search  of  material  for  his  studies 


6 


Dr.  Packard  has  visited  many  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Mexico, 
and  has  dredged  upon  the  coast  of  Labrador,  in  the  Gulf  of  Maine,  in 
Massachusetts  and  Buzzards  Bays,  off  Beaufort,  N.  C.,  and  upon  the 
coast  of  Florida. 

Iu  1871-’73  he  served  as  State  entomologist  of  Massachusetts,  and 
from  1877-’82  was  a member  of  the  United  States  Entomological  Com- 
mission. In  1878  he  accepted  the  professorship  of  Zoology  and  Geology 
in  Brown  University,  and  still  retains  the  position. 

Dr.  Packard  was  elected  a member  of  the  National  Academy  in  1872 
and  honorary  member  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  London  in  1884, 
and  at  home  and  abroad  a number  of  societies  have  elected  him  to  mem- 
bership. 

The  entomological  writings  of  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard,  recorded  in  Part  I of 
the  present  list,  form  but  a portion  of  his  contributions  to  science.  His 
memoirs  iu  other  branches  in  range  cover  the  field  of  zoology,  with 
occasional  papers  in  allied  sciences,  aud  bear  testimony  alike  to  his 
versatility  and  the  energy  of  his  mind. 

As  a rule  only  the  original  place  of  publication  is  recorded,  though  a 
few  reprints  aud  reviews  are  included,  as  of  possible  value  in  case  the 
original  is  inaccessible. 

Dr.  Packard’s  contributions  to  the  natural  history  of  Limulus  are 
included  in  the  present  bibliography,  because  much  of  the  discussion 
concerning  the  anatomy,  genealogy,  &c.,  of  this  animal  bears  directly 
upon  the  ArcicJmida  and  other  Artliropoda. 

Part  II  contains  a systematic  list  of  the  new  names  proposed  by  Dr. 
Packard,  and  I have  endeavored  to  note  the  collection  containing  the 
type,  but  in  many  cases  have  been  unable  to  do  so. 

A number  of  the  types  noted  as  present  in  the  collection  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  are,  however,  in  a very  poor  state  of 
preservation,  so  that  a word  of  explanation  should  be  added. 

The  bulk  of  Dr.  Packard’s  types  were  accumulated  during  his  connec- 
tion with,  and  formed  part  of  the  collection  of,  the  Peabody  Academy 
of  Science  at  Salem. 

From  the  year  1880  the  Academy  was  without  the  services  of  an 
entomological  assistant,  so  that  the  collections,  u in  spite  of  what  care 
could  be  given  them,  were  rapidly  going  to  ruin,”  when,  fortunately,  in 
1885,  their  valuable  collections  of  insects  were  deposited  without  condi- 
tions in  the  museum  at  Cambridge,  where  their  preservation  is  assured. 

Dr.  Packard  has  aided  me  throughout  the  preparation  of  the  list, 
and  I am  indebted  to  Messrs.  Edwards,  Fernald,  Hulst,  Biley,  and  Smith 
for  assistance  in  determining  the  value  and  position  of  many  of  the 
Lepidoptera.  Mr.  Howard  has  rendered  a similar  service  with  some  of 
the  parasitic  Hymenoptera. 


Part  I. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  CATALOGUE. 


1. 

1861.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Entomological  report  on  the  Army-worm  and  Grain 
Aphis.  <6£/».  Ann.  Kept.  Me.  Bd.  Agric.,  1861,  pp.  130-145. 


2. 

1861.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Report  on  the  Insects  collected  on  the  Penobscot  and 
Alleguash  Rivers  during  August  and  September,  1861.  <6£/i  Ann.  Kept.  Me. 

Bd.  Agric.,  1861,  pp.  373-376. 

3. 


1862.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  How  to  observe  and  collect  Iusects.  <2 d Ann.  Kept. 

Nat.  Hist,  and  Geol.  Me.,  1862,  pp.  143-219,  figs.  Separate:  Augusta,  1863, 
pp.  79,  figs. 

4. 

1863.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  synthetic  types  in  Insects.  <^Bost.  Journ.  Nat. 

Hist.,  1863,  v.  7,  pp.  590-603,  figs. 


5. 


1864.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Note  on  Stylops  childreni.~\  <^Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil., 
1864,  v.  3,  pp.  44-45. 


6. 


1864.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Synopsis  of  the  Bomhycidw  of  the  United  States 
<P/-oc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  3,  pp.  97-130;  331-396. 


7. 

1864.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Note  on  the  family  Zygcenidce.  <^Proc.  Essex  Inst., 
1864,  v.  4,  pp.  7-47,  pi.  1-2. 

8. 

1864.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Humble-bees  of  New  England  and  their  para- 
sites; with  notices  of  a new  species  of  Antliophorabia  and  a new  genus  of 
Proctotrupidce.  <^Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  1864,  v.  4,  pp.  107-140,  pi.  3. 


8 


9. 

1864.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Report  on  the  collection  of  Insects  for  1863.  < Kept. 

Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  1864,  pp.  36-44. 


10. 

1865.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Notes  on  two  Ichneumons  parasitic  on  Sarnia  Colum- 
bia. <^Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1865,  v.  9,  pp.  345-346. 


11. 

1866.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Observations  on  the  development  and  position  of  the 
Hymenoptera  with  notes  on  the  morphology  of  Insects.  <^Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  1866,  v.  10,  pp.  279-295,  figs;  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1866,  ser. 
3,  y.  18,  pp.  82-99,  figs. 

12. 

1866.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Revision  of  the  fossorial  Hymenoptera  of  North  Amer- 
ica. <C.Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  1866,  v.  6,  pp,  39-115;  1867,  v.  6,  pp.  353-444. 


13. 

1866.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  certain  entomological  speculations— a review. 
<Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  1866,  v.  6,  pp.  209-218. 


14. 

1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Insects  and  their  allies.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1,  pp. 
73-84,  figs. 

15. 

1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Wasps  as  marriage  priests  of  plants.  <^Amer.  Nat. 
1867,  v.  1,  pp.  105-106,  fig. 

16. 

1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Insects  of  early  spring.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1, 

pp.  110-111. 

17. 


1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
162-164,  figs. 


The  Insects  of  May. 


18. 


<^Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1,  pp. 


1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
224,  figs. 


The  Insects  of  Jane. 


19. 


<^Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1,  pp.  220- 


1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
pp.  271-272. 


The  Red-legged  Grasshopper. 


20. 


<^Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1, 


1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
279,  figs. 


The  Insects  of  July. 


21. 


< Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1,  pp.  277- 


1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Dragon-fly.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1,  pp.  304-313, 
pi.  9,  figs ; Science  Gossip.  1867,  pp.  225-227. 


9 


22. 


1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
327-330,  figs. 


The  Insects  of  August. 


23. 


<^Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1,  pp. 


1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  home  of  the  Bees.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1,  pp.  364- 
378;  1868,  v.  1,  pp.  596-606,  pi.  10,  figs. 


24. 

1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  eggs  of  the  Dragon-fly.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1,  p 

391. 

25. 

1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Insects  in  September.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1,  pp.  391- 

392. 

26. 

1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Clothes-moth.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1,  pp.  423-427, 
figs. 

27. 

1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Lubbock:  Development  of  Chloeon. 
< Amer . Nat.,  1867,  v.  1,  pp.  428-431. 

28. 

1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  horned  Corydalus.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1,  pp.  436- 
437,  figs. 

29. 

1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Tiger-beetle.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1867,  v.  1,  pp.  552-554, 
figs. 

30. 


1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  View  of  the  lepidopterous  fauna  of  Labrador.  <^Proc. 
Bo3t.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1867,  v.  11,  pp.  32-63. 


31. 

1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Increasing  distribution  of  the  Canker-worm.  ] <^Proct 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1867,  v.  11,  p.  88. 

32. 

1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Materials  for  a monograph  of  the  Phalcenidce  of  North 
America.  <^Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1867,  v.  11,  pp.  102-103. 


33. 


1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
v.  5,  p.  94,  fig. 


[On  the  larva  of  Scenopinus  ?]  <^Proc.  Essex  Inst. , 1867, 


34. 


1867.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Larva  of  salt-water  Chironomus .]  <^Proc.  Essex  Inst., 
1867,  v.  5,  p.  187. 


10 


35. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Insect  fauna  of  the  summit  of  Mount  Washington 
as  compared  with  that  of  Labrador.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1868,  v.  1,  pp.  674-676. 

36. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  development  of  a Dragon-fly,  Diplax.  <^Amer, 
Nat. , 1868,  v.  1,  pp.  676-680,  figs. 


37. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
52. 

Are  Bees  inj  urious  to  fruit  ? <^Amer.  Nat.,  1868,  v.  2,  p„ 

38. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpiieus  S.  Apiphobia.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1868,  v.  2,  pp.  108-109. 

39. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Entomological  calendar  [for  April.]  <^Amer.  Nat.,. 
1868,  v.  2,  pp.  110-111,  figs. 


40. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 

Fossil  Insects.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1868,  v.  2,  p.  163,  fig. 

41. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Entomological  calendar  [for  May.]  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1868; 
v.  2,  pp.  163-165,  figs. 

42. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  parasites  of  the  Honey-bee.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1868, 
v.  2,  pp.  195-205,  pi.  4-5. 

43. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Entomological  calendar  [for  June.]  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1868, 
v.  2,  pp.  219-221,  figs. 


44. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
277-278,  figs. 

Insects  living  in  the  sea.  < Amer.  Nat.,  1868,  v.  2,  pp. 

45. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Salt-water  Insects.  <^Amer.  iVat.,1868,  v.  2,  pp.  329- 
330. 

46. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Entomological  calendar  [for  August.]  < Amer.  Nat., 
1868,  v.  2,  pp.  331-334,  figs. 

47. 


1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
433,  figs. 

[Note  on  Fire-flies.]  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1868,  v.2,  pp.  432- 

48. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
559,  figs. 

[Note  on  the  Moose-tick.  ] < Amer.  Nat.,  1868,  v.  2,  p. 

11 


49. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  embryology  of  Libellula  ( Diplax ),  with  notes  on 
the  morphology  of  Insects,  and  the  classification  of  the  Neuroptera.  <^Proc. 
Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  1868,  v.  16,  pp.  153-154. 


50. 


1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Insect  fauna  of  the  summit  of  Mount  Washington 
as  compared  with  that  of  Labrador.  <^Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Sci.,  1868,  v.  16,  pp. 
154-158. 


51, 


1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  development  of  a Dragon-fly  (Diplax.)  <^Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1868,  v.  11,  pp.  365-372,  figs. 


52. 


1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Note  on  salt-water  Insects.]  <^Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  1868,  v.  11,  pp.  387-388. 


53. 

1868.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  structure  of  the  ovipositor  and  homologous 

parts  in  the  male  insect.  < Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1868,  v.  11,  pp.  393 
399,  figs. 

54. 

1869.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Meek,  Worthen,  and  Scudder : Articulate 

fossils  from  the  coal.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1869,  v.  3,  pp.  45-46,  fig. 

55. 

1869.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Claparede:  Studien  an  Acariden.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1869,  v.  3,  pp.  490-493,  pi.  8. 


56. 


1869.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  A chapter  on  Flies.  <^Amer  Nat.,  1869,  v.  2,  pp.  586- 
596 ; 638-644,  pi.  12-13,  figs. 

57. 


1869.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Case-worms.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1869,  v.  2,  pp.  160-161,  figs. 

58. 

1869.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  A chapter  on  Mites.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1869,  v.  3,  pp.  364- 
373 ; 448,  pi.  6,  figs. 


59. 

1869.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Salt  Lake  Ephydra.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1869,  v.  3,  p.  391. 

60. 

1869.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  Insects  inhabiting  salt  water.  <Proc.  i Essex  Inst., 
1869,  v.  6,  pp.  41-51,  figs. 


61. 


1869.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  characters  of  the  lepidopterous  family  Noctuidce. 
<^Proc.  Port.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1869,  v.  1,  pp.  153-156. 


12 


62. 


1869.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Report  of  the  Curator  of  Articulata,  [Peab.  Acad. 
Sci.]  Ann.  Bept.  Trustees  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.,  1869,  pp.  52-56. 

63. 

1869.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  List  of  hymenopterous  and  lepidopterous  Insects  col- 
lected by  the  Smithsonian  expedition  to  South  America,  under  Prof.  James 
Orton.  <1  st  Ann.  Bept.  Trustees  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.,  1869,  pp.  56-69. 


G4. 


1869.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Guide  to  the  study  of  Insects,  and  a treatise  on  those 
injurious  and  beneficial  to  crops.  <^Salem,  1869,  pp.  8 + 702,  pi.  1-11,  figs. 

a.  2d  edition,  Salem,  1870. 

b.  3d  edition,  Salem,  1872. 

c.  4th  edition,  Salem,  1874. 

d.  5th  edition,  New  York,  1876. 

e.  6th  edition,  New  York,  1878. 

/.  7th  edition,  New  York,  1880. 

g.  8th  edition,  New  York,  1884,  pp.  8 + 715,  pi.  1-15,  figs. 


65. 


1869.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Record  of  American  Entomology  for  the  year  1868. 
<< Salem,  1869,  pp.  6 + 52. 


66. 


1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
1870,  y.  3,  p.  616. 


[Note  on  Epeira  riparia  and  E.  cancer.']  <^Amer.  Nat., 


67. 


1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
83-99,  pi.  1,  figs. 


Certain  parasitic  Insects.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1870,  v.  4,  pp. 

68. 


1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
225-229,  pi.  2. 


A few  words  about  Moths.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1870,  v.  4,  pp. 


69. 


1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Embryology  of  Limulus  polyphemus.  <^Amer.  Nat., 
1870,  y.  4,  pp.  498-502,  figs.  Quart.  Journ.  Micros.  Sci.,  1871,  ser.  2,  v.  11,  pp. 
263-267. 

70. 


1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
p.  576. 


[ Pieris  rupee  in  New  Jersey.]  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1870,  v.  4 


71. 


1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  borers  of  certain  shade-trees.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1870, 
v.  4,  pp.  588-594,  figs. 


72. 


1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Riley  : Second  Missouri  Report.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1870,  y.  4,  pp.  610-615,  figs. 


13 


73. 

1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  caudal  styles  of  Insects  sense  organs,  i.  e.,  ab- 
dominal antennte.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1870,  v.  4,  pp.  620-621. 


74. 

1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  A remarkable  Myriapod : [ Pauropus  Lubbockii .]  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1870,  v.  4,  p.  621. 

75. 

1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Abdominal  sense  organs  in  a Fly.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1870, 
v.  4,  pp.  690-691. 

76. 

1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [The  Currant  Saw-fly.]  <^Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  1870,  v.  2, 
pp.  93-95,  figs. 

77. 


1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  List  of  Coleoptera  collected  by  A.  S.  Packard,  jun.,  at 
Caribou  Island,  Labrador,  Straits  of  Belle  Isle.  <^Can.  Ent.,  1870,  v.  2,  p.  119. 


78. 

1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  New  or  little  known  injurious  Insects.  <[17 th  Ann.  Kept. 
Sec.  Mass.  Bd.  Agric.,  1870,  pp.  235-263,  pi.  1,  figs.  Separate  : 1870,  pp.  31, pi. 
1,  figs.  See  Amer.  Nat.,  1871,  v.  4,  pp.  684-687,  pi.  6,  figs.) 

79. 

1870.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Record  of  American  Entomology  for  the  year  1869. 

<Salem,  1870,  pp.  5 + 62. 

80. 

1871.  Packard.  Alpheus  S.  On  the  Insects  inhabiting  salt  water,  No.  2.  <^Amer. 

Journ.  Sci.,  1871,  ser  3,  v.  1,  pp.  100-110,  figs.  • Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist., 
1871,  ser.  4,  v.  7,  pp.  230-240. 


81. 


1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Morphology  and  ancestry  of  the  King  Crab.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1871,  v.  4,  pp.  754-756. 

82. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  ancestry  of  Insects.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1871,  v.  4, 
p.  756. 

83. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of  ] Ganin  : The  early  stages  of  Ichneumon 
parasites.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1871,  v.  5,  pp.  42-52,  figs. 

84. 


1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Bristle-tails  and  Spriug-tails.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1871,  v.  5, 
pp.  91-107,  pi.  1,  figs. 


85. 


1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Adair  : Annals  of  Bee  culture  for  1870. 
<^Amer.  Nat.,  1871,  v.  5,  pp.  113-115. 


14 


86. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Eaton:  Monograph  on  the  j Epliemeridce. 
<^Amer.  Nat.,  1871,  v.  5,  pp.  417-419. 

87. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Scudder  and  Burgess:  Asymmetry  in  the 
appendages  of  hexapod  Insects.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1871,  v.  5,  pp.  420-421. 


88. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  embryology  of  Chrysopa  and  its  bearings  on  the 
classification  of  the  Neuroptera.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1871,  v.  5,  pp.  564-568. 


89. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Murray:  Geographical  distribution  of 
Beetles.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1871,  v.  5,  pp.  644-646. 


90. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  McLachlan:  Position  of  the  Caddis-flies. 
<^Amer.  Nat.,  1871,  v.  5,  pp.  707-713. 


91. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  Crustaceans  and  Insects  [of  the  Mammoth  Cave.  ] 
<^Amer.  Nat.,  1871,  v.  5,  pp.  744-761,  figs.  (See  No.  115). 


92. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Fossil  Insects,  &c.,  from  Sunderland,  Mass.]  <^Bull. 
Essex  Inst.,  1871,  v.  3,  pp.  1-2. 

93. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Abdominal  appendages  in  Chrysopila  and  palpal  sacs 
in  Perla.']  <^Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  1871,  v.  3,  p.  2. 

94. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Embry ological  studies  on  Diplax,  Perithemis,  and  the 
thysanurous  genus  Isotoma.  <^Mem.  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.,  1871,  v.  1,  No.  2,  pp. 
24,  pi.  1-3,  figs. 

95. 

187L  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  embryology  of  Limulus  polyphemus.  <^Proc. 
Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  1871,  v.  19,  pp.  247-255,  figs. 


96. 

18i  1.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Catalogue  of  the  Phalcenidce  of  California.  <^Proc. 
Bust.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1871,  v.  13,  pp.  381-405. 


97. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  New  or  rare  American  Neuroptera,  Thysanura,  and 
Myriapoda.  <^Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1871,  v.  13,  pp.  405-411,  figs. 


98. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Embryology  of  Isotoma , a genus  of  Poduridw.  <^Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1871,  v.  14,  pp.  13-15,  figs. 


15 


99. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Development  of  Limulus  and  remarks  upon  the  an- 
cestry of  Insects.]  <^Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1871,  v.  14,  pp.  60-61. 

100. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  First  annual  report  on  the  injurious  and  beneficial 
Insects  of  Massachusetts.  <^L 8th  Ann.  Bept.  Sec.  Mass.  Bd.  Agric.,  1871, 
pp.  351-379,  pi.  1,  figs.  Separate  : Boston  : 1871,  pp.  31,  pi.  1,  figs.  (See 
Amer.  Nat.,  1871,  v.  5,  pp.  423-427,  figs.) 

101. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Report  on  the  Articulata  [Peab.  Acad.  Sci.].  <2 d and 
3d  Ann.  Bepts.  Trustees  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.,  1871,  pp.  62-63. 

102. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  List  of  Insects  collected  at  Pebas,  Equador,  and  pre- 
sented by  Prof.  James  Orton.  <2 d and  3d  Ann.  Bept.  Trustees  Peab.  Acad . 
Sci.,  1871,  pp.  85-87. 

103. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Record  of  American  Entomology  for  the  year  1870. 

<^Salem,  1871,  pp.  27. 

104. 

1872.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Riley:  Third  Missouri  Report.  <^Amer. 

Nat.,  1872,  v.  6,  pp.  292-295,  figs. 

105. 

1872.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Stretch : Illustrations  of  Zygcenidce  and 
Bombycidce.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1872,  v.  6,  pp.  762-764. 

106. 

1872.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Parthenogenesis  in  Bees.  <^Ann.  Bee  Cult.,  1872. 

107. 

1872.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Injurious  Insects  in  Essex  County.  <^Bull.  Essex  Inst., 
1872,  v.  4,  pp.  5-9,  figs. 

108. 

1872.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  How  many  times  does  the  larva  of  Arctia  caja  change 
its  skin  ? <^Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  1872,  v.  8,  p.  206. 

109. 

1872.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  development  of  Limulus  polgphemus.  <^Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1872,  v.  2,  pp.  155-202,  pi.  3-5,  figs. 

110. 

1872.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Embryological  studies  on  hexapodous  Insects.  <^Mem. 
Peab.  Acad.  Sci.,  1872,  v.  1,  No.  3,  p.  18,  pi.  1-3. 


16 


m. 

1872.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Second  annual  report  on  the  injurious  and  beneficial 
Insects  of  Massachusetts.  <19 tli  Ann.  Kept.  Sec.  Mass.  Bd.  Agric .,  1872,  pp. 
331-347,  figs.  Separate:  Boston:  1872,  pp.  19,  figs.  (See  Amer.  Nat.,  1873,  v. 
7,  p.  241-244,  figs.) 

112. 

1872.  Pack ird,  Alpheus  S.  New  American  Moths:  Zygoenidae and  Bombycidce.  <4f h 
Ann.  Bept.  Trustees  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.,  1872,  p.  84-91.  Separate : pp.  8. 

113. 

1872.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  List  of  the  Coleoptera  collected  in  Labrador.  <4 tk 
Ann.  Bept.  Trustees  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.,  1V72,  pp.  92-94. 

114. 

1872.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Record  of  American  Entomology  for  the  year  1871.  <4 ih 
Ann.  Bept.  Trustees  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.,  1872,  pp.  99-147. 

115. 


1872.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Mammoth  Cave  aud  its  inhabitants.  < Salem, 
1872,  pp.  62,  figs. 

(Dr.  Packard  contributes  Chapter  II,  on  the  Crustacea  and  Insecta.  Sam© 
as  No.  91,  with  short  additional  note.) 

116. 


1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
175-177. 


When  is  sex  determined  ? 

117. 


<^Amer.  Nat.,  1873,  v.  7,  pp. 


1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  distribution  of  Californian  Moths.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1873,  v.  7,  pp.  453-458. 

118. 


1873.  Packard, Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Riley:  Fifth  Missouri  Report.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1873,  v.  7,  pp.  471-477,  figs. 


119. 


1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
7,  pp.  486-487. 


Embryology  of  the  Lepidoptera.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1873,  v. 

120. 


1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Farther  observations  on  the  embryology  of  Limulus , 
with  notes  on  its  affinities.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1873,  v.  7,  pp.  675-678. 

121. 


1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
pp.  740-741,  figs. 


Discovery  of  a Tardigrade. 

122. 


<^Amer.  Nat.,  1873,  v.  7, 


1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Catalogue  of  the  Pyralidce  of  California,  with  descrip- 
tions of  new  Californian  P ter oplior idee.  <^Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.N.  F.,1873,  v. 
10,  pp.  257-267. 


17 


123. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Notes  on  some  Pyralidce  from  New  England,  with  re- 
marks on  the  Labrador  species  of  the  family.  <^Ann.  Lyc.  Nat . Hist.  N.  Y ., 
1873,  v.  10,  pp.  267-271. 

124. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Catalogue  of  the  Phalcenidce  of  California,  No.  2.  <Proc. 
Post.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1873,  v.  16,  pp.  13-40,  pi.  1. 

125. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Occurrence  of  new  and  rare  Myriapods  in  Massachu- 
setts. <^Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1873,  v.  16,  p.  111. 

126. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Report  of  the  Curator  of  Articulates  [Peab.  Acad.  Sci.] 
<5/7t  Ann.  Rept.  Trustees  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.,  1873,  pp.  15-17. 

127. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  8.  Synopsis  of  the  Thysanura  of  Essex  County,  Mass., 
with  descriptions  of  a few  extralimital  forms.  <5 th  Ann.  Rept.  Peab.  Acad. 
Sci.,  1873,  pp.  23-51. 

128. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Descriptions  of  new  American  Phalcenidce.  <^5tli  Ann. 
Rept.  Trustees  Peab.  Acad.  Sci , 1873,  pp.  52-81. 

129. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Notes  on  North  American  Moths  of  the  families  Pha- 
lcenidce and  Pyralidce  in  the  British  Museum.  <5 th  Ann.  Rept.  Trustees  Peab. 
Acad.  Sci.,  1873,  pp.  82-92. 

130. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  cave  fauna  of  Indiana.  <5 th  Ann.  Rept. 
Trustees  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.,  1873,  pp.  93-97. 

131. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Record  of  American  Entomology  for  the  year  1872.  <5 th 
Ann.  Rept.  Trustees  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.,  1873,  pp.  99-135. 

132. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Third  annual  report  on  the  injurious  and  beneficial 
effects  of  Insects.  <20 th  Ann.  Rept.  Sec.  Mass.  Bd.  Ayric.,  1873,  p.  237-265, 
figs.  (Reprinted  with  corrections  in  Amer.  Nat.,  1873,  v.  7,  p.  524-548,  figs.) 

133. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Insecta  [of  Vineyard  Sound.]  <^Rept.  TJ.  S.  Comm.  Fish 
and  Fisheries,  1873,  Pt.  1,  pp.  539-544. 

851 — Bull.  16 2 


18 


134. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Mallophaga  collected 
by  C.  H.  Merriam  while  in  the  government  geological  survey  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  Prof.  F.  V.  Hayden,  United  States  geologist.  <^Bept.  JJ.  S.  Geol. 
Surv.  for  1872, 1873,  pp.  731-734,  tigs. 

135. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Description  of  new  Insects.  <^Eept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 
for  1872, 1873,  pp.  739-741,  figs. 

136. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Insects  inhabiting  Great  Salt  Lake  and  other  saline  or 
alkaline  lakes  in  the  West.  <^Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  for  1872,  1873,  pp. 
743-746. 

137. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Directions  for  collecting  and  preserving  Insects,  pre- 
pared for  the  use  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  <^Smith.  Misc.  Coll.,  1873, 
v.  11,  pp.  3-f-55,  figs.  Separate:  Washington,  1873,  pp.  34-55,  figs. 

138. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  ancestry  of  Insects.  <^Salem,  1873. 

(Printed  in  advance  from  Our  Common  Insects.) 

139. 

1873.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Onr  Common  Insects.  A popular  account  of  the  Insects 

of  our  fields,  forests,  gardens,  and  houses.  <^Salem,  1873,  pp.  16+225,  pi.,  figs. 

140. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Morphology  of  Insects;  reply  to  criticism  of  C.  V. 

Riley.]  <Amer.  Nat.,  1874,  v.  8,  pp.  187-188]. 

141. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Occurrence  of  Telea  polyphemus  in  California.  A cor- 
rection. <^Amer.  Nat.,  1874,  v.  8,  pp.  243-244. 

142. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Nature’s  means  of  limiting  the  numbers  of  Insects. 
<^Amer.  Nat.,  1874,  v.  8,  pp.  270-282,  figs. 

143. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  discovery  of  the  origin  of  the  sting  of  the  Bee. 
<^Amer.  Nat.,  1874,  v.  8,  p.  431. 


144. 


1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  mouth-parts  of  the  Dragon-fly.  <^Amer.  Nat., 
1874,  v.  8,  p.  432. 


145. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Occurrence  of  Japyx  in  the  United  States.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1874,  v.  8,  pp.  501-502,  fig. 


19 


146. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  “hateful”  Grasshopper  in  New  England.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1874,  y.  8,  p.  502. 

147. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Grasshoppers  as  food.]  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1874,  v.  8,  p.  511. 

148. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  distribution  and  primitive  number  of  spiracles 
in  Insects.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1874,  v.  8,  pp.  531-534. 

149. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Larvae  of  Anopthalmus  and  Adelops.  <^Amer.  Nat., 
1874,  v.  8.  pp.  562-563. 

150. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  metamorphosis  of  Flies.  I— III.  <^Amer.Nat., 
1874,  v.  8,  pp.  603-612;  661-667;  713-721.  {Translated  from  A.  Weismann.) 

151. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Further  observations  on  the  embryology  of  Limulus,  with 
notes  on  its  affinities.  <^Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  1874,  v.  22,  pp.  30-32. 

152. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  transformations  of  the  common  House-fly,  with 
notes  on  allied  forms.  <^Proe.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1874,  v.  16,  pp.  136-150, 
pi.  3,  figs. 

153. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Report  of  the  Curator  oiAriiculata  [Peab.  Acad.  Sci.] 
<^dth  Ann.  Bept.  Trustees  Peab.  Acad.  Sci. , 1874,  pp.  13-14. 

154. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Descriptions  of  new  North  American  Phalcenidce.  <^6th 
Ann.  Bept.  Trustees  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.,  1874,  pp.  39-53. 

155. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Record  of  American  Eutomology  for  the  year  1873.  <6f/i 
Ann.  Bept.  Trustees  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.,  1874,  pp.  61-114. 

156. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Parasites  of  White  Mountain  Butterflies.]  <^Final 
Bept.  Geol.  N.  H.,  1874,  v.  1,  p.  347,  figs. 

157. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  Moths  of  Colo- 
rado. <^Bept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sure,  for  1873,  1874,  pp.  543-560,  figs. 

158. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Report  on  the  Myriopods  collected  by  Lieut.  W.  L. 
Carpenter  in  1873  in  Colorado.  <^Bept.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv.for  1873,  1874,  p.  607. 


20 

159. 


1875.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Proposed  monograph  of]  the  Geometrid  Moths.  <^Amer. 
Nat. , 1875,  v.  9,  pp.  64, 179-180,  figs. 

160. 

1875.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Invertebrate  cave  fauna  of  Kentucky  and  adjoin- 
ing states.  Araneina.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1875,  v.  9,  pp.  274-278. 


161. 


1875.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
p.  375. 


[Cigars  destroyed  by  Insects.  ] <^Amer.  Nat,  1875,  v.  9, 

162. 


1875.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  development  of  the  nervous  system  in  IAm- 
ulus.  <^Amer.  Nat. , 1875,  v.  9,  pp.  422-424. 


163. 

1875.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  an  uudescribed  organ  in  Limulus , supposed  to  he 
renal  in  its  nature.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1875,  v.  9.  pp.  511-514  ; Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  1875,  ser.  4,  v.  15,  pp.  255-258. 

164. 

1875.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  CaJoptenusspretus[=C.  atlanis~\  in  Massachusetts.  <^Amer 
Nat.,  1875,  v.  9,  p.  573. 

165. 

1875.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Life  histories  of  the  Crustacea  and  Insects.  <^Amer. 
Nat,  1875,  v.  9,  pp.  583-622,  figs. 


166. 

1875.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Cave-inhabiting  Spiders.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1875,  v.  9,  pp. 
663-664. 

167. 

1875.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  gynandromorphism  in  the  Lepidoptera.  < Mem. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1875,  v.  2,  pp.  409-412,  pi.  14,  in  part. 

168. 

1876.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  cave  Beetles  of  Kentucky.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1876,  v. 

10,  pp.  282-287,  pi.  2,  figs. 


169. 


1876.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
figs. 


The  House-fly. 

170. 


< Amer.  Nat.,  1876,  v.  10,  pp.  476-480, 


1876.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Riley : Eighth  Missouri  Report.  <^Amer. 
Nat,  1876,  v.  10,  pp.  485-4 8c. 


21 


171. 

1876.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  A century’s  progress  in  American  Zoology.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1876,  v.  10,  pp.  591-598.  Gervais  Journ.  de  Zool:,  1876,  v.  5,  pp.  413-423. 

172. 


1876.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Cook:  Manual  of  the  Apiary.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1876,  v.  10,  pp.  621-622. 

173. 

1876.  Packard, Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Mayer:  Ontogeny  and  phylogeny  of  In- 
sects. <^Amer.  Nat.,  1876,  v.  10,  pp.  688-691. 

174. 


1876.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
pp.  754-755. 


[The  ravages  of  Locusts.]  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1876, v.  10, 

175. 


1876-1878.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Johnson’s  New  Universal  Cyclopaedia.  <^New 
York,  1876-1878. 

Dr.  Packard  contributes : 

1.  Hymenoptera,  1876,  v.  2,  pp.  1075-1076. 

2.  Lepidoptera pp.  1733-1734. 

3.  Locust,  1877  v.  3,  p.  87. 

4.  Louse p.  129. 

5.  Neuroptera pp.  782-783. 

6.  Silk-worm,  1878  ..  .v.  4,  pp.  1662-1664. 

176. 


1876.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  A monograph  of  the  Geometrid  Moths  or  Phalamidce  of 
the  United  States.  <^Iiept.  TJ.S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Washington,  1876,  pp.  4-f607,  pi. 
1-13,  figs. 

177. 


1876.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Life  histories  of  animals,  including  man,  or  outlines 

of  comparative  embryology.  <^New  York,  1876,  pp.  243,  pi.,  figs. 

178. 

1877.  Packard.  Alpheus  S.  The  migrations  of  the  destructive  Locust  of  the  West. 

<Amer.  Nat.,  1877,  v.  11,  pp.  22-29. 

179. 

1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Explorations  of  the  Polaris  expedition  to  the  North 
Pole.  <14^r.  Nat.,  1877,  v.  11,  pp.  51-53.  Separate,  1877,  pp.  2.  (See  Ent. 
Mo.  Mag.,  1877,  v.  13,  pp.  228-229.) 

180. 

1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Partiality  of  white  Butterflies  for  white  flowers. 
<Amer.  Nat.,  1877,  v.  11,  p.  243. 


181. 

1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Experiments  on  the  sense  organs  of  Insects.  <^Amer. 
Nat. ,1877,  v.  11,  pp.  418-423. 


22 


182. 

1877.  Packard,  Alphe us  S.  [Review  of  ] Murray : Aptera.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1877,  v. 
11,  pp.  482-4 J3. 

183. 

1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  United  States  Entomological  Commission:* 

Circular  No.  1.  [Riley,  Packard,  Thomas.]  <[ Washington : 1877,  pp.  4. 

184. 

1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  United  States  Entomological  Commission  : 

Circular  No.  3.  < Washington : 1877. 

185. 

1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  United  States  Entomological  Commission  : 

Bulletin  No.  1.  [Riley,  Packard,  Thomas.]  < Washington : 1877,  pp.  12. 

186. 

1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  United  States  Entomological  Commission : 

Bulletin  No.  2.  [Riley,  Packard,  Thomas.]  < Washington:  1877,  pp.  14,  figs. 

187. 

1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  a new  cave  fauna  in  Utah.  <^Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  >’ 
and  Geogr.  Surv.,’  1877,  v.  3,  pp.  157-169,  figs. 

188. 


1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Hessian-fly,  Joint-worm,  and  Wheat-midge. 
Ent.,  1877,  y.  9,  p.  100. 


189. 


<Ca. 


1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
1877,  v.  2,  pp.  17-19. 


Experiments  upon  the  vitality  of  Insects.  < Psyche , 

190. 


1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
v.  2,  p.  23. 


Appendages  homologous  with  legs. 

191. 


<Psyche,  1877, 


1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Report  on  the  Rocky  Mountain  Locust  and  other  Insects 
now  injuring  or  likely  to  injure  field  and  garden  crops  in  the  western  states 
and  territories.  <^Bept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  for  1875,  1877,  pp.  589-810,  pis. 
62-70,  maps  1-5,  figs. 

192. 

1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  List  of  Coleoptera  collected  in  187&  in  Colorado  and 
Utah  by  A.  S.  Packard,  jr.,  M.  D.  <^Bep1.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  for  1875,  1877, 
pp.  811-815. 

193. 

1877.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Half-Hours  with  Insects.  <Boston  : 1877,  pp.  8+384, 
pi.,  figs. 

*The  publications  of  the  Commission  were  prepared  unitedly  by  Messrs.  Riley, 
Packard,  and  Thomas,  but  to  the  individual  members  were  assigned  special  work 
and  chapters  in  the  subdivision  of  the  work. 


23 


194. 

1878.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  mode  of  extrication  of  Silk-worm  Moths  from  their 
cocoons.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1878,  v.  12,  pp.  379-383,  figs;  Nature , 1878,  v.  18, 
pp.  226-227,  figs;  Ent.  Nach.,  1878,  v.  5,  pp.  284-285. 

195. 

1878.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Some  characteristics  of  the  central  zoo-geographical 
province  of  the  United  States.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1878,  v.  12,  pp.  512-517. 

196. 

1878.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Insects  affecting  the  Cranberry,  with  remarks  on  other 
injurious  Insects.  <^Bept.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  for  1876, 1878,  pp.  521-531,  figs. 

197. 

1878.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  First  annual  report  of  the  U.  S.  Entomological  Com- 
mission. < Washington , J878,  pp.  14+477+295,  pi.  1-5,  figs. 

Dr.  Packard  contributes : 

Chapter  2.  Chronological  history,  pp.  53-113. 

Chapter  5.  Permanent  breeding  grounds  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Locust, 
pp.  131-136. 

Chapter  9.  Anatomy  and  embryology,  pp.  257-279. 

Chapter  17.  Uses  to  which  Locusts  may  be  put,  pp.  437-443. 

Chapter  19.  Locust  ravages  in  other  countries,  pp.  460-477. 

Appendix  IX.  Narrative  of  the  first  journey  made  in  the  summer  of  1877, 
pp.  134-138. 

Appendix  X.  Narrative  of  a second  journey  made  in  the  summer  of 
1877,  pp.  139-144. 

With  the  co-operation  of  Mr.  Cyrus  Thomas,  Dr.  Packard  contributes : 

Chapter  6.  Geographical  distribution,  pp.  136-142. 

Chapter  7.  Migrations,  pp.  143-211. 

198. 

1878.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Insects  of  the  West : An  account  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
Locust,  the  Colorado  Potato-beetle,  the  Canker-worm,  Currant  Saw-fly,  and 
other  Insects  which  devastate  the  crops  of  the  country.  -^London,  1878. 
(A  reprint,  with  slight  changes,  paging,  &c.,  of  No.  191.) 

199. 


1879.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 

p.  62. 


[The  smallest  Insects  known.  ] <^Amer.  Nat.,  1879,  v.  13, 

200. 


1879.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
1879,  v.  13,  p.  203. 


[Fossil  Insects  at  Green  River,  Wyoming.]  <^Amer.  Nat., 

201. 


1879.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
v.  13,  p.  394. 


[Parthenogenesis  of  the  Honey-bee.]  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1879, 

202. 


1879.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  A poisonous  Centipede.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1879,  v.  13,  p. 
527. 


24 


203. 


1879.  Packard,  A.lphetjs  S. 
p.  535. 


[Cotton-worm  investigation.]  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1879,  v.  13  f 

204. 


1879.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Rocky  Mountain  Locust  in  New  Mexico. 
Nat.,  1879,  v.  13,  p.  586. 


205. 


<^Amer. 


1879.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Graber : Die  Insekten.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1879, 
v.  13,  pp.  774-775. 

206. 

1879.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Zoology  for  students  and  general  readers.  <^New 
York : 1879,  pp.  8-J-7 19,  figs. 
a.  2d  edition,  New  York,  1880. 

&.  3d  edition,  New  York,  1881. 

c.  4th  edition,  New  York,  1883. 

d.  5th  edition,  New  York,  1886. 

207. 

1879.  Packard,  Alpheus,  S.  Zoology  of  the  Invertebrate  animals.  <^New  York  : 
1879,  pp.  12+143,  figs.  (By  A.  Macalister.  Specially  revised  for  America  by 
A.  S.  Packard.) 

208. 


1880.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Moths  entrapped  by  an  Asclepiad  plant,  Phvsianthus, 
and  killed  by  Honey-bees.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1880,  v.  14,  pp.  48-50;  Nature, 
1880,  v.  21,  p.  308;  Journ.  Roy.  Micros.  Soc .,  1880,  ser  1,  v.  3,  pp.  241-242; 
Journ.  Sci.,  1880,  ser.  3,  v.  2,  p.  213;  Bot.  Gaz.,  1880,  v.  5,  pp.  17-20. 

209. 


1380.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
1880,  v.  14,  p,  53. 


The  Cotton-worm  Moth  in  Rhode  Island. 

210. 


< 'Amer.  Nat., 


1880.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Structure  of  the  eye  of  Limulus.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1880, 
v.  14,  pp.  212-213;  Ann.  and  Mag:,  Nat.  Hist.,  1880,  ser.  5,  v.  5,  pp.  434-435; 
Journ.  Roy.  Micros.  Soc.,  1880,  ser.  1,  v.3,  pp.  947-948. 

211. 


1880.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  internal  structure  of  the  brain  of  Limulus 
polyphemus.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1880,  v.14,  pp.  445-448;  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist. 
1880,  ser.  5,  v.  6,  pp.  29-33 

212. 


1880.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Case  of  protective  mimicry  in  a Moth.  <^Amer.  Nat., 
1880,  v.  14,  p.  600. 

213. 


1880.  Packard.  Alpheus  S.  The  eyes  and  brain  of  Cermatia  forceps.  <^Amer.  Nat., 
1880,  v.  14,  pp.  602-603.  Journ.  Roy.  Micros.  Soc.,  1880,  ser.  1,  v.  3,  pp.  783-784. 


25 


214. 

1880.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Wood-Mason:  Morphology  of  Insects. 
<^Amer.  Nat.,  1880,  v.  14,  pp.  665-667. 

215. 

1880.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [The  investigations  of  the  U.  S.  Entomological  Com- 
mission for  1880.]  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1880,  v.  14,  pp.  753-755. 

216. 

1880.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Eggs  of  Tree-crickets  wanted.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1880,  v. 
14,  p.  804. 

217. 

1880.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Cetonia  inda.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1880,  v.  14,  p.  806. 

218. 


1880.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  anatomy,  histology,  and  embryology  of  Limulus 
polyphemus.  <^Annis  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1880,  pp.  45,  pis.  1-7 ; Journ. 
Roy.  Micros.  Soc.,  1881,  ser.  2,  v.  1,  pp.  600-601. 

219. 


1880.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Hessian  fly,  its  ravages,  habits,  enemies,  and 
means  of  preventing  its  increase.  <^Bull.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  No.  4,  1880,  pp. 
43,  pis.  1-2,  map,  fig.  (See  Amer.  Nat.,  1880,  v,  14,  pp.  586-587  ; Amer.  Ent., 
1880,  v.  3,  pp.  118-121,  140-141,  figs.) 

220. 

1880.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  internal  structure  of  the  brain  of  Limulus poly- 
phemus. <^Zool.  Anz.,  1880,  v.  3,  pp.  306-310. 

221. 

1880.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Second  report  of  the  U.  S.  Entomological  Commission. 

< Washington , 1880,  pp.  18-{-322-f-80,  pis.  1-17,  maps,  figs. 

Dr.  Packard  contributes : 

Chapter  6.  The  southern  limits  of  the  distribution  of  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ain Locust,  pp.  156-160. 

Chapter  7.  Summer  of  Locust  flights  from  1877  to  1879,  pp.  160-163. 
Chapter  8.  The  Western  Cricket,  pp.  163-178. 

Chapter  9.  The  air-sacs  of  Locusts,  with  reference  to  their  powers  of 
flight,  pp.  178-183. 

Chapter  11.  The  brain  of  the  Locust,  pp.  223-242. 

Appendix  VII.  Notes  of  a journey  made  to  Utah  and  Idaho  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1878,  pp.  69-71. 

Appendix  VIII.  Yersin’s  researches  on  the  functions  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem of  the  Articulate  animals,  pp.  73-74. 

With  the  co-operation  of  Professor  Riley,  Dr.  Packard  contributes  : 
Chapter  1.  Additions  to  the  chronology  of  Locust  ravages,  pp.  1-14. 

222. 

1881.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Fauna  of  the  Luray  and  the  Newmarket  Caves,  Vir- 

ginia. <^Amer.  Nat.,  1881,  v.  15,  pp.  231-232. 


26 


223. 

1881.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  brain  of  the  Locust.  <^Amer.,Nat.  1881,.  v.  15,  pp. 
285-302,  pi.  1-3;  Journ.  de  Microg.,  1881,  v.  5,  pp.  448-453;  v.  6,  pp.  71-75. 

224. 


1881.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  brain  of  the  embryo  and  young  Locust.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1881,  v.  15,  pp.  372-379,  pi.  4-5. 

225. 

1881.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Locusts  in  Mexico  in  1880.  <^Amer.  Nat.  1881,  v.  15, 
p.  578. 

226. 


1881.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Scolopendrella  and  its  position  in  nature.  <^Amer.Nat., 
1881,  v.  15,  pp.  693-704,  figs. 

227. 


1881.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  fauna  of  Nickajack  Cave.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1881,  v., 
15,  pp.  877-882,  pi.  7.  (Prepared  by  Prof.  E.  D.  Cope  and  Dr.  Packard.) 


228. 


1881.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Scudder:  Butterflies. 
15,  pp.  885-887. 


229. 


<^Amer.  Nat.,  1881,  v. 


1881.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Insects  injurious  to  forest  and  shade  trees.  <^Bull. 
U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.,  No.  7,  1881,  pp.  275,  figs. 


230. 

1881.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Bibliography  of  economic  Entomology.  <^Ca.  Ent.,  1881, 
v,  13,  p.  39.  (Plan  of  proposed  work.) 

231. 

1881.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Descriptions  of  some  new  Ichneumon  parasites  of 
North  American  Butterflies.  <^Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1881,  v.  21,  pp.  18-38. 


232. 

1881.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Grasshopper  question.  <^Rocky  Mt.  Hush.,  1881. 

233. 

1882.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Thomas  : Fifth  Illinois  Report.  <^Amer. 

Nat.,  1882,  v.  16,  pp.  39-40. 

234. 

1882.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Is  Limulus  an  Arachnid  ? <^Amer.  Nat.,  1882,  v.  16,  pp. 
287-292;  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1382,  ser.  5,  v.  9,  pp.  369-374;  Journ.  Boy. 
Micros.  Soc. , 1882,  ser.  2,  v.  2,  p.  337. 

235. 

1882.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  A correction  [to  No.  234].  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1882,  v.  16, 
p.  436. 


27 

236. 


1882.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
1882,  y.  16,  p.  589. 


The  coloring  of  zoo-geographical  maps.  <^Amer.  Nat., 

237. 


1882.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Bot-fly  maggots  in  a Turtle’s  neck.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1882, 
vol.  16,  p.  598,  figs. 

238. 

1882.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Larvae  of  a Fly  in  a Hot  Spring  in  Colorado.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1882,  v.  16,  pp.  599-600. 

239. 

1882.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Nomenclature  of  external  parts  of  Arthropoda.  <^Amer. 
Nat. , 1882,  v.  16,  pp.  676-677. 

240. 

1882.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Lubbock : Ants,  bees,  and  wasps.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1882,  y.  16,  pp.  804-807. 


241. 


1882.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Probable  difference  in  two  broods  of  Drasteria  erech- 
thea.  <^Papilio,  1882,  v.  2,  pp.  147-148. 


242. 


1882.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Notes  on  lepidopterous  larvae.  <^Papilio,  1882,  v.  2, 
pp.  180-183. 


243. 


1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  systematic  position  of  the  Archipolypoda,  a group 
of  fossil  Myriopods.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1»83, v.  17, pp.  326-329, figs;  Journ.  Roy. 
Micros.  Soc.,  1883,  ser.  2,  v.  3,  pp.  365-365. 


244. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Riley : Rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  for  1881-1882. 
<Amer.  Nat.,  1883,  v.  17,  pp.  399-400,  figs. 


245. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  A pew  species  of  Polydesmus  with  eyes.  <^Amer.  Nat., 
1883,  v.  17,  pp.  428-429,  tigs. ; Journ.  Roy.  Micros.  Soc.,  1883,  ser.  2,  v.  3,  p.  367. 

246. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Discovery  of  Eurypauropus  in  Europe.  <T Amer.  Nat., 
1883,  v.  17,  p.  555. 

247. 


1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Repugnatorial  pores  in  the  Lysiopetalidcc.  Amer.  Nat., 
1883,  v.17,  p.  555. 


28 


248. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Recent  works  on  the  mouth-parts  of 
Flies.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1883,  v.  17,  pp.  631-633. 

249. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  coxal  gland  of  Arachnids  and  Crustacea.  <Amer. 
Nat. , 1883,  v.  17,  pp.  795-797. 

250. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  classification  of  the  Linnsean  orders  of  Orthop- 
ier a and  Neuroptera.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1883,  v.  17,  pp.  820-829 ; Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  1883,  ser.  5,  v.  12,  pp.  145-154;  Journ.  Boy.  Micros.  Soc.,  1884,  ser.  2,  v. 
4,  p.  220. 

251. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Note  on  a Peripaius  from  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 
<^Amer.  Nat.,  1883,  v.  17,  pp.  881-882,  figs. 

252. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  structure  and  embryology  of  Peripatus.  <^Anier. 
Nat.,  1883,  v.  17,  pp.  882-884. 

253. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  genealogy  of  the  Insects.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1883, 
v.  17,  pp.  932-945,  figs. ; Journ.  Roy.  Micros.  Soc.,  1884,  ser.  2,  v.  4,pp.  217-218; 
Journ.  de  Microg.,  1884,  v.  7,  pp.  566-571,  622-628,  figs;  Bull.  Soc.Ent.  Ital.f 
1884,  v.  16,  pp.  135-136. 

254. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Weismann : Studies  in  the  theory  of 
descent.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1883,  v.  17,  pp.  1042-1046. 

255. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Molting  in  the  shell  in  Limulus.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1883, 
v.  17,  pp.  1075-1076;  Journ.  Boy.  Micros.  Soc.,  1883,  ser.  2,  v.  3,pp.  836-837. 

256. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  number  of 'segments  in  the  head  of  winged  In- 
sects. <^Amer.  Nat.,  1883,  v.  17,  pp.  1134-1138,  figs.;  Journ.  Roy.  Micros.  Soc., 
1884,  ser.  2,  v.  4,  pp.  43-44. 

257. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Occurrence  of  a Stratiomys  larva  in  sea- water.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1883,  v.  17,  pp.  1287-1288. 


258. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Note  on  forest-tree  Insects.  <^Bull.  Div.  Eni.  TJ.  S. 
Dept.  Agric.,  No.  3,  1883,  pp.  24-30. 

259. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Scorpions.  < Independent , 1883. 


29 


260. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Decay  of  the  spruce  in  the  Adirondacks  and  northern 
New  England.  <^Nation,  1883,  v.  37,  p.  525. 

261. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  A revision  of  the  Lysiopetalidce,  a family  of  Chilognath 
Myriopoda,  with  a notice  of  the  genus  Cambala.  <^Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc., 
1883,  v.  21,  pp.  177-197 ; Journ.  Boy.  Micros.  Soc.,  1883,  ser.  2,  v.  3,  p.  832. 

262. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  morphology  of  the  Myriopoda.  <^Proc.  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.,  1883,  v.  21,  pp.  197-209,  figs.;  Journ.  Roy.  Micros.  Soc.,  1883,  ser.  2, 
v.  3,  pp.  832-833. 

263. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Report  on  the  causes  of  destruction  of  evergreen 
. forests  in  northern  New  England  aud  New  York.  <^Rept.  Dept.  Agric.  for 
1883,  [part  of  Riley's  report  as  Entomologist],  1883,  pp.  138-151,  pi.  9,  figs. 

264. 

1883.  Packard,  Axpheus  S.  Third  report  of  the  U.  3.  Entomological  Commission. 
< Washington , 1883,  pp.  l4-{-347-{-92,  pi.  1-64,  maps,  figs. 

Dr.  Packard  contributes : 

Chapter  8.  The  Hessian  fly,  pp.  198-248. 

Chapter  9.  Descriptions  of  the  larvse  of  injurious  forest  Insects,  pp.  251- 
262. 

Chapter  10.  The  embryological  development  of  the  Locust,  pp.  263-285. 
Chapter  11.  The  systematic  position  of  the  Orthoptera  in  relation  to  the 
other  orders  of  Insects,  pp.  286-345. 

Chapter  12.  Note  on  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
Locust,  illustrated  with  colored  zoo-geographical  map  of 
North  America,  pp.  346-347. 

265. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Standard  Natural  History.  <^Boston,  1883-1885. 
Dr.  Packard  contributes : 

1.  Introduction,  1885,  v.  1,  pp.  i-lxxii. 

2.  Hexapoda,  1883,  v.  2,  pp.  131-134. 

3.  Thysanura,  pp.  135-138. 

4.  Dermatoptera,  p.  139. 

5.  Pseudoneuroptera , 1883-’84,  v.  2,  pp.  140-154. 

6.  Neuroptera,  1884,  v.  2,  pp.  155-166. 

266. 

1883.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Zoology.  Briefer  Course.  <^New  York,  1883,  pp.  5+334. 

а.  2d  edition,  New  York,  1885. 

б.  3d  edition,  New  York,  1886. 

267. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  SografFs  embryology  of  the  Chilopod  Myriopods« 

<^Amer.  Nat,  1884,  v.  18,  pp.  201-202. 


30 


268. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
202-204,  figs. 

New  cave  Arachnids.  <^Amer.  Nat,  1884,  v.  18,  pp* 

269. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Meinerfc  : Caput  Scolopendrce.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1884,  v.  18,  pp.  270-272. 

270. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Egg-laying  habits  of  the  egg  parasite  of  the  Canker- 
worm.  <^Amer.  Nat  , 1884,  v.  18,  pp.  292-293. 


271. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
v.  18,  p.  293. 

Paired  sexual  outlets  in  Insects.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1884,, 

272. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
296,  figs. 

The  Larch-worm.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1884,  v.  18,  pp.  29  W 

273. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
296. 

The  Hemlock  Gelechia.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1884.  v.  18,  p. 

274. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
pp.  424-426,  figs. 

The  Spruce-bud  Tortrix.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1884,  v.  18, 

275. 

1864.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
633. 

Notes  on  Moths.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1884,  v.  18,  pp.  632- 

276. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  transformations  of  Nola.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1884,  v. 


18,  pp.  726-727. 

277. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Habits  of  an  aquatic  Pyralid  caterpillar.  <^Amer.  Nat.r 
1884,  v.  18,  pp.  824-826,  pi.  24. 

278. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Note  on  salt-water  Insects,  No.  3.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1884, 
v.  18,  pp.  826-828,  figs. 

279. 

1684.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Aspects  of  the  body  in  Vertebrates  and  Arthropods. 
<^Amer.  Nat.,  1884,  v.  18,  pp.  855-861, figs.  ; Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1884, 
ser.  5,  v.  14,  pp.  243-249,  figs.;  Journ.  Hoy.  Micros.  Soc.,  1884,  ser.  2,  v.  4, p. 


866. 

280. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Life-histories  of  some  Geometrid  Moths.  <^Amer.  Nat.t 
1884,  v.  18,  pp.  933-936. 


31 


281. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Anatomy  and  function  of  the  Bee’s  tongue.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1884,  v.  18,  p.  937. 

282. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Life-liistory  of  Lochmoeus  tessella.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1884, 
v.  18,  pp.  1044-1045. 

283. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Transformations  of  Caripeta  angastiorata.  <^A?ner.  Nat., 
1884,  y.  18,  pp.  1045-1046. 

284. 

1884,  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Mode  of  oviposition  of  the  common  Longicorn  Pine 
borer  ( Monohammus  confmor).  <CAmer.  Nat.,  1884,  v.  18,  pp.  1149-1151. 

285. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Egg-laying  habits  of  the  Maple-tree  borer.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1884,  v.  18,  pp.  1151-1152. 


286. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Palmen’s  paired  outlets  of  the  sexual  organs  of  In- 
sects. <^Amer.  Nat.,  1884,  v.  18,  pp.  1152-1153. 


287. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  nature  of  the  so-called  “ liver”  in  the  Arachnids. 
Corner.  Nat.,  1884,  v.18,  pp.  1153-1154. 

288. 

1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  systematic  position  of  the  Embidie.  <^Amer.  Nat., 
1884,  v.  18,  pp.  1154-1155. 

289. 


1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  larval  stages  of  Mamestra  picta.  <^Amer.  Nat , 
1884,  v.  18,  pp.  1266-1267. 


290. 


1884.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
1884,  v.  18,  p.  1267. 


The  Bees,  Wasps,  &c.,  of  Labrador.  <^Amer.  Nat., 

291. 


1881.  Packard,  Alpheus  8.  Origin  of  Bee’s  cells. 
1268-1269. 


292. 


<^Amer.  Nat.,  1884,  v.  18,  pp. 


1834.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  life  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  I-IV.  < Independent , 
1884. 


293. 


1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Dahl:  Structure  and  function  of  the 
legs  of  Insects.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1885,  v,  19,  pp.  178-180. 


32 


294. 

1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  number  of  abdominal  segments  in  lepidopterous 
larvae.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1885,  v.  19,  pp.  307-308 ; Journ.  Boy.  Micros.  Soc.,  1885, 
ser.  2,  v.  5,  p.  636. 

295. 

1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Riley : Rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  for  1884.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1885,  v.  19,  p.  607,  pi.  18. 

296. 

1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Smith:  Systematic  position  of  some  N.  A. 
Lepidoptera.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1885,  v.  19,  pp.  608-609. 

297. 

1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Unusual  number  of  legs  in  the  caterpillar  of  Lagoa. 
<^Amer.  ATatf. , 1885,  v.  19,  pp.  714-715,  figs.;  Journ.  Boy.  Micros.  Soc.,  1885,  ser. 
2,  v.  5,  pp.  990-991. 

298. 


1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Use  of  the  pupae  of  Moths  in  distinguishing  species. 
<AmerNat.,  1885,  v.  19,  pp.  715-716. 

299. 

1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  embryology  of  Limulus  polyphemus.  III.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1885,  v.  19,  pp.  722-727,  pi.  24  ; Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  1885,  v.  22,  pp.  268- 
272,  pi.  ; Journ.  Boy.  Micros.  Soc.,  1885,  ser.  2,  v.  5,  pp.  806-807. 

300. 


1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
893. 


Edible  Mexican  Insects. 

301. 


< Amer.  Nat.,  1885,  v.  19,  p. 


1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Dr.  Brauer’s  views  on  the  classification  of  Insects. 
<^Amer.  Nat.,  1885,  v.  19,  pp.  999-1001. 

302. 

1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Flights  of  Locusts  in  Eastern  Mexico  in  1885.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1885,  v.  19,  pp.  1105-1106. 


303. 

1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Hickson  • Eye  and  optic  tract  of  Insects. 
<Amer.  Nat.,  1885,  v.  19,  pp.  1220-1221. 

304. 

1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Spiders.  <^Bandom  Notes  on  Nat.  Hist.,  1885,  v.  2,  p. 

11. 

305. 


1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Second  report  on  the  causes  of  the  destruction  of  the 
evergreen  and  other  forest  trees  in  northern  New  England  and  New  York. 
<^Bept.  Dept.  Agric.  for  1884,  [ part  of  Bileifs  Beport  as  Entomologist,]  1885, 
pp.  374-383,  figs.  Separate : 1885,  pp.  12,  figs. 


33 


306. 

1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Brongniart:  Studies  of  carboniferous  In- 
sects. <^Amer.  Nat.,  1886,  v.  20,  pp.  68-69. 

307. 

1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Plateau:  Experiments  on  vision  of  Insects. 
<Amer.  Nat.,  1886,  v.20,  pp.  69-70. 

308. 

1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Cholodkoosky : Morphology  of  Lepidoptera. 
<^Amer.  Nat.,  1886,  v.  20.  pp.  169-170. 

309. 

1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Flights  of  Locusts  at  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico,  1885. 
<^Amer.  Nat.,  1886,  v.  28,  p.  170. 

310. 

1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of  ] Scudder : Systematische  Ubersicht  fossilen 
Insekten.  <CAmer.  Nat.,  1886,  v.  20,  pp.  369-370. 


311. 

1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  cinurous  Thysanura  and  Symphyla  of  Mexico. 
<Amer.  Nat.,  1886,  v.  20,  pp.  382-383. 

312. 

1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  On  the  nature  and  origin  of  the  so  called  “ spiral 
thread”  of  tracheae.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1886,  v.  20,  pp.  438-442,  figs. ; Journ.  Roy. 
Micros.  Soo.,  1886,  ser.  2,  v.  6,  pp.  789-790. 


313. 

1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Korotneff:  Development  of  the  Mole 
cricket.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1886,  v.  20,  pp.  460-462,  pi.  18-19. 

314. 

1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  [Review  of]  Grassi:  Development  of  the  Honey-bee. 
<^Amer.  Nat.,  1886,  v.  20,  pp.  462-464. 

315. 

1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  origin  of  the  spiral  thread  in  tracheae.  A cor- 
rection. <^Amer.  Nat.,  1886,  v.  20,  p.  558. 

316. 


1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
1886,  v.  20,  p.  651. 


Larval  form  of  Polydesmus  canadensis. 

317. 


<^Amer.  Nat. 


1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  A new  arrangement  of  the  orders  of  Insects. 
Nat.,  1886,  v.  20,  p.  808. 


318. 


<^dmer. 


1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  fluid  ejected  by  notodontian  caterpillars.  <^Amer. 
Nat.,  1886,  v.  20,  pp.  811-812. 

851— Ball.  16 3 


34 


319. 

1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  An  eversible  “ gland”  in  the  larva  of  Orgyia.  <fAmer. 
Nat.,  1886,  v.  20,  p.  814. 

320. 

1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  organ  of  smell  in  Arthropods.  <fAmer.  Nat,.,  1886, 
v.  20,  pp.  889-894 ; 973-975.  (Translated  abstract  from  K.  Kraepeliu.) 

321. 

1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Third  report  on  the  causes  of  destruction  of  the  ever- 
green and  other  forest  trees  in  northern  New  England.  <^Rept.  Dept.  Agric. 
for  1885,  [ part  of  Riley's  report  as  Entomologist,  ] 1886,  pp.  319-333,  figs. 


1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Additions  to  the  third  report  on  the  causes  of  the  de- 
struction of  the  evergreen  and  other  forest  trees  in  northern  New  England. 
<^Bull.  Div.  Ent.  U.  S.,  Dept.  Agric.,  No.  12,  1886,  pp.  17-23. 

323. 


1886.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
figs. 


First  Lessons  in  Zoology.  <New  York : 1886,  pp.  6+290, 

324. 


1887.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Cave  fauna  of  North  America,  with  remarks  on  the 
anatomy  and  origin  of  blind  forms.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1887,  v.  21,  pp.  82-83. 

325. 

1887.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Critical  remarks  on  the  literature  of  the  organs  of  smell 
in  Arthropods.  <^Amer.  Nat.,  1887,  v.  21,  pp.  182-185.  (Translated  abstract 
from  K.  Kraepeliu.) 

326. 


1887.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Hauser  on  the  organs  of  smell  in  Insects.  <( Amer . Nat., 
1887,  v.  21,  pp.  279-286,  pi.  13-15. 

327. 


1887.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Fourth  report  on  Insects  injurious  to  forest  and  shade 
trees.  <^Bull.  Div.  Ent.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,  No.  13,  1887,  pp.  21-32,  figs. 

328. 

1887.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Notes  on  certain  Psychidce,  with  descriptions  of  two  new 
Bombycidce.  <^Ent.  Amer.,  1887,  v.  3,  pp.  51-52. 

329. 

1885.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Notice  of  an  egg-parasite  upon  the  American  Tent  cat- 
erpillar, Clisiocampa  americana  Harris.  <^Pract.  Ent.,  1865,  v.  1,  pp.  14-15. 

330. 


1866.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Outlines  of  the  study  of  Insects.  <^Pract.  Ent.,  1866, 
v.  1,  pp.  74-76;  94-95;  106-107,  figs. 

331. 

1871.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Value  of  Honey-bees  in  fruit  culture.  <^JVest.  Pomolo~ 
gist,  1871,  v.  2,  pp.  133-134. 


35 


332. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
1874,  v.  39,  p.  11. 

The  structure  of  Insects.  <^Cult.  and  Count.  Centl., 

333. 

1874.  Packard,  Alpiieus  S.  Flight,  senses  and  growth  of  Insects.  <^Cult.  and 

Count.  Centl.,  1874,  v.  39,  p.  22. 

334. 

1875.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  Colorado  Potato-beetle  and  Army-worm.  The  Cur- 

rant-worm. F.  Farmer,  1875,  v.  54,  No.  35,  p.  1. 


335. 

1876.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 
p.  526. 

The  House-fly.  <^Cult.  and  Count.  Gentl.,  1876,  v.  41, 

336. 

1876.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 

The  Canker-worm.  Sci.  Farmer,  1876. 

337. 


1878.  Packard,  Alpheus  S. 

Insects  injurious  to  the  Maple.  <^Sci.  Farmer,  1878. 

338. 

1880.  Packard,  Alpheus  S.  Insects  injurious  to  the  Cranberry.  <^Trans.  Wise. 
Hort.  Soc.,  1880,  v.  10,  pp.  313-322,  figs. 

339. 


. Packard,  Alpheus  S.  The  House-fly,  I— III.  <^Youth’s  Companion. 


Part  II. 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX  OF  THE  NEW  NAMES  PROPOSED. 


The  first  number  following  the  name  refers  to  the  number  of  the  paper 
in  Part  1 5 the  second,  to  the  page  where  the  species  is  first  described. 
The  following  abbreviations  are  used  in  locating  the  types: 

A.  E.  S.  = Collection  of  the  American  Entomological  Society,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

A.  S.  P.  = Collection  of  A.  S.  Packard,  Providence,  R.  I. 

B.  S.  N.  H.=  Collection  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  Boston,  Mass. 

C.  H.  F.  =Collection  of  C.  H.  Fernald,  Amherst,  Mass. 

H.  E.=Collection  of  Henry  Edwards,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

J.  A.  L.  = Collection  of  J.  A.  Lintner,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

M.  C.  Z.  = Collection  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

N.  M.  = Collection  of  the  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 

P.  A.  S.=Collection  of  the  Peabody  Academy  of  Science,  Salem,  Mass. 

S.  H.  S.  = Collection  of  S.  H.  Scudder,  Cambridge,  Mass. 


ARACHNID  A. 

Sarcoptidce. 

Ckelyletus  semivorus,  64-665.* 
Dermaleiclius  pici-pubecentis,  64-667.* 


Gamasidce. 

Argus  americana,  135-740.  M.  C.  Z. 

Ixodidce. 

Ixodes  albipictus,  58-366;  63-65.  M.  C.  Z. 

bovis,  58-370;  63-68.  M.  C.  Z. 

chordeilis,  63-67.  M.  C.  Z. 

cookei,  63-67.  M.  C.  Z. 

leporis-palustris,  63-67.  M.  C.  Z. 

naponensis,  63-65. 

nigrolineatus,  63-66.  M.  C.  Z. 

perpunctatus,  63-68.  M.  C.  Z. 


unipunctatus,  58-370;  63-66. 

Trombidiidce. 

Trombidium  bulbipes,  132-264. 

Hydrachnidce. 

Hydrachna  tricolor,  80-108. 

Thalassaracbna,  80-107. 

verrillii,  80-107. 

Oribatidce. 

Nothrus  ovivorus,  64-664.* 

JBdellidce. 

B del  la  marina,  133-544 ; 278-828.  M.  C.  Z. 

* Types  not  preserv 


Arctiscoidece. 

Macrobiotus  americanus,  121-741.* 


JSfemastomatidce. 

Nemastoma  inops,  268-203.  M.  C.  Z . 

troglodytes,  187-160.  M.  C.Z. 

Phalangidoe. 

Phlegmacera,  268-203. 

cavicoleus,  268-203.  M.  C.  Z. 

Scotolemon  robustum,  187-164.  A.  S.  P. 

Ghernetidee. 

Chthonius  csbcus,  268-203.  M.  C.  Z. 

Obisium  cavicola,  268-202.  M.  C.  Z. 


MYRIAPODA. 

Lysiopetalidce. 

Cryptotrichus,  261-189. 

Scoterpes  copei  (Spirostrephon),  91-748.  M.  C.  Z. 
Spirostrephon.  See  Scoterpes. 

Ghordeumidce. 

Craspedosoma  ocellatus  (Polydesmus),  245-428. 
Polydesmidce. 

Polydesmus  cavicola,  187-162.  A.  S.  P. 

See  Craspedosoma. 

Pauropidce. 

Pauropus  lubbockii,  74-621 ; 97-409. 
d.  A.  S.  Packard. 


37 


38 


THYSANURA. 

Scolopendrcllidce. 

Scolopendrella  americana,  125-111. 

=immaculata,  Newp.  A.  S.  P. 


Campodeidce. 

Campodea  americana,  84-96  ; 97-409. 


= staphylinus,  "Westw. 

cookei,  91-747. 

M.  C.Z. 

mexicana,  311-383. 

Japyx  subterraneus,  145-511. 

M.  C.  Z- 

Poduridce. 

Achorutes  boletivorus,  127-30. 

M.  C.  Z. 

marmoratus,  127-30. 

M.  C.  Z. 

pratorum,  127-31. 

M.  C.  Z. 

texensis,  127-30. 

M.  C.  Z. 

Anura  gibbosa,  127-27. 

M.  C.  Z. 

De  Geeria  decemfasciata,  127-40. 

M.  C.  Z. 

flavocincta,  64&-pl.  10. 

=decemfasciata,  Pack. 

M.  C.  Z. 

griseo-olivata,  127-39. 

M.  C.  Z. 

perpulchra,  127-38. 

M.  C.  Z. 

purpurascens,  64&-pl.  10. 

M.  C.  Z. 

Isotoma  albella,  127-32. 

M.C.Z. 

belfragei,  127-33. 

M.  C.  Z. 

besselsii,  179-52. 

glauca,  127-33. 

M.  C.  Z. 

leonina,  127-32. 

M.  C.  Z. 

nivalis,  127-31. 

M.  C.  Z. 

plumbeus,  64&-pl.  10. 

M.  C.  Z. 

purpurascens,  127-34. 

M.  C.Z. 

tricolor,  127-34. 

M.  C.  Z. 

walkeri,  94-19;  98-14. 

Lepidocyrtus  albus,  127-37. 

bipunctatus,  127-37. 

M.  C.  Z. 

marmoratus,  127-36. 

metallicus,  127-36. 

M.  C.  Z. 

Orchesella  carneiceps,  127-40. 

M.  C.  Z. 

flavopicta,  127-41. 

M.  C.  Z. 

Papirius  marmoratus,  127-42. 

M.  C.  Z. 

texensis,  127-42. 

M.  C.  Z. 

Smynthurus  roseus,  127-43. 

M.C.Z. 

quadrisignatus,  127-44. 

M.  C.  Z. 

Lepismatidoe. 

Lepisma  domestica,  127-48. 

M.  C.  Z. 

mucronata,  127-49. 

M.  C.  Z. 

quadriseriata,  127-47. 

M.  C.  Z. 

spinulata,  127-48. 

M.  C.  Z. 

Machilus  brevicornis,  127-49. 

orbitalis,  127-50. 

NEUROPTERA. 

Panorpidce. 

Boreus  californicus,  97-408. 

M.C.Z.  | 

PSEUDONEUROPTERA. 

Psocidce. 

Amphientomum  hagenii,  97-405. 

ORTHOPTERA. 

Locustaridce. 

Ceuthophilus  ensiger,  227-882. 

M.C.Z. 

sloanii,  130-93. 

M.C.Z.  1 

HEMIPTERA. 

Liotheidce. 

Colpocephalum  lari,  67-96. 

Menopon  picicola,  134-731. 

Philopteridce. 

Docophorus  buteonis,  67-93. 

hamatus,  67-94. 
syrnii,  134-733. 

Goniocotes  burnettii,  67-94. 

Goniodes  mephitidis,  134-732. 

merriamanus,  134-731. 

Lipeurus  corvi,  67-95. 

elongatus,  67-95. 
gracilis,  67-95. 

Nirmus  buteonivorus,  134-733.  P.  A.  S. 

thoracicus,  67-94. 

Trichodectes  caprae,  67-96. 

Coccidce. 

Aspidiotus.  See  Mytilaspis. 

Coccus.  See  Mytilaspis. 

Lecanium  platycerii,  78-260. 

Mytilaspis  citricola  (Aspidiotus),  64o-527.* 
gloveri  (Coccus),  64-527.* 

DIPTERA. 

Hippohoscidce. 

Hippobosca.  See  Olfersia. 

Olfersia  bubonis  (Hippobosca),  64-47. 

= americana,  Leach.  M.  C.  Z. 

Ephydridce. 

Ephydra  californica,  80-103. 

gracilis,  80-105.  A.  S.  P., 

halophila,  60-46. 

Chironomidce. 

Chironomus  halophilus,  133-539. 

oceanicus,  60-42. 

Cecidomyidce. 

Diplosis  pini-rigidae,  196-527. 

LEPIDOPTERA. 

Pterophoridce. 

Lioptilus  sulphureodactylus  (Pterophorus), 
122-266.  M.  C.  Z. 

Platyptilia  cervinidacty la  (Pterophorus) 
122-266,  = ochrodactyla,  S.  V.  M.  C.  Z. 

Pterophorus  pergracilidactylus,  122-265. 

= monodactyl  us,  Linn.  M.  C.  Z. 
See  Lioptilus ; Platyptila. 

Tineidce. 

Aspidisca  saccatclla  (Lyonetia),  64-355. 

= splendorif'erella,  Clem. 
Bucculatrix  curvilineatella  (Lithocolletis), 
64-354.  =pomifoliella,  Clem, 

thuiella,  100-373. 

Coleophora  cerasivorella,  78-239. 

Depressaria  robiniella,  64-349. 

Gelechia  abietisella,  263-150;  273-296. 
caryaevorella,  321-331. 
trimaculella,  30-61. 

= continuella,  Zeller. 
Lithocolletis.  See  Bucculatrix;  Lyonetia;  Ornix. 
Lyonetia  nidificansella  (Lithocolletis),  64-354. 

See  Aspidisca. 


Based  on  Glover’s  unpublished  figures. 


39 


Tineidce — Continued. 

Microptery x pomivorella,  78-238. 

CEcophora  frigidella,  30-62. 

Ornix  geminatella  (Lithocolletis),  64-353. 
Tortricidce. 

Anchylopera.  See  Rhopobota. 

Caccecia  gossypiana  (Lozotaenia),  64-335. 

= rosaceana,  Harris, 
v-signatana  (Tortrix),  78-238. 

=argyrospila,  Walk. 
Conchylis  chalcana,  30-56,  = deutscbiana,  Zett. 
Eudemis  vitivorana  (Penthina),  64-336. 

= botrana,  Schiff.  M.  C.  Z. 
Grapbolitha.  See  Steganoptycba. 

Lozotaenia.  See  Caccecia ; Ptycholoma. 
Pandemis.  See  Pboxopteris. 

Pentbina  frigida,  30-57.  M.  C.  Z. 

fulvifrontana,  30-59. 

= septentrionana,  Curtis.  M.  C.  Z. 
murina,  30-60.  M.  C.  Z. 

tessellana,  30-58. 

= intermistana,  Clem.  M.  C.Z. 
See  Eudemis. 

Pboxopteris  leucophalerata  (Pandemis),  30-56. 

=tineana,  Hiibn.  M.  C.  Z. 
Ptycboloma  fragariana  (Lozotaenia),  64-335. 

=pcrsicana,  Fitcb.  M.  C.  Z. 
Rhopobota  vacciniana  (Anchylopera),  64-338. 

M.  C.  Z. 

Sciaphila  niveosana,  30-55.  M.  C.  Z. 

Steganoptycba  nebulosana  (Grapholitha),  30-69. 

M.  C.  Z. 

Teras  oxycoccana  (Tortrix),  64-334.  M.  C.  Z. 
vacciniivorana  (Tortrix),  78-241.* * * § 

C.  H.  F. 

Tortrix.  See  Caccecia;  Sciaphila;  Teras. 
Pyralidoe. 

Acrobasis.  See  Pbycis. 

Anerastia  roseatella  (Nephopteryx),  123-270, 


=haematica,  Zeller.  M.  C.  Z. 

Botis  borealis  (Pyrausta),  30-53.  M.  C.  Z. 

californicalis,  122-260. 
mustelinalis,  122-262.  M.  C.  Z. 

perrubralis,  122-264.  M.  C.  Z. 

profundalis,  122-261.  M.  C.  Z. 

semirubralis,  122-263.  M.  C.  Z. 

subolivalis,  122-261.  M.  C.  Z. 

syringicola,  78-250. 
unifascialis,  122-261. 

= subolivalis,  Pack.  M.  C.  Z. 

Calaclysta  metalliferalis,  122-265.t  M.  C.  Z. 

Crambus  argillaceellus,  30-54.  M.  C.  Z. 

carpenterellus,  157-548.  M.  C.  Z. 

unistriatellus,  30-54.  M.  C.  Z. 

Dakruma  grossulariae  (Pempelia),  64-331. 

=convolutella,  Hiibn.  M.  C.  Z. 

Eromena  californicalis,  122-264.  M.  C.  Z. 

Eudorea.  See  Scoparia. 

Eurycreon  occidentals  (Scopula),  122-260. 

= rantalis,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 

Myeolois  albiplagiatella,  123-269.  M.  C.  Z.  | 


Pyralidoe— Continued. 

Nephopteryx  edmandsii,  8-120.  M.  C.  Z. 

fenestrella  (Pempelia),  122-259. 

M.  C.  Z. 

latifasciatella,  123-269. 

=ovalis,  Pack.  M.  C.  Z. 
leoninella  (Pempelia),  122-259. 

M.  C.  Z. 

ovalis  (Pempelia),  123-269.  M.C.Z. 
See  Anerastia. 

Pempelia.  See  Dakruma;  Nephopteryx. 
Phycis  rubrifasciella  (Acrobasis),  123-267. 

M.  C.Z.% 

Pyrausta.  See  Botis. 

Scoparia  albisinuatella  (Eudorea?),  30-53. § 

M.  C.  Z. 

frigidella  (Eudorea?),  30-53. § 

Scopula  glacialis,  30-52.  M.  C.  Z. 

See  Eurycreon. 

Geometridce. 

Acidalia  albocostaliata,  176-336.  M.  C.  Z. 

californiata,  96-390. 

= sideraria,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 
candidaria,  128-72. 

=ordiuata,  Walk.  B.  S.  N.  H. 
granitaria,  96-390.  M.  C.  Z. 

longipennata,  128-71. 

=peralbata,  Pack.  M.  C.  Z. 
okakaria,  30-43. 

=inductata,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 
pacificaria,  96-391. 

=sideraria,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 


peralbata,  128-70.  M.  C.  Z. 

perirrorata,  128-71.  M.  C.  Z. 

productata,  176-334.  M.  C.  Z. 

punctoflmbriata,  128-70.  M.  C.  Z. 

quadrilineata,  176-345.  M.  C.  Z. 

quinquelinearia,  96-389.  M.  C.  Z. 

rotundopennata,  176-337.  M.  C.  Z. 

rubrolineata,  124-28. 


=magnetaria,  Guen.  M.C.Z. 
rubromarginata,  96-391. 

=bepaticaria,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 
subalbaria,  124-28.  M.  C.  Z. 

Anagoga  californiaria  (Ellopia),  96-384. 

=occiduaria,  Walk.  M.C.Z. 
Anaplodes,  176-392. 

pistaciaria,  176-392.  M.  C.  Z. 

Anisopteryx  autumnata,  176-400. 

=pometaria,  Harris.  M.  C.  Z. 
Annemoria,  176-375. 

unitaria  (Euneraoria),  124-30. 

M.C.Z. 

Antepione,  176-483. 

sulpburata  (Heteroloch a),  128-79. 

M.  C.  Z. 

Aplodes  approximaria,  128-73.  J.  A.L. 

brunnearia,  176-388.  M.  C.  Z. 

coniferaria,  280-933.  M.  C.  Z. 

latiaria,  128-74. 

=var.  of  mimosaria,  Guen.  J . A.  L. 


* According  to  Riley  this  is  a seasonal  dimorphic  form  of  oxycoccana ; Feruald  considers  this  = minuta 
Rob.,  and  that  oxycoccana  should  remain  distinct, 

t According  to  Professor  Fernald  this  is  not  a Calaclysta. 

| Pinipestis  abietivorella,  given  by  Grote  (Check  List,  1882,  p.  55)  as  one  of  Packard’s  species,  was 
described  by  Grote  (Bull.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  v.  4,  p.  701). 

§ Probably  varieties  of  S centuriella,  Schiff. 


40 


'Geometridoe— Continued. 

Aplodes  rubrifrontaria  (Raclieospila),  128-76. 


M.  C.  Z. 

rubrolinearia,  128-74. 

=inclusaria,  Walk.  M.  C.  Z. 
rubromarginaria,  176-389.  M.  C.  Z. 
Aspilates  lintneraria,  154-44. 

=liberaria,  Walk.  M.  C.  Z. 
pervaria,  128-62.  M.  C.  Z. 

quadrifasciaria,  128-62.  M.  C.  Z- 

Asthena  brunneifasciata,  176-325.  M.  C.  Z 
triseriata  (Corycia),  154-50. 

=albogilvaria,  Morr.  M.  C.  Z 
Azelina  behrensata,  96-386.  M.  C.  Z 

=var.  of  hubnerata,  Gnen.  M.  C.  Z. 
Baptria.  See  Odezia. 

Boarmia.  See  Cymatopbora. 

Caberodes  cervinaria,  128-81.  M.  C.  Z. 

See  Metanema 
Callizzia,  176-314. 

amorata,  176-315.  M.  C.  Z. 


Caripeta  piniaria  (Pnrennomos),  78-247. 

=angustiorata,  Walk. 
Carsia  alpinata,  128-52,  =paludata,  Thunb. 
boreata,  128-52,  =paludata,  Thunb. 


Caulostoma  occiduaria,  154-52. 
Ceratodalia,  176-322. 

M.C.Z.  j 

gueneata,  176-323. 

Chesias.  See  Eupithecia. 
Chloraspilates,  176-211. 

M.C.Z. 

bicoloraria,  176-212. 
Chlorosea,  124-31. 

N.  M.  1 

bistriaria,  176-378. 

M.C.Z. 

nevadaria,  124-31. 
perviridaria,  176-379. 

M.C.Z. 

= fasciolaria,  Guen. 

M.C.  Z. 

Choerodes  bipunctaria,  63-64. 

See  Eutrapela. 

Cidaria.  Glaucopteryx;  Hydriomena;  Ochy. 

ria;  Petrophora;  Thera. 

Cleora  nigrovenaria,  176-454.  M.  C.  Z. 

pellucidaria,  128-78. 

= semiclusaria,  Walk.  M.  C.  Z. 
piniaria  (Zerene),  78-246. 

= semiclusaria,  Walk, 
umbrosaria,  124-23.  M.  C.  Z. 

Coremia.  See  Ochyria. 

Corycia.  See  Asthena;  Eudeilinia. 
Cymatophora  californiaria  (Boarmia),  96-387. 

M.  C.  Z. 

plumosaria,  154-51.  M.  C.  Z. 
poly  gram  maria,  176-439.  M.  C.  Z. 
quinquelinearia,  154-51.  M.  C.  Z. 
Dasyfidonia,  176-233. 

Deilinia  paciflcaria,  176-307.  M.  C.  Z. 

Drepanodes  juniperaria,  100-371. 

=olyzonaria,  Walk.  M.  C.  Z. 

panamaria,  124-39.  M.  C.  Z. 

Ellopia.  See  Anagoga. 

Endropia  apiciaria,  176-502. 

=warneri  Harvey.  M.  C.  Z. 
bilinearia  (Priocycla),  78-245. 

B.  S.  N.  H. 

pilosaria,  176-501.  M.  C.  Z. 

Eois  ferrugata,  176-321.  M.  C.  Z. 


Geometridoe — Continued. 

Eois  gemmata,  176-320.  M.  C.  Z. 

occidentata  (Hyria),  124-29.  M.  C.  Z. 

Epione  mustelinaria,  63-64. 

Epirrita  12-lineata  (Larentia),  124-19. 

-=  var.  of  inclinata,  Walk.  M.  C.  Z. 
perlineata  (Larentia),  124-20. 

= incilnata,  Walk.  M.  C.  Z. 

Euacidalia,  128-69. 

floridata,  176-3 19.  M.  C.  Z. 

sericeata,  128-69.  M.  C.  Z. 

Euaspilates,  154-45. 

spinataria,  154-45.  M.  C.  Z. 

Eucrostis  zelleraria,  176-370. 

=phyliinaria,  Zell.  M.  C.  Z. 

Eudeilinia,  176-302. 

biseriata  (Corycia),  128-68. 

= herminiata,  Guen. 

Euephyra,  128-73. 

serrulata,  128-73.  M.  C.  Z. 

Eufidonia,  176-225. 

Eufitchia,  176-247. 

Eumacaria,  128-67. 

brunnearia,  128-67.  M.  C.  Z. 

Eunemoria,  124-30;  128-76,  =Annemoria,  Pack. 
See  Annemoria;  Synchlora. 

Euphanessa,  6-102.* 

Eupistheria.  See  Thamnonoma. 

Eupithecia  albicapitata,  176-48.  M.  C.  Z. 

behrensata,  176-59.  M.  C.  Z. 

cretaceata  (Larentia),  154-40. 

M.  C.Z. 

geminata,  128-58. 

= abs^  nthiata,  Linn.  M.  C.  Z. 
interruptofasciata,  128-59.  M.  C.  Z. 
longipalpata,  176-56.  M.  C.  Z. 

luteata,  30-46.  M.  C.  Z. 

nevadata,  96-395.  M.  C.  Z. 

occidentaliata  (Chesias),  96-401. 


= subapicata,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 
palpata,  128-58. 

= luteata,  Pack.  M.  C.  Z. 
ravocostaliata,  176-60.  M.  C.  Z. 
rotundopunctata,  96-395.  M.  C.  Z. 
strattonata,  128-60.  M.  C.  Z. 

zygadeniata,  176-51.  M.  C.  Z. 

See  Glaucopteryx ; Lobophora. 

Eurhinosea,  124-34,  = Petrophora,  Hiibn. 

See  Petrophora. 

Eutrapela  falcata,  124-39.  M.  C.  Z. 

furciferata,  176-559.  M.  C.  Z. 


nubilata  (Choerodes),  96-381. 

M.  C.  Z. 

Fidonia.  See  Loxofidonia. 

Glaucopteryx  aurata  (Cidaria),  30-51. 

= caesiata,  Borkh.  M.  C.  Z. 
multilineata  (Cidaria),  96-403. 

= implicata,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 
quadripuuctata  (Cidaria),  96-402. 
= magnolia ta,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 
Gnop’nos  haydenata,  176-445.  M.  C.  Z. 

Goniacidalia,  128-68. 

furciferata,  128-68.  M.  C.  Z. 

Gorytrodes  trilinearia,  124-24.  M.  C.  Z. 

Gueneria,  176-307. 


Described  as  a Bombycid;  seeEnt.  Amer.,  1885,  v.  1,  p.  167,  for  Hulst’s  reasons  for  placing  here. 


41 


Geome.tr  doe. — Continued. 

Halia.  See  Thamnonoma. 

Hemerophila  latifasciaria,  124-33.  M.  C.  Z. 
Hesperumia,  124-37 ; 128-79. 

oclireata,  124^37.  M.  C.  Z. 

sulphuraria,  128-79. 

« =ochreata,  Pack.  M.  C.  Z. 

Heterolocha  edwardsata,  96-383.  M.  C.  Z. 

See  Antepione. 

Heterophlepa  liarveiata,  176-193.  M.  C.  Z. 


Hydriomena  albifasciata  (Hypsipetes),  154-41. 

H.E.* 

californiata  (Hypsipetes),  96-396. 

M.  C.  Z. 

glaucata  (Cidaria),  124-20.  H.  E. 
nubilofasciata  (Hypsipetes)  96-398-. 

M.  C.  Z. 

quinquefasciata  (Hypsipetes) , 96- 
397.  M.  C.  Z. 

speciosata  (Hypsipetes),  124-22. 

M.  C.  Z. 

viridata  (Hypsipetes),  124-21. 

M.  C.  Z. 

Hypsipetes.  See  Hydriomena. 

Hyria.  See  Eois. 

' Larentia.  See  Epirrita ; Eupitheoia. 

Lithostege  rotundata,  154-39.  M.  C.  Z. 

triseriata,  154-39.  M.  C.  Z. 

Lobopbora  inequaliata,  176-180. 

montanata,  154-40.  M.  C.  Z. 

vernata  (Eupitbecia),  128-57. 

= limitaria,  "Walk.  M.  C.  Z. 
viridata,  128-56.  M.  C.  Z. 

Loxofidonia,  176-223. 

acidaliata(Fidonia),  154-48. 

M.  C.  Z. 

Eozogramma  atropunctata,  154-50.  M.  C.  Z. 

ferruginosaria  (Tepkrosia),  96-388. 

M.  C.  Z. 

nigroseriata  (Tepbrosia),  124-32. 

= ferruginosaria,  Pack.  M.  C.  Z. 
Lythria  rilevaria,  176-221. 

= chamaechrysaria,  Grote.  M.  C.  Z. 
snoviaria,  176-222.  M.  C.  Z. 

Macaria.  See  Pbasiane ; Semiotbisa. 
Marmopteryx,  176-259. 

mariMorata  (Tepbrina)  96-393. 

M.  C.Z. 

tessellata,  157-552.  M.  C.  Z. 
Melanippe.  See  Rheumampteryx. 

Melantbia.  See  Rheumampteryx. 

Metanema  carnaria  (Caberodes),  128-80.  M.C.  Z. 
See  Tetracis. 

Metrocampa  viridoperlata,  124-38. 

= var.  perlaria,  Guen.  H.  E. 
Nemoria  gratata,  176-373.  M.  C.  Z. 

Ochyria  californiata  (Coremia;,  96-398. 

= munitata,  Hiibn.  M.  C.  Z. 
carneata  (Phibalapteryx),  154-43, 

M.  C.  Z. 

gueneeata,  176-141.  M.  C.  Z. 

labradorensis  (Coremia),  30-46. 

=var.  of  munitata,  Hiibn.  M.  C.  Z. 
lacteata,  176-143.  M.  C.  Z. 


Geo  metridce— Cent  inued . 

Ochyria  lignicolorata  (Coremia),  154-42. 

M.  C.  Z. 

nigrofasciata  (Cidaria),  30-49. 

==  abrasaria,  H.  S.  M.  C.  Z. 
rubrosuffusata  (Cidaria),  96-402. 

M.  C.  Z. 

strigata  (Cidaria),  30-50. 

= munitata,  Hiibn.  M.  C.  Z. 
Odezia  californiata  (Baptria),  96-404.  M.  C.  Z. 
Ortbofidonia,  176-235. 

Pachynemia  psi,  128-61. 

Panagra.  See  Pbasine. 

Parapbia  piuiata,  78-246.  =subatomaria,  Guen. 
Parennomos,  78-248,  =Caripeta,  Walk. 

See  Caripeta. 

Petropbora  albolineata  (Cidaria),  128-55. 

M.  C.  Z. 

brunneata  (Cidaria),  30-47. 

= truncata,  Hiibn.  M.  C.  Z. 
disjunctaria  (Cidaria),  128-53, 

= cunigerata,  Walk, 
flavata  (Eurhinosea),  124-35. 

M.  C.  Z. 

leoninata  (Cidaria),  96-401.  M.  C.  Z. 
montanata  (Cidaria),  128-55. 

= prunata,  Linn, 
nubilata  (Cidaria),  30-48  ; 96-400. 

=var.  of  prunata,  Linn.  M.  C.  Z. 
subocbreata  (Cidaria),  96-400. 

= mancipata,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 
triangulata  (Cidaria),  128-54. 

=prunata,  Linn. 
Phasiane  atrofasciata,  176-264.  M.  C.  Z. 

excurvata,  154-47, 

= con tinuata,  Walk.  M.  C.  Z. 
flavofasciata  (Panagra),  96-394. 

=neptata,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 


irrorata,  176-273.  M.  C.  Z. 

meadiata,  154-47.  M.  C.  Z. 

nubiculata,  176-267.  M.  C.  Z. 

sinuata.  154-45.  M.  C.  Z. 

snoviata,  176-268.  M.  C.  Z. 


subminiata  (Panagra;,  124-25. 

M.  C.  Z. 

subminiata  (Macaria),  154-49. 

= snoviata,  Pack.  M.  C.  Z. 
trifasciata,  154-46. 

=var.  of  mellistrigata,  Gr.  M.  C.  Z. 
Phibalapteryx.  See  Ochyria. 

Philereme  albosignata  (Scotosia),  128-61. 

M.  C.  Z. 

californiata  (Scotosia),  96-399. 

M.  C.  Z. 

meadiata  (Scotosia),  154-41.  M.  C.  Z. 
Plagodis  keutzingaria,  176-468. 

Priocycla.  See  Endropia. 

Racheospila.  See  Aplodes. 

Rheumampteryx  bruuneicellata  (Melantbia), 
154-42.  M.C.  Z. 
kodiakata  (Melanippe), 
124-23.  = lugubrata,  Staud. 

H.E. 

Scotosia.  See  Philereme. 


All  the  species  described  by  Dr.  Packard  are  probably  varieties  of  sordidata,  Fabr. 


42 


Geometridce — Continued. 

Selidosema  californiaria,  96-394. 

=juturnaria,  Guen.  M.  CL  Z, 
Semiothisa  californiata  (Macaria),  96-392. 

M.  C.  Z. 

dislocaria,  176-282.  M.  C.  Z. 

duplicaria  (Macaria),  128-65. 

=ocellinata,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 
minorata  (Macaria),  128-66.  M.  C.  Z. 
multilineata  (Macaria),  128-65. 

M.  C.  Z. 

pallidata  (Macaria),  128-64. 

= californiata,  Pack.  M C.  Z. 
punctolineata  (Macaria),  128-64. 

M.  C.  Z. 

sexmaculata  (Macaria),  30-44. 

=granitata,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 
S-signata  (Macaria),  128-63.  M.  C.  Z. 
Sicya  crocearia,  124-36. 

= macularia,  Harris.  H.  E. 
Stenaspilates,  176-212. 

meskaria,  176-213.  N.  M. 

Stenotrachelys  permagnaria,  176-450.  N.  M. 
Syncklora  albolineata,  128-75. 

= glaucaria,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z’ 
excurvaria,  128-76.  M.  C.  Z 

gracilaria  (Euneinoria),  128-77. 

=glaucaria,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 
rubrifrontaria,  128-75.  M.  C.  Z. 

tricoloraria  (Eunemoria),  124-30. 

=liquoraria,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z. 
Tephrina.  See  Marmopteryx;  Thamnonoraa. 
Tepbrosia  californiaria,  96-388.  M.  C.  Z. 

falcataria,  124-32.  M.  C.  Z. 

See  Lozograiuma. 

Tetracis  aurantiacaria  (Metanema),  124-34. 

=cervinaria,  Pack.  M.  C.  Z 
cervinaria  (Metanema),  96-386.  M.  C.  Z# 
grotearia,  176-553.  M.  C.  Z. 

paralleliaria,  124-38.  M.  C.  Z. 

trianguliferata,  96-384.  H.  E. 

Thamnonoma  argillacearia  (Tephrina),  154-48. 
cineraria  (Halia),  96-392. 

=marcescaria,  Guen.  M.  C.  Z, 
ferruginaria  (Eupistheria),  128-78. 

= brunuearia,  Thunb.  M.  C.  Z. 
flavicaria,  176-256.  M.  C.  Z. 

guenearia,  176-252.  M.  C.  Z. 

quadrilinearia  (Halia),  124-26. 

M.  C.  Z. 

julphuraria  (Eupistheria),  128-77. 

M.  C.  Z. 

tiipunctaria  (Halia),  124-26. 


M.  C.  Z. 

Thera  contractata  (Cidaria),  128-56.  M.  C.  Z. 

Tornos  approximaria,  176-215.  M.  C.  Z. 

Zerene.  See  Cleoria. 

Noctuidce. 

Agrotis  littoralis,  30-36.  M.  C.  Z. 

okakensis,  30-38.  M.  C.  Z- 

ortoni,  63-63. =saucia,  Hiibn.  M.  C.  Z" 

umbrata,  30-37.  M.  C.  Z. 

Anarta  bicycla,  30-41. 

=melaleuca,  Thunb.  M.  C.  Z 
nigro-lunata,  30-40. 


= melanopa,  Thunb.  M.  C.  Z. 


Noctuidce — Continued. 

Heliophila  rufostrigata  (Leucania),  30-36. 

P.  A.  S- 

Leucania.  See  Heliophila. 

Palindia  geminata,  63-64.  M.  C.  Z. 

Platycerura,  6-373. 

furcilla,  6-374.  B.  S.  K.  H. 

Bombycidoe. 

Actias  azteca,  64-298. 

Adoneta  leucosigma  (Cyclopteryx),  6-346. 
Antarctia  bicolor,  63-63.  M.  C.  Z. 

punctata,  6-123.  M.  C.  Z. 

Apatelodes,  6-353. 

hyalinopuncta,  6-354. 

=angelica,  Gr.  M.  C.  Z- 
Arachnis  picta,  6-126.  M.  C.  Z. 

Arctia  pallida,  6-118. 

Attacus  amazonica,  102-85.  M.  C.  Z. 

Byssophaga  grisea  (Cisthene),  112-84. 

=nexa,  Boisd.  M.  C.  Z. 

Callarctia,  .6-114. 

ornata,  6-115. 

Callimorpha  vestalis,  6-108. 

— car.  o/Lecontei,  Boisd. 
Callochlora,  6-339,  =Parasa,  Moore. 

See  Parasa. 

Callosamia,  6-379,  =Attacus,  Linn. 

Cecrita.  See  Coelodasys ; Seirodonta. 

Cisthene.  See  Byssophaga. 

Clemensia,  6-100. 

albata,  6-101.  M.  C.  Z. 

umbrata,  112-85.* 

Clisiocampa  californica,  6-387. 

Coelodasys,  6-363. 

biguttata,  6-365.  B.  S.  N.  H. 

cinereofrons,  6-366. 

= var.  of  biguttata,  Pack. 

B.  S.  X.  H. 


edmandsii,  6-364. 
harrisii,  6-365. 
mustelina  (Cecrita  ?),  6-359. 

B.  S.  N.  H. 


Crambidia,  6-99. 

pallida,  6-99.  B.  S.  N.  H. 

Cyclopteryx,  6-344,  = Adoneta,  Clem. 

See  Adoneta. 

Cyrtosia,  6-342,  = Packardia,  G.  & R. 

See  Packardia. 

Dasylophia,  6-362. 

interna,  6-363.  B.  S.  N.  H. 

Drepana.  See  Platypteryx. 

Dryopteris  irrorata,  6-377.  P.  A.  S. 

Ecpantheria  permaculata  (Leucarctia),  112-86. 

=reducta,  Gr.  M.  C.  Z. 
Edapteryx,  6-375,  =Prionia,  Hiibn. 

See  Prionia. 

Euchronia,  6-382,  =Hemileuca,  "Walk. 


Euclea  bifida,  6-338.  P.  A.  S. 

ferrnginea,  6-338.  M.  C.  Z. 

monitor,  6-337. 

=querceti,  H.  S.  B.  S.  N.  E. 
Euleucophaeus,  112-88. 

tricolor,  112-89.  H.  E. 

Gastropacha  californica,  112-91.  M.  C.  Z. 

ferruginea,  6-386. 

Gloveria,  112-89. 


* Type  lost  in  the  mail. — Hy.  Edwards. 


43 


Bombycidce— Continued. 

Gloveria  arizonensis,  112-90. 

Gluphisia  trilineata,  6-355.  B.  S.  IST.  H. 

Halisidota  agassizii,  6-128. 

— maculata,  Harris.  M.  C.  Z. 
argentata,  6-129.  M.  C.  Z. 

edwardsii,  6-129.  M.  C.  Z. 

pustulata,  63-63.  M.  C.  Z. 

Hemileucadiana,  157-557.  =juno,  Pack.  M.  C.  Z. 

juno,  112-87.  M.  C.Z. 

Hepialus  argentata  (Sthenopis),  6-392. 

=argenteomaculatus,  Harris. 

B.  S.  X.  H. 

labradoriensis,  6-394.  M.  C.  Z. 

mustelinus,  6-393.  B.  S.  IT.  H. 

purpurascens  (Stbenopis),  4-598 ; 6-392. 
= argenteomaculatus,  Harris. 
Heterocampa  cinerea  (Lochmaeus),  6-372. 

P.  A.  S. 

marina  (Locbmaeus),  6-373. 
obliqua,  6-368.  P.  A.  S. 

olivata  (Locbmaeus),  6-371. 

= biundata,  Walk.  P.  A.  S. 
tessella  (Locbmaeus),  6-370. 

=marthesia,  Cram.  A.  S.  P. 

trouvelotii,  6-369. 
unicolor  (Locbmaeus),  6-373. 

P.  A.  fc. 

Heterogenea  shurtleffi,  6-346.  B.  S.  1ST.  H. 

Ianassa  virgata  (Xylinodes),  6-367. 

= lignicolor,  W alk.  P.  A.  S. 
Icbtbyura  indentata,  6-352.  B.  S.  X.  H. 

inversa,  6-352.  M.  C.  Z. 

Isa,  6-347. 

Lagoa  crispata,  6-335.  B.  S.  X.  H. 

Leucarctia,  6-124. 

californica,  6-125. 

= acraea,  Drury.  M.  C.  Z. 
dee  Ecpantberia. 

Limacodes  biguttata,  6-341.  B.  S.  X.  H. 

y-inversa,  6-341.  M.  C.  Z.  ! 

Litbacodes,  6-345,  —Limacodes,  Latr. 

Litbacodia  graefii,  328-52.  A . S.  P. 

Litbosia  argillacea,  6-98. 

= bicolor,  Grote.  B.  S.  X.  H. 
rubropicta,  328-52.  A.  S.  P. 

Locbmaeus.  See  Heterocampa. 

Lopbodonta,  6-357. 

ferruginea,  6-357.  B.  S.  X.  H.  , 

Xadata  doubledayi,  6-356. 

Xemeopbila  modesta  (Platarctia),  6-113.  M.  C.  Z. 
scudderi  (Platarctia),  6-113. 

P.  A.  S.  I 

Oedemasia,  6-359. 

badia,  6-361. 

= nitida,  Pack.  B.S.X.H. 
nitida,  6-360. 

Orgyia  definita,  6-332. 

—var.  o/leucosigma.  A.  & S.  | 


Bombycidce — Continued. 

Packardia  albipuncta  (Cyrtosia),  6-344. 

elegans  (Cyrtosia),  6-342.  B.  S.  X.  H. 
fusca  (Cyrtosia),  6-343. 
geminata  (Cyrtosia),  6-343. 

Parasa  vernata  (Callocblora),  6-339. 

=cbloris,  H.  S.  M.  C.  Z 

Parorgyia,  6-332. 

basiflava,  6-333.  B.  S.  X.  H 

Pheosia  rimosa,  6-358. 

Pbobetron  nigricans  (Thyridopteryx),  6-350. 
Platarctia,  6-109. 

See  Xemeopbila. 

Platceciticus,  64-291 . 

gloveri,  64-291.*  M.C.Z. 

Platypteryx  siculifer  (Drepana),  112-87. 

Prionia  bilineata  (Edapteryx),  6-376. 

Psycbe  carbonaria,  328-51. 

Pyrrbarctia,  6-120. 

californica,  6-121. 

=var.  o/isabella,  A.  & S.  M.C.Z. 
Seirarctia,  6-119. 

clio,  6-120. 

Seirodonta  bilineata  (Cecrita),  6-359.  B.  S.  X.  H. 
Spilosoma  vestalis,  6-125.  M.  C.  Z. 

Stbenopsi3,  6-390,  = Hepialus,  Eabr. 

See  Hepialus. 

Thyridopteryx.  See  Pbobetron. 

Tortricidia,  6-347. 

testacea,  6-348.  B.  S.  X.  H. 

Xylinodes,  6-366,  = Ianassa,  Walk. 

See  Ianassa. 

Zygcenidce.  t 

Acoloitbus  sanbornii  (Harrisina),  7-32. 

= falsarius,  Clem.  B.  S.  X.  H. 


Anatolmis,  7-45. 

grotei,  7-47. 

t Glaucopis  tricolor,  63-62.  M.  C.  Z. 

Harrisina,  7-31.  See  Acoloithus. 

Lycomorpha  miuiata,  112-84.  M.  C.  Z. 

palmeri,  112-84.  M.  C.  Z. 

Pbryganidia,  6-348.  % 

californica,  6-349.  M.  C.  Z. 


HYMEXOPTERA. 

Chctlcididce. 

An  tbopborabia  megacbilis,  8-134. 

Copidosoma  turni  (Encyrtus),  231-32.  S.  H.  S. 
Derostenus  antiopae  (Entedon),  231-36. 

B-  S.  X.  H. 

Encyrtus  montinus,  156-347.  See  Copidosoma. 
Entedon.  See  Derostenus. 

Eulopbus.  See  Tetrasticbus. 

Tetrasticbus  sauudersii  (Eulopbus),  231-34. 

S.  H.  S. 

semideae  (Eulopbus),  156-347. 

S.  H.  S. 

theclae  (Eulopbus),  231-34.  S.  H.  S. 
Tricbogramma  minutissimum,  231-37. 


* Described  from  Glover’s  figures.  See  328-51. 

t According  to  Smith  (Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  v.12)  none  of  the  genera  mentioned  except  Glaucopis, 
belong  to  tbe  Zygcenidce.  It  is  more  convenient  however,  to  catalogue  them  here. 

} Originally  described  as  a Psychid.  Stretch  (111.  Zyg.  & Bomby.,  p.  90)  places  near  Procris  and 
Ctenucha  “chiefly  because  unable  to  assign  it  a more  satisfactory,  position.”  Later,  Packard  ac- 
cepted Stretch’s  view.  Butler  (Papilio,  v.  1,  p.  131)  contends  that  the  larva  and  pupa  show  no  affinity 
to  Zygcenidce  or  Psyclddce ; that  tbe  structure  of  the  imago  scarcely  differs  from  Hyrmina  of  tbe  Dio- 
ptidce.  Grote  in  bis  check-list  (1882)  follows  Butler.  Mr.  J.  B.  Smith  writes  me  that  tbe  genus  is 
an  abberentone  and  is  “more  Lithosid  than  anything  else.” 


44 


Proctotrypidce. 

Pteratomus,  8-137. 

putnami,  8-138. 

Braconidce. 

Apanteles  atalantas  (Microgaster),  231-27. 

= congregatus,  Say.  S.  H.  S. 

carduicola  (Microgaster),  231-27. 

=frutuosus,  Cress.  S.  H.  S. 

lunatus  (Microgaster),  231-28. 
nephoptericis  (Microgaster),  8-122. 
pieridis  (Microgaster),  231-26. 
=pieridivora,  Riley,  a var.  of  con 
gregatus,  Say. 

Microgaster  carinata,  231-25. 

= var.  of  gelechiae,  Riley.  S.  H.  S. 
liallii,  179-52. 

See  Apanteles. 


Ichneumonidce. 

Campoplex  pieridicola,  231-20.  S.  H.  S. 

Cryptus  samise,  10-345.  M.  C.  Z. 

smitkii,  10-346.  M.  C.  Z. 

Ichneumon  bunterae,  231-22. 

=rufiventris  Brull6.  S.  H.  S. 

tkarotis,  231-24. 

=instabilis  Cress. 

Opkion  tityri,  231-19. 

=bilineatus  Say.  B.  S.  N.  H. 


Scoliadce. 

Scoiia  bisignata,  63-61. 

Pompilidce. 

Pepsis  purpuripes,  63-61. 
quitonensis,  63-61. 
vinipennis,  63-61. 

Pompilus  vinicolor,  63-62. 

Bembecidce. 

Monedula,  10-maculata,  63-60. 

Nyssonidce. 

Gorytes  atricornis,  12-428. 

canaliculatus,  12-428. 
denticulatus,  12-430. 
epliippiatus,  12-426. 
flavicornis,  12-429. 
moneduloides,  12-431. 
nebulosus,  1 2-424. 
rufo-luteus,  12-425. 
rugosus,  12-427. 

Mellinus  bimaculatus,  12-419. 

Nysson  laterale,  12-440. 

Oxybelus  mucronatus,  12-436. 

Trypoxylon  rubro-cinctum,  12-416. 

tridentatum,  12-417. 

Crabronidce. 

Anacrabro,  12-67. 

ocellatus,  12-68. 

Blepbaripus  harrisii,  12-376. 

minimus,  12-377. 

Cerceris  occipitomaculata,  12-62. 

Crabro  brunneipes,  12-102. 
corrugatus,  12-107. 
cristatus,  12-101. 
cubiceps,  12-105. 
denticulatus,  12-97. 
effosus,  12-104. 
gracilissimus,  12-78. 
oblongus,  12-88. 


P.  A.  S. 


P.  A.  S. 
P.  A.  S. 
M.  C.  Z. 
P.  A.  S. 

P.  A.  S. 

B.  S.  N.  H. 
A.  E.  S. 
A.  E.  S. 
A.  E.  S. 
A.E.  S. 
A.  E.  S. 
A.  E.  S. 
A.  E.  S. 
P.  A.  S. 
B.  S.  N.  H. 
A.  E.  S. 
A.  E.  S. 
A.  E.  S. 
P.  A.S. 


A.  E.  S. 
B.  S.  N.  H. 
B.  S.  N.  H. 


A.  E.  S. 
A.  E.  S. 
A.  E.  S. 
A.  E.  S. 
A.  E.  S. 


A.E.S. 


Crabronidce — Continued. 


Crabro  parvulus,  12-108. 

A.E.  S. 

paucimaculatus,  12-90. 

A.  E.  S. 

pauper,  12-95. 

A.  E.  S. 

producticollis,  12-76. 

A.  E.  S. 

quadrangularis,  12-85. 

A.  E.  S. 

14-maculatus,  12-87. 

A.  E.  S. 

rufifemur,  12-81. 

A.  E.  S. 

septentrionalis,  12-110. 

P.  A.  S. 

stirpicola,  12-111. 

A.  E.  S. 

tenuiglossa,  12-98. 

trapezoideus,  12-89. 

A.  E.  S. 

villosifrons,  12-84. 

A.  E.  S. 

Diodontus  americanus,  12-393. 

P.  A.  S. 

Mimesa  basirufa,  12-406. 

B.  S.  N.  H. 

cingulata,  12-410. 

r.  A.  S. 

cressonii,  12-405. 

A.  E.  S. 

denticulata,  12-406. 

A.  E.  S. 

monC  sola,  12-407. 

B.  S.  N.  H. 

pauper,  12-409. 

A.  E.  S. 

Psen  cbalcifrons,  12-401. 

A.  E.  S. 

elongatus,  12-400. 

A.  E.  S. 

fuscipes,  12-402. 

B.  S.  N.  H. 

niger,  12-399. 

A.  E.  S. 

Rbopalum  pedicellatum,  12-380. 

A.  E.  S. 

ruflgaster,  12-382. 

A.  E.  S. 

Stigmus  americanus,  12-386. 

A.E.  S. 

Thyreopus  argus,  12-359. 

P.  A.  S. 

cingulatus,  12-366. 

A.  E.  S. 

coloradensis,  12-356. 

A.  E.  S. 

cribrellifer,  12-358. 

A.  E.  S. 

discifer,  12-363. 

A.  E.  S. 

monticolor,  12-367. 

B.  S.  N.  H. 

pegasus,  12-362. 

B.  S.  N.  H. 

signifer,  12-361. 

P.  A.  S. 

tumidus,  12-364. 

A.  E.  S. 

vernaiis,  12-369. 

A.  E.  S. 

Vespidce. 

Montezumia  andeus,  63-60. 

P.  A.  S. 

Andrenidce. 

Augochlora  fuscipes,  63-60. 

P.  A.  S. 

nigro-aenea,  63-59. 

P.  A.  S. 

Halictus  rimosiceps,  63-60. 

P.  A.  S. 

Apidce. 

Antbidium  pictifrons,  63-59. 

P.  A.  S. 

Antbopbora  conica,  63-58. 

P.  A.  S. 

pilifrons,  63-58. 

P.  A.  S. 

Centris  braccata,  63-57. 

P.  A.  S. 

4-maculata,  63-57. 

P.  A.  So 

Euglossa  bombiformis,  63-57. 

P.  A.  S. 

Osmia  lignivora,  23-376 ; 64-139. 

P.  A.  S, 

Trigona  mellicolor,  63-56. 

P.  A.  S. 

GROUP  NAMES. 

Cinura,  64e-iii. 

Elytropbora,  264-294. 

Euglossata,  264-294. 

Eurbynchota,  264-294. 

Heterometabola,  64-iii. 

Mecaptera,  317-808. 

Pbyloptera,  264-287. 

Platyptera,  264-292. 

Plectoptera,  317-808. 

Synaptera,  264-294 

INDEX. 


Abdominal  antennae 73 

appendages 83 

segments  in  lepidopterous  lar- 
vae, number  of 294 

sense  organs 75 

Adelops,  larva 149 

Adirondacks,  decay  of  spruce  in 260 

Alleguask  River,  insects  collected  on 2 

Anabrus.  (See  Western  cricket.) 

Ancestry  of  Insects 82,  99, 1§8 

Limulus 81 

Anopthalmus,  larva 149 

Antennae,  abdominal 73 

Aphis,  grain 1 

Apiphobia 38 

Appendages,  abdominal 93 

homologous,  with  legs 190 

April  Insects 16,  39 

Aquatic  py ralid  larva 277 

Arachnid,  is  Limulus  an 234, 235 

Aracbnida,  coxal  glands 249 

liver 287 

new  cave 268 

Araneina  of  Kentucky  caves 160 

Archipolypoda,  position 243 

Arctia  caja,  number  of  larval  moults 108 

Army-worm 1,334 

Arthropods,  aspect  of  body 279 

nomenclature  of  external 

parts 239 

smell 320,  325 

Arrangement  of  the  orders  of  insects 317 

Articulates  (Peab.  Acad.  Sci.)  Reports.. 62, 101, 

126, 153 

Yersin  on  nervous  system  of..  221 

August  Insects 22,  46 

Bees,  discovery  of  the  origin  of  sting  of 143 

home  of 23 

inj  urious  to  fruit,  are 37 

Labrador 290 

of  New  England,  Humble 8 

origin  of  cells  of 291 

Parthenogenesis  of 106 

of  Honey 201 

tongue,  anatomy,  and  function  of 281 

Beetles  of  Kentucky  caves 168 

Bibliography  of  economic  entomology 230 

Blind  forms,  anatomy  and  origin 324 

Body  of  Arthropods,  aspect 279 

Bombyciuae,  new 112,  328 

synopsis  United  States 6 

Borers  of  shade  trees 71  I 


1 Bot-fly  maggots  in  turtle 237 

Brauer’s  classification  of  insects 301 

Bristle-tails 84 

British  Museum,  N.  Am.  Plialaenidae  and 

Pyralidie  in 129 

Butterflies,  ichneumon  parasites  of 231 

parasites  of  White  Mountain  ..  156 

partiality  for  white  flowers  of 

white 180 

California  Moths,  distribution 117 

Pliakenidae 96, 124 

Pterophoridae 122 

Pyralkke 122 

Telea  polyphemus  in 141 

Caloptenus  spretus  in  Massachusetts 164 

( See  Rocky  Mountain  Locust.) 

Cambala,  notice  of  genus 261 

Canker-worm 198,  336 

increasing  distribution  of  . . . 31 

egg-laying  habit  of  egg-para- 
site of 270 

Caribou  Island,  Coleoptera 77 

Caripeta  angustivorata,  transformations...  283 

Caso-worms 57 

Cave,  Aracbnida 268 

Araneina  of  Kentucky 160 

Beetles  168 

fauna  of  Indiana 130 

Luray 222 

Mammoth 91,115 

Newmarket 222 

Nickajack 227 

North  America 324 

Utah 187 

spiders 166 

Centipede,  poisonous 202 

Century’s  progress  in  American  Zoology. . . 171 

Cermatia  forceps,  brain  and  eyes 213 

Cetonia  inda 217 

Chilopods,  Sogratf  on  embryology  of 267 

Chironomus,  salt-water 34 

Chrysopa,  embryology 88 

Chrysopila,  abdominal  appendages 93 

Cigars  destroyed  by  Insects 161 

Cinurous  Thysanura  of  Mexico 311 

Classification  of  Insects,  Brauer’s 301 

Neuroptera 49,  88,  250 

Orthoptera 250 

Clisiocampa,  egg-parasite  of 329 

Clothes  moth 26 

Cocoons,  method  of  escape  of  Silkworm 
Moths 194 


45 


46 


Holeoptera,  Caribou  Island 77 

Colorado 192 

Labrador 77, 113 

Utah 192 

Collecting  Insects,  directions  for 3, 137 

Colorado  Coleoptera 192 

Motbs,  distribution 157 

larva  of  fly  in  Hot  Spring  in 238 

Myriapods 158 

Potato-beetle 198,  334 

Common  Insects 139 

Corydalus,  horned 28 

Cotton  Moth  in  Rhode  Island 209 

worm  investigation 203 

Coxal  glands  of  Arachnida 249 

Cranberry  Insects 196,  338 

Cricket,  eggs  of  Tree 216 

Western 221 

Currant  Saw-fly 76, 198 

C urrant  worm 334 

Dermatoptera 265 

Diplax,  development 36, 49,  51 

embryology 94 

Dragcn-fly . 21 

development 36, 49,  51 

eggs 24 

mouth  parts 144 

Drast  eria  erechthea,  difference  in  two  broods.  241 

Early  spring  Insects 16 

Economic  entomology,  bibliography 230 

Edible  Mexican  Insects 300 

Egg-laying  habits  of  egg  parasite  of  Canker- 

worm  270 

Maple-tree  borer 285 

Egg-parasite  of  Clisiocampa 329 

Embidae,  systematic  position 288 

Entomological  calendars,  April 16,  39 

August 22,46 

early  spring 16 

July 20 

June 18,43 

May 17,41 

September 25 

Commission  Bulletins 185, 186 

Circulars 183, 184 

investigationsof  215 
Reports.. .197,  221,  264 

records 65,  79, 103, 114, 131, 155 

Epeira  cancer 66 

riparia 66 

Epbydra,  salt-water 59 

Essex  County,  injurious  Insects 107 

Thysanura 127 

Europe,  Eurypauropus  in 246 

Eurypauropus  in  Europe 246 

Evergreen  forests,  destruction  of.  .263,  305,  321, 322 

Fireflies 47 

Elies,  chapter  on 56 

metamorphosis  of 150 

Flight  of  Insects 333 

Flowers,  partiality  of  white  butterflies  for 

white 180 

Fly,  abdominal  sense  organs  of 75 

house 169,335,339 

in  hot  spring  in  Colorado,  larvae  of 238 


Fly,  transformations  of  House 152 

Food,  Grasshoppers  as 147 

Forest  trees,  Insects  injurious  to..  229, 258, 260, 263, 
264,  305,  321,  322,  327 

larvae  injurious  to 264 

Fossil  Insects 40 

from  Green  River 200 

Sunderland,  Mass 92 

Fossorial  Hymenoptera,  H.  Am.  revision. . . 12 

Fruit,  are  Bees  injurious  to 37 

Fruit  culture,  value  of  Honey-bees  in 331 

Gelechia,  Hemlock 273 

Geometridae.  See  Phalaenidae. 

Grain  Aphis 1 

Grasshopper,  hateful  in  Massachusetts 164 

Hew  England 146 

question  232 

Red-legged 19 

Grasshoppers  as  food 147 

Green  River,  fossil  Insects  from 200 

Growth  of  Insects 333 

Guide  to  the  study  of  Insects 64 

Gynandromorphism  in  Lepidoptera 167 

Half  hours  with  Insects 193 

Hauser  on  smell  of  Insects 325 

Head  of  winged  Insects,  number  of  segments 

in 256 

Hemlock  Gelechia 273 

Hessian-fly 188,  219,  264 

Hexapoda 265 

Hexapodous  Insects,  embryology  of 110 

Home  of  the  Bees 23 

Honey-bee,  Moths  killed  by 208 

parasites 42 

parthenogenesis  of 201 

Honey-bees  in  fruit  culture,  value  of 331 

Horned  Corydalus 28 

Hot  spring  in  Colorado,  larva  of  Fly  from. . . 238 

House-fly 169, 335,  339 

transformations  of 152 

Humble-bees  of  Hew  England 8 

Hymenoptera 175 

development  and  position  of.  11 

fossorial. 12 

South  American  (Orton  ex- 
pedition)   63 

Ichneumons,  parasitic,  on  Horth  American 

Butterflies 231 

Samia  Columbia.  10 

Indiana,  cave  fauna  of  130 

Injurious  insects.. 78, 100, 107,  111,  132, 196, 198,  229, 
258, 260, 263, 264,  305, 321, 322, 
327, 337,  338 

Essex  County 107 

forest  and  shade  trees..  229,  258, 
260,  263,  264,  305,  321,  322,  327 

Massachusetts 100,  111,  132 

Insects,  Alleguash  River 2 

ancestry  of 82,  99, 138 

April 16,39 

August 22,46 

Brauer’s  classification  of 301 

cigars  destroyed  by 161 

common 139 

Cranberry 196, 338 


47 


Insects,  description  of  new 135 

directions  for  collecting 3, 137 

distribution  and  number  of  spira- 
cles  148 

early  spring 16 

edible  Mexican 300 

embryology  of  hexapodous 110 

flight  of 333 

forest-tree  . . . 229,  258,  260,  263,  264, 305,  321, 

322, 327 

fossil 40,92,200 

genealogy  of 253 

growth  of 333 

guide  to  the  study  of 64 

Half  Hours  with 193 

Hauser  on  smell  of 325 

injurious... 78,  100,  107,  111,  132,  196,  198, 

229,  258,  260,  263,  264,  305,  321, 

322,  327,  337,  338 

July 20 

■June 18,  43 

Labrador  and  Mount  Washington, 

compared 35,  50 

life  histories  of 165, 177,  280,  282 

Mammoth  Cave 91,115 

Maple 337 

May 17,41 

morphology  of 11,140 

Mount  Washington  and  Labrador 

compared 35,50 

nature’s  means  of  limiting  the  num- 
bers of 142 

now  arrangement  of  orders  of 317 

number  of  segments  in  head  of 

winged 256 

outlines  of  the  study  of 330 

paired  sexual  outlets  in 271 

Palmen’s  paired  sexual  outlets  in . . 286 

parasitic 67 

Pebas,  Equador 102 

Penobscot 2 

Polaris  Expedition 179 

Salt  Lake 137 

salt-water 44, 45,  52,  60,  80, 136,  278 

sense  organs  of 181 

senses  of 333 

September 25 

smallest  known 199 

smell  in 326 

structure  of 332 

synthetic 4 

and  their  allies 14 

Vineyard  Sound 133 

vitality  of 189 

of  the  West 191, 198 

Invertebrates,  zoology  of 207 

Isotoma,  embryology  of 94 

Japyx  in  the  United  States 145 

Joint  worm 188 

July  Insects 20 

June  Insects 18,43 

Kentucky  caves  Araneina 160 

Beetles 168 

Labrador  Bees 290 

Coleoptera 77, 113 


Labrador  Insects  compared  with  Mount 


Washington 35,50 

Lepidoptera 30 

Pyralidae 123 

Wasps 290 

Lagoa,  unusual  number  of  legs  in  larva  of. . 297 

Larch  worm 272 

Larvse  injurious  to  forest  trees 264 

Legs,  appendages  homologous  with 190 

Lepidoptera 175 

embryology  119 

gynandromorphism 167 

Labrador 30 

notes  on  larvae 242 

number  of  segments  in  larvae  of.  294 

South  American  (Orton  Expe- 
dition)   63 

Life  histories  of  Insects 165, 177, 280,  282 

Limulus,  anatomy 218 

ancestry 81 

an  Arachnid 234,  235 

brain,  internal  structure 211,  220 

development 99, 109 

embryology 69,  95, 120, 151,  218, 299 

eye 210 

histology 218 

molting  of  shell 255 

morphology 81 

nervous  system,  development ....  162 

renal  organs  (supposed) 163 

Liver  in  Arachnida 287 

Lochmaeus  tessella,  life  history 282 

Locust 175 

ravages 197 

Bed-legged 19 

Bocky  Mountain,  air  sacs 221 

anatomy 197 

brain 221,  222 

of  embryo  and  young 223 

breeding  grounds  (permanent).  197 

chronological  history  197,  221 

distribution  (southern  limits)..  221 

embryology 197,  264 

flights,  1877-79 221 

in  East  Mexico  in  1885. . 302 

Mexico  in  1880 225 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexi- 
co, in  1885  309 

geographical  distribution 197,  264 

in  Mexico 225 

migrations 178, 197 

narratives  of  journeys  in  relation 

to 197,  221 

in  New  Mexico 204 

question 232 

ravages 174 

report  on 191, 197, 198 

uses  of 197 

Louse 175 

Luray  Cave,  fauna 222 

Lysiopetalidae,  repugnatorial  glands 247 

revision 261 

Mallophaga,  new 134 

Mamestra  picta,  larval  stages 289 

Mammoth  Cave  Insects 91, 115 


48 


Maple,  Insects  injurious  to 337 

Maple-tree  borer,  egg-laying  habits 285 

Maps,  coloring  of  zoo  geographical 236,  264 

Massachusetts,  Caloptenus  spretus  in 164 

injurious  Insects 100, 111,132 

Myriapoda 125 

May  Insects 17,  41 

Mexican  Insects,  edible 300 

Mexico,  flights  of  Locusts  in  1880  in 225 

1885  in 302 

at  San  Luis  Potosi, 

1885  in 309 

Symphyla 311 

Thysanura  (cinurous) 311 

Mimicry  in  a Moth 212 

Mites,  chapter  on 58 

Monohammus  confusor,  oviposition 284 

Moose-tick 48 

Moths,  characters  of  the  pupae  of 298 

distribution  of  California 117 

Colorado 157 

entrapped  by  A sclepiad  plant 208 

a few  words  about 68 

killed  by  Honey-bees 208 

notes  on 275 

protective  mimicry  in 212 

Mount  Washington  and  Labrador,  Insect 

fauna  compared 35,50 

Museum  Comparative  Zoology,  report  on 

Insects  of 9 

Myriapoda,  Colorado 158 

Massachusetts 125 

morphology  of 262 

new  or  rare 97 

a remarkable 74 

Sograff’s  embryology  of  Chilo- 

pod 267 

Nature’s  means  of  limiting  the  number  of 

Insects 142 

Nervous  system  of  Articulates,  Yersin  on. . 221 

Neuroptera 175,  265 

classification 49,88,250 

new  or  rare 97 

New  England,  decay  of  spruce  in 260 

destruction  of  evergreen  for- 
ests in 263,  305,  321,  322 

hateful  Grasshopper  in 146 

Humble-bees  of 8 

Pyralidae  of 123 

New  Jersey,  Pieris  rapae  in 70 

Newmarket  Cave,  fauna 222 

New  Mexico,  Rocky  Mountain  Locust  in. ..  204 

New  York,  destruction  of  evergreen  forests 

in 263,  305 

Nickajack  Cave,  fauna 227 

Noctuidae,  characters  of 61 

North  Pole,  Insects  of  Polaris  expedition  to.  179 

Notodont  caterpillars,  fluid  of 318 

Observe  Insects,  how  to 3 

Orders  of  Insects,  new  arrangement  of 317 

Orgyia,  eversible  gland  in  larva  of 319 

Orthoptera,  classification  of 250 

systematic  position  of 264 

Orton  Expedition  to  South  America,  Hymen- 
optera  and  Lepidoptera  of 63 


Oviposition  of  Monohammus  confusor 284 

Ovipositor,  structure  of 53 

Paired  sexual  outlets  in  Insects 271,  286 

Palmen’s  paired  sexual  outlets  in  Insects . . . 286 

Palpal  sac  in  Perla 93 

Panama,  Peripatus  from 251 

Parasite  of  Canker-worm,  egg-laying  habits 

of  egg 270 

Parasites  of  Honey-bee 42 

Humble-bees  of  New  England.  8 
North  American  Butterflies, 

Ichneumon  . . . 231 

Sarnia  Columbia,  Ichneumon. . . 10 

White  Mountain  Butterflies. . . 156 

Parasitic  Insects 67 

Parthenogenesis  in  Bees 106 

Honey-bee 201 

Peabody  Academy  of  Science,  report  on  Ar- 
ticulates   62, 101, 126, 153 

Pebas,  Equador,  Insects 102 

Penobscot  Insects 2 

Peripatus  from  Panama 251 

structure  and  embryology  of 252 

Perithemis,  embryology  of 94 

Perla,  palpal  sac  in 93 

Phalaenidte,  California 96, 104 

life  histories  of 280 

North  American,  in  British  Mu- 
seum   129 

monograph  ..  176 

new 128, 154 

Pieris  rapm  in  New  Jersey 70 

Pine-borer,  oviposition  of 282 

Plants,  Wasps  as  marriage  priests 15 

Poisonous  C entipede 202 

Polaris  expedition,  Insects  of 179 

Polydesmus  canadensis,  larval  form  of 316 

with  eyes 245 

Potato-beetle,  Colorado 198,  334 

Pseudoneuroptera 265 

Pay chidse,  notes  on 3 *8 

Pterophoridae,  California . 122 

Pupae  of  Moths  in  determining  species 298 

Pyralidae,  aquatic  larva 277 

California 122 

Labrador 123 

New  England 123 

North  American,  in  British  Mu- 
seum   129 

Records  of  American  entomology  ..65,  79, 103, 114, 

131, 155 

Red-legged  Grasshopper 19 

Reports  Articulata.  . (Peab.  Acad.  Sci.)  ..62, 101, 

126, 153 

Insects.  (Mns.  Comp.  Zool.) 9 

Repugnatorial  pores  in  Lysiopetalidae 247 

Reviews : 

Adair : Annals  of  Bee  culture 85 

Brongniart:  Carboniferous  Insects 306 

Cbolodkoosky : Morphology  of  Lepi- 
doptera   308 

Claparede:  tudien  Acarinen 55 

Cook : Manual  Apiary 172 

Dahl : Structure  and  function  of  the 
legs  of  Insects 293 


49 


Reviews — C onti  nued . 

Eaton  : Monograph,  of  Ephemeridae 

Ganin  : Early  stages  of  Ichneumons  . . . 

Graber : Die  Insekten 

Grassi:  Developmentof  the  Honey-bee. 
Hickson : Eye  and  optic  tract  of  Insects 
Kortneff:  Developmentof  Mole  cricket. 

Lubbock : Ants,  Bees,  and  W asps 

Development  of  Chlceon 

McLachlan  : Position  of  Caddis-flies... 
Mayer:  Ontogeny  and  phylogeny  of  In- 
sects   

Meek,  "Worthen,  and  Scudder  : Articu- 
late fossils  from  the  coal 

Meinert : Caput  Scolopendrae 

Murray:  Aptera 

Geographical  distribution  of 

Beetles 

Plateau:  Vision  of  Insects 

Recent  works  on  the  mouth  parts  of  Flies 

Riley  : Second  Missouri  Report 

Third  Missouri  Report 

Fifth  Missouri  Report 

Eighth  Missouri  Report 

Report  United  States  Entomolo- 
gist, 1881 -’82 

1884 

Scudder:  Butterflies 

Systematische  Ubersicht  fos- 

silen  Insekten 

and  Burgess:  Assymetry  in 

Hexapoda 

Smith : Position  of  certain  X orth  Ameri- 
can Lepidoptera 

Stretch  : Illustrations  of  Zygaenidae  and 

Bombycidae 

Thomas : Fifth  Illinois  Report 

IValsh  : Entomological  speculations  . . . 
Weismann:  Studies  in  the  theory  of 

descent  

W ood-Mason : Morphology  of  Insects . . 

Rhode  Island,  Cotton- worm  moth  in 

Salt  LakeEphydra 

fauna 

Insects 

Salt  water  Chironomns 

Insects 44, 45,  52,  60,  80, 136, 

larva  of  Stratiomys  in 

Sarnia  Columbia,  Ichneumon  parasites  of 

San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico,  flights  of  Locusts 

at 

Saw-fly,  Currant - 76, 

Scenopinus,  larva 

Scolopendrella,  position 

Scorpions 

Segments  in  head  of  winged  Insects,  num- 
ber of 

lepidopterous  larvae,  number 

of 

Sense  organs,  abdominal 

of  Insects,  experiments  on . . . 
Senses  of  Insects 

861— Bull.  16 4 


September  Insects - 25 

Sex  determined,  when  is 116 

Sexual  outlets  in  Insects,  paired 271 

Palmen’s  paired  . 286 

Shade-trees,  borers  of 71 

Insects  injurious  to 229,  326 

Silk-worm 175 

Moths  from  cocoons,  method  of 

escape  of 194 

Smallest  known  Insects 199 

Smell  in  Arthropoda 320,  325 

Insects 326 

Sograff’s  embryology  of  Chilopods 267 

South  America,  Hymenoptera  and  Lepidop- 
tera from 63 

Spiders 304 

cave 166 

Spiracles,  distribution  and  number  of 148 

Spiral  thread  of  tracheae 312,  315 

Spring  tails 84 

Spruce  bud  Tortrix 274 

decay  of 260 

Sting  of  Bee,  discovery  of  the  origin  of 143 

Stratiomys  in  salt  water,  larva  of 257 

Sty  lops  childreni  5 

Sunderland,  Mass.,  fossil  Insects  from 92 

Symphyla  of  Mexico 311 

Synthetic  types  of  Insects 4 

Tardigrade,  discovery  of 121 

Telea  polyphemus  in  California 141 

Thysanura 265 

Essex  County 127 

Mexico,  Cinurous 311 

new  or  rare 97 

Tiger  beetle 29 

Tongue  of  Bee 281 

Tortrix,  spruce  bud 274 

Tracheae,  spiral  thread 312,  315 

Tree  cricket,  eggs  of 216 

Turtle,  bot-fly  larvae  from 237 

Utah,  cave  fauna 187 

Coleoptera 192 

Vineyard  Sound  Insects 133 

Vitality  of  Insects 189 

Washington  (Mount)  Insects  compared 

with  Labrador 35,  50 

Wasps,  Labrador 290 

as  marriage  priests  of  plants 15 

West,  Insects  of  the 191, 198 

Western  Cricket 221 

Wheat  midge 188 

White  Butterflies’  partiality  to  white  flowers  180 
Mountain  Butterflies,  parasites  of  . . 156 

Yersin  on  function  of  the  nervous  system  of 

Articulates 221 

Zoology 206 

briefer  course 266 

century’s  progress  in  American  . . . 171 

first  lessons 323 

of  invertebrates 207 

Zygaenidae,  new 112 

notes 7 


86 

83 

215 

314 

303 

313 

24 

27 

90 

173 

54 

269 

182 

89 

307 

248 

72 

104 

118 

170 

244 

295 

228 

310 

87 

296 

105 

233 

13 

254 

214  j 

209 

59 

292 

137 

34 

,278 

257 

10 

309 

198 

33 

226 

259 

256 

294 

75 

181 

333 

o 


* 


( 


1 


\ 


' 


\ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS, 


Page. 

Letter  of  submittal 3 

Introductory 5 

Reasons  for  publishing  at  present  time,  5 — Acknowledgments  of  assist- 
ance, 5. 

Past  history 5 

The  Chinch  Bug  a southern  rather  than  a northern  insect,  5— Its  early  ap- 
pearances, 6 — First  scientific  description,  6 — The  name  “ Mormon  louse,” 

6 — First  recorded  appearance  in  Missouri,  Iowa,  Indiana,  and  Wiscon- 
sin, 6 — Damage  in  1864  and  1868,  6 — Estimates  of  loss  in  1871,  6 — The 
great  injury  in  1874,  6 — First  accurate  account  of  early  stages,  7— In- 
terest in  1881,  7 — Its  first  injurious  appearance  in  New  York,  7 — Damage 
done  in  1887,  7 — Table  of  losses  by  States  and  crops,  8 — Counties  report- 
ing loss,  9. 

Geographical  distribution . 9 

In  New  York  and  New  England,  10— In  Canada,  10— In  the  Southern  States, 

10 — The  States  most  injured,  10 — In  Cuba,  10 — In  California,  11 — In 
Mexico,  12. 

Food  plants  . . . 12 

The  cultivated  grains,  12 — Wild  grasses,  12 — Rice,  13 — Probability  of  a 
food-plant  outside  of  the  Graminese,  13. 

Stages  of  growth — Descriptive 13 

The  egg,  13 — Larval  stages,  13 — Pupa,  14 — Imago,  14 — Original  descrip- 
tion quoted,  14 — Le  Baron’s  description,  15 — Fitch’s  varieties,  15 — Riley’s 
variety  melanosus,  15 — A new  variety,  15. 

Number  of  broods  and  hibernation 15 

Early  misconceptions,  15 — First  accurate  statement,  15 — Number  of  broods 
south,  16 — Hibernation,  16— Influence  of  severe  cold,  17 — Odor  renders 
hibernating  places  easily  found,  17 — Osage  hedges  in  the  West,  17. 

Habits 18 

Flight,  18 — Oviposit.ioD,  18 — Young  larvae,  19 — Rate  of  growth,  19 — Migra- 
tions, 19 — Their  habits  on  corn,  20 — Preparation  for  hibernation,  20 — Er- 
roneous statement  as  to  oviposition,  21 — Exceptional  habits,  21. 

Natural  enemies  and  diseases 21 

No  true  insect  parasites,  21 — A possible  hair-worm  parasite,  21 — The  lady- 
bird enemies,  22 — The  lace-winged  fly,  22 — True  bugs  which  prey  upon 
it,  22 — Testimony  against  the  efficacy  of  lady-birds,  23 — Vertebrate  ene- 
mies, 23 — Birds,  24 — Quail  laws,  24— Diseases,  25 — Dr.  Shimer’s  account 
of  the  1865  epidemic,  26 — Professor  Forbes’  investigations,  27 — Professor 
Riley’s  comments,  28. 

Wet  weather  and  the  Chinch  Bug 28 

Wet  weather  inimical,  28 — Professor  Forbes’  experiments,  29 — Comments, 

29— Wet  weather  and  disease,  29 — Dr.  Thomas’s  theory,  30 — Professor 
Riley’s  comments,  31 — An  anonymous  prediction,  31 — Table  of  tempera- 
ture and  rain-fall  in  North  Carolina,  32 — Records  of  precipitation  for  1885, 

1886,  and  1887,  in  Chinch  Bug  States,  32. 

1 


II 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Paga 

Remedies  and  preventives 33 

Early  recommendations,  33 — Preventives , 33 — Clean  cultivation,  33 — Diver- 
sified farming,  33 — Rotation  of  crops,  34 — Early  sowing  and  manuring, 

34 — Rolling,  34— Sowing  an  unattractive  crop  witli  wheat,  35 — Direct 
ivinter  remedies,  35 — Burning,  35 — Fall  plowing  and  harrowing,  35 — Gas 
lime,  35 — Trapping,  36 — Trampling,  '36— Direct  summer  remedies  before  mi- 
gration, 36 — Irrigation,  36 — Burning,  37 — Prevention  of  migration — direct 
remedies  during  and  after  migration,  38 — Ditching,  38 — Tarred  boards  or 
tar  alone,  38 — Sowing  .strips  of  plants  distasteful  to  the  bugs  around  the 
fields  to  be  protected,  39 — Sowing  strips  of  favored  food  around  the  fields 
to  be  protected,  39 — Hot  water  and  soap-suds,  39 — Kerosene  emulsion, 

39 — Professor  Forbes’  experiments,  39 — The  Hubbard  formula,  40 — Major 


Tucker’s  experiment,  40 — Professor  Atkinson’s  experiments,  40 — Pro- 
fessor Osborn’s  experiments,  41 — Mr.  Warren’s  experiment,  42. 

Bogus  Chinch  bugs 42 

The  False  Chinch  Bug,  42 — The  Insidious  Flower-bug,  43 — The  Ash-gray 
Leaf-bug,  43 — The  Flea-like  Negro-bug,  43 — The  Striped  Flea-beetle,  43. 
Bibliographical  list 44 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agricultur 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington , D.  (7.,  January  3,  1888. 

Sir  : I have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication  Bulletin  No.  17  from 
this  Division,  being  a paper  upon  the  Chinch  Bug  prepared  by  my  first 
assistant,  Mr.  L.  O.  Howard,  for  the  forthcoming  Annual  Report. 
There  are  several  important,  or  what  the  late  Dr.  LeBaron  called  u first 
class,”  injurious  insects,  like  the  Chinch  Bug,  which  I have  so  far  not 
cared  to  treat  of  in  the  publications  of  the  Division,  because  in  past 
years,  while  State  Entomologist  of  Missouri,  I had  occasion  to  publish 
pretty  fully  upon  them  and  because  there  is  little  opportunity  to  make 
further  investigations  or  experiments  upon  them  in  the  vicinity  of 
Washington.  I have,  however,  endeavored  to  keep  a record  of  every- 
thing published  in  reference  to  them  and  of  the  advance  in  our  knowl- 
edge of  improved  means  of  controlling  them.  On  account  of  the  great 
interest  felt  just  now  in  the  Ch  inch  Bug  and  the  prospect  of  injury  from 
it  the  coming  summer  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  from  the  fact  that 
the  principal  work  to  be  done  in  preventing  such  injury  is  winter  work, 
I have  decided,  with  your  approval,  to  issue  this  paper  in  advance  as  a 
bulletin,  in  order  to  supply  the  constant  demand  for  information  upon 
the  insect  at  the  present  time.  It  may  be  looked  upon  as  an  emer- 
gency bulletin  published  because  of  the  probable  delay  in  the  appear- 
ance of  the  more  bulky  annual  report  beyond  the  time  when  the  inform 
ation  will  be  useful  for  the  coming  season. 

Respectfully, 

C.  V.  Riley, 

j Entomologist . 

Hon.  Norman  J.  Colman, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 

(Blissus  leucopterus , Say.) 


Order  Hemiptera  ; family  Lyg^eidhs. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

The  present  treatment  of  the  Chinch  Bug  offers  li.ttle  scope  for  any- 
thing new  or  original.  It  is  an  extremely  destructive  species  which  has 
been  exhaustively  treated  by  former  writers  and  which,  after  several 
years  of  comparative  scarcity,  has  again  become  very  injurious,  so  much 
so  as  to  occasion  the  loss  of  millions  of  dollars  during  the  past  sea- 
son and  to  call  forth  the  greatest  variety  of  comment  from  the  press  of 
the  country,  agricultural  or  otherwise.  In  this  emergency  it  happens 
that  there  are  no  public  documents  for  distribution  and  even  no  books 
which  can  be  purchased  which  treat  of  the  life  history  of  and  remedies 
for  this  pest.  The  State  reports  of  Eiley  and  LeBaron  are  out  of  print; 
the  small  edition  of  Bulletin  5 of  the  U.  S.  Entomological  Commission, 
by  Dr.  Thomas,  was  long  since  exhausted  ; and  the  recent  bulletin  and 
circular  by  Forbes  treat  almost  solely  of  remedies. 

It  becomes  necessary,  therefore,  to  bring  out  once  more  a complete 
review  of  the  subject.  Previous  writings,  particularly  those  of  Eiley, 
are  freely  used,  and  in  many  instances  the  well-known  Missouri  reports 
of  my  chief  are  quoted  at  length. 

Observations  by  Prof.  Herbert  Osborn,  F.  M.  Webster,  W.  B.  Alwood, 
and  Miss  Mary  Murtfeldt,  Agents  of  the  Division,  are  acknowledged  as 
they  are  used.  Indebtedness  to  Prof.  G.  F.  Atkinson,  of  Chapel  Hill, 
N.  C.,  for  observations  made  in  his  vicinity,  is  here  acknowledged.  The 
note  books  of  the  Division  of  Entomology  and  the  extensive  records  for 
many  years  collected  by  Professor  Eiley  have  been  at  my  disposal. 

PAST  HISTORY. 

It  has  been  quite  generally  accepted  that  the  Chinch  Bug  is,  compar- 
atively speaking,  a Southern  rather  than  a Northern  insect,  and  in  so 
far  as  the  matter  of  destructive  appearances  goes,  this  idea  is  well  up. 
held  by  its  past  history.  In  our  section  upon  geographical  distribu- 
tion, however,  we  have  shown  that  the  species  is  by  no  means  confined 
to  the  more  Southern  States,  but  that  it  is  often  found  north  of  the 

5 


6 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


boundary  line,  in  Canada.  It  was  first  noticed,  so  far  as  we  can  find, 
in  North  Carolina,  at  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  where,  as  has 
been  so  often  stated,  it  was  mistaken  for  the  Hessian  fly,  which  at  that 
time  was  attracting  considerable  notice  on  Long  Island  and  there- 
abouts. 

Dr.  Fitch,  in  his  second  report,  gives  with  some  little  detail  an  account 
of  its  early  appearances,  from  which  we  may  simply  state  that  after 
this  first  notice  the  insect  did  considerable  damage  for  several  years  in 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Virginia.  After  a short  series  of 
seasons  it  was  again  destructive  in  North  Carolina  in  1809,  so  that  in 
Orange  County  the  cultivation  of  wheat  was  abandoned  for  two  years. 

In  1839,  in  the  same  States,  great  damage  was  done  to  corn  and 
wheat,  and  in  1840  an  increase  in  number  occurred,  and  the  wholesale 
destruction  of  the  crops  was  only  prevented  by  an  exceedingly  wet 
season. 

The  first  scientific  description  of  this  species  was  given  by  Say  in 
1831,  in  a pamphlet,  now  very  scarce,  published  at  New  Harmony,  Ind., 
entitled  “Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Heteropterous  Hemiptera,” 
from  a single  specimen  collected  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Virginia,  and 
it  was  probably  at  that  time  rare  in  Indiana,  where  Say  resided,  at  New 
Harmony. 

It  attracted  much  attention  in  1840  in  Illinois  when  it  occurred  in 
numbers  in  Hancock  County,  where  it  was  supposed  to  have  been  in- 
troduced by  the  Mormons,  and  was  called  in  consequence  the  u Mormon 
louse.” 

According  to  Professor  Riley,  the  first  recorded  appearance  of  the 
insect  in  Missouri  was  in  1839.  It  was  again  noticed  in  1844,  and  has 
been  destructive  at  intervals  ever  since.  In  Iowa  its  first  recorded  ap- 
pearance is  in  1847,  in  Indiana  in  1854,  and  in  Wisconsin  in  1855. 

Eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-four  was  a year  marked  by  damage  in 
these  Western  States.  In  1868,  a season  of  great  drought,  much  damage 
was  done  by  the  bugs  in  Missouri. 

In  1871  great  damage  was  done  in  Illinois,  southern  Iowa,  in  parts 
of  Indiana,  in  Nebraska,  in  southern  Missouri,  and  Kansas.  It  was 
estimated  by  Dr.  LeBaron  in  his  second  Illinois  report  that  the  loss 
to  the  wheat,  oat,  and  barley  crops  during  this  year  amounted  to 
$10,500,000  in  Illinois  alone,  and  in  the  other  six  States  mentioned,  in- 
cluding Indiana,  the  total  loss  was  upwards  of  $30,000,000. 

In  1874  they  occurred  again  in  Missouri  and  the  adjoining  States  in 
exceptional  abundance.  It  was  during  this  season  that  Professor  Riley 
sent  out  circulars  to  all  parts  of  Missouri  and  at  the  close  of  which  he 
wrote  the  extended  article  which  was  published  in  his  Seventh  Report 
on  the  Insects  of  Missouri. 

He  estimated  that  the  total  loss  to  the  group  of  States  of  which 
eastern  Kansas  forms  a center  was  double  that  of  1871.  Very  care- 
ful estimates  by  counties  gave  an  aggregate  loss  of  $19,000,000  for 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


7 


Missouri  alone,  including  only  the  three  staple  crops  of  Wheat,  Corn, 
and  Oats.  He  mentions  several  facts  which  tend  to  show  that  this  esti- 
mate is  low  rather  than  high.  In  this  report  Professor  Riley  also  gave 
the  first  accurate  and  extended  descriptions  of  the  adolescent  stages, 
including  the  egg,  and  noticed  the  differences  between  the  number  of 
joints  in  the  tarsi  in  the  young  and  the  adult. 

From  1874  to  1881  there  were  no  serious  irruptions  of  this  pest,  but 
in  this  year  it  attracted  considerable  notice  and  did  a great  deal  of  dam- 
age in  some  Western  States.  Much  newspaper  literature  concern- 
ing the  insect  was  published  during  this  year,  much  of  which  was 
excited  by  Thomas’s  paper  upon  the  u Relation  of  Meteorological  Condi- 
tions to  Insect  Development  and  Particularly  to  the  Chinch  Bug.”  It 
was  during  this  year  also  that  the  u Chinch  Bug  convention”  was  held 
at  Windsor,  Kans.,  and  it  was  decided  to  exclude  Wheat  from  cultiva- 
tion as  a means  of  extirpating  the  pest. 

In  1882  the  work  of  the  bug  upon  timothy  grass  was  discovered  in 
Saint  Lawrence  County,  N.  Y.,  for  the  first  time  in  its  history.  It  in- 
creased and  spread  in  1883,  exciting  great  alarm,  and  occasioned  several 
articles  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Lintner,  who  also  issued  a circular  on  reme- 
dies and  anticipating  further  damage. 

Professor  Riley  in  Science  (Yol.  II,  p.  620)  and  in  his  Report  for  1884 
stated  that  there  was  little  cause  for  alarm  in  New  York,  and  indeed  no 
particular  damage  has  since  been  recorded.  In  1885  some  damage  was 
done  in  parts  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  and  in  1886  still  more.  Bulletin 
No.  13  of  the  Di  vision  of  Entomology  contains  reports  of  considerable 
damage  in  the  spring  of  1886  from  Kansas,  Indiana,  Ohio,  and  Ne- 
braska and  more  especially  in  southern  Illinois.. 

During  the  past  year  (1887)  the  injury  was  marked  in  these  States 
and  also  in  some  parts  of  Missouri,  but  the  interesting  point  in  the  his- 
tory of  this  season  has  been  the  occurrence  of  the  insect  in  immense 
numbers  in  portions  of  Virginia  and  North  and  South  Carolina  for  the 
first  time  in  many  years.  As  a thorough  review  of  the  localities  and 
damage  this  season  is  desirable,  a statement  has  been  drawn  up  at  my 
request  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Dodge,  the  statistician  of  this  Department,  which 
is  submitted  herewith. 

Mr.  Dodge  reports  as  follows : 

In  accordance  with  your  request,  I take  pleasure  in  comniuuicating  the  results  of 
inquiries  made  relative  to  the  geographical  distribution  of  Chinch  Bugs  during  the 
past  season,  and  to  the  extent  of  their  destruction  of  growing  crops. 

I find  indications  of  their  presence  throughout  the  southern  and  western  States, 
but  no  material  injuries  to  crops  are  reported  except  in  States  bordering  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  and  the  Lower  Missouri.  Kansas,  part  of  Nebraska,  Missouri,  Iowa, 
Illinois,  southern  Wisconsin,  and  eastern  Minnesota  include  practically  the  field  of 
their  serious  operations. 

They  attacked  wheat  and  rye  first,  then  barley  and  oats,  and  afterward  corn,  grass, 
millet,  sorghum,  and  broom-corn.  As  corn,  wheat,  and  oats  are  the  principal  tilled 
crops  of  this  area,  they  represent  the  principal  part  of  the  damage. 


8 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


In  many  places  the  fields  were  cleared,  and  small  grain  areas  were  ploughed  up. 
The  pest  came  in  some  cases  to  districts  that  had  never  before  been  ravaged ; in  mauy 
others  the  scourge  was  claimed  to  be  more  sweeping  than  ever  before. 

The  insect  was  present  in  injurious  numbers  in  nearly  every  county  in  Kansas. 
Correspondents  in  Leavenworth,  in  the  extreme  east,  and  Hamilton,  on  the  Colorado 
border,  gave  the  only  negative  replies.  The  worst  damage  was  done  iu  this  State. 

The  infliction  was  general  in  Missouri,  except  in  a belt  in  the  central  part  of  the 
State,  not  very  regular  nor  wholly  untouched,  trending  northeasterly,  and  connecting 
with  a similar  belt  in  Illinois. 

Further  north,  no  portion  of  Iowa  was  exempt,  except  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
State,  in  proximity  to  areas  of  exemption  from  central  Minnesota  westwardly  through 
Dakota,  and  near  to  a similar  area  iu  northern  Nebraska.  In  eastern  Minnesota  and 
southern  Wisconsin,  however,  the  scourge  was  general  and  severe.  In  Illinois  com- 
parative exemption  was  enjoyed  in  a central  belt  running  in  a northeasterly  direction 
from  Christian  to  Champaign,  and  from  Adams  to  Bureau,  fifteen  to  twenty  counties, 
in  which  correspondents  responded  in  the  negative  as  to  their  destructive  presence. 
Elsewhere  the  pest  was  nearly  universal. 

The  southwestern  corner  of  Indiana  was  alive  with  Chinch  Bugs ; elsewhere,  though 
present  in  much  of  the  area,  only  about  a dozen  counties  estimated  any  material 
losses.  They  were  still  scarcer  in  Michigan.  Only  ten  counties  in  Ohio  reported 
their  injurious  presence;  and  a few  only  in  Kentucky  indicated  material  damage. 

These  insects  are  reported  as  more  or  less  injurious  in  every  season  of  drought  and 
scarce  or  absent  in  all  wet  areas.  In  the  area  of  their  depredations  the  crops  have 
an  annual  value  of  more  than  a fourth  of  the  entire  agricultural  production  of  the 
United  States,  and  a value  nearly  four  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  cotton  crop. 
It  will  readily  be  seen  that  the  losses  must  be  heavy,  undoubtedly  greater  than  those 
of  all  other  insects  together,  as  no  such  values  are  involved  in  other  crops  subject  to 
insect  depredations  the  past  year. 

The  following  table  has  been  prepared  from  data,  severely  scrutinized,  revised,  and 
accurately  consolidated.  It  makes  a large  sum,  and  yet  does  not  comprise  all  the 
damage  done  to  barley  and  rye,  millet,  etc.,  all  of  which  might  be  approximately 
stated  in  round  numbers  as  $60,000,000.  The  record  by  States  is  as  follows: 


States. 

Corn. 

Wheat. 

, Oats. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Kentucky 

983,  280 
885,  564 
1,785,000 
1C,  929,  600 
1,  804,  250 
2. 109,  720 
22,  020,  240 

16,  840,  340 

$521, 138 
425,  071 
803, 250 

6,  941, 136 
757,  785 
802,  796 

7,  707,  084 

5,  736,  624 

6,  230,  926 

66,  678 
215,  370 
453,  936 

5,  529, 150 
3,  004,  490 
9,  074,  750 

6,  977,  620 

1,  664,  640 

2,  282, 100 

$48, 675 
161,  528 
326,  834 

3,  870,  405 
1,922,  874 
5,  354, 103 

4,  256,  348 
1,  032,  077 
1,392,  081 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

Kansas 

Total 

60, 196 
167,  658 

3,  810,  310 

1,  742,  750 

2,  438, 160 

4,  462,  920 
795,  860 

6,  406,  560 

$19,  263 
48,  621 
1,  028,  784 
487, 970 
633,  922 
1,  071, 101 
206,  924 
2, 438, 497 

78,  922,  384 

29,  925,810 

29,268,734  18,364,925 

19,  884,  414 

5,  935, 082 

1 

Respectfully, 


J.  R.  Dodge, 

Statistician. 


Accompanying  these  statements  of  Mr.  Dodge  were  a number  of 
State  maps  indicating  the  counties  reporting  to  the  Department  damage 
from  the  Chinch  Bug.  Many  other  localities  had  Chinch  Bugs  in  abund- 
ance and  considerable  damage  was  done  in  States  not  represented  in 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


9 


this  list.  These  localities,  however,  are  authoritative,  and  their  reports 
furnished  the  main  basis  for  the  table  which  precedes.  We  may  sum- 
marize these  briefly  as  follows : 

Illinois,  fifty-one  counties,  as  follows:  Stephenson,  Winnebago,  Lake,  Carroll,  Lee, 
Kendall,  Will,  La  Salle,  Rock,  Mercer,  Warren,  Stark,  Iroquois,  Vermillion,  Edgar, 
Douglas,  Coles,  Moultrie,  Shelby,  Cumberland,  Clark,  Jasper,  Effingham,  Fayette, 
Bond,  Madison,  Macoupin,  Greene,  Pike,  Jersey,  Saint  Clair,  Clinton,  Washington, 
Marion,  Clay,  Lawrence,  Wabash,  Edwards,  White,  Hamilton,  Franklin,  Randolph, 
Jackson,  Williamson,  Saline,  Gallatin,  Johnson,  Pope,  Hardin,  Massac,  and  Alexander. 

Indiana , twenty-five  counties,  as  follows:  Elkhart,  Jasper,  White,  Huntington, 
Wells,  Blackford,  Jay,  Warren,  Montgomery,  Wayne,  Shelby,  Johnson,  Sullivan, 
Greene,  Dearborn,  Knox,  Martin,  Ohio,  Gibson,  Pike,  Dubois,  Posey,  Vanderburgh, 
Warrick,  and  Spencer. 

Iowa,  sixty-one  counties,  as  follows:  Winnebago,  Worth,  Mitchell,  Howard,  Win- 
neshiek, Allamakee,  Clayton,  Fayette,  Chickasaw,  Floyd,  Cerro  Gordo,  Hancock, 
Palo  Alto,  Pocahontas,  Humboldt,  Franklin,  Dubuque,  Buchanan,  Grundy,  Hamilton, 
Webster,  Calhoun,  Sac,  Crawford,  Carroll,  Greene,  Story,  Marshall,  Tama,  Benton, 
Linn,  Jackson,  Clinton,  Scott,  Muscatine,  Iowa,  Jasper,  Dallas,  Guthrie,  Audubon, 
Shelby,  Madison,  Mahaska,  Keokuk,  Des  Moines,  Henry,  Monroe,  Lucas,  Union, 
Adams,  Montgomery,  Mills,  Fremont,  Page,  Taylor,  Decatur,  Wayne,  Appanoose, 
Davis,  Van  Buren,  Lee. 

Kansas,  sixty-three  counties,  as  follows:  Cheyenne,  Rawlins,  Norton,  Phillips, 
Jewell,  Washington,  Marshall,  Nemaha,  Brown,  Wyandotte,  Jefferson,  Jackson, 
Shawnee,  Douglas,  Pottawatomie,  Riley,  Wabaunsee,  Davis,  Clay,  Cloud,  Mitchell, 
Rooks,  Graham,  Sheridan,  Thomas,  Sherman,  Gove,  Russell,  Lincoln,  Ottawa,  Ells- 
worth, Saline,  Dickinson,  Morris,  Osage,  Franklin,  Miami,  Linn,  Anderson,  Coffey, 
Chase,  Marion,  McPherson,  Rice,  Barton,  Rush,  Ness,  Lane,  Scott,  Ford,  Pawnee, 
Stafford,  Reno,  Sedgwick,  Allen,  Neosho,  Cherokee,  Labette,  Chatauqua,  Cowley, 
Sumner,  Barbour,  Comanche. 

Kentucky,  eight  counties,  as  follows:  Carroll,  Pendleton,  Bracken,  Estill,  Mercer, 
Union,  Ballard,  Marshall. 

Michigan,  five  counties,  as  follows:  Manitou,  Presque  Isle,  Saginaw,  Shiawassee, 
Saint  Joseph.  , 

Minnesota,  twenty -seven  counties,  as  follows:  Hubbard,  Wadena,  Todd,  Crow  Wing, 
Kanabec,  Pine,  Isanti,  Chisago,  Sherburne,  Stearns,  Wright,  Carver,  Scott,  Rice,  Wa- 
basha, Winona,  Olmstead,  Dodge,  Steele,  Waseca,  Watonwan,  Martin,  Faribault, 
Freeborn,  Mower,  Fillmore,  and  Houston. 

Missouri,  sixty  counties,  as  follows:  Atchison,  Nodaway,  Holt,  Worth,  Gentry,  Har- 
rison, Mercer,  Putnam,  Sullivan,  Adair,  Linn,  Clinton,  Caldwell,  Ray,  Chariton,  Ran- 
dolph, Lincoln,  Saint  Charles,  Callaway,  Copper,  Johnson,  Cass,  Bates,  Henry,  Saiut 
Clair,  Hickory,  Osage,  Maries,  Gasconade,  Franklin,  Jefferson,  Washington,  Sainte 
Genevieve,  Perry,  Iron,  Bollinger,  Cape  Girardeau,  Mississippi,  New  Madrid,  Butler, 
Wayne,  Oregon,  Shannon,  Pulaski,  Laclede,  Wright,  Douglas,  Ozark,  Christian,  Web- 
ster, Dallas,  Hickory,  Polk,  Cedar,  Dade,  Barton,  Lawrence,  Barry,  Newton,  and  Mc- 
Donald. 

Ohio , ten  counties,  as  follows:  Defiance,  Wood,  Geauga,  Allen,  Shelby,  Darke,  Frank- 
lin, Fairfield,  Meigs,  and  Gallia. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

East  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  the  Chinch  Bug  seems  to  be  indigenous 
North  and  South,  feeding  naturally  upon  various  species  of  wild  grasses 
and  becoming  multiplied  wherever  the  cultivation  of  wheat  has  reached 
its  original  haunts. 


10 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


It  was  first  noticed,  as  stated  in  the  last  section,  in  North  Carolina, 
and  Say’s  original  description  was  published  from  a Virginia  specimen. 

Fitch  records  the  fact  that  he  had  collected  specimens  in  New  York, 
but  that  it  was  exceedingly  rare.  Signoret  also  records  it  from  New 
York,  and,  as  we  have  just  shown,  it  appeared  in  1883  in  destructive 
numbers  in  the  northern  part  of  this  State.  Harris  in  the  first  edition 
of  his  well-known  work  states  that  it  does  not  occur  in  New  England, 
but  in  a foot-note  to  his  second  edition  states  that  while  the  sheet  was 
passing  through  the  press  he  discovered  a single  specimen  in  his  own 
garden  at  Cambridge  (June  17,  1852).  And  in  1883,  according  to  Dr. 
George  Dimmock  (Psyche,  November,  December,  1883,  p.  119;,  the 
lowland  between  Belmont  and  Cambridge  was  swarming  with  them. 
They  have  also  been  collected  by  Dr.  Packard  at  Salem,  Mass.,  in  Maine, 
and  at  the  summit  of  Mount  Washington  in  New  Hampshire.  Dr. 
Lintner  records  the  fact  that  Mr.  H.  L.  Feruald  captured  one  or  more 
specimens  in  1879,  1880,  and  1882,  at  Orono,  Me. 

In  Canada  they  occurred  at  Grimsbj7,  Ontario,  in  1866,  and  were  sent 
from  that  point  in  that  year  to  Mr.  Walsh.  Mr.  W.  H.  Harrington  col- 
lected specimens  found  abundantly  at  Sydney,  Cape  Breton  (N.  lat.  46° 
18')  in  September,  1884  (Can.  Ent.,  November,  1884,  p.  218).  Dr.  Fitch 
received  specimens  from  western  Pennsylvania,  and  also  stated  that  it 
was  sent  him  from  Mississippi  with  the  information  that  in  some  years 
it  damaged  the  crops  of  Indian  corn.  We  have  found  it  personally  in 
considerable  numbers  in  the  rice  fields  near  Savannah,  Ga.,  and  Mr.  E. 
A.  Schwarz  and  others  have  collected  it  in  Florida.  In  the  latter  State 
Mr.  Schwarz  found  it  very  abundantly  at  Biscayne  Bay,  breeding  iu 
the  wingless  form  only  in  considerable  numbers  upon  Sand  Oats  {Uni- 
ola  paniculata).  Mr.  Webster  has  noticed  it  in  Mississippi  and  Louisi- 
ana. It  has  also  been  collected  in  this  same  form,  upon  tbe  same 
plant,  on  the  sea  shore  at  Fortress  Monroe,  Va.,  by  Messrs.  Schwarz 
and  Heidemann.  The  States,  however,  in  which  it  does  the  greatest 
damage  are  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Illinois,  southern  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Missouri, 
Kansas,  and  Nebraska.  Uhler  records  the  species  from  Texas,  Califor- 
nia, Kansas,  Nebraska,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Illinois,  Michigan,  and 
generally  throughout  the  Atlantic  region. 

Outside  of  the  United  States  it  is  recorded  only  from  Cuba  (see 
Signoret  u Essai  Monographique  du  Genre  Micropus,  Spinola;”  Ann. 
Soc.  Ent.  Frauce,  V,  3d  series,  1857,  p.  31),  aud  the  Cuban  individuals 
are  long-winged,  while  Mr.  Schwarz  never  found  a long-winged  indi- 
vidual iu  Florida,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  he  has  collected  in  localities 
the  insect  fauna  of  which  is  in  the  main  Cuban.  This  observation  con- 
flicts with  the  general  observation  of  Mr.  Uhler  that  the  short-winged 
form  seems  to  be  more  common  in  New  England  than  in  the  Southern 
States. 

The  only  authentic  published  record  of  the  occurrence  of  the  Chinch  Bug 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  the  mere  mention  by  Uhler,  in  his  list  of 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


11 


the  Heiniptera  of  the  region  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  (Bull.  Hayden 
Surv.  I,  306),  of  California  as  one  of  the  States  which  it  inhabits,  but 
this  record  has  been  overlooked  by  Californians.  Its  advent  upon  the 
Pacific  slope  has  been  expected  and  dreaded.  Matthew  Cooke  in  his 
book,  published  in  1883,  upon  injurious  insects  of  the  Orchard,  Vine- 
yard, etc.,  figured  and  described  it,  and  under  the  head  of  u Remedies  ” 
wrote,  “ Should  the  pest  appear  in  this  State  it  can  be  prevented,”  etc. 

In  June,  1885,  there  were  several  newspaper  reports  on  the  occurrence 
of  this  insect  in  great  numbers  in  California.  The  San  Francisco  Even- 
ing Post  for  June  23,  1885,  quoting  from  the  Woodland  Democrat,  pub- 
lished the  statement: 

Messrs.  Frazee  and  Henderson,  who  live  southwest  of  Woodland,  brought  to  this 
office  a bottle  of  this  pestiferous  insect  (chinch  bug)  on  Tuesday.  Mr.  Henderson 
says  that  he  recognized  them  as  the  same  eastern  variety  that  frequently  does  so 
much  injury  to  wheat  in  Missouri.  These  gentlemen  say  they  discovered  the  bugs 
traveling  between  the  lands  of  Day  and  Clanton.  There  are  millions  of  them,  but  as 
to  the  extent  of  country  covered  they  are  unable  to  say.  The  bugs  are  nearly  grown 
and  are  just  beginning  to  have  wings.  As  soon  as  the  wings  develop  they  fly  and 
scatter  everywhere.  Mr.  Frazee  says  there  is  no  danger  from  them  this  year  as  the 
grain  is  too  far  advanced. 

So  far  this  item  seems  very  plausible,  but  it  goes  on  to  state  u that 
another  gentleman  had  noticed  them  injuring  grape-vines”  which  of 
course  introduces  a probability  of  wrong  identification. 

There  is  no  question,  however,  but  that  the  Chinch  Bug  is  to  be  found  at 
present  in  California,  but  there  is  no  assurance  of  its  existence  in  injuri- 
ous numbers.  Our  certainty  as  to  its  presence  arises  from  the  fact  that 
a single  specimen  of  a short- winged  variety  of  this  insect  is  among  a lot 
collected  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco  in  1885  by  Mr.  Koebele.  It 
is  unquestionably  a true  Chinch  Bug.  Another  specimen  of  the  same 
variety  was  collected  in  1884  by  some  students  of  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity who  summered  in  California  and  was  given  to  Mr.  Lugger,  of 
this  Division,  who  was  at  that  time  connected  with  the  University. 
Recent  communications  from  California  in  answer  to  inquiries  on  this 
point  show  that  the  insect  is  not  known  to  the  entomologists  in  that 
State.  The  False  Chinch  Bug  ( Nysius  angustatus)  has  been,  we  learn 
from  Mr.  Koebele,  very  destructive  to  grapes  in  that  State  the  past  sea- 
son, and  it  is  more  than  likely  that  this  is  the  insect  referred  to  in  the 
newspaper  article  just  quoted.  Mr.  Koebele  writes  that  the  False  Chinch 
was  so  abundant  around  Alameda  in  July  that  in  an  old  road  at  least 
50  specimens  could  be  counted  under  each  plant  of  Polygonum  aviculare. 
He  made,  in  1887,  a most  careful  search  of  the  locality  in  which  he  found 
the  1885  specimen,  but  could  not  find  a single  additional  individual. 
He  also  examined  the  large  collection  of  Heiniptera  in  the  California 
Academy  of  Sciences  without  success.  The  following  paragraph  is  from 
Mr.  CoquilletUs  answer  to  our  inquiries: 

I have  never  met  with  the  Chinch  Bug  in  any  part  of  California  that  I have  visited — 
neither  in  Merced  County,  around  the  city  of  Sacramento,  nor  on  the  southern  part  of 


12 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


the  State,  where  1 have  collected  Hemiptera  extensively  with  the  sweep-net.  Dr. 
Rivers,  curator  of  the  museum  at  our  State  University,  writes  me  that  three  years 
ago  he  took  three  specimens  of  a bug  that  looked  much  like  the  Chinch  Bug,  hut  was 
darker  and  smaller,  and  he  does  not  believe  that  they  belonged  to  this  species;  they 
were  taken  in  Sonoma  County,  and  were  sent  off,  he  knows  not  where.  He  has  col- 
lected Hemiptera  extensively  since  then,  but  the  Chinch  Bug  is  not  among  them. 
Mr.  Wickson,  editor  of  the  Pacific  Rural  Press,  writes  me  that  he  has  “ never  seen  a 
specimen  nor  heard  of  one  as  being  recognized  'by  an  observer  whom  I would  con- 
sider as  capable  of  recognizing  the  insect.”  * 

Since  writing  the  above  we  have  learned  from  Mr.  Uhler  that  he  has 
seen  specimens  of  the  Chinch  Bug  from  California  of  a long- winged  form, 
which  were  collected  near  San  Francisco,  probably  by  Mr.  Henry  Ed- 
wards. He  has  also  seen  specimens  from  Cuba  and  from  Tamaulipas, 
Mexico. 

FOOD  PLANTS. 

The  Chinch  Bug  will  feed  upon  all  grains  and  grasses  so  far  as  known. 
The  most  prominent  crops  which  are  seriously  injured  are  Wheat,  Barley, 
and  Indian  Corn.  The  testimony  in  regard  to  Oats  is  conflicting,  but 
Le  Baron’s  conclusion  to  the  elfect  that  u if  this  grain  be  sown  where 
Chinch  Bugs  abound,  and  especially  if  it  is  sown  exclusively,  it  will  be 
damaged  to  a greater  or  less  extent  the  first  year,  but  that  the  bugs  will 
probably  not  continue  to  breed  in  it  to  any  great  extent  in  succeeding 
years”  is  unquestionably  correct.  Broom-corn,  Sorghum,  Chicken  corn, 
Hungarian  grass,  Millet,  Rye,  Rice,  Bermuda  grass  ( Cynodon  dactylon ), 
Fox-tail  grass  (Setaria  glauca ),  Timothy  (Phloeum  pratense),  Blue-grass 
(Poa  pratensis),  Crab  grass  ( Panicum  sangninale ),  Bottle-grass  ( Setaria 
viridis ),  and  all  of  our  wild  grasses,  so  far  as  known,  are  attacked,  but 
beyond  these  no  food  plant  has  ever  been  authentically  recorded.  Re- 
ports of  damage  done  to  other  crops,  such  as  grape  vines  and  garden 
crops,  are  the  result  of  mistaken  identity,  and  an  error  in  the  compila- 
tion of  Packard’s  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Insects  has  doubtless  done  much 
to  perpetuate  the  idea  that  this  insect  is  a more  general  feeder.  This 
was  corrected  in  the  later  editions  of  this  work,  probably  at  the  sug- 
gestion in  Professor  Riley’s  criticism  in  his  7th  Rept.  Ins.  Mo.,  p.  26. 

Upon  the  Sand  Oats  (TJniola paniculata)  in  Florida  Mr.  Schwarz  no- 
ticed that  the  entire  development  of  the  insect  is  undergone  upon  the 
highest  part  of  this  tall  plant  and  not  close  to  the  bottom  as  in  our  lat- 
itude. The  probable  reason  for  this,  as  he  has  pointed  out,  is,  that 
the  strong  winds  are  continually  blowing  fiue,  sharp  sand  through  the 
lower  parts  of  the  plants,  rendering  it  impossible  for  the  bugs  to  remain 
at  these  places  and  forcing  them  to  seek  their  nourishment  higher  up. 

Concerning  Timothy  and  the  Crab-grasses  Professor  Forbes  says: 

It  seems  to  prefer  timothy  to  blue -grass,  not  really  relishing  either  as  a general 
thing,  and  takes  to  the  crab-grasses  ( Panicum ) not  at  all,  or  only  as  a last  resort. 
(Bull.  No.  2,  State  Ent.  111.) 

This  generalization  is  undoubtedy  correct  for  Illinois  and  the  sur- 
rounding States,  but,  as  Professor  Forbes  himself  points  out  in  a foot- 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


13 


note,  the  bugs  did  great  damage  to  Timothy  in  northern  New  York  iu 
1883,  and  the  following  extract  from  a letter  recently  received  from 
Professor  Atkinson,  of  North  Carolina,  indicates  that  in  that  State  at 
least  the  Crab-grass  becomes  an  important  item  of  the  insect’s  diet. 

* * * I have  recently  discovered  that  at  this  season  of  the  year  (October  2)  the 

chinch  hug  feeds  on  the  “ crab-grass  ” so  common  in  cultivated  and  waste  places, 
and  especially  so  abundant  in  many  of  the  corn-fields  after  cultivation  has  ceased. 
The  chinclf  bug  must  go  to  grass  after  the  corn  becomes  mature  and  no  longer  yields 
the  sap.  I have  found  the  bugs  inside  the  sheath  and  clear  evidence  of  their  having 
punctured  the  culm.  No  doubt  this  grass  affords  them  subsistence  for  quite  a period 
of  time  and  then  shelter  for  the  winter.  * * * I have  found  within  the  past  few 

days  pupae  or  wingless  individuals  on  the  crab-grass.  * * * 

Referring  again  to  Timothy  we  may  state  that  a meadow  of  this  grass 
on  the  farm  of  J.  F.  Whiton,  near  Wakeman,  Huron  County,  Ohio,  was 
injured  considerably  by  the  bugs  in  1886.  Professor  Forbes,  however 
(Bull.  2),  gives  an  instance  where  sowing  Timothy  with  Fall  Wheat 
was  probabably  the  cause  of  the  salvation  of  the  crop. 

On  cultivated  Rice  we  found  Chinch  Bugs  very  generally  scattered 
throughout  the  large  rice-fields  near  Savannah,  Ga.,  in  August,  1881. 
Only  adult  specimens  were  found  at  that  time  and  all  were  fully  winged, 
and  were  found  upon  the  heads  of  the  grain,  to  which  they  had  proba- 
bly flown,  as  the  fields  had  been  flooded  for  some  time  previously.  No 
particular  damage  to  the  crop  was  perceptible,  unless  their  punctures 
contribute  to  bring  about  the  disease  known  as  u white  blast,”  as  sug- 
gested by  Professor  Riley  in  his  Annual  Report  for  1881-’82,  page  137. 

We  shall  probably  be  obliged  to  widen  our  close  restriction  of  the 
Chinch  Bug  food  plants,  to  admit  at  least  one  of  the  Polygonums.  A 
chance  statement  by  Mr.  Bruner  that  he  had  known  this  insect  to  feed 
upon  the  so  called  u Wild  Buckwheat  ” in  Nebraska  led  to  a letter  of 
close  inquiry,  to  which  he  replied  that  there  can  be  no  mistake  and  that 
the  plant  is  either  Polygonum  dumetorum , or  P.  convolvulus. 

STAGES  OF  GROWTH— DESCRIPTIVE. 

The  following  descriptive  matter  is  from  Professor  Riley’s  Seventh 
Report  on  the  Insects  of  Missouri,  and  is  fuller  and  more  careful  than 
that  published  elsewhere.  It  will  be  noticed  that  there  are  three  larval 
stages,  necessitating  two  molts  before  the  pupa  and  three  before  the 
adult.  It  will  also  be  noticed  that  the  larvrn  have  but  two  joints  to 
the  feet,  while  the  adults  have  three : 

The  Egg. — (Fig.  la,  6.)  Average  length  0.03  inch,  elongate  oval,  the  diameter 
scarcely  one-fifth  the  length.  The  top  squarely  docked,  and  surmounted  with  four 
small  rounded  tubercles  near  the  center.  Color  when  newly  laid,  pale  ami  whitish 
and  translucent,  acquiring  with  age  an  amber  color,  and  finally  showing  the  red  parts 
of  the  embryo,  and  especially  the  eyes  toward  the  tubercled  end.  The  size  increases 
somewhat  after  deposition,  and  will  sometimes  reach  near  0.04  iu  length. 

Larval  Stages. — The  newly-hatched  larva  (Fig.  lc)  is  pale  yellow,  with  simply  an 
orange  stain  on  the  middle  of  the  three  larger  abdominal  joints.  The  form  scarcely 


14 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


differs  front  that  of  the  mature  hug,  being  but  slightly  more  elongate  ; but  the  tarsi 
have  but  two  joints  (Fig.  4 d),  and  the  head  is  relatively  broader  and  more  rounded, 
while  the  joints  of  body  are  sub-equal,  the  prothoracic  joint  being  but  slightly  longer 
than  any  of  the  rest.  The  red  color  soon  pervades  the  whole  body,  except  the  first 
two  abdominal  joints,  which  remain  yellowish,  and  the  members,  which  remain  pale. 
After  the  first  molt  (Fig.  le)  the  red  is  quite  bright  vermilion,  contrasting  strongly 
with  the  pale  band  across  the  middle  of  the  body,  the  prothoracic  joint  is  relatively 
longer,  and  the  metathoracic  relatively  shorter.  The  head  and  prothorax  are  dusky 
and  coriaceous,  and  two  broad  marks  on  mesothorax,  two  smaller  ones  on  metathorax, 
two  on  the  fourth  and  fifth  abdominal  sutures,  and  one  at  tip  of  abdomen  are  gen- 
erally visible,  but  sometimes  obsolete;  the  third  and  fourth  joints  of  antennae  are 
dusky,  but  the  legs  still  pale.  After  the  second  molt  (Fig.  1/)  the  head  and  thorax  are 
quite  dusky,  and  the  abdomen  duller  red,  but  the  pale  transverse  band  is  still  dis- 
tinct ; the  wing-pads  become  apparent,  the  members  are  more  dusky,  there  is  a dark 
red  shade  on  the  fourth  and  fifth  abdominal  joints,  and,  ventrally,  a distinct  circular 
dusky  spot  covering  the  last  three  joints. 


Fig.  1. 


Immature  stages  of  Chinch  Bug.  — a , b,  eggs ; c,  newly-hatched  larva ; d,  its  tarsus  ; e,  larva  after 
lirst  ruolt ; /,  same  after  second  molt;  <j,  pupa— the  natural  sizes  indicated  at  sides  ; k,  enlarged  leg  of 
perfect  bug;  j,  tarsus  of  same  still  more  enlarged  ; i,  proboscis  or  beak,  enlarged.— [After  Riley.] 


Pupa. — (Fig.  1,0.)  In  the  pupa  the  coriaceous  parts  are  brown-black,  the  wing- 
pads  extend  almost  across  the  two  pale  abdominal  joints  which  are  now  more  dingy, 
while  the  general  color  of  the  abdomen  is  dingy  gray ; the  body  above  is  slightly 
pubescent,  the  members  are  colored  as  in  the  mature  bug;  the  three-jointed  tarsus  is 
foreshadowed,  and  the  dark  horny  spots  at  tip  of  abdomen,  both  above  and  below, 
are  larger. 

Imago. — (Fig.  2.)  The  perfect  insect  has  been  well  described 
[Fig.  2.]  and  j wi]l  append  the  original  description  : 

Lygaeus  leucopterus  (Chinch  Bug).  Blackish ; hemelytra 
white,  with  a black  spot. 

Inhabits  Virginia. 

Body  long,  blackish,  with  numerous  hairs.  Antenme, 
rather  short  hairs;  second  joint  yellowish,  longer  than  the 
third ; ultimate  joint  rather  longer  than  the  second,  thickest ; 
thorax  tinged  cinereous  before,  with  the  basal  edge  piceous ; 
hemelytra  white,  with  a blackish  oval  spot  on  the  lateral  mid- 
dle; rostrum  and  feet  honey  yellow  ; thighs  a little  dilated. 
Length  less  than  three-twentieths  of  an  inch. 

I took  a single  specimen  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Virginia. 
The  whiteness  of  the  hemelytra,  in  which  is  a blackish 
spot  strongly  contrasted  distinguishes  this  species  readily 
(feay,  Am.  Entomology,  I,  p.  329). 

The  above  description  originally  appeared  in  1832  in  a pam- 
phlet entitled  “Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Heteropterous 


Chinch  Bug:  Hairline  un- 
derneath showing  natu- 
ral size.  [Alter  Riley.] 


Hemiptera  of  N.  A.! 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


15 


Length  If  lines,  of  three-twentieths  of  an  inch.  Body  black,  clothed  with  a very 
fine  grayish  down,  not  distinctly  visible  to  the  naked  eye ; basal  joint  of  the  antennae 
honey  yellow  ; second  joint  of  the  same  tipped  with  black  ; third  and  fourth  joints, 
black;  beak  brown;  wings  and  wing-cases  white ; the  latter  are  black  at  their  in- 
sertion, and  have  near  the  middle  two  short  irregular  black  lines,  and  a conspicuous 
black  marginal  spot;  legs  dark  honey  yellow,  terminal  joint  of  the  feet,  and  the 
claws  black.  (Dr.  Wm.  LeBaron  in  the  Prairie  Farmer  for  September,  1850,  Yol.  X, 
pp.  280,  281,  where  the  name  of  Rhyparochromns  devastator  is  proposed  for  it.) 

Dr.  Fitch  also  enumerates  the  following  varieties  of  this  insect : 

a,  immarginatus. — Basal  margin  of  the  thorax  not  edged  with  yellowish.  Common. 

b,  dimidiatus. — Basal  half  of  the  thorax  deep  velvety  black,  anterior  half  grayish. 
Common. 

c,  fulvivenosus. — The  stripes  on  the  wing-covers  tawny  yellow  instead  of  black. 

d,  albivenosus. — Wing-covers  white,  without  any  black  marks  except  the  marginal 
spot.  A male. 

e,  apterus. — Wingless  and  the  wing-covers  much  shorter  than  the  abdomen.  (Fig.  3.) 

/,  basalis. — Basal  joint  of  the  antennm  dusky  and  darker 

than  the  second. 

g,  nigricornis. — Two  first  joints  of  the  antennae  blackish. 

h, femoratus. — Legs  pale  livid  yellow,  the  thighs  tawny  red. 

Common. 

i,  rufipedis.—  Legs  dark  tawny  red  or  reddish  brown. 

To  these  varieties,  all  of  which  occur  with  us,  I would 

add  one  which  may  be  known  as  melanosus,  in  which  the 
normal  white  of  the  wings  is  quite  dusky,  and  contains  addi- 
tional black  marks  at  base  and  toward  tip,  and  in  which  all 
the  members  and  the  body  except  the  rufous  hiud  edge  of 
thorax  are  jet  black. 

Iii  addition  to  these  varieties  mentioned  by  Dr. 

Riley,  an  interesting  form  has  been  collected  by  Mr. 

E.  A.  Schwarz  at  Lake  Worth,  Fla.,  and  by  Mr.  O. 

Heidemaun  at  Fortress  Monroe,  Ya.  This  variety 
is  at  once  distinguished  from  other  short-winged  varieties  by  its  more 
slender  and  pointed  wing-pads,  and  by  the  color  of  the  antennae,  the  first 
three  joints  of  which  are  honey  yellow,  while  the  last  joint  or  club  is 
nearly  black.  It  seems  also  to  be  more  thickly  clothed  with  silvery 
pile,  but  this  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  specimens  studied  were 
mounted  dry,  while  all  others  which  I have  seen  have  evidently  been 
placed  in  alcohol.  This  variety,  so  far  as  we  know,  has  been  collected 
on  the  sea-shore  only. 

NUMBER  OF  BROODS  AND  HIBERNATION. 

For  many  years  there  existed  a misconception  concerning  the  number 
of  broods  of  insects  in  the  West.  It  was  always  understood  that  there 
was  more  than  one  brood,  and  some  newspaper  writers  insisted  that 
there  are  as  many  as  five  or  six  annual  generations.  Professor  Riley,  in 
the  Practical  Entomologist,  Yol.  I (March  26,  1866),  was  first  to  publish 
the  definite  statement  that  the  Chinch  P»ug  is  two-brooded  in  northern 
Illinois,  and  Dr.  Shimer  the  succeeding  year  published  the  same  state- 


[Fig.  3.] 


I 


Shout- winged  Chinch 
Bug.  f After  Riley.  1 


16 


THE  CHINCH  HUG. 


rneiit  from  his  own  observations.  This  number  of  annual  generations 
holds  through  the  entire  northwest  and  as  far  south,  certainly,  as  the 
latitude  of  Saint  Louis.  Thomas  states  that  there  is  some  evidence  of  an 
occasional  third  brood  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  Illinois  and  in 
Kentucky,  but  that  it  is  not  sufficient  to  justify  him  in  stating  it  as  a 
fact,  or  to  satisfy  him  of  its  correctness.  In  North  Carolina  there  seems 
no  question  but  that  the  second  generation  gave  birth  to  still  a third, 
which,  as  we  are  informed  by  Professor  Atkinson  of  Chapel  Hill,  was 
found  in  a half-grown  condition  on  Crab-grass  about  the  1st  of  Octo- 
ber. November  17  most  of  the  specimens  found  in  the  same  locations 
were  full-grown.  This  third  generation  probably  hibernates  in  the  adult 
condition. 

The  Chinch  Bug  passes  the  winter  in  the  perfect  state.  As  cold 
weather  approaches,  most  of  the  full-grown  bugs  leave  the  hardened 
corn  stalks  or  wild  grasses  upon  which  they  have  been  attempting  to 
feed,  and  seek  some  convenient  shelter  in  which  to  pass  the  winter.  They 
collect  in  fence  cracks,  in  sheds,  hay  stacks,  straw  stacks,  corn-shucks, 
under  leaves,  mulchiug,  and  rubbish  of  all  kinds  upon  the  ground,  under 
the  loose  bark  of  adjacent  trees,  in  stumps  and  logs,  under  stones  and 
clods  of  earth,  in  fact  in  any  situation  which  will  offer  shelter.  They 
seem  to  prefer  dry  situations.  Bunches  of  old  dead  grass  and  weeds  offer 
them  a particularly  attractive  place  for  hibernation.  Professor  Atkin- 
son writes  us  that  the  Crab-grass  in  North  Carolina  not  only  affords  the 
bugs  sustenance  after  the  corn  stalks  harden,  but  also  gives  them  shel- 
ter for  the  winter,  as  they  work  their  way  down  between  the  leaf-sheath 
and  the  stalk.  Mr.  J.  O.  Alwood  writes  us  from  Columbus,  Ohio,  that, 
October  26, 1887,  he  observed  them  lying  torpid  within  the  leaf- sheaths 
of  an  uncut  field  of  Pearl  Millet.  During  cold  weather  they  remain  tor- 
pid. On  a warm,  sunshiny  day  they  will  stretch  their  legs  and  begin 
to  move  about  to  a slight  extent  5 but  as  the  cold  becomes  severe  they 
press  back  deeper  into  their  hiding  places.  They  can  withstand  the 
severest  cold,  and  in  fact,  as  with  so  many  other  hibernating  insects, 
the  more  sustained  the  cold  weather  the  more  the  insects  winter 
successfully.  An  instance  is  related  by  a reliable  correspondent  of 
Dr.  Thomas’  in  which  the  bugs  frozen  into  ice  were  thawed  and 
when  warm  manifested  signs  of  life,  crawling  about  as  in  the  spriug. 
Dr.  Shimer’s  observations  upon  this  point  are  sufficiently  interesting  to 
quote: 

After  the  early  autumn  frosts  they  left  their  feeding-grounds  on  foot  in  search  of 
winter  quarters ; none  could  be  seen  on  the  wing  as  at  harvest  time.  For  a winter 
retreat  they  resorted  to  any  convenient  shelter  they  might  chance,  to  find,  as  long 
grass,  weeds,  hoards,  pieces  of  wood,  rails,  fallen-tree  leaves,  etc. 

I11  January,  1865,  I next  examined  their  condition.  Those  that  I found  in  tho 
sheaths  of  the  corn-leaves  above  the  snow,  and  had  been  thus  exposed  during  the  pre- 
vious severe  weather — when  for  several  days  the  thermometer  was  15°  to  20°  below 
zero — were  invariably  found  dead  without  exception,  and  those  beneath  the  snow 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


17 


were  alive.  This  observation  was  made  in  the  common  farm  corn-fields,  as  they 
might  he  found  anywhere  all  over  tfie  wide  country,  for  in  autumn  the  chinch  hugs 
remained  in  great  numbers  in  the  corn-husks  and  under  the  sheaths  of  the  blades  as 
well  as  in  other  winter  retreats.  Upon  various  occasions,  as  the  winter  advanced,  I 
brought  in  corn-husks  filled  with  ice,  inclosing  the  chinch  bugs  in  the  crystallized 
element;  when  the  ice  was  thawed  they  were  able  to  run,  apparently  unaffected  by 
that  degree  of  cold.  It  is  therefore  proved  that  these  insects  possess  vitality  suffi- 
cient to  withstand  the  effect  of  a temperature  below  the  freezing-point,  and  perhaps 
below  zero,  as  must  have  been  their  condition  in  these  ice-bound  husks  ; but  when  in 
the  open  air,  exposed  to  the  sweeping  prairie  winds,  15°  to  20°  degrees  below  zero, 
for  a long  time,  they  succumb  to  the  cold. 

March  7,  1865,  the  snow  having  cleared  off  from  the  ground,  I examined  the  condi- 
tion of  a host  of  these  chinch  bugs  that  had  chosen  for  their  winter  covering  cord- 
wood  sticks  lying  on  the  ground,  entirely  surrounded  by  frost  and  ice  ; of  these  20  per 
cent,  were  living ; those  that  were  more  fortunate  in  their  selection  of  winter  quarters 
fared  much  better.  From  a single  handful  of  leaves  picked  up  at  one  grasp  from  be- 
neath an  apple  tree  I obtained  335  living  and  312  dead  chinch  bugs ; and  of  their  lady- 
bird enemies  that  had  entered  the  same  winter  quarters  with  them,  50  were  living 
and  10  dead.  Of  these  chinch  bugs  I placed  a number  in  comfortable  quarters  in  the 
house  in  a small  pasteboard  box,  not  in  a stove  room,  together  with  some  coleopterous 
insects  casually  gathered  among  the  chinch  bugs  ; after  one  month  I found  the  latter 
all  dead  and  the  former  living. 

The  entire  month  of  March  was  rain,  snow,  thawing,  freezing,  alternately,  seeming 
to  be  very  uncomfortable  for  any  living  creature  to  remain  out  of  doors  with  so  poor 
a shelter  and  on  top  of  the  ground. 

April  1-6,  I again  made  repeated  examinations  of  these  chinch  bugs  in  their  winter 
quarters,  and  found  about  the  same  proportions  of  them  living  as  noted  on  the  7th 
of  March.  At  this  time  they  wandered  away  on  foot  from  their  winter  quarters. 

Mr.  G.  A.  Waters,  in  the  Farmers’  Review  for  October  19,  1887,  gives 
the  following  interesting  observation  bearing  on  the  same  point : 

In  1881-82  I observed  a bunch  of  fodder  that  had  fallen  into  a ditch  that  the  heavy 
rains  had  washed  near  by  a shock.  The  fodder  had  been  overflowed  with  water, 
which  had  stood  over  the  fodder  long  enough  for  a sheet  of  ice  to  form  over  it.  The 
water  subsiding  in  a few  days  and- some  thaw  occurring,  I pulled  the  stalks  out 
of  the  mud  to  get  the  ears  of  corn  off,  and  in  husking  the  ears  found  quite  a number 
of  chinch  bugs  which  had  been  immersed  for  a week  or  more.  On  exposing  them  to 
the  warm  sun  they  crawled  around  lively. 

Where  they  are  hibernating  in  numbers  they  can  often  be  detected 
more  readily  by  their  strong  “ bed-buggy  ” odor  than  by  sight,  as  was 
pointed  out  by  Dr.  Riley.  Dr.  Lintuer,  in  October,  1883,  found  this 
method  of  searching  for  them  more  convenient  and  infallible  than  look- 
ing for  them. 

Mr.  Bruner  calls  our  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  Osage  and  other 
brushy  hedges  in  the  West  are  great  collectors  of  leaves  and  trash 
blown  there  by  winds,  and  that  they  form  exceptionally  good  hibernat- 
ing places  for  the  Chinch  Bugs,  which  take  advantage  of  them  in  great 
numbers.  So  great  a nuisance  are  the  hedges  from  this  point  of  view, 
that  Mr.  Bruner  seriously  advocates  their  gradual  removal  and  the  sub- 
stitution of  a less  compact  division  between  fields. 

12734— Bull.  17 2 


18 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


HABITS. 

With  tbe  warm  days  of  spring  the  hibernating  individuals  issue  from 
their  winter  quarters  aud  copulate.  Dr.  Shinier  has  described  a love* 
flight  which  he  noticed  at  this  time.  The  date  was  May  16,  1865,  and 
the  atmosphere  was  swarming  with  Chinch  Bugs  on  the  wing.  As 
shown  by  Walsh  and  Biley  (Am.  Ent.,  I,  173)  it  is  probable  that  this 
occurrence  was  exceptional,  and  that  the  insects  do  not  normally  mate 
in  this  way ; that  the  swarming  flight  w7as  the  result  of  a great  abun- 
dance of  the  insects.  The  insect  flies  in  spring  and  fall,  and  also  some- 
what in  late  July  and  early  August,  as  the  first  brood  becomes  winged. 
In  the  fall  they  attain  wings  as  the  corn  hardens,  and  their  flight  is 
theu  the  result  of  a starvation  impulse.  In  July  and  August  the  flight 
of  the  fledged  individuals  of  the  first  brood  is  not  very  common,  except 
when  they  occur  in  exceptionally  great  numbers.  During  the  past  sea- 
son Professor  Osborn  observed  them  coupling  at  Ames  prior  to  July 
25,  while  upon  this  date  he  observed  them  swarming  in  the  air,  flying 
past  his  window  in  immense  numbers  and  with  the  wind  (southeast  to 
northwest).  They  were  first  noticed  shortly  after  1 p.  m.  July  27 
they  were  again  noticed  on  the  w ing,  but  not  in  such  great  numbers  as 
before.  They  were  flying  with  the  wind,  from  northwest  to  southeast. 
August  3 hosts  of  them  were  observed  on  the  wing,  while  others  were 
coupling  on  the  ground.  Others  wTere  observed  coupling  as  late  as 
August  16.  The  majority  of  the  hibernating  individuals  seem,  from 
the  evidence,  to  copulate  in  the  spring  and  without  flying,  but,  accord- 
ing to  Professor  Biley,  many  of  them  make  love  in  the  fall  preparatory 
to  seeking  winter  quarters,  aud  Mr.  James  O.  Alwood,  of  Columbus, 
Ohio,  writes  that  he  found  them  copulating  in  a field  of  uncut  Pearl 
Millet  at  the  Ohio  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  as  late  as  October 
27,  1887. 

The  eggs  of  - the  Chinch  Bug,  which  we  have  already  described,  and 
which  are  figured  at  Fig.  1,  a,  &,  are  laid  in  the  spring  for  the  first 
brood,  and  usually  underground  and  upon  the  roots  of  plants  infested. 
They  are,  however,  often  found  above  ground  upon  the  withered 
sheaths  near  the  bases  of  the  grain  stalks  or  often  upon  the  blades  of 
the  leaves.  They  are  deposited  in  small  clusters.  Professor  Biley  says : 

A wheat  plant  pulled  from  an  infested  field  in  the  spring  of  the  year  will  gener- 
ally reveal  hundreds  of  these  eggs  attached  to  the  roots,  aud  at  a somewhat  later 
period  the  yonng  larvae  will  be  found  clustering  on  the  same  and  looking  like  so  many 
moving  atoms. 

The  eggs  are  not  specially  small  when  we  consider  the  small  size  of 
the  female  which  lays  them.  Dr.  Shimer  says  that  each  female  lays  500, 
and  this  seems  very  large  until  we  reflect  that  they  are  not  all  deposited 
at  once,  and  that  after  the  laying  of  the  first  few  others  are  probably 
developing  in  the  ovaries,  for  the  process  of  oviposition  occupies  from 
ten  days  to  three  weeks.  It  has  long  been  known  that  the  eggs  were  laid 
in  the  ground,  although  an  accurate  description  was  much  more  recently 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


19 


drawn  up.  The  relative  abundance  of  the  eggs  upon  the  stalks  and 
upon  the  roots  may  be  changed  somewhat,  as  Dr.  Thomas  has  pointed 
out,  by  the  character  of  the  soil.  Where  the  soil  is  very  damp  the 
majority  of  the  eggs  are  doubtless  laid  upon  the  stalks,  whereas  if  the 
earth  is  dry  and  easily  penetrated  the  great  majority  of  them  will 
be  found  upon  the  rootlets  and  upon  the  stalks  beneath  the  ground. 
According  to  Professor  Riley  the  eggs  hatch  on  the  average  in  two 
weeks.  The  young  larvae  begin  to  take  nourishment  as  soon  as  possi- 
ble after  hatching.  They  insert  their  beaks  sometimes  even  before  they 
emerge  from  the  earth,  but  more  often  crawl  up  the  stalk  before  be- 
ginning to  pump.  They  growl  with  considerable  rapidity  and  swarm 
over  the  stalk  upon  which  they  were  born,  walking  about  with  -ease 
and  wandering  from  one  stalk  to  another  if  occasion  demands.  As  we 
have  already  shown,  four  molts  are  undergone  before  the  insect  reaches 
the  perfect  state,  and  generally  from  five  to  seven  weeks  elapse  from 
thehatching  to  the  final  molt.  Dr.  Shimer’s  repeated  observations  show 
that  at  Mount  Carrdl,  111.,  the  imago  usually  appears  in  from  fifty- 
seven  to  sixty  days  after  the  laying  of  the  eggs,  and  about  forty-two  days 
from  the  hatching  of  the  larvae.  By  the  time  the  majority  of  the  insects 
of  this  first  generation  are  full-grown,  or  even  before,  the  wheat  has 
become  too  hard  to  offer  them  much  nourishment,  or  harvest  time  has 
arrived,  and  they  begin  to  migrate  in  search  of  food.  Neighboring  corn- 
fields offer  a more  tempting  diet,  aud  in  seasons  of  great  abundance 
they  march  in  numerous  colonies,  moving  by  a common  impulse  from  the 
wheat  to  the  corn.  Strange  to  say,  although  the  commoner  form  pos- 
sesses wings  the  insect  does  not  generally  take  flight,  but  prefers  to  walk 
along  the  ground.  Occasionally,  however,  at  this  time  they  take  wings 
and  scatter.  This,  however,  is  rarer  when  the  insects  are  plentiful  than 
when  they  are  comparatively  scarce.  Under  no  circumstances  will 
these  insects  take  flight  to  escape  danger.  Dr.  Sliimer  says  : 

No  threatening  danger,  however  imminent,  whether  of  being  driven  over  by  grain- 
reapers,  wagons,  or  of  being  trodden  under  foot,  will  prompt  it  to  use  its  wings  to  es- 
cape. I have  tried  all  imaginable  ways  to  induce  them  to  fly,  as  by  thrashing  among 
them  with  bundles  of  rods  or  grass,  by  gathering  them  up  and  letting  them  fall  from 
a height,  etc.,  but  they  invariably  refused  entirely  to  use  their  wings  in  escaping  from 
danger. 

The  migration  takes  place  often,  and,  according  to  some  authors, 
usually  before  the  majority  of  the  brood  have  attained  full  growth. 
There  are  always  many  immature  individuals  among  a largo  host,  and 
often  the  army  is  composed  almost  entirely  of  such.  In  fact,  at  these 
times  there  is  apt  to  be  a general  confusion  of  so-called  larvae,  pupae, 
and  adults,  owing  to  the  fact  that  some  hibernating  females  oviposit 
much  in  advance  of  others  and  to  the  other  fact,  previously  mentioned, 
that  a single  female  takes  several  days  or  even  weeks  to  lay  all  of  her 
eggs.  Professor  Forbes  records  egg-laying  presumably  by  hibernating 
individuals  from  the  last  week  in  May  (at  Decatur)  until  the  last  week  in 
June  (at  Warsaw),  thus  making  certain  individuals  of  the  first  brood  one 


20 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


moutli  later  in  development  than  others,  in  two  localities  not  far  distant 
(140  miles)  and  of  about  the  same  latitude.  There  are  many  accounts 
in  print  which  are  almost  incredible  tales  of  the  size  of  these  migrating 
hordes,  and  yet  they  are  probably  only  too  true. 

Dr.  Thomas  states  that  the  migration  upon  foot  seldom  exceeds  80 
rods,  but  the  winged  individuals  fly  to  much  greater  distances.  In- 
stance was  given  in  the  Farmers’  Beview  for  August  17,  1887,  where  a 
little  patch  of  sweet  corn  grown  in  the  midst  of  pine  woods  in  northern 
Wisconsin,  8 miles  from  a cultivated  crop  of  any  kind,  was  badly  in- 
fested with  the  Chinch  Bug.  This  appearance  of  the  bugs  probably  re- 
sulted from  the  flight  thereto  of  mature  individuals. 

It  naturally  results  from  the  wide  difference  in  the  method  of  growth 
of  the  crops  that  the  Chinch  Bugs  after  migrating  from  wheat  to  corn 
appear  to  be  much  more  numerous  upon  the  latter  crop  than  they  were 
upon  the  former,  in  spite  of  the  great  numbers  usually  killed  in  the  act 
of  migrating;  for  a single  stalk  of  corn  will  be  obliged  to  support  the 
Chinch  Bugs  from  a great  many  stalks  of  wheat.  Moreover,  the  bugs 
swarm  upon  the  lirst  few  rows  and  destroy  them  before  invading  the 
entire  field  generally.  The  outer  rows,  of  course,  under  these  circum- 
stances are  often  black  with  bugs.  The  pupae  work  their  way  down 
between  the  leaves  and  the  stalks  and  there  cast  their  skins  and  issue 
as  adult  insects.  The  leaf  sheath  is  often  thus  completely  filled  with 
exuviae.  The  eggs  for  the  second  brood  are  also  often  if  not  usually 
deposited  in  this  same  situation — behind  the  sheaths  of  the  lower 
leaves — and  on  hatching  the  young  bugs  remain  there  feeding  and 
growing,  and  casting  skins,  sometimes  even  until  the  advent  of  cold 
weather  and  their  consequent  winter  torpor.  Others  issue  from  these 
sheaths,  particularly  when  they  are  especially  abundant,  or  failing  to 
find  satisfactory  locations  on  the  outer  rows  take  wings  and  fly  to  the 
center  of  the  field  and  become  generally  scattered.  They  feed  upon  the 
Corn  or  Bye  as  the  case  may  be,  and  upon  the  surrounding  grasses  or  in 
the  fields  of  Millet  or  Hungarian  grass  until  the  approach  of  fall,  by 
which  time  nearly  all  are  once  more  full-grown.  Mr.  Webster  observed 
them  at  Lafayette,  Ind.,  in  August,  1887,  forcing  themselves  down  into  cut 
stubble  of  Setaria  glauca  for  the  purpose  of  undergoing  the  last  molt. 
He  counted  upwards  of  twenty  in  a single  stalk.  We  may  mention  in 
this  connection,  as  reported  to  us  by  Prof.  Osborn  and  also  as  published 
in  the  Country  Gentleman  for  August  25,  1877,  that  President  Cham- 
berlain, of  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College,  dug  a single  root  of  Hungarian 
grass  at  Ames,  Iowa,  the  first  week  in  August  upon  which  were  counted 
3,025  bugs.  Earth  was  removed  with  the  root  to  the  depth  of  3 inches 
(1  inch  surface),  in  all  about  4 cubic  inches. 

In  the  north  the  majority  of  them  are  ready  to  hibernate  by  the  time 
the  field  corn  is  harvested.  Farther  south,  however,  the  corn  grows 
too  hard  for  them  and  considerable  time  before  the  weather  is  cold 
enough  to  compel  them  to  seek  winter  shelter.  In  North  Carolina,  as 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


21 


we  liave  already  shown,  a third  brood  has  appeared  by  the  time  the 
corn  becomes  hard,  and  the  bugs  seek  the  Crab-grass  and  there  feed 
until  ready  for  hibernation,  finding  in  this  grass,  moreover,  good  shelter 
for  the  winter. 

The  general  statements  here  given  apply  to  the  average  Chinch  Bug 
year  iu  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  the  surrounding  States,  as  the  articles 
from  which  we  have  drawn  our  main  facts  are  the  results  of  observa- 
tions made  iu  these  States.  The  life-history  and  habits  of  the  species 
undoubtedly  differ  considerably  in  the  more  southern  States,  where, 
however,  it  seldom  does  much  damage.  It  is  very  doubtful,  however, 
that  the  habits  differ  so  greatly  as  to  admit  of  the  correctness  of  the 
statement  quoted  by  Fitch  from  the  Southern  Planter  (XV,  269),  that 
the  eggs  are  laid  in  the  ground  in  autumn  where  they  remain  through 
the  winter  and  until  the  warmth  of  the  ground  the  following  year 
causes  them  to  hatch!  This  great  error  (at  least  for  tbe  West  and 
North)  is  unfortunately  perpetuated  by  Dr.  Lintuer  in  his  second  re- 
port as  State  entomologist  of  New  York,  p.  153.  There  seems,  in  fact, 
every  reason  to  suppose  that  this  was  simply  a guess  on  the  part  of  the 
editor  of  the  Southern  Planter  without  the  slightest  observation  to 
substantiate  it.  At  our  request,  Professor  Atkinson  examined  a num- 
ber of  females  found  near  Chapel  Hill,  X.  C.,  in  November,  but  found 
no  evidence  of  mature  eggs.  He  also  searched  carefully  for  deposited 
eggs  with,  of  course,  negative  results.  He  states  that  Mr.  Thomas  S. 
Weaver,  of  Chapel  Hill,  has  observed  the  bugs  for  the  past  ten  years 
and  states  that  they  never  oviposit  in  autumn. 

In  exceptional  seasons  and  under  exceptional  conditions  the  life-his- 
tory and  habits  will  vary  considerably  even  in  the  localities  referred  to; 
for  example,  in  1882,  according  to  Professor  Forbes’s  first  Illinois  report, 
there  was  evidently  in  some  parts  of  the  State  but  one  brood,  and  the 
first  young  bugs  were  not  seen  before  July  10.  The  eggs  of  the  first 
brood  were  in  some  localities  this  season  laid  upon  corn. 

NATURAL  ENEMIES  AND  DISEASES. 

Insect  Enemies. — No  true  internal  insect  parasites  of  the  Chinch  Bug 
have  yet  been  found.  In  fact  very  few  of  these  smaller  Heteroptera  are 
parasitized  except  in  the  egg  state.  The  minute  Proctotrupidse  belong- 
ing to  Teleas  and  Telenomus  infest  the  eggs  of  allied  species  and  may 
ultimately  be  found  to  attack  the  eggs  of  the  Chinch  Bug.  Outside  of 
these  genera,  however,  we  can  hardly  expect  any  aid  from  parasitic  in- 
sects. In  this  connection,  although  it  does  not  strictly  come  under  this 
head,  we  may  mention  that  in  1885  Mr.  Webster  found  a species  of  Mer- 
mis  (u  hair-snakes”)  among  the  dried  inoltiugs  and  dead  bodies  of  certain 
Chinch  Bugs  in  a stalk  of  Setaria , which  gives  rise  to  a strong  proba- 
bility that  one  of  these  creatures  will  be  found  to  infest  the  bug.  Many 
predaceous  insects  destroy  them,  although  their  disgusting  odor  is  prob- 
ably more  or  less  a protection. 


22 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


Mr.Walsli  in  18G1  mentioned  four  Ladybirds,  viz,  the  Spotted  Ladybird 
{Hippodamia  maculata,  Fig.  4),  the  Trim  Ladybird  {Coccinella  munda , 
now  called  Cycloneda  sanguinea,  Fig.  5),  and  two  species  of  Scymnus.  In 


[Fig.  4.] 


Spotted  Ladybird. 


[Fig.  5.] 


Trim  Ladybird. 


1882  Prof.  Forbes  found  five  species  of  Ladybirds  (including  the  first 
two  mentioned  by  Walsh)  extremely  abundant  on  corn  (15  or  20  to  a 
hill)  which  was  infested  by  hosts  of  Chinch  Bugs.  The  contents  of  the 
stomachs  of  a few  specimens  of  each  were  examined  with  the  following 
results : In  three  specimensof  Hippodamia  maculata  no  traces  of  Chinch 
Bugs  were  found,  the  food  consisting  of  the  spores  of  lichens,  the  pollen 
of  Bag-weed,  and  traces  of  Plant-lice.  One-third  of  the  food  of  Hippo- 
damia convergens  (5  specimens  examined)  consisted  of  equal  parts  of 
Chinch  Bugs  and  Plant-lice.  In  4 specimens  of  Hippodamia  glacialis  8 
per  cent,  of  the  food  was  found  to  be  Chinch  Bugs,  18  per  cent.  Plant- 
lice,  and  the  rest  vegetation.  A single  specimen  of  Coccinella  9 notata 
had  eaten  no  insect  food.  Three  specimens  of  Cycloneda  sanguinea  had 
eaten  some  Plant-lice,  but  no  Chinch  Bugs.  From  these  observations 
Professor  Forbes  concludes  that  it  is  possible  that  the  Ladybirds  were 
attracted  “ rather  by  the  stores  of  fungi  in  the  field  thau  by  the  Chinch 
Bugs  and  Plant-lice.” 

The  Weeping  Lace-winged  Fly  (Chrysopa plorabunda,  Fitch)  described 
originally  by  Dr.  Shimer  as  Chr.  lllinoiensis , has  been  found  by  Dr. 
Shimer  to  destroy  the  Chinch  Bug.  Professor  Biley  records  the  fact  that 
the  Insidious  Flower  Bug  ( Triphleps  insidiosus , Say.,  Fig.  6),  an  insect 


which  is  often  found  in  company  with  the  Chinch  Bug  and  which  has 
been  mistaken  for  it,  in  reality  feeds  upon  the  pest.  This  is  the  insect 
which  was  .sent  to  Dr.  Fitch  as  a Chinch  Bug,  and  which  he  described 
as  Anthocoris  pseudochinche  in  his  second  report.  Professor  Biley  also 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


23 


records  tlie  fact  that  he  hns  observed  the  Many-banded  Robber  ( Mil  gas 
ductus , Fab.,  Fig.  7)  in  the  act  of  preying  upon  the  Chinch  Bug,  and  Dr. 
Thomas  considers  this  insect  the  most  efficient  of  the  insect  enemies  of 
the  pest. 

Two  of  Professor  Riley’s  correspondents  in  1874  stated  that  ants  de- 
stroyed the  eggs  of  the  Chinch  Bug,  but  the  observation  lacks  scientific 
confirmation.  Professor  Forbes  in  1882  observed  a small  ant  ( Lasius 
Jlavus)  in  extraordinary  numbers  in  fields  of  Broom-corn  and  Sorghum, 
and  both  he  and  the  farmer,  whom  he  does  not  mention  by  name,  made 
each  an  independent  observation  upon  an  ant  which  was  carrying  off  a 
Chinch  Bug  in  its  jaws,  but  repeated  dissections  of  ants  found  in  such 
fields  failed  to  show  that  they  had  fed  on  the  bugs. 

Professor  Forbes  in  his  1882  report  adds  to  the  list  of  observed  insect- 
enemies  a common  Ground-beetle — Ag ■modems pallipes  (Comma)  Fabr. — 
of  which,  upon  dissection,  one-fifth  of  the  total  food  was  found  to  be 
Chinch  Bugs.  This  is  the  insect  figured  upon  Plate  1 of  Bulletin  12  of 
the  Division  of  Entomology  and  which  is  there  stated  to  destroy  seed 
corn  in  the  ground,  so  that  its  beneficial  qualities  are  offset  by  its  inju- 
rious tendencies. 

The  evidence  of  Dr.  Shimer,  Dr.  Walsh,  and  others,  is  quite  sufficient 
to  establish  the  fact  that  the  Lady  birds  and  the  Lace-winged  Fly  men- 
tioned will  feed  upon  the  Chinch  Bug,  and  Dr.  Shimer’s  evidence  in  favor 
of  the  latter  insect  is  particularly  strong.  Flis  testimony  as  to  the  great 
abundance  of  the  Lady-birds  upon  corn  infested  by  Chinch  Bugs  is  of 
course  only  presumptive  evidence  of  their  good  work  in  destroying  this 
insect.  It  is  unquestionable,  however,  that  the  Lady-birds  prefer  Plant- 
lice  to  the  Chinch  Bugs ; and  in  at  least  one  instance  which  has  been  re- 
ported to  us,  when  the  Lady-birds  were  present  upon  corn  in  considerable 
numbers,  and  when  this  crop  was  infested  by  the  Chinch  Bug,  a careful 
study  by  the  observer  (Mr.  Lawrence  Bruner)  showed  that  the  Corn 
Aphis  was  also  present,  and  that  the  Lady-birds  were  feeding  upon  these 
latter,  and  did  not,  so  far  as  he  could  see,  touch  the  Chinch  Bugs.  Pro- 
fessor Forbes’  stomach  examinations  previously  mentioned  also  tend  to 
cast  discredit  upon  the  Lady  birds  as  Chinch  Bug  destroyers. 

Vertebrate  Enemies. — Professor  Riley  published  many  years  ago 
in  the  Prairie  Farmer  the  fact  that  the  common  Quail,  or  Bob  White 
( Colinus  virgin! anus),  was  a most  efficient  destroyer  of  the  Chinch  Bug, 
and  this  fact  has  since  been  confirmed  by  other  writers.  Dr.  Riley  says  : 

In  tlie  winter  time  when  hard  pushed  for  food  they  must  devour  enormous  numbers 
of  the  little  pests  which  winter  in  just  such  situations  as  are  frequented  by  the  quail, 
and  this  bird  should  be  protected  from  the  gun  of  the  sportsman  in  every  State  where 
the  Chinch  Bug  is  known  to  run  riot. 

We  may  add  the  corroborative  evidence  of  Mr.  Bruner,  who  combines 
the  knowledge  of  an  entomologist  with  that  of  an  ornithologist: 

Protect  the  birds,  and  above  all  the  quails,  for  they  destroy  countless  numbers  of 
hibernating  insects  of  various  kinds  that  are  to  be  picked  up  about  the  hedges  and 
such  like  resorts  frequented  by  these  birds  throughout  the  winter.  Although  be- 


24 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


longi  ng  to  the  gramnivorotis  birds  the  quail  is  essentially  insectivorous,  except  in  in- 
clement weather,  when  insects  are  not  easily  obtained.  In  my  profession  as  taxider- 
mist I have  dissected  many  different  species  of  birds  in  the  crops  of  which  were  con- 
tained injurious  iusects  of  various  kinds — the  chinch  bug  among  others.  In  no  other 
instance  do  I remember  of  the  presence  of  this  insect  in  the  crop  of  a bird  in  so  great 
numbers  as  in  that  of  the  quail.  As  a rule  but  few  birds,  mammals,  reptiles,  or  rapac- 
ious insects  seem  to  relish  any  of  the  odoriferous  members  of  the  Hemiptera  or  true 
bugs.  In  winter,  however,  this  repugnance  is  partially  overcome,  and  now  and  then 
even  a chinch  bug  seems  a delicate  morsel  when  u meat”  is  scarce. 

The  Prairie  Chicken,  the  Red- winged  Black-bird,  and  other  birds  have 
been  reported  as  feeding  upon  the  Chinch  Bug,  and  Professor  Forbes 
mentions  the  fact  that  one  Cat-bird,  three  Brown  Thrushes,  aud  one 
Meadow  Lark  were  found  in  1880  to  have  eaten  these  insects  “ in  barely 
sufficient  number  to  show  that  the  birds  have  no  unconquerable  prej- 
udice against  them.  A single  House-wren,  shot  in  1882,  had  also  eaten 
a few  Chinch  Bugs.”  Dr.  Thomas  states  that  the  common  frog,  accord- 
ing to  Professor  Ross  and  others,  consumes  a large  number  of  the  bugs : 

Professor  Ross  goes  so  far  as  to  express  the  belief  that  the  destruction  of  these  ani- 
mals by  draining  their  natural  haunts  is  one  reason  why  the  chinch  bug  is  enabled  to 
multiply  as  it  does  in  some  seasons. 

No  account  of  an  injurious  insect  is  complete  without  an  enumeration 
of  its  natural  enemies  aud  hence  this  summary  has  been  given.  It  is 
plain,  however,  that  the  foes  of  the  Chinch  Bug  are  neither  so  numerous 
nor  so  active  in  its  pursuit  as  are  those  of  most  injurious  insects.  Al- 
most the  solitary  exception  seems  from  the  evidence  to  be  the  common 
Quail,  and  on  this  account  the  following  short  table  lias  been  compiled. 
It  illustrates  the  months  in  which  the  shooting  of  quails  is  allowed  in  the 
States  in  which  the  Chinch  Bug  becomes  or  may  become  injurious,  and 
it  shows  that  while  these  birds  are  in  the  main  tolerably  well  protected, 
certain  of  the  States  which  suffer  most  from  the  Chinch  Bug  might 
with  profit  follow  the  example  of  Colorado  or  Dakota  and  protect  the 
Quail  altogether  for  a series  of  years. 

New  York. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  November  1 to  Janu- 
ary 1. 

Maryland. — Shootiug  of  quails  allowed  from  November  1 to  Decem- 
ber 24.  There  are,  however,  in  this  State,  local  county  laws,  some  of 
which  allow  the  shootiug  as  early  as  October  1. 

Virginia. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  west  of  the  Blue  Ridge  October 
15  to  January  1,  except  in  Rockbridge  County,  where  it  is  allowed  from 
October  15  to  January  15;  elsewhere  October  15  to  January  15. 

Texas. — Shooting  of  quads  allowed  from  October  1 to  April  1. 

Georgia. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  October  15  to  April  1. 

Wisconsin. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  November  1 to  Decem- 
ber 1.  Trapping  prohibited. 

Michigan. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  November  1 to  January  1. 
No  trapping  or  snaring  allowed  for  market. 

Pennsylvania.  —Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  October  15  to  Jan- 
uary 1. 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


25 


Tennessee. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  October  1 to  April  1 in 
Rutherford,  Shelby,  Tipton,  and  Fayette  Counties;  September  1 to  Feb- 
ruary 1,  iu  Robertson,  Davidson,  Lincoln,  and  Maury  Counties;  Septem- 
ber 15  to  March  1,  in  Montgomery  and  Cheatham  Counties. 

Missouri. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  October  15  to  February  1. 
Trapping  prohibited  except  by  owner  of  premises. 

Delaware. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  November  15  to  Jan- 
uary 1. 

North  Carolina. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  October  15  to  April 
I,  except  in  counties  of  Clay,  Cherokee,  Graham,  Henderson,  Jackson, 
Macon,  Transylvania,  Tyrrell,  Johnston,  Jones,  Ware,  Onslow,  Carter- 
ret,  and  Columbus,  in  which  they  are  not  protected.  In  Currituck 
County,  December  1 to  April  1 . 

Iowa. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  October  1 to  January  1.  No 
more  than  twenty-five  quails  to  be  killed  in  any  one  day  by  any  one 
person. 

Dakota. — Quails  protected  absolutely  to  1890. 

Illinois. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  November  1 to  January  1. 
Snaring  and  trappiug  forbidden. 

Ohio. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  November  10  to  January  1. 
Snaring  and  trappiug  forbidden.  In  Fulton  County  quails  protected 
to  November  1,  1890. 

Nebraska. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  October  1 to  January  1. 
Snaring  and  trapping  forbidden. 

Indiana. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  October  15  to  Decem- 
ber 20. 

Minnesota. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  September  1 to  Decem- 
ber 1.  Trapping  prohibited. 

District  of  Columbia. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  November  1 
to  February  1.  Trapping  prohibited. 

South  Carolina. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  October  1 to  March  15. 

Montana. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  August  15  to  November  15. 

Arkansas. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  October  1 to  March  1. 

Colorado. — Quails  protected  at  all  times. 

West  Virginia. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  October  15  to  Jan- 
uary 1.  Snaring  prohibited. 

Kentucky. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  October  15  to  February  1. 

Idaho. — Quails  protected  until  September  1, 1887.  (Present  status 
of  law  unknown.) 

New  Mexico.— Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  September  1 to  May  1. 

Kansas. — Shooting  of  quails  allowed  from  November  1 to  January  1. 

This  compilation  is  drawn  up  in  the  main  from  an  extended  abstract 
of  the  State  laws,  published  in  the  American  Field  for  August  20, 1887, 
Yol.  XXVIII,  No.  8. 

Diseases. — The  Chinch  Bug  has  long  been  known  to  be  subject  to  a 
so-called  bacterial  disease,  which  occasionally  kills  it  off.  Dr.  Shimer, 


26 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


in  his  long  article  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia,  gives  the  following  account  of  his  observations  upon 
this  disease  in  1865.  (Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia  for  1867.) 

July  16. — A farmer  four  miles  from  here  informed  me  that  a black  coleopterous  in- 
sect was  destroying  the  chinch  bugs  on  his  farm  very  rapidly,  and,  although  I found 
his  supposition  to  be  an  error,  yet  I found  many  dying  on  the  low  creek-bottom  laud 
from  the  effects  of  some  disease,  while  they  are  yet  in  the  larvae  state — a remarkable 
and  rare  phenomenon  for  insects  thus  iu  such  a wholesale  manner  to  be  dying  without 
attaining  their  maturity,  and  no  insect  enemy  or  other  efficient  cause  to  be  observed 
capable  of  producing  this  important  result.  * * * 

On  the  low  grounds  the  young  chinch  bugs  are  all  dead  from  the  disease  above  al- 
luded to,  and  the  same  disease  is  spreading  rapidly  on  the  hills  and  high  prairies. 

The  weather  has  been  very  wet  since  the  first  of  July,  and  the  barley  above  al- 
luded to,  which  I plowed  beneath  the  ground,  did  not  die,  but  assumed  a yellow, 
sickly  appearance  ; in  its  shady,  compressed,  unnatural  position,  the  ends  of  the 
heads  project  from  beneath  the  furrows.  The  chinch  bugs  also  remained  alive  for  a 
time,  but  feeding  on  the  sickly  grain  and  shaded  from  the  sunlight — what  little  we 
had— were  attacked  by  disease  in  the  same  manner  and  about  the  same  time  as  those 
on  the  low  creek-bottom  lands,  meeting  very  rapidly  the  same  fate,  so  that  very  few 
of  them  ever  found  their  way  to  the  neighboring  corn. 

July  28. — In  the  fields  where  sixty  days  ago  I saw  plenty  of  eggs,  and  forty-two  days 
ago  an  abundance  of  young  chinch  bugs,  the  imago  are  beginning  to  develop  quite 
plentifully.  Great  numbers,  iu  all  stages  of  their  development,  are  dying  of  the  pre- 
vailing disease. 

August  8. — The  majority  of  the  chinch  bugs  yet  alive  are  in  the  imago  state,  but  they 
are  being  rapidly  destroyed  by  the  prevailing  epidemic  disease,  more  fatal  to  them 
than  the  plague  of  Asiatic  cholera  ever  was  to  man,  more  fatal  than  any  recorded 
disease  among  men  or  animals  since  time  began.  Scarcely  one  in  a thousand  of  the 
vast  hosts  of  young  bugs  observed  at  the  middle  of  June  yet  remain  alive,  but  plenty 
of  dead  ones  may  be  seen  everywhere,  lyiug  on  the  ground,  covered  with  the  common 
mold  of  decomposing  animal  matter,  and  nothing  else,  even  when  examined  by  the 
microscope.  Even  of  those  that  migrated  to  corn-fields  a few  weeks  ago,  iu  such 
numbers  as  to  cover  the  lower  half  of  the  corn-stalks,  very  few  are  to  be  found  re- 
maining alive  ; but  the  ground  around  the  base  of  the  corn-hills  is  almost  literally 
covered  with  their  moldering,  decomposing  dead  bodies.  This  is  a matter  so  common 
as  to  be  observed  and  often  spoken  of  by  farmers.  They  are  dead  everywhere,  not 
lying  on  the  ground  alone,  but  sticking  to  the  blades  and  stalks  of  corn  in  great 
numbers,  in  all  stages  of  their  development,  larva,  pupa,  and  imago. 

August  22. — It  is  almost  impossible  to  find  even  a few  cabinet  specimens  of  chinch 
bugs  alive,  so  that  I am  quite  sorry  that  I did  not  secure  a large  supply  of  specimens 
while  they  were  so  numerous  in  former  years;  for  it  really  appears  quite  probable 
that  even  cabinet  specimens  will  be  hard  to  secure,  whereby  to  remember  the  fallen 
race  of  the  unnumbered  millions  of  former  years. 

September  13. — After  a whole  day’s  searching  in  the  corn-fields,  I have  just  been  able 
to  find  two  larvm  and  a few  imago  chiuch  bugs,  against  the  great  numbers  above  al- 
luded to  in  the  corn  about  this  time  last  year. 

* *■  * * •*  * * 

It  is  generally  believed  among  entomologists  that  insect  euemies  are  the  most  effi- 
cient means  in  nature  for  exterminating  noxious  insects;  but  in  this  remarkable  fact 
in  the  history  of  insects,  the  great  epidemic  of  1865  (there  can  be  no  doubt  about 
this  being  an  epidemic  disease,  because  the  insects  died  without  attaining  their  ma- 
turity), we  find  a greater  enemy,  the  greatest  insect  enemy  ever  recorded,  a dreadful 
“plague,”  that  in  a few  days  almost  utterly  annihilated  a race  of  beings  living  in  the 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


27 


northern  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  outnumbering  all  the  human  beings 
that  have  ever  lived  on  this  planet  siuce  the  morning  of  creation. 

This  disease  among  the  chinch  bugs  was  associated  with  the  loug-continued  wet, 
cloudy,  cold  weather  that  prevailed  during  a greater  portion  of  the  period  of  their 
development,  and  doubtless  was  in  a measure  produced  by  deficient  light,  heat,  aud 
electricity,  combined  with  excessive  humidity  of  the  atmosphere,  whereby  an  imper- 
fect physical  (“  bug”)  organization  was  developed.  The  disease  was  at  its  maximum 
during  the  moist  weather  that  followed  the  cold  rains  of  June  and  the  first  part  of 
July.  The  young  chinch  bug  spent  a great  portion  of  its  time  on  or  near  the  ground, 
where  its  body  was  colder  than  the  atmosphere;  hence,  upon  philosophical  principles, 
there  must  have  been  an  excessive  precipitation  of  watery  vapor  in  the  bronchial 
tubes.  These  are  the  facts  in  the  case,  but  in  the  midst  of  the  great  obscurity  that 
envelops  epidemic  diseases  among  men,  it  would  be  only  idle  speculation  to  attempt 
to  define  the  cause  more  definitely  than  the  physiological  laws  already  observed  seem 
to  indicate.  At  all  events  it  will  require  many  years  of  warm,  dry  summers,  and  ac- 
companying winters  of  plenty  of  snow  for  protection,  to  reinstate  the  lost  innumera- 
ble armies  of  this  insect. 

During  the  summer  of  1866  the  chinch  bugs  were  very  scarce  in  all  the  early  spring, 
and  up  to  near  the  harvest  I was  not  able,  with  the  most  diligent  search,  to  find  one. 
At  harvest  I did  succeed  in  finding  a few  in  some  localities. 

Professor  Forbes  took  up  the  study  of  the  Chinch  Bug  Disease  iu  Au- 
gust, 1882,  aud  has  published  several  interesting  accounts  of  his  results. 
A short  summary  was  published  in  his  first  report  as  State  Entomolo- 
gist of  Illinois,  for  the  year  1882,  of  the  long  account  of  his  studies  and 
experiments,  and  it  is  in  such  shape  that  we  reproduce  it  here: 

On  the  other  hand,  a much  more  important  role  is  apparently  played  by  certain  ob- 
scure parasites,  not  previously  detected.  One  of  these  is  a minute  bacterium  ( Micro- 
coccus insectorum,  Burrill),  infesting  the  alimentary  canal,  closely  allied  to  the  micro- 
coccus found  in  the  stomach  and  intestines  of  silk-worms,  and  now  known  to  cause 
some  of  the  destructive  diseases  of  that  insect.  From  the  fact  that  these  parasites 
were  extremely  abundant  in  specimens  from  a field  where  the  bugs  were  rapidly  dying, 
while  in  those  from  adjacent  fields  there  were  relatively  very  few,  it  was  considered 
probable  that  they  were  related  to  this  destruction  of  the  bugs.  This  conclusion  was 
supported  by  the  factthat  they  were  more  abundant  in  old  bugs  than  in  young,  while 
the  mortality  referred  to  evidently  also  chiefly  affected  the  older  individuals.  It  was 
found  easy  to  cultivate  the  bacterium  artificially  in  organic  infusions,  but  no  oppor- 
tunity offered  to  apply  it  to  healthy  insects.  Until  this  experiment  is  made  and  the 
effects  carefully  studied,  it  must  remain  possible  that  the  coincidence  noted  was 
merely  accidental,  and  of  no  particular  significance. 

Another  parasite  discovered  is  similar  to  that  well  known  as  a common  enemy  of 
the  house  fly,  and  belongs  to  the  same  genus  ( Entomophthora ).  This  attacks  both  old 
aud  young  chinch  bngs,  and  finally  embeds  their  bodies  in  a mass  of  mold.  There  is 
some  reason  to  believe  that  this  was  the  active  agent  in  an  immense  destruction  of 
chinch  bugs  which  occurred  in  Northern  Illinois  in  1866,  as  described  by  Dr.  Shimer, 
of  Mount  Carroll.  Evidence  is  adduced  of  the  possibility  of  artificially  cultivating 
this  parasite  also,  and  applying  it  to  the  destruction  of  insects. 

Since  the  publication  of  this  report  Professor  Forbes  has  taken  up 
the  study  of  bacterial  diseases  of  certain  other  insects,  but  there  has 
been,  so  far  as  we  are  aware,  no  practical  outcome  as  yet.  The  subject, 
however,  has  a rather  hopeful  look,  although  we  should  be  inclined 
to  expect  more  from  the  Micrococcus  than  from  the  Entomophthora.  The 
evidence  mentioned  as  to  the  possibility  of  artificially  cultivating  the 


28 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


latter  is  chiefly  a translation  of  a paper  by  Metschnikoff  in  the  Zoolog- 
iselier  Auzeiger  for  1880,  pp.  41-47  in  which  it  is  shown  the  Russian 
naturalist  successfully  induced  the  growth  of  the  fungus,  Isaria  de- 
structor■,  which  had  destroyed  the  celebrated  A nisoplia  Austriaca , a grain 
pest  in  Russia,  in  beer  inash.  Successful  attempts  were  made  to  iufest 
healthy  larvae  with  green  spores  taken  from  diseased  larvae  found  in 
the  fields,  but  no  mention  is  made  of  success,  or  even  of  experiment  with 
the  only  practical  substance — the  beer-mash  culture. 

Professor  Riley  has  always  doubted  the  possibility  of  any  practical 
success  in  this  direction,  and  has  pointed  out  the  difficulties  in  the  way. 
(See  American  Naturalist,  November,  1883,  p.  1170.) 

In  the  introduction  to  the  Fourth  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Entomological 
Commission  (LXXXV)  he  makes  use  of  the  following  language  : 

In  treating  of  the  use  of  yeast  ferment  or  other  fungus  germs  we  have  used  essen- 
tially the  language  of  the  first  edition.  Time  has  only  served  to  confirm  us  in  our 
opinion  of  their  practical  futility  in  the  field.  The  question  of  the  practical  use  of 
these  micro-organisms — these  disease  germs — as  insecticides  is  a very  fascinating  one, 
and  is  much  written  about  just  now  ; but  unfortunately  it  proves  most  alluring  to 
those  who  have  had  the  least  practical  experience  in  coping  with  injurious  insects  in 
the  field,  and  is  much  more  apt  to  assume  importance  to  the  closet  theorists  than  to 
those  who,  from  experience,  are  conscious  of  the  difficulties  involved  in  its  applica- 
bility. 

It  will  also  be  apropos  to  quote  Professor  Forbes’  latest  utterauce 
upon  this  point.  He  says  : 

Finally,  the  artificial  cultication  of  the  germs  of  the  contagious  diseases  of  the  chinch 
bug,  with  a view  to  spreading  these  diseases  at  will  by  means  of  such  artificial  cult- 
ure. This  is  a theoretical  remedy  only,  and  much  additional  study  and  experiment 
will  be  required  to  put  it  on  a practical  basis. 

WET  WEATHER  AND  THE  CHINCH  BUG. 

Tlie  great  preponderance  of  evidence  favors  the  idea,  now  considered 
well  established,  that  wet  weather  is  inimical  to  this  insect.  Dozens, 
we  may  almost  say  hundreds,  of  instances  are  on  record  in  which  the 
Chinch  Bugs,  after  successfully  hibernating  in  great  numbers,  have  been 
rendered  harmless  by  a wet  spring,  and  in  which,  having  laid  their  eggs 
and  appeared  again  as  the  spring  brood  with  greatly  increased  forces, 
a spell  of  rainy  weather  in  early  summer  has  caused  them  to  vanish. 
Hence,  it  follows  that  dry  seasons  favor  the  increase  of  the  pest ; and 
careful  observation  convinced  Riley  and  others  that  after  a season  of 
moderate  abundance  (presumably  therefore  not  a wet  season)  the  occur- 
rence of  the  bugs  in  destructive  numbers  the  next  season  depends  al- 
most entirely  upon  the  wetness  or  dryness  of  the  ensuing  spring. 

The  exact  method  in  which  wet  weather  accomplishes  the  destruction 
of  the  insect  is  a somewhat  disputed  point.  That  it  is  not  actual  sub- 
mergence was  pointed  out  by  Professor  Riley  in  his  second  Missouri 
report,  and  still  further  proven  by  an  observation  made  by  Hon.  Will- 
iam McAdams  and  reported  by  Professor  Forbes  in  his  first  report  as 


THE  CHINCH  BUG.  29 

State  entomologist  of  Illinois,  and  which  is  sufficiently  interesting  to 
quote : 

In  liis  vicinity,  in  Jersey  County  (Ills.),  they  (the  chinch  bugs)  were  extremely 
abundant  in  the  grain  early  in  the  spring,  hut  were  all  apparently  swept  out  of  the 
country  by  a long  and  violent  storm.  Some  days  afterwards,  when  the  water  had 
subsided,  he  noticed  in  pulling  over  the  drift-wood  in  the  river  bottoms  immense 
numbers  of  chinch  bugs  among  the  rubbish,  most  of  them  still  alive  and  crawling 
about. 

Professor  Forbes  also  concludes  that  simple  exposure  to  moisture 
hardly  has  the  effect  attributed  to  rain  from  expeiiments  which  he  made 
as  follows  : 

A number  of  hills  infested  by  the  bugs  were  successfully  transplanted  to  boxes  and 
variously  treated  with  water  for  ten  days.  Some  selected  examples  were  thoroughly 
drenched  every  day,  both  ground  and  stalks;  in  other  boxes  only  the  ground  was 
watered  ; in  still  others  the  corn  was  sprinkled  every  day,  but  the  ground  protected  ; 
and  the  remainder  were  left  with  only  sufficient  attention  to  keep  the  corn  alive. 
During  the  time  for  which  these  experiments  were  continued,  no  appreciable  effect 
whatever  was  produced  upou  the  bugs  infesting  the  stalks.  Those  where  the  corn 
was  watered  were  washed  down  upou  the  ground  each  time,  but  soon  dried  off  and 
climbed  up  the  stalk.  At  the  end  of  this  time  the  bugs  under  observation  all  com- 
menced to  disappear  indiscriminately,  without  reference  to  the  mode  in  which  the 
corn  had  been  treated,  and  the  experiment  was  thus  abruptly  closed.  Enough  was 
learned,  however,  to  show  that  a succession  of  heavy  daily  showers  for  more  than  a 
week  would  have  no  appreciable  effect  upon  these  insects  in  that  stage.  The  weather 
was  warm  and  pleasant,  and  the  conditions  under  which  the  experiments  were  carried 
on  made  it  impossible  to  saturate  the  air. 

So  general  a conclusion  it  seems  to  us  is  hardly  warrantable  from  the 
conditions  under  which  the  experiments  were  made.  If  “the  weather 
was  warm  and  pleasant,  and  the  condition  under  which  the  experiments 
were  carried  on  made  it  impossible  to  saturate  the  air,”  the  effect  could 
hardly  help  but  differ  from  that  of  a heavy  shower  in  a corn-field,  par- 
ticularly from  that  of  “ a succession  of  heavy  daily  showers  for  more 
than  a week,”  when  there  would  be  considerable  cloudy  weather  and 
the  atmosphere  on  the  whole  would  be  moist. 

Professor  Riley  mentioned  the  fact  that  the  larvae  and  pupa?  are  more 
readily  killed  by  the  wet  weather  than  the  adult  insects,  but  that  the 
latter  are  also  killed. 

Mr.  Walsh  (Am.  Fmt.  1, 175,  1869)  gives  the  emphasis  of  italics  to  the 
following  sentence : 

Iu  a hot,  dry  season  cliiuck  bugs  are  always  the  worst ; in  a wet  season  it  is  im- 
possible for  them  to  do  auy  considerable  amount  of  damage. 

Dr.  Shimer  ( loc . cit .),  in  his  account  of  the  epidemic,  argued  that  it  was 
doubtless  the  indirect  effect  of  the  wet  weather.  Dr.  Thomas  (Bull.  5, 
U.  S.  E.  0.)  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  wet  weather  gave  rise  to  a 
minute  fungus  which  is  the  direct  cause  of  the  death  of  the  insect. 
Professor  Forbes  says: 

The  phenomena  connected  with  the  action  of  parasites,  which  I have  above  de- 
scribed, were  apparently  independent  of  auy  appreciable  general  cause,  as  they  were 
most  manifest  at  a time  when  the  weather  had  been  warm,  dry,  and  altogether  un- 


30 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


exceptionable  for  from  one  to  two  mouths.  It  is  not  unlikely,  however,  that  wet 
weather  may  have  the  effect  to  stimulate  the  development  of  this  parasite,  either  di- 
rectly or  indirectly — a hypothesis  which  will  reconcile  all  the  facts  now  known,  as 
well  as  the  conflicting  explanations  of  them  which  have  been  hitherto  put  forth. 

Assuming  the  dry  weather  abundance  aud  wet  weather  scarcity  of  the 
Chinch  Bug  to  be  proven,  Dr.  Thomas  in  1880  published  au  elaborate 
article  in  which  by  a comparison  of  the  rain-fall  for  forty  years,  with  the 
destructive  appearances  of  the  insect  for  the  same  period,  he  not  only 
established  a definite  relation  between  them,  but  upon  an  admittedly 
somewhat  uncertain  septennary  periodicity  of  rain-fall  advauced  the  fol- 
lowing practical  conclusions : 

The  first  and  very  important  practical  fact  revealed  is  that  we  may  expect  at 
most  but  two  chinch  bag  years  in  every  seven,  with  the  strong  probability,  amount- 
ing almost  to  a certaiuty,  that  there  will  not  be  two  in  succession.  As  heretofore 
stated,  two  successive  dry  years  are  necessary  in  order  to  develop  this  species  in  ex- 
cessive numbers ; the  raiu-fall  records  seldom  show  three  dry  years  in  succession,  hence 
the  chinch  bugs  are  not  likely  to  appear  in  injurious  numbers  in  two  successive  years. 
The  years  1854  and  1855  may,  perhaps,  form  an  exception  to  this  rule.  It  is  possible 
that  the  second  brood  of  the  first  year  may  be  sufficient  to  excite  alarm,  but  experi- 
ence has  shown  that  they  do  but  little  injury.  We  may,  perhaps,  witlrsafety  assume, 
as  a general  rule  subject  to  occasional  exceptions,  that  they  will  not  appear  more 
than  once  in  excessive  numbers  during  any  of  the  septennary  periods. 

If  the  facts  shown  in  reference  to  periodicity  in  our  rain-fall  are  confirmed  by  future 
investigations,  and  this  periodicity  shown  to  be  a meteorological  law  of  the  area  in- 
dicated, the  practical  advantage  of  this  knowledge  to  our  farmers  is  apparent  to  every 
one.  By  this  knowledge  they  will  be  enabled  to  predict  with  a reasonable  degree  of 
certainty  when  to  expect  these  insects,  and  can  rotate  their  crops  so  as  to  suffer  the 
least  possible  injury.  This  knowledge  will  also  enable  them  to  dispense  with  precau- 
tionary measures  except  in  such  years  as  are  likely  to  be  followed  by  the  appearance 
of  the  bugs. 

Experience  has  shown,  and  farmers  are  now  becoming  fully  aware  of  the  fact,  that 
spring  wheat  and  corn  are  the  crops  .that  chiefly  aid  in  sustaining  and  developing 
this  pest.  Why  corn  should  aid  in  this  respect  is  easily  seen,  as  it  is  the  only  exten- 
sive crop  on  which  the  second  brood  can  feed.  But  why  spring  wheat  should  aid 
more  in  developing  them  than  winter  wheat  is  not  so  easily  explained,  but  that  such 
is  the  fact  must  be  admitted.  It  may  possibly  be  accounted  for  on  the  presumption 
that  the  climate  of  the  spring  wheat  region  is  more  congenial  to  them  than  that  of 
the  winter  wheat  area.  ’ 

These  facts,  combined  with  a knowledge  of  the  time  when  the  dry  seasons  are  to 
be  expected,  will  enable  the  farmers  to  substitute  other  crops  as  far  as  possible  in 
place  of  spring  wheat  and  corn.  Even  if  the  conclusion  in  reference  to  periodicity  in 
rain-fall  should  prove  erroneous,  the  fact  that  two  successive  dry  years  are  necessary 
to  develop  this  species  in  excessive  numbers  will  suffice  to  give  notice  at  least  one 
season  in  advance  aud  allow  the  farmers  to  adapt  their  crops  to  the  circumstances. 
When  a dry  season  comes  and  an  examinatiofl  shows  that  the  bugs  are  on  the  increase, 
winter  wheat,  wherever  it  is  possible  to  do  so,  should  be  substituted  for  spring  wheat ; 
and  oats,  as  far  as  possible,  for  corn. 

The  uncertainty  in  reference  to  temperature  will,  perhaps,  always  prevent  us  from 
predicting  with  certainty  that  a coming  year  will  be  marked  by  the  appearance  of 
these  insects,  but  we  may  say  with  assurance  that  a wet  year  will  not  be  followed  by 
a cliiuch-bug  year.  Although  this  is  not  all  we  desire  to  know  in  this  respect,  it  is, 
nevertheless,  a very  important  fact  and  may  be  used  to  manifest  advantage  by  our 
agriculturists. 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


31 


It  is  proper  to  remark  at  this  point  that  we  have  been  speaking  only  of  the  rain- 
fall over  the  whole  area  designated  and  the  general  appearance  of  the  chinch  bug 
over  the  same  area. 

That  these  insects  have  appeared  even  in  injurious  numbers  in  limited  localities  in 
intermediate  years,  or  times  different  from  those  indicated  as  possible  chinch -bug 
years,  is  certainly  true.  But,  if  the  theory  advanced  is  correct  wheu  applied  to  the 
area  designated  as  a whole,  it  will  probably  prove  true  when  applied  to  more  limited 
localities.  That  is  to  say,  if  the  meteorological  record  of  a given  locality  within  this 
area  for  a loug  series  of  years  is  examined,  it  will  probably  reveal  the  fact  that  there 
is  a similar  periodicity  in  the  rainfall,  though  possibly  not  septennary.  If  this  is 
found  to  be  true,  then  the  farmers  of  that  locality  will  have  a guide  by  which  to  ro- 
tate their  crops  and  to  take  precautionary  measures. 

It  therefore  becomes  important  for  each  section  to  keep  a record  at  least  of  the  rain- 
fall, for  this  will  be  of  advantage,  not  only  in  counteracting  the  chinch  bugs,  but 
numerous  other  species,  and  if  a periodicity  is  ascertained  will  enable  the  farmers  to 
adapt  their  crops  as  far  as  possible  to  the  wet  or  dry  seasons. 

Iii  the  October  (1880)  number  of  the  American  Entomologist  (Vol. 
Ill)  Dr.  Thomas  published  practically  the  same  article  as  that  above 
quoted  and  stated  that  the  bugs  would  probably  appear  over  the  region 
indicated  in  1881.  He  advised,  in  consequence,  the  sowing  of  large 
areas  of  oats  in  1881.  Prof.  Kfley,  in  his  Annual  Eeport  for  1881-’82  (p. 
87),  mentioned  this  prediction  and  advice,  and  showed  that  the  predic- 
tion was  fulfilled  in  part,  at  least,  by  the  occurrence  of  the  bugs  in  de- 
structive numbers  in  several  Western  States.  With  regard  to  the  adop- 
tion of  Dr.  Thomas’  advice,  however,  he  pointed  out  the  rather  curious 
fact  that  Dr.  Thomas’  own  State  (Illinois)  was  the  only  one  of  the  large 
oat-producing  States  in  which  the  acreage  of  this  crop  was  not  increased, 
but  was  somewhat  diminished.  Dr.  Thomas  in  the  letter  of  transmit- 
tal to  his  report  for  1881  announced  the  fulfillment  of  his  prediction 
and  predicted  immunity  for  1882.  Professor  ltiley  ( loc . cit.)  showed  that 
in  spite  of  frequent  rains  in  the  spring  of  1882,  and  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  1881  was  a Chinch  Bug  year,  the  bugs  appeared  in  great  numbers 
in  parts  of  Illiuois,  Kansas,  and  Missouri  in  April  and  May,  but  that 
by  June  the  reports  were  less  alarming.  The  year  as  a whole  was  not 
marked  by  auy  extensive  damage. 

Upon  Dr.  Thomas’  theory  the  year  1888  should  not  be  a Chinch  Bug 
year,  and,  while  not  desiring  to  encroach  upon  his  prerogative  as  a 
seer,  we  are  inclined  to  hold  the  same  opinion  concerning  this  season  at 
least. 

Curiously  enough,  an  anonymous  writer  (J.  C.  H.  S.,  of  Sedgwick 
County,  Kans.)  in  the  Prairie  Farmer  for  June  10,  1882,  commenting 
upon  and  criticising  Dr.  Thomas’  theory,  himself  predicts  that  1887 
would  be  a year  of  drought  and  consequently  a Cli  inch  Bug  year — a much 
more  daring  prediction  than  Dr.  Thomas  cared  to  make,  and  which  has 
yet  been  perfectly  fulfilled.  According  to  this  writer’s  somewhat  arbi- 
trary system,  1894  will  again  bring  a severe  drought. 

We  introduce  here,  as  bearing  upon  the  rain  fall  influence  in  the  in- 
terestingKorth  Carolina  locality,  the  following  table  of  temperature  and 


32 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


rain-fall  at  Chapel  Hill,  compiled  by  Professor  Atkinson.  It  will  be 
noticed  that  while  the  total  rain  fall  in  both  1886  and  1887  was  greater 
than  in  1885,  that  during  September,  October,  and  November,  1886,  and 
March  and  April,  1887,  was  comparatively  slight,  and  that  during  June 
and  July,  1887,  high  temperature  occurred  with  the  comparatively 
heavy  rain-fall. 

Table  of  temperature  and  rain  fall  for  spring , summer , and  autumn , at 
Chapel  Hill , A.  (7.,  for  the  years  1885, 1886,  and  1887. 


[The  temperatureis  expressed 
in  degrees  Fahrenheit.  ] 

March. 

April. 

c? 

a 

June. 

July. 

August. 

September. 

October. 

November. 

1885. 

Highest  temperature 

75 

94 

90 

94 

100 

94 

92 

81 

71 

Lowest  temperature 

15 

31 

40 

63 

61 

57 

46 

35 

27 

Mean  temperature 

42.3 

55.3 

66.  5 

74.7 

77.3 

74.8 

68 

56.6 

52.3 

Rain-fall  (inches) 

3.5 

2. 71 

4.34 

1.32 

3.95 

1.98 

6. 45 

6. 27 

3.  81 

1886. 

Highest  temperature 

80 

93 

93 

93 

98.5 

96 

94 

89 

77 

Lowest  temperature 

24 

33 

46 

53 

62 

| 55 

52 

35 

24 

Mean  temperature.  

49.3 

59.6 

67.7 

78.8 

76.9 

75.9 

75.9 

58.6 

49. 1 

Rain-tall  (inches) 

4.97 

5.  99 

4 

6.  22 

7. 48 

9.  91 

2.86 

1. 47 

2.79 

1887. 

Highest  temperature 

83 

91 

93 

101.8 

103 

92 

98 

Lowest,  temporal, ii re  

26 

28 

45 

49.  7 

65.7 

52 

36 

M pa n temperature  

46.  9 

58.  3 

70.  6 

74.  7 

79.  8 

74.4 

69 

Kain-fall  (inches) 

3.  93 

2.  56 

6.  59 

6.  22 

6. 11 

10.  8 

1.  39 

24.  25 


41.43 


37.  CO 


The  following  tables  are  published  for  comparative  purposes.  They 
are  kindly  furnished  by  the  Chief  Signal  Officer,  and  include  the  official 
records  of  precipitation  in  Chinch  Bug  States  for  1885,  1886,  1887 : 


Stations. 


Maryland : 

Baltimore 

Virginia : 

Cape  Henry 

Cliincoteague 

Lynchburgh 

Norfolk  

North  Carolina: 

Charlotte 

Hatteras 

Kitty  Hawk 

Macon,  Fort 

Smithville  (now  Southport) 

Wilmington 

Indiana : 

Greencastle 

Indianapolis 

Ohio : 

Cincinnati 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Saiiduskv 

Toledo 

1 Closed  December  31,  1880. 

2 Closed  J une  18,  1887. 


Precipitation. 


1885. 

1886. 

1887. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

46.  04 

52. 11 

43. 59 

36.  55 

H4.  76 

41.  85 

45.  23 

2 19.  74 

46.35 

51.85 

40.62 

43.  25 

54.  33 

47.  72 

58.  35 

64.  60 

51.26 

68.  02 

54.  72 

55.  07 

54.  78 

*53.  98 

62.  34 

H7.  50 

48.  07 

38.  93 

59. 49 

60.  42 

56.  43 

51.  47 

50. 11 

331  65 

39.  51 

39.  88 

33.  08 

33.  94 

31.35 

35.  08 

39. 93 

37.  34 

35.36 

42.  25 

42. 39 

30.  25 

j 34. 23 

31.00 

29.85 

33.19 

32.  90 

32.01 

3 Closed  November  4,  1886. 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


33 


Precipitation. 


Stations. 


1885. 

1886. 

Part 

1887. 

Illinois : 

Inches. 

31.99 

Inches. 
37.  98 

Inches. 
26.  75 

Chioa.gr* 

44.37 

26.77 

29.13 

Sprinofifild  

38.  61 

31.  69 

25. 15 

Wisconsin : 

La  Crosse 

Milwaukee  ..... 

30.  70 
32.  58 

22. 49 
31.46 

17.  37 
30.46 

Minnesota : 

Duluth  

Moorebead 

19. 96 
22.  68 

33.  37 
26.76 

28.  56 
21.97 

Saint  Paul  

25.  33 

22.  89 

25.85 

Saint  Vincent 

16. 58 

15.  04 

18.  47 

Missouri : 

T.a  mar  ..  .......... 

*47.  05 

33.  48 

35.  72 

Saint  Louis 

45.  59 

44.34 

35.  30 

Kansas : 

Concordia  ... 

217. 11 

28.  24 

25.  26 

Dodge  City 

23.  71 

19.  35 

15.  80 

Leavenworth 

43.64 

22.  25 

37.  05 

1 Ten  months’  record.  2 Eight  months’  record. 


REMEDIES  AND  PREVENTIVES. 

The  remedies  and  preventives  recommended  as  late  as  the  publication 
of  Professor  Biley’s  7th  Kept.  Ins.  Mo.,  and  there  considered  by  him  are 
as  follows  : Irrigation,  burning,  trapping,  trampling,  rolling,  manuring, 
early  sowing,  mixing  seed,  or  protecting  one  plant  by  another,  prevent- 
ing the  migration  from  one  field  to  another  by  upright  boards  or  by 
plowed  furrows  or  ditches,  abstaining  from  cultivation  of  grains  upon 
which  the  insect  feeds.  These  remedies  were  also  treated  in  detail  by 
Dr.  Thomas  in  Bulletin  5 of  the  Commission.  Since  this,  although  many 
changes  have  been  rung  in  the  agricultural  newspapers  on  these  reme- 
dies, very  few  entirely  new  ideas  have  been  advanced.  We  may  men- 
tion more  particularly,  before  taking  up  a more  detailed  consideration 
of  this  question,  the  successful  adoption  of  the  kerosene  emulsion  for 
application  at  the  time  of  migration  or  immediately  afterwards. 

Preventions. 

Clean  Cultivation. — With  no  insect  more  than  the  Chinch  Bug  is  there 
greater  necessity  for  clean  cultivation.  We  have  shown  already  that 
the  insect  hibernates  under  rubbish  of  all  kinds,  and  that  the  grass  and 
weeds  growing  in  the  fence  corners  and  the  leaves  which  accumulate  there 
are  admirable  places  for  these  insects  to  collect  and  winter.  Where 
corn-stalks  are  left  in  the  fields,  and  where  rubbish  of  any  kind  is  al- 
lowed to  accumulate,  there  the  bugs  will  surely  be  found.  Therefore, 
the  more  thoroughly  a field  is  cleaned  up  in  the  fall,  the  more  carefully 
the  fence  corners  are  weeded  out,  and  the  more  the  bare  soil  is  turned 
under  the  fewer  will  be  the  chances  for  successful  hibernation. 

Diversified  Farming. — It  follows  from  what  we  have  said  concerning 
food  plants  of  this  insect  and  the  crops  most  attacked,  that,  from  the 
12734— Bull.  17 3 


34 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


Chinch-bug  standpoint  alone,  to  say  nothing  of  its  other  advantages, 
the  more  diversified  the  system  of  crops  the  better  chance  there  will  be 
for  preventing  it.  A farmer  who  plants  only  Winter  Wheat,  Corn,  and 
small  vegetable  patches,  as  is  the  practice  in  so  many  parts  of  the  West, 
will  always  be  liable  to  lose  a large  share,  if  not  all,  of  his  expected  re- 
muneration, from  the  attacks  of  this  insect.  “ Diversified  farming,  with 
wheat  mainly  left  out,’7  is  the  editorial  recommendation  of  the  Prairie 
Farmer  (September  17,  1887),  and  is  certainly  an  exemplification  of  con- 
densed wisdom.  The  object  of  the  omission  of  Wheat,  particularly  Winter 
Wheat,  is,  of  course,  to  afford  as  little  food  as  possible  for  the  first  genera- 
tion. Similarly  the  plan  has  been  suggested  of  abstaining  from  Corn  in 
wheat  and  other  small-grain  growing  regions,  with  the  purpose  of  afford- 
ing as  little  food  as  possible  for  the  second  brood.  The  result  of  this 
plan  will  be  that  after  harvest  the  bugs  will  make  their  way  to  the  wild 
grasses,  will  disperse  more,  and  vastly  fewer  will  successfully  hibernate 
than  if  there  were  the  usual  superabundant  supply  of  food  for  the  sec- 
ond generation. 

Rotation  of  Crops. — From  these  same  facts  it  also  follows  with  self- 
evident  clearness  that  crops  attractive  to  these  insects  should  not  be 
sown  year  after  year  upon  the  same  ground.  This  idea  is  so  plain  as  to 
require  no  elaboration.  Abstaining  from  the  cultivation  of  grain  upon 
which  the  insect  feeds  where,  in  spite  of  the  efforts  for  protection  else- 
where mentioned,  the  Chinch-bug  damage  is  still  great,  will,  of  course, 
end  the  difficulty.  Wheat,  Barley,  Bye,  Hungarian  Grass,  and  Millet 
are  all  important  crops,  but  there  are  others  such  as  Buckwheat,  Clover, 
Flax,  Hemp,  all  vegetables  and  fruits  which  could  well  be  made  to  take 
their  place  for  a year  or  two,  or  more,  if  it  should  become  necessary. 
The  one  great  result  of  the  Chinch-bug  convention  held  in  Kansas  in 
1881  was  the  adoption  of  a resolution  to  abstain  from  the  cultivation 
of  Wheat,  the  length  of  time  not  being  mentioned.  As  we  have  pre- 
viously shown,  large  areas  of  Oats  could  be  successfully  grown,  but  in 
corn-growing  regions  most  small  grains  must  be  left  alone,  and  above 
all  Winter-wheat  and  Barley.  Even  without  concert  of  action  among 
the  farmers  of  a certain  region,  it  will  benefit  the  individual  to  abstain 
from  Wheat  and  to  grow  Oats  in  preference  in  a year  when  bugs  are 
expected,  but  concert  of  action  is  far  preferable. 

Early  Sowing  and  Manuring. — From  the  evident  fact  that  a strong, 
healthy,  well-grown  plant  will  better  resist  the  attacks  of  the  insect  the 
deduction  follows  that  Winter  Wheat  sown  early  upon  well- manured 
ground  and  given  careful  cultivation  will  be  farther  advanced  in  the 
spring  and  will  suffer  less  from  the  attacks  of  the  bug.  Heavy  manur- 
ing will  also  cause  a denser  growth,  which  experience  shows  to  be 
prejudicial  to  the  bugs. 

Rolling. — The  female  Chinch  Bug  in  the  spring  seeks  preferably  fria- 
ble ground  in  which  to  lay  her  eggs;  consequently  rolling  the  laud  in 
the  fall  after  the  crop  of  Winter  Wheat  is  put  in  will  render  it  less  favor- 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


35 


able  to  such  egg  laying.  The  same  thing  may  be  done  with  even  better 
success  after  sowing  Spring  Wheat. 

Solving  an  unattractive  Crop  with  Wheat. — Good  results  have  been  ob- 
tained,  as  shown  by  Professor  Riley,  by  sowing  1 or  2 quarts  of  Flax 
to  the  acre  in  the  spring  among  Fall  Wheat.  It  is  put  in  in  early  spring 
with  a light  harrowing  and  rolling.  Its  growth  does  not  materially  in- 
jure the  crop.  Flax  and  Barley  have  also  been  sown  mixed  upon  the 
same  ground,  the  seed  being  separated  in  cleaning.  Similarly,  corn- 
fields which  promised  a poor  stand  have  been  harrowed  and  sown  to 
Buckwheat.  We  have  already  mentioned  in  our  section  on  food  plants 
the  successful  experiment  detailed  by  Professor  Forbes  in  sowing  Timo- 
thy in  the  fall  with  Winter  Wheat  or  Rye,  and  the  same  author  states  that 
in  southern  Illinois  the  sowing  of  Clover  in  spring  on  Winter  Wheat  is 
largely  practiced  “with  unquestionably  good  effect,  provided  that  the 
clover  grows  freely  enough  to  shade  the  ground  by  the  time  the  young 
Chinch  Bug  gets  fairly  under  way.”  In  that  latitude,  however,  he  states 
that  the  clover  often  makes  too  slow  a start  to  effect  this  purpose.  Pro- 
fessor Riley  also  states  that  it  is  recommended  to  sow  1 bushel  of  Win- 
ter Rye  with  each  12  bushels  of  Spring  Wheat,  either  for  the  same  reason 
or  from  the  idea  that  the  bugs  will  prefer  the  younger  to  the  older  grain. 

Direct  Winter  Remedies. 

Stress  should  be  laid  upon  the  great  necessity  for  concerted  work  in 
winter  time. 

Burning. — Professor  Riley  says : 

I can  not  lay  too  much  stress  on  the  importance  of  winter  work  in  burning  corn- 
stalks, old  boards,  and  all  kinds  of  grass,  weeds,  rubbish,  and  litter  around  grain  fields, 
and  even  the  leaves  in  the  adjoining  woods,  in  and  under  all  of  which  the  little  pest 
hibernates. 

In  almost  every  locality  the  insects  will  be  found  to  have  some  par- 
ticularly favored  hibernating  place,  where  they  can  be  attacked  and 
burned  out.  The  locality  studied  by  Professor  Atkinson  in  North  Caro- 
lina and  mentioned  in  a previous  paragraph  is  a particularly  good  in- 
stance. There  a little  careful  search  in  the  fall  showed  the  bugs  pre- 
paring to  hibernate  in  great  numbers  in  the  Crab-grass,  and  nothing 
could  be  easier  in  the  winter  than  to  burn  down  every  spear  of  this 
grass  in  the  vicinity  of  the  grain  fields.  In  the  newer  parts  of  the  W est, 
where  unbroken  prairie  land  adjoins  fields  of  grain,  it  is  advisable  to 
burn  over  the  former  early  every  spring.  Indeed  this  course  is  an  ab- 
solute necessity  under  such  conditions. 

Fall  Plowing  and  Harrowing. — After  burning,  if  the  soil  can  be  plowed 
and.  harrowed,  the  chances  for  successful  hibernation  of  the  bugs  which 
escape  burning  will  be  reduced  to  a minimum.  In  the  same  way,  with- 
out burning,  late  fall  plowing  and  harrowing  will  do  much  good. 

Gas  Lime. — Where  gas  lime  can  be  easily  and  cheaply  obtained  an 
application  of  two  hundred  bushels  to  the  acre  will  prove  valuable  as  a 
fertilizer  and  will  destroy  such  hibernating  insects  as  it  may  reach. 


36 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


Trapping.— We  quote  again  from  Professor  Eiley  : 

Much  good  winter  work  may  be  done  also  in  the  way  of  trapping  the  bugs.  In 
seeking  winter  quarters  they  show  a decided  partiality  for  any  flat  substance,  such  as 
old  boards,  that  do  not  rest  too  closely  upon  the  ground.  If  all  old  boards  that  can 
be  obtained  are  laid  around  the  field  in  the  fall  in  such  manner  that  the  larger  part 
of  the  lower  surface  will  not  quite  rest  on  the  ground — which  of  course  it  will  not  do 
if  the  ground  is  in  the  least  uneven  or  covered  with  grass — the  bugs  will  collect  under 
such  traps  and  during  the  cold  weather  of  winter  may  be  scraped  from  them  on  to 
dry  straw  and  burned. 

He  has  also  suggested  that  shocks  of  corn- stalks  should  be  made 
at  intervals  throughout  the  field  before  winter  sets  in  so  as  to  attract 
the  bugs,  which  will  congregate  in  the  shocks,  where  they  can  be  burned 
at  leisure.  Almost  any  inflammable  rubbish  could  be  used  for  this  pur- 
pose. In  the  neighborhood  of  sorghum  mills  bagasse  has  been  used 
with  good  effect.  The  piles  should  not  be  too  large  or  too  compact. 
They  should  be  placed  during  September  and  should  be  burned  in  De- 
cember. 

Trampling. — The  following  paragraph  is  from  Professor  Eiley  : 

Where  the  custom  of  allowing  cattle  to  range  during  the  winter  in  the  husked 
corn-fields,  even  the  few  Chinch  Bugs  which  secrete  in  the  stalks  are  apt  to  get  killed 
by  the  feeding  and  trampling. 

Direct  Summer  Remedies  before  Migration . 

As  is  the  case  with  so  many  other  destructive  insects,  it  is  not  until 
they  are  under  full  headway  and  in  the  act  of  doing  their  greatest 
damage  that  an  appeal  is  made  to  the  entomologist  for  relief,  and  at 
such  times  it  is  usually  by  far  the  most  difficult  thing  to  give  any  ad- 
vice. A wheat  field  full  of  Chinch  Bugs  is  as  disagreeable  a sight  to 
the  economic  entomologist  as  it  is  to  the  farmer  who  owns  it,  for 
nothing  can  be  done  to  save  it.  If  the  hand  of  Providence  should  in- 
terpose with  a long-continued  drenching  rain  relief  would  be  gained, 
but  in  almost  no  other  way  are  the  crops  to  be  saved. 

Irrigation, — It  was  the  fact  just  mentioned  which  led  Professor  Eiley, 
in  his  7th  Eeport  on  tbe  Insects  of  Missouri,  to  strongly  recommend 
irrigation  where  it  can  be  practiced.  He  says : 

Irrigation,  where  it  can  be  applied,  and  it  can  be  in  much  of  the  territory  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where  the  insect  commits  sad  havoc,  and  with  a 
little  effort  in  many  regions  in  the  heart  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  is  the  only  really 
available,  practicable  remedy,  after  the  bugs  have  commenced  multiplying  in  the 
spring.  I wish  to  lay  particular  stress  on  this  matter  of  irrigation,  believing,  as  I do, 
that  it  is  an  effectual  antidote  against  this  pest,  and  that  by  overflowing  a grain 
field  for  a couple  of  days,  or  by  saturating  the  ground  for  as  many  more  in  the  month 
of  May,  we  may  effectually  prevent  its  subsequent  injuries.  * * * We  can  Dot,  at 

the  critical  moment,  expect  much  aid  from  its  natural  enemies,  for  these  are  few 
and  attack  it  mostly  in  the  winter  time.  We  must,  therefore,  in  our  warfare  with 
this  pest,  depend  mainly  on  preventive  measures  where  irrigation  is  impossible. 

Later  (Amer.  Agriculturist,  Dec.,  1881,  also  Ann.  Eept.  as  Entomolo- 
gist Dept.  Agr.  for  1881-’82,  pages  88-89)  he  expressed  himself  even 
more  explicitly  upon  this  subject: 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


37 


I have  found  no  occasion  to  cliange  ray  opinion  as  to  the  value  and  potency  of 
irrigation  as  a remedy  for  Chinch-bug  injuries,  a remedy,  too,  that  is  within  the  reach 
of  most  farmers,  for  there  are  few  who  might  not,  with  the  aid  of  proper  windmills, 
obtain  the  water  requisite  for  irrigating  their  fields  at  the  needed  time,  while  many 
have  natural  irrigating  facilities.  I have  repeatedly  laid  stress  in  my  writings  on 
the  importance  of  irrigation  in  combating  several  of  our  worst  insect  enemies,  and 
aside  from  its  benefits  in  this  direction,  every  recurrence  of  a droughty  year,  such  as 
the  present,  in  large  portions  of  the  United  States,  convinces  me  of  its  importance  as 
a meaus  of  guarding  against  failure  of  crops  from  excessive  drought.  I am  glad  to 
know  that  many  farmers,  and  especially  small  fruit-growers  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
York,  are  preparing  in  one  way  or  another  for  irrigation  whenever  it  becomes  nec- 
essary, and  I was  pleased  to  hear  Dr.  Hexamer,  at  the  late  meeting  of  the  American 
Poraological  Society,  urge  a general  system  of  irrigation  as  the  most  profitable  invest- 
ment the  cultivator  can  make  in  a climate  subject  to  such  periods  of  drought  as 
ours  is  known  to  be. 

Burning. — In  addition  to  winter  burning  the  remedy  can  be  used  to 
good  effect  in  other  cases.  For  instance  where  the  attack  of  the  bugs 
appears  to  be  confined  to  a definite  portion  of  the  field,  that  portion 
should  be  overlaid  with  straw  and  burned,  if  not  too  large.  Another 
pertinent  suggestion  is  made  by  Dr.  Thomas  in  Bulletin  5,  TJ.  S.  E.  (7., 
and  this  has  the  indorsement  of  practical  use  by  certain  Illinois  farmers. 

If  it  is  found  at  the  time  wheat  is  harvested  that  the  bugs  have  not  taken  their  de- 
parture, as  is  the  case  in  the  winter-wheat  section,  this  fact  maybe  taken  advantage 
of  to  destroy  a very  large  portion  of  them.  If  the  wheat  is  at  once  thrashed  and  the 
straw  scattered  over  the  stubble  and  burned,  it  will  destroy  all  or  most  of  those  that 
are  there.  I know  of  one  section  of  southern  Illinois  where  this  has  been  practiced  for 
a number  of  years  by  the  German  farmers  with  good  results. 

This  remedy  is  very  practical  and  doubtless  can  be  used  to  good  effect 
under  such  circumstances. 

The  following  experiments  in  burning  were  made  the  past  season  at 
Ames,  Iowa,  by  Professor  Osborn,  and  the  account  is  taken  from  his 
manuscript  report: 

On  J uly  16  the  stubble  adjoining  a corn  field  was  observed  to  contain  large  numbers 
of  bugs  traveling  toward  corn.  In  the  afternoon  this  migration  was  going  on  quite 
actively,  and  as  the  stubble  was  now  quite  dry  it  was  fired  with  a view  of  destroying  bugs 
remaining  in  it.  Where  tolerably  thick,  and  when  there  was  a fair  breeze,  it  burned 
readily,  but  it  was  necessary  to  take  some  pains  in  carrying  the  flame  along  past  thiu 
spots  to  keep  it  from  dying  out.  A considerable  portion  of  the  field,  however,  was 
successfully  burned  over,  and  the  dead  bodies  of  many  bugs  not  completely  consumed, 
which  could  easily  be  found  on  examining  the  burnt  area,  testified  to  the  destruction 
of  hosts  of  the  pests.  The  bugs  thus  killed  were  mostly  young  larvae,  the  majority  of 
the  adults  and  larger  larvae  and  the  pupae  having  already  moved  out.  The  number 
destroyed,  however,  must,  1 think,  have  well  repaid  the  little  trouble  necessary  to 
burn  the  stubble. 

Early  in  August  the  bug3  had  so  multipled  in  a field  of  Hungarian  grass  that  no 
further  growth  seemed  probable,  and  most  of  the  field  was  mown  and  the  hay  secured. 
A narrow  strip,  however,  was  left  next  the  corn,  the  plan  being  to  burn  this  as  soon 
as  bugs  began  passiug  to  the  corn.  When  the  bugs  started,  however  (August  13), 
the  grass  was  not  dry  enough  to  burn  except  in  spots.  In  such  places  as  would  burn, 
however,  hosts  of  bugs  were  consumed.  This  strip  was  at  once  mown,  and  after  dry- 
ing a few  hours  another  attempt  made  to  burn  it,  as  also  on  the  following  day;  but 
portions  were  still  too  green  to  burn  rapidly,  and,  unfortunately  for  the  experiment, 


38 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


the  two  or  three  days  following  were  not  hot  and  dry  enough  to  render  it  fit  to  burn 
readily.  A few  days  later,  however,  on  a dry  day  with  a fair  breeze,  most  of  the  strip 
remaining  unburnt  was  burned  over,  and  examination  showed  that  great  numbers  of 
young  bugs  remaining  were  destroyed.  Bugs,  if  under  ground  or  secreted  in  roots  of 
stubble,  will  not  be  killed;  hence  to  destroy  greatest  numbers,  as  well  as  to  secure 
mod  rapid  burning,  the  fire  should  be  started  in  the  hottest  part  of  a dry  day,  when 
bugs  in  greatest  number  will  be  moving. 

Prevention  of  Migration — direct  Remedies  during  and  after  Migration 

As  has  been  so  often  pointed  out,  a great  deal  can  be  done  in  the 
way  of  destroying  the  insects  at  the  time  when  they  migrate  from 
the  wheat  fields,  towards  the  close  of  the  first  generation,  to  corn  and 
other  neighboring  crops. 

Ditching. — As  long  ago  as  Le  Baron’s  first  paper  and  as  Bitch’s  second 
report  the  method  of  digging  a ditch  or  plowing  a furrow  around  the 
infested  field  was  in  vogue.  If  a plowed  furrow  be  made  the  perpen- 
dicular side  should  be  towards  the  field  to  be  protected  and  the  earth 
should  be  kept  friable  by  dragging  a log  or  brush  occasionally  through 
it,  or,  better  still,  a triangular  weighted  trough.  The  migrating  bugs 
will  fail  to  climb  the  side  of  the  furrow  and  will  fall  back  into  it,  where 
they  can  be  covered  with  straw  and  burned.  With  care  and  activity 
the  neighboring  fields  can  be  thus  protected. 

A modification  of  this  plan  appears  in  an  unplaced  newspaper  cut- 
ting in  our  possession.  It  is  as  follows  : 

When  they  first  appear,  as  they  usually  do,  on  the  side  of  the  corn  field,  and  be- 
fore they  have  entered  it,  cut  five  or  six  rows  of  the  corn  and  clear  the  ground  ; then 
plow  a strip  of  land  8 or  10  feet  wide,  leaving  a deep  furrow  in  the  center  of  the  same. 
Then  take  the  corn  stalks  which  were  taken  from  the  land,  and  place  them  across  the 
dead  furrow,  and  the  trap  is  complete.  When  the  bugs  approach  the  field,  they  will 
pass  in  under  the  corn  placed  across  the  dead  furrow,  and,  preferring  the  shade  and 
moisture,  remain  there  until  the  stalks  become  perfectly  dry,  when  they  can  be  put 
through  a process  of  cremation  that  will  prove  effectual  in  destroying  them.  Should 
they  first  appear  in  the  middle  of  a field  of  corn  (as  it  not  unfrequently  happens  they  do), 
they  can  be  surrounded  on  the  foregoing  plan  aud  destroyed  in  the  same  way.  This 
I>lau  we  consider  the  most  practical  of  any  that  has  come  under  our  observation,  and 
is  corroborated  to  some  extent  by  the  experience  of  J.  W.  Martin,  an  observing  farmer, 
whose  experiments  are  given  in  the  Osage  Mission  (Kans.)  Journal. 

Tarred  Boards  or  Tar  alone. — The  plan  has  been  adopted  and  is  recom- 
mended in  the  reports  of  Professor  Kiley  and  others  of  using  common 
fence  boards — 6 inches  wide  or  less— setting  them  upon  edge  and  mak- 
ing a barrier  of  them  around  the  infested  fields,  care  being  taken  to  cover 
the  /ower  edge  so  that  the  bugs  will  not  crawl  under  them.  The  upper 
edge  is  spread  with  fresh  tar,  which  is  occasionally  renewed.  Vast  num- 
bers are  taken  out  from  holes  dug  at  intervals  on  the  hitherside  of  the 
barrier,  in  which  the  marching  armies  collect.  Commenting  upon  this 
remedy  Professor  Biley  says:  “with  a little  care  to  keep  the  tar  moist 
by  renewal  the  boards  may  be  dispensed  with  and  the  tar  poured  out 
of  a kettle  on  to  the  ground;  about  a gallon  is  required  to  the  rod,  and  - 
it  should  be  renewed  every  other  day,  oftener  when  rains  prevail,  until 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


39 


the  hugs  are  destroyed.”  According  to  Dr.  Le  Baron  this  method  was 
extensively  used  in  the  central  part  of  Illinois  and  especially  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Bloomington  gas  works  in  1872.  He  saw  the  operation 
performed  near  Bloomington,  where  the  tar  was  poured  from  an  old 
tea  kettle  on  the  ground  along  the  exposed  sides  of  a corn-field.  This 
remedy,  however,  will  seldom  be  used  on  account  of  its  expense,  except 
in  such  situations  as  that  mentioned,  where  the  tar  can  be  readily  and 
cheaply  procured. 

Sowing  Strips  of  Plants  distasteful  to  the  Bugs  around  the  Fields  to  he 
protected. — This  remedy  has  been  urged  by  certain  authors,  and  the  crops 
to  be  used  as  barriers  are  preferably  Flax,  Hemp,  Clover,  and  Buckwheat. 
The  effect  of  this  will  be  to  deter  and  destroy  the  migrating  individuals 
and  cause  the  death  of  the  young  ones  by  starvation.  It  is,  however, 
not  a thorough  remedy,  and  is  not  to  be  compared  with  the  more  direct 
remedies  which  caused  the  almost  complete  destruction  of  the  insect. 

Sowing  Strips  of  favored  Food  around  the  Fields  to  he  protected. — A strip 
of  Timothy,  Hungarian  grass,  or  Millet  may  be  sown  around  the  corn- 
field to  good  advantage  with  the  object  of  entrapping  the  migrating 
bugs  by  plowing  it  under  and  burning  the  ground  over  when  it  has  be- 
come filled  with  the  migrating  armies  in  transit.  The  bugs  of  the  first 
generation,  which  are  full  grown,  will  lay  their  eggs  by  preference  in 
this  protective  strip,  and  these  will  be  destroyed  by  the  plowing  and 
burning. 

Hot  Water  and  Soap-suds. — The  application  of  strong  soap  suds  to  the 
insects  when  gathered  upon  the  outer  rows  of  corn  was  recommended  by 
a writer  in  the  Southern  Planter  many  years  ago,  and  was  also  given 
by  Dr.  Fitch.  Statement  is  made  that  a half  gill  or  a gill  poured  upon 
each  stalk  will  kill  them  all,  and  that  the  labor  is  not  half  so  great  as  a 
siugle  hoeing  of  the  crop.  Hot  water  has  been  recommended  for  a 
similar  purpose  by  subsequent  writers. 

Kerosene  Emulsion. — Anew  and,  undercertain  circumstances,  very  effi- 
cacious remedy  for  the  Chinch  Bug  was  introduced  when  Professor 
Biley,  in  1882,  first  suggested  to  Professor  Forbes  the  advisability  of  ex- 
perimenting with  this  substance  upon  this  insect.  Professor  Forbes’s 
first  experiments  were  reported  to  this  Division  and  the  results  were 
published  in  Bulletin  JSTo.  2 (February,  1883),  pages  23  to  25.  The  fol- 
lowing solutions  were  used  in  these  experiments: 


Solutions  with  which  dilutions  were  made  : (1)  Soap-suds,  1 pound  soap  to  10  gal- 
lons water ; (2)  soap-suds,  1 pound  soap  to  20  gallous  water ; (3)  potash,  1 pound  to 
50  gallons  water. 

EMULSIONS  AS  DILUTED. 


Per  cent,  of  kerosene. 


A.  2 parts  kerosene,  1 part  milk,  45  parts  water  (about) 4 

B.  1 part  kerosene,  1 part  milk,  18  parts  water 5 

C.  1 part  kerosene,  1 part  milk,  18  parts  solution  1 5 

D.  1 part  kerosene,  1 part  milk,  38  parts  solution  2 21 

E.  1 part  kerosene,  1 part  milk,  38  parts  water 21 

F.  1 part  kerosene,  1 part  milk,  38  parts  solution  3 21 

G.  1 part  kerosene,  1 part  milk,  30  parts  solution  2 3 


40 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


All  of  these  were  efficacious.  Fortunately  at  the  time  when  such  ap- 
plication is  to  be  made,  viz,  just  after  wheat  harvest,  help  is  abundant 
and  the  work  can  be  done  at  a reasonable  expense.  Experiments  made 
by  Professor  Forbes  show  that  a simple  mechanical  mixture  of  one  part 
of  kerosene  to  three  of  water  will  kill  the  bugs  and  will  not  injure  half- 
grown  corn  if  it  is  kept  constantly  agitated.  But  the  original  soap 
emulsion,  recommended  so  often  in  the  reports  of  this  Department  and 
made  according  to  the  formula  originally  proposed  by  Mr.  Hubbard, 
will  be  much  safer  and  will  do  thorough  work.  It  will  do  no  harm  to 
repeat  this  formula : 

Kerosene 2 gallons  = 67  per  cent. 

Common  soap,  or  whale-oil  soap i pound  > qo  „„„ 

Water I gallon  M per  cent> 

Heat  the  solution  of  soap  and  add  it  boiling  hot  to  the  kerosene. 
Churn  the  mixture  by  means  of  a force-pump  and  spray-nozzle  for  five 
or  ten  minutes.  The  emulsion,  if  perfect,  forms  a cream  which  thickens 
on  cooling,  and  should  adhere  without  oiliuess  to  the  surface  of  glass. 
Dilute  before  using  one  part  of  the  emulsion  with  nine  parts  of  cold 
water.  The  above  formula  gives  3 gallons  of  emulsion  and  makes, 
when  diluted,  30  gallons  of  wash. 

We  realize  the  objections  to  recommending  anything  complicated  in 
the  way  of  a mixture  and  of  apparatus  for  apply iug  it,  and  in  conse- 
quence we  may  state,  as  showing  that  an  ingenious  individual  who  is 
in  earnest  need  not  be  hindered  by  lack  of  a proper  apparatus  for  apply- 
ing this  mixture,  the  experience  of  Maj.  R.  S.  Tucker,  of  Raleigh,  N.  C., 
as  published  in  the  News  and  Observer,  and  in  a special  bulletin  of  the 
State  Department  of  Agriculture,  Raleigh,  June  29,  1887.  His  letter 
stated  in  brief  that  having  tried  a number  of  remedies  he  learned  of  the 
kerosene  emulsion  at  a time  when  the  pest  was  most  abundant  upon 
the  outer  rows  of  corn.  Not  having  any  force  pump  or  spray-nozzle  with 
which  to  churn  the  emulsion,  he  whipped  the  mixture  in  a large  recep- 
tacle with  a bunch  of  twigs  for  ten  or  fifteen  minutes  and  then  applied 
it  to  his  outer  rows  of  corn  with  a common  water-sprinkler.  The  results 
were  admirable,  and  certainly  he  deserved  success  for  his  trial. 

Another  practical  test  was  made  by  Professor  Atkinson,  and  reported 
upon  in  the  bulletin  just  mentioned,  as  follows  : 

Mr.  William  F.  Stroud,  of  Chapel  Hill,  had  a field  of  wheat  which  was  infested 
with  the  chinch  bugs.  When  the  wheat  was  harvested  they  immediately  betook  them- 
selves to  the  corn  which  was  adjacent.  Some  of  the  corn  stalks  for  1 foot  or  18  inches 
above  ground  were  literally  black  with  the  mass  of  insects,  and  sometimes  wheu  they 
could  not  be  seen  outside  they  were  found  in  great  numbers  between  the  sheath  of  the 
blade  and  the  stalk. 

[Here  follows  the  kerosene-soap  emulsion  formula  just  given.] 

I found  these  proportions  made  the  liquid  a little  weak,  and  I diluted  in  the  pro- 
portion of  six  parts  of  cold  water  to  one  of  the  emulsion.  The  application  of  this  to 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


41 


the  corn,  June  25,  was  a perfect  success  in  killing  the  bugs,  and  the  corn  was  examined 
later  and  was  found  to  have  sustained  not  the  slightest  injury.* 

In  my  experiment  I used  a spraying  apparatus,  manufactured  by  A.  H.  Nixon,  Day- 
ton,  Ohio,  which  consists  of  a square  tank,  which  has  a capacity  of  8 gallons,  with 
with  a force-pump  hose  and  spray-nozzle  attached.  This  machine  (called  the  Lit- 
tle Gem)  was  placed  upon  a rough  sled  made  for  the  purpose,  which  was  drawn  be- 
tween the  rows  by  a mule. 

As  the  spraying  apparatus  produced  too  wide  a stream  to  apply  the  liquid  rapidly 
and  effectively  to  the  stalks  of  corn,  I removed  tho  spraying  portion  of  the  nozzle  and 
used  the  part  which  produces  a very  narrow  but  strong  stream  (one-sixteenth  of  an 
inch  in  diameter).  The  liquid  would  run  down  the  stalks  and  between  the  sheath 
of  the  blade  and  stalk,  killing  instantly  the  hundreds  of  insects  with  which  it  came 
in  contact.  The  two  rows  were  sprayed  as  far  as  the  stream  would  reach  on  each 
side,  and  then  the  mule  moved  on  to  stop  for  another  application.  In  this  way  the 
corn  was  gone  over  very  rapidly.  Where  a force-pump  can  be  obtained  it  is  better 
to  apply  it  with  this,  but  the  nozzle  should  be  very  small,  so  as  to  throw  a very  nar- 
row stream  or  spray  directly  against  the  stalk.  If  a force-pump  can  not  be  obtained, 
a common  watering  pot,  with  a narrow  nozzle,  could  be  used  very  effectively.  Sev- 
eral of  these  could  be  used,  the  operators  going  quite  rapidly  from  one  stalk  or  hill 
to  another. 

There  is  no  reason  why  all  should  not  get  rid  of  the  chinch  bug  on  corn,  for  a fail- 
ure to  kill  the  bugs  would  arise  from  some  fault  in  the  application,  and  the  applica- 
tion can  be  made  cheaper  than  a dressing  of  the  corn  could  be  made  with  the  hoe. 

This  application  was  made  late  in  June,  and  Mr.  Stroud  reported 
several  times  later  in  the  season  that  nothing  more  had  been  seen  of 
the  bugs,  and  Professor  Atkinson,  visiting  the  field  October  17,  found 
no  Chinch  Bugs  in  the  corn-stalks  where  the  emulsion  was  used,  nor  in 
the  neighboring  Crab-grass.  Some  were  found,  however,  about  40  rods 
away  in  some  late  corn,  but  they  were  few  in  number. 

Professor  Osborn’s  experiments  with  kerosene  emulsions,  made  dur- 
ing the  summer  at  our  request  at  Ames,  Iowa,  are  reported  by  him  as 
follows : 

A number  of  trials  were  made  with  kerosene  emulsion  first  with  a view  to  testing 
its  value  under  various  conditions,  and  afterward  for  the  sake  of  checking  the  dam- 
age threatened  to  corn. 

The  first  trial  was  made  July  15,  the  emulsion  used  being  the  common  one,  consist- 
ing of  kerosene,  soap,  and  water  diluted  to  about  5 per  cent,  kerosene.  Tho  bugs 
were  killed  very  quickly  by  this  application,  and  great  numbers  of  them  could  be 
reached,  but  many  in  particularly  secreted  places,  in  folds  of  leaves  and  under  lumps 
of  earth,  escaped.  Thrown  on  to  the  leaves  and  running  down  between  leaf  and 
stalk,  it  dislodged  and  killed  immense  numbers.  Thrown  against  stalks  where  they 
were  congregated  it  would  quickly  dislodge  the  mass,  and  while  it  was  impossible  to 
see  whether  all  driven  off  in  this  way  were  sufficiently  wet  to  kill  them,  it  was  cer- 
tain that  most  of  them  were.  This  application  was  at  the  rate  of  about  1 gallon  of 
emulsion  or  12  gallons  of  the  diluted  mixture  to  5 rows  of  corn  for  32  rods,  or  what 
would  equal  5 gallons  of  emulsion,  60  gallons  of  diluted  mixture  to  tho  acre,  ora  cost 
for  material  of  less  than  60  cents  per  acre.  In  trials  of  the  emulsion  diluted  to  range 
from  2 per  cent,  to  7 per  cent,  of  kerosene,  less  than  4 or  5 per  cent,  was  found  to  be 
unsatisfactory,  and  at  the  lowest  figure  bugs  even  when  thoroughly  drenched  and 
kept  for  a time  in  the  fluid  were  able  to  recover.  A mixturo  (about  2 per  cent.,  pos- 

* Professor  Atkinson  has  since  written  that  subsequent  tests  convinced  him  that  one 
part  of  the  emulsion  to  nine  of  water  made  the  mixture  quite  strong  enough. — L. 

O.  H. 


42 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


sibly  a little  less)  which  killed  plant  lice  almost  instantly,  affected  chinch  hugs  hut 
slightly,  if  at  all,  and  they  afterward  recovered  and  lived  in  confinement  for  many 
days. 

On  August  15  applied  kerosene  emulsion  to  hugs  accumulating  on  corn,  using  an 
emulsion  diluted  to  contain  about  6 per  cent,  kerosene  and  spraying  with  cyclone 
nozzle.  Great  numbers  of  hugs  could  he  found  dead  within  a few  minutes  after  ap- 
plication, and  on  the  following  day  hosts  of  dead  could  he  found  on  the  ground 
around  the  hills  treated.  In  places,  however,  the  stalks  had  become  well  covered  by 
live  hugs  that  had  moved  in  to  fill  the  place  of  the  slain. 

Subsequently  the  farm  department  applied  it  on  a larger  scale,  using  5 to  6 per  cent, 
emulsion,  and  spraying  from  barrels  in  a wagon,  one  man  working  the  force-pump 
and  another  manipulating  the  hose  and  cyclone  nozzle,  walking  rapidly  among  the 
hills  of  corn  and  directing  the  spray  upon  the  masses  of  bugs.  This  resulted  in  the 
destruction  of  great  numbers.  In  this  application  the  cyclone  nozzle  was  found  by 
all  means  most  satisfactory. 

I suggested  its  trial  to  some  of  my  correspondents,  and  one  letter  received  in  reply 
is  of  sufficient  interest  to  be  noted : 


Cambridge,  Iowa,  July  20,  1887. 

Dear  Sir  : Your  most  satisfactory  letter  received  some  time  since.  The  conclusion 
is  a success;  it  was  instant  death  to  the  chinch  bugs.  But  it  takes  so  much  when 
you  want  to  go  over  five  or  six  acres  that  one  can  not  staud  the  expense.  It  could  be 
stood  to  go  over  it  once  or  twice  if  I could  have  got  the  bugs  all  on  the  corn,  but  they 
would  a part  stay  on  the  corn  while  the  rest  would  lie  under  sods  and  anything  else 
that  would  protect  them  from  the  sun.  When  your  letter  reached  us  they  had  left 
the  Wheat  (which  they  fully  destroyed),  and  had  gone  into  the  corn,  which  they  killed 
for  ten  or  twelve  rows  in  some  places,  and  some  places  not  so  far.  Then  they 
scattered  over  more  territory  for  a time,  but  now  they  have  left  the  corn  (almost), 
having  flown  away,  I think.  I am  under  obligations  to  you  for  your  kiudness. 

Very  respectfully, 

J.  E.  Warren. 


Professor  Osborn, 

Ames,  Iowa. 


The  use  of  kerosene  can  hardly  be  expected  to  prove  of  value  except  when  the  bugs 
are  massing  on  corn.  At  this  time,  application  to  an  acre  or  two  of  the  field  next 
to  stubble  may  do  much  to  save  the  rest  of  the  field.  By  arranging  nozzles  with 
special  reference  to  most  efficient  work  in  corn  rows,  and  while  corn  is  small  enough 
to  drive  a team  in  the  field  astride  of  one  row,  I think  spraying  can  be  done  quite 
thoroughly  at  a cost  of  30  to  40  cents  per  acre  for  material. 

A cyclone  nozzle,  with  pressure  sufficient  to  do  good  work,  discharges  about  1 pint 
of  liquid  per  minute.  Adjusting  three  nozzles  to  play  upon  one  row  of  corn,  one  each 
side,  and  one  from  above,  and  allowing  teams  to  walk  slowly  2 miles  per  hour,  and  it 
will  take  30  gallons  of  liquid  per  acre,  which,  using  5 to  6 per  cent,  emulsion,  costs 
about  30  cents,  exclusive  of  labor,  which  for  team  and  man  an  hour  and  a quarter 
would  be  about  40  cents  more.  First  cost  of  force  pump  must,  of  course,  be  consid- 
ered; the  cost  of  labor  on  the  farm,  however,  where  the  farmer  uses  his  own  team 
and  does  the  managing  of  apparatus  himself,  might  be  counted  less.  By  using  only 
two  nozzles  or  by  driving  faster  the  expense  will  be  lessened. 


BOGUS  CHINCH  BUGS. 

Professor  Riley  figures  and  describes  in  bis  Seventh  Report  on  the 
Insects  of  Missouri  four  species  of  Heteroptera  which  are  frequently  mis- 
taken for  the  Chinch  Bug  and  are  often  the  cause  of  unnecessary  alarm. 
We  here  reproduce  the  figures  of  these  species.  The  first  is  the  False 
Chinch  Bug  ( Nysins  augustatus  Uhl.,  Fig.  8),  which  was  frequently  sent 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


43 


[Fig.  8.J 


False  Chinch  Bug:— b,  pupa;  c, 
mature  bug.  [After  Riley.] 


to  Professor  Riley.  It  is  found  all  over  the  country  and  occasionally  dam- 
ages certain  crops  quite  seriously — grapevines,  strawberries,  potatoes, 
young  apple  grafts , and  all  cruciferous  plants. 

It  is  also  very  fond  of  Purslane  and,  as  men- 
tioned elsewhere  in  this  report,  it  is  found 
in  California  congregating  uuder  Polygonum. 

It  is  the  insect  which  caused  the  alarm  in  Cal- 
ifornia in  1885.  It  was  originally  described 
by  Uhler  under  the  name  above  given,  but 
was  subsequently  redescribed  by  Mr.  Wil- 
liam R.  Howard  as  Nysius  raphani  and  by 
Professor  Riley  as  Nysius  destructor.  Profes- 
sor Riley1 *s  description  was,  however,  drawn 
up  with  Mr.  Uhler’s  sanction,  as  the  latter 

author  at  that  time  considered  that  the  form  described  by  Professor 
Riley  might  be  distinct. 

The  Insidious  Flower- bug  (Triphleps  insidiosus  Say,  Fig.  6)  is  another 
of  these  bogus  Chinch  Bugs.  It  is  also  a very  wide-spread  insect,  and 
so  far  from  being  injurious  it  is  one  of  the  comparatively  few  insects 
which  prey  upon  the  Chinch  Bug. 

The  Ash-gray  Leaf-bug  (Piesma  cinerea  Say,  Fig.  9)  is  another  wide- 
spread species  which  occasionally  damages  grape  blossoms  in  early 
spring,  but  lives  principally  upon  forest  trees  and 
shrubs.  This  species  is  also  often  mistaken  for  our 
insect. 

The  Flea-like  Negro  bug  ( Cormelcena  pulicaria 
Germ.,  Fig,  10)  is  the  fourth. 

Its  appearance  is  more  different  from  the  Chinch 
Bug  than  any  of  the  insects  mentioned  uuder  this 
head,  as  is  plainly  shown  by  the  figure.  It  feeds 
abundantly  upon  the  fruit  of  the  Raspberry  and  punc- 
tures also  the  stem  of  the  Strawberry  and  the  blos- 
soms, leaves,  and  fruit  stems  of  the  Cherry  and  Quince. 
It  is  also  injurious  to  certain  garden  flowers  and  to  cer- 
tain weeds,  among  which  Professor  Riley  mentions 
Ceanothus  americanus  and  Veronica  per egrina. 

We  may  mention  under  this  head  the  rather 
curious  fact  that  the  Striped  Flea-beetle — Systena 
elongata  Fab. — was  found  the  past  season  in  great 
abundance  in  company  with  Chinch  Bugs  in  fields 
infested  by  the  latter  in  Nebraska  by  Mr.  Bruner. 

They  appeared  to  be  working  upon  grass  and  upon 
the  wild  Buckwheat.  Their  appearance  accompa- 
nying the  Chinch  Bug  had,  of  course,  no  especial 
significance,  but  at  the  same  time  occurring  iu  such  a way  they  were 
liable  to  be  mistaken  for  another  form  of  the  Chinch  Bug. 


[Fig.  9. 


Ash-gray  Leaf-rug 
[After  Riley.] 


Flea-like  Negro-rug. 
[After  Riley.] 


44 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  LIST. 

[This  is  simply  a list  of  the  more  important  of  the  Chinch-bag  articles.  No  men- 
tion is  made  of  a very  large  number  which  we  have  seen,  but  which  contain  nothing 

new  or  original.  Every  progressive  step  of  knowledge  is  mentioned  in  some  one  of 

the  articles  here  mentioned.] 

1831.  Say,  Thomas.  Lygceus  lencopterus.  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Heterop- 
terous  Hemiptera  of  North  America,  New  Harmony,  Ind.,  Dec.  1831.  Com- 
plete writings.  Ed.  by  LeConte,  Yol.  I,  p.  329. 

(Original  description  ; described  from  a single  specimen  taken  in  Virginia.) 

1845.  Prairie  Farmer,  V.,  227. 

(Injuries  in  Hancock  County,  Illinois.) 

Prairie  Farmer,  V.,  287.  Chinch  Bugs. 

(Injuries  in  Tazewell  County,  Illinois.  An  account  of  their  season’s  history.) 

1846.  Prairie  Farmer,  VI.,  134.  The  Chinch  Bug. 

(Injuries  in  Sangamon  County,  Illinois.) 

Prairie  Farmer,  VI.,  245.  Chinch  Bugs. 

(Injuries  in  Cass  County,  Illinois.) 

1850.  Le  Baron,  Wm.  Rhyparochromus,  devastator.  Prairie  Farmer,  Vol.  X,  p.  200. 

(Described  imago,  and  proposes  specific  name  devastator ; mentions  that  eggs  are  de- 
posited on  roots;  points  out  its  destructive  characters  as  an  insect  enemy.) 

1851.  Prairie  Farmer,  XI.,  335.  The  Chinch  Bug. 

(Distribution  within  the  State  of  Illinois.) 

1852.  Harris,  T.  W.  Rhyparochromus  lencopterus.  Treatise  on  insects  of  Massa- 

chusetts. 

(Describes  briefly  imago ; speaks  of  distribution  and  injuries.  Records  finding  in  his 
garden  in  1852.) 

1855.  Fitch,  Asa.  Micropus  leucopterus.  The  Cultivator,  3d  series,  III,  237-239. 

(Correspondent  writes  from  Indiana.  Fitch  gives  account  of  habits  and  injuries,  past 
history,  and  nomenclature. ) 

1856.  Fitch,  Asa.  Micropus  leucopterus.  Second  Rep.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  pp.  227-297,  Plate 

IV,  figs.  2 and  2®. 

(Gives  1783  as  date  when  first  known  as  insect  depredator  on  wheat  in  North  Carolina. 
Notes  its  occurrence  at  several  times  during  next  fifty  years  in  such  numbers  as  to 
nearly  destroy  the  wheat  crop.  Farmers  ceased  to  plant  wheat  for  a couple  of  years 
as  only  known  remedy.  Alludes  to  drought  which  prevailed  during  period  of  injury, 
and  their  destruction  by  wet  weather,  1840.  First  attracted  attention  in  Western 
States,  1840-44.  Describes  young  larvae.  Mentions  briefly  a number  of  varieties. 
Gives  history  of  nomenclature.  Suggests  spraying  infested  fields  with  water  as  a 
practical  remedy.) 

1857.  Signoret,  V.  Micropus  leucopterus  Say.  Essai  monographique  du  Genre  Micro- 

pus, Spinola,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  de  France,  V,  3d  series,  p.  31. 

(A  technical  description  from  specimens  received  from  New  York  and  Cuba.) 

1861.  Walsh,  B.  D.  Chinch  Bug.  Insects  injurious  to  Vegetation  in  Illinois. 

Trans.  111.  State  Agr.  Soc.,  Vol.  4,  1859-’60,  pp.  346-349. 

(First  notice  of  four  Ladybird  enemies  of  the  Chinch  Bug.  Figures  Hipp.  maculata,  and 
Coccinellamumla.) 

1862.  Harris,  T.  W.  Rhyparochromus  leucopterus.  Insects  injurious  to  Vegetation, 

3d  ed.,  pp.  197-200,  fig.  84.  (See  under  1852.) 

1865.  Riley,  C.  V.  The  Chinch  Bug.  Prairie  Farmer,  September  19,  1865. 

(Exposes  the  fallacy  of  a reported  observation  by  Mr.  D.  H.  Sherman  in  the  Waukegan 
Gazette,  to  the  effect  that  the  eggs  are  laid  upou  the  wheat-head.) 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


45 


1866.  Walsh,  B.  D.  Chinch  Bugs.  Practical  Entomologist,  Vol.  I,  p.  95. 

(Prints  a clipping  from  Prairie  Parmer,  stating  that  the  “bugs”  had  been  successfully 
fenced  out  of  a field  by  putting  boards  on  edge  around  it  and  coating  upper  edge 
with  coal-tar.) 

1866.  Walsh,  B.  D.  Micropus  ( Lygceus ) leucopterus.  Pract.  Ent.,  Vol.  II,  p.  21. 

(Notices  specimens  of  short-winged  variety  from  Canada.) 

1866.  Riley,  C.  V.  Chinch  Bug.  Pract.  Ent.,  Vol.  I,  No.  6,  p.  47. 

(Exposes  fallacy  of  a current  theory  that  the  eggs  are  deposited  on  the  grain,  and  fields 
become  infested  from  its  use.  Gives  methods  of  depositing  eggs  and  states  that 
there  are  two  generations  in  northern  Illinois,  and  jjossibly  three  in  more  southern 
latitudes.) 

1866.  Riley,  C.  V.  The  Chinch  Bug.  Prairie  Farmer,  Mar.  3,  1866. 

(Devoted  principally  to  remedies,  recommending  ditching,  winter  work,  mixing  rye  or 
tame  grass  with  spring  wheat. ) 

1867.  Shimer,  Henry.  Micropus  (Lygceus)  leucopterus.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila., 

Vol.  XIX,  pp.  75-80. 

(Full  .journal  account  of  observations  during  1864— ’65  in  Illinois.  Conclusions  as  to 
causes  of  their  destruction  in  1865.)  Page  234.  (Reference  to  epidemic.) 

1869.  Walsh  & Riley.  Micropus  leucopterus.  Am.  Ent.,  Vol.  I,  pp.  169-177,  tig.  122. 

(Popular  inferences,  past  history,  natural  history,  checks  to  multiplication ; review  of 
Dr.  Shimer’s  prophecies  about  appearance.) 

Ibid.,  pp.  194-199,  figs.  138,139. 

(Predaceous  foes  of,  damage  done  by,  remedies  for ; summary  of  conclusions : (1)  they 
hibernate  in  imago  stage  in  rubbish,  which  should  be  burned;  (2)  early  sowing  in 
spring  is  an  advantage;  (3)  compacting  the  soil  acts  as  preventive;  (4)  heavy  rains  al- 
ways injure  or  entirely  destroy  them.) 

1869.  Packard,  A.  S.,  Jr.  Blissus  leucopterus.  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Insects,  pp.  543, 

544,  fig.  547. 

(Describes  imago,  life  history,  injuries  of;  epidemic  diseases  of  1865.  Cites  its  occur- 
rence in  Maine  and  at  summit  of  Mount  Washington.  Notices  the  theory  that  wet 
weather  during  breeding  season  is  destructive  to  them.) 

1870.  Riley,  C.  V.  Micropus  leucopterus.  2d  Rep.  State  Ent.  Mo.,pp.  15-37,  figs.  1 

and  2. 

( An  extended  account  and  the  best  yet  published ; discusses  past  history,  natural  history, 
destructive  powers,  heavy  rains,  natural  enemies,  amount  of  damage,  remedies,  and 
bogus  Chinch  Bugs.) 

1871.  Glover,  Townend.  Bhyparochromus  ( Micropus ) leucopterus.  Rep.  Com.  Agr., 

1870,  p.  89. 

(Refers  to  observations  of  others  as  to  deposition  of  eggs,  etc.) 

1872.  Bethune,  C.  J.  S.  Micropus  leucopterus.  Rep.  Ent.  Soc.  Out.,  1871,  p.  55. 

(Refers  to  accounts  of  early  history,  habits,  enemies  of,  natural  remedies,  etc.) 

1872.  Le  Baron,  William.  Micropus  leucopterus.  2d  Rep.  St.  Ent.  III.,  1871,  pp. 

142-156. 

(Estimates  loss  from  depredations  current  year  in  Illinois  ten  and  one-half  millions  dol- 
lars ; treats  of  their  prevention  and  destruction  under  five  heads  : (1)  natural  enemies, 
(2)  early  sowing,  (3)  preventing  migrations,  (4)  destroying  by  burning  rubbish,  (5) 
cease  cultivating  the  affected  crops.) 

1872.  Glover,  Townend.  Bhyparochromus  leucopterus.  Rep.  Com.  Agr.,  1871,  p.  84. 

(Merely  refers  to  its  injuries  in  Western  States  and  mentions  salt  being  used  as  a 
remedy.) 

1872.  Le  Baron,  William.  Chinch  Bug.  Experience  of  1872.  Prairie  Farmer, 

August  24. 

(Believes  that  a sufficient  number  of  these  insects  hibernate  under  dead  leaves  in  the 
woods  to  perpetuate  the  species ; also  that  the  wet  spring  of  1872  destroyed  large 
numbers  of  the  Chinch  Bugs.) 


46  THE  CHINCH  BUG. 

1874.  Glover,  Townend.  Micropits  ( Rhyparochromus ) leucopterus.  Rep.  U.  S.  Com. 

Agr.  1872,  p.  121. 

(Mentions  injuries  in  Western  States  to  Corn,  Wheat,  Sorghum,  etc.;  tliree  broods  re- 
ported observed  in  Missouri.) 

1874.  Johnson,  B.  F.  Chinch  Bug.  Country  Gent.,  Vol.  XXXIX,  p.  661. 

(Abundant  in  central  Illinois.  Stock  was  poisoned  by  eating  fodder.  Suggests  sow- 
ing plats  of  noxious  plants,  Tobacco,  Night-shade,  Henbane,  Stramonium,  Hemp- 
etc.,  to  assist  in  checking  their  ravages.) 

1875.  Glover,  Townend.  Micropus  (Rhyparochromus)  leucopterus . Rep.  Com.  Agr., 

1874,  pp.  127,  128. 

(Gives  localities  in  Southern  and  Western  States  where  reported  as  injurious.) 

1875.  Riley,  C.  V.  Micropus  leucopterus.  7th  Rep.  State  Ent.  Mo.,  pp.  19-50 ; appen- 
dix, pp.  51-71,  figs.  2,  3.  and  4.  ___ 

(Resume  of  previous  history,  fall  descriptions  of  various  stages , natural  history,  extended 
account  of  injuries  in  1874,  exhaustive  discussion  of  preventive  measures  and  reme- 
dies, mentions  irrigation,  predaceous  enemies.  Appendix,  correspondence  of  farm- 
ers relating  to  1874  damage.) 

1875.  Riley,  C.  V.  Locusts  vs.  Chinch  Bugs.  N.  Y.  Weekly  Tribune,  August  4, 1875. 

(A  letter  from  Lyons,  France,  remarking  upon  the  abundance  of  Chinch  Bugs  and  allay- 
ing fears  as  to  great  destruction  by  them.) 

1876.  Uiiler,  P.  R.  Blissus  leucopterus.  List  of  Hemiptera  of  the  region  west  of  the 

Mississippi  River,  including  those  collected  during  the  Hayden  explorations 

of  1873.  Bulletin  U.  S.  Geol.  aud  Geog.  Sur.  Terr.,  I,  second  series,  No.  2,  p.  306. 

(Mere  mention,  with  a list  of  localities.) 

1877.  Packard,  A.  S.,  Jr.  Blissus  leucopterus.  9th  Rep.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Sur.  Terr., 

1875,  pp.  697-699,  fig.  4 aud  map. 

(Refers  to  its  destructiveness  in  the  Western  States,  quotes  estimates  of  different  State 
Entomologists,  notices  briefly  some  of  the  remedies.) 

1878.  Thomas,  Cyrus.  Blissus  leucopterus.  7th  Rep.  State  Ent.  111.,  pp.  40-71,  2 figs. 

(Resume  of  history,  natural  history,  descriptions,  etc.  Two  brooded  in  northern  Illinois, 
possibly  three  in  southern  Illinois.  Remedies  and  general  discussion  of  same). 

1879.  Riley,  C.  V.  Entomological  Notes.  The  Chinch  Bug.  Farmers’  Review 

(Chicago),  February,  1879. 

(Discusses  weather  influence  and  advances  parallel  between  Rocky  Mountain  Locust  and 
Chinch  Bug.  Review  of  life  history  and  summary  of  facts  from  Seventh  Rept.  Ins. 
Mo.  Prediction  of  bugs  in  1879  if  weather  prove  dry.) 

1879.  Thomas,  Cyrus.  Blissus  leucopterus.  Bull.  U.  S.  Ent.  Com.  No.  5.  Ten  figures, 

' map  showing  distribution. 

(Exhaustive  rbsumb  of  present  knowledge  with  facts  concerning  injuries,  natural  his- 
tory, predaceous  enemies,  full  discussion  of  preventive  and  remedial  measures.) 

1880.  Kansas  State  Board  of  Agriculture.  Quarterly  Report  for  the  quarter 

ending  June  30,  1880,  Topeka,  July  20,  p.  61. 

(An  account  of  damage  to  Sorghum.) 

1880.  Thomas,  Cyprus.  Temperature  and  Rainfall . as  affecting  the  Chinch  Bug. 

Am.  Ent.  New  series.  Yol.  I,  pp.  240-242,  with  diagram. 

(Condensation  of  his  theory  about  periodicity  of  seasons  of  drought  and  their  relation  to 
appearance  of  this  insect.) 

1881.  Thomas,  Cyrus.  The  Relation  of  Meteorological  Conditions  to  Insect  De- 

velopment. 10th  Rep.  State  Ent.  111.,  pp.  47-59,  with  diagram. 

(Discusses  theory  of  Septennarv  Cycles  of  Meteorological  conditions;  believes  it  possi- 
ble to  predict  with  considerable  certainty  the  season  when  Chinch  Bugs  will  appear 
in  injurious  numbers.) 

1881.  Riley,  C.  V.  Am.  Nat.,  October,  p.  820. 

(Calls  attention  to  the  verification  of  Prof.  Cyrus  Thomas’s  prediction  that  this  would  be 
a bad  Chinch-Bug  year. ) 


THE  CHINCH  BUG. 


47 


1881.  Riley,  C.  V.  Ain.  Agriculturist,  Nov.  and  Dec.,  1881. 

(Reviews  natural  history  and  remedies,  and  discusses  the  practicability  of  irrigation  as  a 
remedy.) 

1882.  Howard,  L.  O.  Rep.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  1881-?82,  p.  137. 

(Mentions  it  as  infesting  Rice  affected  by  “white  blast.”) 

1882.  Riley,  C.  V.  Chinch  Bug  Notes.  Rept.  Ent.,  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr., 
1881-82,  pp.  87-89. 

(Calls  attention  to  Professor  Thomas’s  prediction  of  injury  during  1881  and  the  fact  that 
it  was  partially  fulfilled ; discusses  briefly  remedies  and  methods  of  prevention.) 

1882.  Forbes,  S.  A.  Bacterium . A parasite  of  the  Chinch  Bug.  Am.  Nat.  Vol.  XVI, 
p.  824. 

(Account  of  discovery  of  parasitic  disease  among  Chinch  Bugs.) 

1882.  Forbes,  S.  A.  Blissus  leucopterus.  12th  Rep.  State  Ent.  111.,  pp.  32-63,  fig.  6. 

(Gives  full  account  of  observations  on  life  history,  etc.,  for  the  year,  insect  enemies, 
a new  insect  enemy,  bird  enemies,  account  of  observation  on  a bacterium  para 
site.  Experiments  in  drenching  with  water  under  artificial  conditions  (not  fully 
carried  out),  report  of  experiments  with  topical  applications.) 

1882.  Riley,  C.  V.  The  Chinch  Bug.  A.l a.  Agriculturist,  p.  476,  3 figs. 

(General  account  of,  habits  and  natural  history,  meteorological  conditions  affecting.) 

1883.  Lintner,  J.  A.  Cir.  No.  1,  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

(Directions  for  arresting  Chinch  Bug  invasion  of  northern  New  York.) 

1883.  Lintner,  J.  A.  The  Chinch  Bug  in  New  York.  Country  Gent.,  Nov.  8,  1883. 

(Directions  for  co-operation  among  farmers  to  prevent  ravages  coming  year.) 

1883.  Forbes,  S.  A.  Experiments  on  Chinch  Bug.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Eut.,  Bull. 
No.  2. 

Memoranda  of  experiments  with  kerosene  emulsion  and  mixtures,  made  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  Professor  Riley;  found  them  quite  effective. 

1883.  Forbes,  S.  A.  Entomological  Notes  of  the  Season.  State  Dept.  Agr.,  Cir.  106, 
111.,  crops  for  1883,  p.  177. 

(Notes  the  deposition  of  eggs  for  first  brood  on  the  roots  of  Indian  Corn.) 

1883.  Saunders,  Wm.  Micropus  leucopterus.  Rep.  Ent.  Soc.  Out.,  pp.  59-62. 

(Account  of  appearance  in  New  York ; quotes  from  Lintner.) 

1883.  Riley,  C.  V.  Chinch  Bug  in  New  York.  Science,  Vol.  II,  1883,  p.  621. 

(Cites  facts  to  show  that  their  appearance  in  New  York  is  not  an  invasion,  but  extraor- 
dinary development  of  the  species,  dependent  upon  climatic  conditions.) 

1884.  Riley,  C.  V.  The  Chinch  Bug  in  New  York  State.  American  Naturalist,  Jan., 

1884,  Vol.  XVIII,  p.  79-80. 

(A  reprint  of  an  unplaced  article  in  Scientific  American  criticising  Dr.  Lintner’s  conclu- 
sions as  to  reasons  for  alarm  in  northern  New  York.) 

1884.  Lintner,  J.  A.  37th  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  pp.  53-60. 

(Not  seen.) 

1885.  Bruner,  Lawrence.  Blissus  leucopterus.  Rept.  Ent.,  Aim.  Rept.  Dept.  Agr., 

1884,  p.  399. 

(Cites  an  instance  where  large  numbers  disappeared  immediately  after  a heavy  rain.) 

1885.  Riley,  C.  V.  Chinch  Bug  Notes.  Rept.  Ent.,  Ann.  Rept.  Dept.  Agr.,  1884, 
pp.  403-405. 

(Refers  to  occurrence  in  New  York  and  considers  that  there  is  no  cause  for  alarm  ; pre- 
dicts they  will  attract  no  further  notice.) 

1885.  Forbes,  S.  A.  Ent.  Calendar.  14th  Rep.  St.  Ent.,  111.,  pp.  4-5. 

(Notes  on  life  history  for  year  1884.) 

1885.  Lintner,  J.  A.  Blissus  leucopterus.  2nd  Rept.  State  E*nt.,  N.  Y.,  pp.  148-164; 
figs.  37-38,  39  and  40. 

(Account  of  its  occurrence  in  northern  New  York,  r6sum6  of  its  history,  life  history, 
remedial  measures  employed  and  recommended.) 


48  THE  CHINCH  BUG. 

1886.  Hunt,  Thomas  F.  Blissus  leucopterus.  Bibliography  of  insects  injurious  to 
corn.  Misc.  Essays  on  Economic  Ent.,  111.  St.  Bd.  Agr.,  1885. 

1886.  Webster,  F.  M.  Blissus  leucopterus.  Insects  affecting  Fall  Wheat.  Kept,  of 
Ent.,  Ann.  Kept.  Dept.  Agr.  1885,  p.  318. 

(A.  brief  record  of  Chinch  Bug  observations  during  the  season.  Records  Mennis  as 
a possible  parasite. ) 

1886.  Forbes,  S.  A.  Chinch  Bug  in  Illinois.  Circular  of  information  from  the 

office  of  State  Entomologist. 

1887.  Bruner,  Lawrence.  Notes  of  the  season.  Bull.  No.  13,  Div.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agr.,  pp.  34,  35. 

(Brief  notices  of  their  appearance  in  Western  States  in  1886.)  - 

1887.  Forbes,  S.  A.  The  present  condition  and  prospects  of  the  Chinch  Bug  in  Illi- 
nois for  1887-,88.  Bull.  No.  2 of  the  State  Entomologist. 

(Speaks  of  ravages  for  three  years  past,  life  history,  food-plants,  preventive  remedial 
measures  exhaustively  discussed.) 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  18. 


THE  LIFE 

A.:,:  . -■ 


AND 


• / tv 


P Trr 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  "WORK 


OF  THE  LATE 


TOWNEND  GLOVER, 

FIRST  ENTOMOLOGIST  OF  THE  U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 


PREPARED,  UNDER  DIRECTION  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST, 
BY 

Charles  Richards  Dodge. 


\ 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1888. 


Norman  J.  Colman, 


qJ  o^jLyiA-.  ZaaJZj 


l ' 

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l-':  v\igf$«P 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  18. 


THE  LIFE 


AND 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  WORK 


OF  THE  LATE 


TOWNEND  GLOVER, 

FIRST  ENTOMOLOGIST  OF  THE  U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


PREPARED,  UNDER  DIRECTION  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST, 


RY 

Charles  Richards  Dodge, 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1888. 


V 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington , D.  G\,  December  5,  1887. 


Sir  : I have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication  Bulletin  No.  18  of 
this  division,  being  an  account  of  the  life  and  work  of  the  late  Townend 
Glover,  my  predecessor  as  United  States  Entomologist,  prepared  by 
Charles  Richards  Dodge.  I had  for  some  time  thought  of  preparing  a 
full  bibliographical  list  of  Glover’s  writings  with  a general  index 
thereto,  because  of  the  usefulness  of  such  a publication  in  the  wTork  of 
the  Division.  Such  a compilation  would  naturally  lead  to  some  brief 
statement  of  Mr.  Glover’s  character,  and  especially  of  his  official  life, 
and  I would  here  acknowledge  my  indebteduess  to  Mr.  Glover’s  widow 
and  to  his  cousins  in  London  for  their  kindness  in  furnishing  informa- 
tion. Mr.  Dodge  has  fortunately  been  willing  to  relieve  me  of  a task 
which  he  is  far  more  able  to  accomplish,  not  only  because  of  the  data 
he  has  collected,  but  by  virtue  of  his  long  and  intimate  relations,  both 
private  and  official,  with  Mr.  Glover,  who  could  certainly  have  had  no 
more  appreciative  biographer.  1 trust  that  the  bulletin  may  prove  ac- 
ceptable and  useful  to  all  interested  in  economic  entomology. 

Respectfully, 


C.  Y.  Riley, 

Entomologist. 


Hon.  Norman  J.  Colman, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture . 


3 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Boston,  Mass.,  December  1,  1887. 

Dear  Sir  : In  undertaking  to  tell  the  story  of  Mr.  Glover’s  life,  I feel 
that,  while  it  is  a pleasant  privilege  to  be  able  to  review  such  interest- 
ing reminiscences  of  our  long  acquaintance  as  may  bear  upon  the  man 
and  his  work,  the  account  must  be  necessarily  imperfect  and  incomplete 
in  portions  from  lack  of  important  data. 

The  facts  regarding  his  boyhood  life  are  gleaned  from  your  visits  to, 
and  correspondence  with,  Mr.  C.G.  Oates  and  Mr.  Abram  Clapham,  of 
London,  England — Mr.  Oates’s  mother  and  Mr.  Clapham  being  Mr. 
Glover’s  first  cousins,  the  nearest  English  relatives  who  were  living  at 
the  time, — and  also  from  early  personal  diaries  and  family  papers? 
loaned  me  by  Mrs.  Hopper. 

Mrs.  Glover  has  rendered  me  valuable  aid  by  furnishing  important  in- 
formation regarding  dates,  and  by  placing  at  my  disposal  a considerable 
amount  of  documentary  evidence  relating  to  the  middle  period  of  his 
life,  which,  with  a few  early  letters  and  my  own  recollection  of  the  man, 
and  of  many  conversations  with  him  touching  upon  his  personal  history, 
are  the  principal  materials  that  have  been  available.  I am  also  in- 
debted to  you  for  portions  of  the  bibliography  of  his  entomological 
writings,  prepared  by  Mr.  B.  P.  Mann,  and  for  your  kind  assistance  in 
other  directions. 

As  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  a man  of  great  individuality,  I have 
t bought  it  best  to  present  the  main  facts  or  his  life  in  such  manner  as 
will  more  fully  bring  out  his  personal  attributes  and  peculiarities,  aud 
leave  the  treatment  of  his  entomological  and  museum  work,  or  that 
which  bears  directly  on  his  connection  with  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, to  special  chapters.  Some  of  the  extracts  or  incidents  may 
seem  trivial,  but  the  make-up  of  the  man  embodies  such  diversity  of 
talent,  and  at  the  same  time  presents  such  originality,  that  it  has  seemed 
best  to  use  that  material  which  will  best  show  him  forth  as  he  was. 

I am  yours,  respectfully, 

Charles  Richards  Dodgke. 

Prof.  Charles  V.  Riley, 

Entomologist , U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture . 


5 


THE  LIFE  OF  TOWNEND  GLOVER. 


Prof.  Townend  Glover,  the  first  entomologist  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture,  was  born  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  February  20, 
1813.  His  paternal  grandfather  was  Mr.  Samuel  Glover,  a merchant  of 
Leeds,  England.  His  father,  Mr.  Henry  Glover,  an  only  son  (though 
there  were  several  daughters)  married  Miss  Mary  Townend,  of  Learning 
Lane,  Yorkshire,  and  was  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits  at  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro when  Townend  Glover  was  born.  His  mother  dying,  after  a few  days 
illness,  when  he  was  about  six  weeks  old,  he  was  sent  to  his  relatives  in 
England;  and,  upon  the  death  of  his  father,  which  occurred  some  six 
years  later,  he  was  taken  in  charge  of  by  his  paternal  grandmother 
and  maiden  aunt  in  Leeds.  Here  his  education  began,  as  he  was  placed 
in  a private  school  of  high  reputation,  of  which  the  Rev.  Mr.  Holmes  was 
preceptor. 

By  nature  the  boy  Townend  was  of  a reserved  disposition,  making 
few  close  friendships  outside  the  immediate  circle  of  his  own  family. 
He  was,  nevertheless,  abounding  in  high  animal  spirits,  possessed  of  a 
strong  sense  of  fun  and  humor,  which  always  made  him  an  agreeable  and 
entertaining  companion  to  those  with  whom  he  was  wont  to  associate. 
In  his  studies  at  school  he  showed  a fair  degree  of  aptness,  and  being 
endowed  with  good  abilities  he  is  said  to  have  acquitted  himself  with 
unfailing  credit,  and  without  any  special  effort  on  his  part. 

Even  in  boyhood  his  love  for  drawing  showed  itself,  chiefly  in  cari- 
cature of  the  people  about  him,  admirably  done  at  that  early  period,  it 
is  said,  his  efforts  sometimes  bringing  the  youthful  artist  into  trouble. 

The  beginning  of  his  love  for  entomology  dates  back  to  these  early 
school  boy  days,  at  which  time,  in  company  with  the  one  congenial  and 
intimate  friend  of  his  boyhood,  a lad  with  similar  tastes,  he  was  already 
interested  in  making  a collection  of  insects,  which,  it  is  said,  he  prepared 
and  mounted  with  skill.  As  a boy  he  was  very  clever  with  his  hands 
in  anything  requiring  care  and  nicety,  and  was  singularly  quick  and  apt. 
And  not  only  was  he  drawn  towards  the  insect  world,  but  natural  history 
in  all  its  branches,  and  even  botany,  had  an  early  and  peculiar  fascina- 
tion for  him.  Upon  leaving  school,  we  are  told  that  young  Glover  was 
prevailed  upon  by  his  friends  to  enter  the  warehouse  of  a firm  of  Leeds 
merchants,  with  a view  to  acquiring  a knowledge  of  the  woolen  goods 

7 


8 

trade.  Mr.  Glover  alludes  to  this  in  his  diary  (March  16, 1834)  in  char- 
acteristic language,  as  follows : 

Mr.  C.  this  evening  gave  me  my  indentures  of  apprenticeship  to  Thompson,  Scarf 
& Co.,  by  which  I find  that  £300  of  my  money  is  gone  forever,  merely  to  learn  the 
“art  and  mystery”  of  a stuff  merchant,  a mystery  I hope  never  to  practice. 

What  other  plans  for  his  future  may  have  been  made  for  him,  or  were 
entertained  by  himself  at  that  time,  are  not  known,  though  his  aunt  was 
once  very  desirious  that  he  should  study  for  the  ministry.  In  after-life 
he  frequently  referred  to  this  with  satirical  allusions  to  having  been  cut 
out  for  the  clergy  ; and  in  a letter  written  to  friends  in  England  many 
years  after  coming  to  America  it  is  amusing  to  find  a joking  reference  to 
his  clerical  education.  In  his  commercial  life,  with  its  exacting  routine, 
though  utterly  at  variance  with  every  instinct  of  his  nature,  he  fulfilled 
the  duties  which  the  position  entailed  upon  him  conscientiously  and 
with  assiduity  as  long  as  he  continued  in  it.  The  early  discipline  did 
him  no  harm,  if,  indeed,  it  did  not  fit  him  for  the  life  of  most  exacting 
routine  of  his  later  years,  to  which,  though  self-imposed,  he  gave  the 
best  years  of  his  existence. 

But  there  suddenly  came  an  end  to  his  commercial  education,  for  at 
the  age  of  twenty-one,  or  as  soon  as  he  had  reached  his  majority,  he 
shook  himself  free  at  once  and  forever  from  the  trammels  of  business 
life. 

His  father  had  bequeathed  him  an  ample  fortune,  but,  as  Mr.  Glover 
once  gave  the  story  to  the  writer,  through  the  perfidy  of  his  father’s 
partners  in  business,  or  others  associated  with  him  in  Rio,  the  fortune 
had  been  dissipated,  save  a portion  which,  unknown  to  Mr.  Glover, 
until  he  had  reached  his  majority,  was  reserved  in  trust  by  relatives 
in  England.  Mr.  Glover  not  only  thought  that  he  had  been  cheated 
out  of  his  patrimony,  but  on  at  least  one  occasion  has  intimated  the 
suspicion  that  his  father’s  death  had  occurred  from  other  than  natural 
causes.  Some  weeks  after  arriving  at  his  majority  he  received  the  small 
fortune  held  for  him  by  relatives  in  Leeds,  and  having  meantime  fitted  % 
himself  for  going  abroad  by  the  study  of  German,  he  began  active 
preparations  for  his  journey.  To  one  who  has  known  Mr.  Glover  inti- 
mately in  later  life  his  diary  kept  at  this  period  is  most  interesting,  as 
showing,  even  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  so  many  of  those  traits  of  char- 
acter or  individualisms,  if  the  term  may  be  used,  which  so  strongly 
marked  the  mature  man.  Indifference  to  country  or  home,  distrust  of 
mankind  and  of  the  motives  of  people  about  him,  self-reliance  and  a 
wish  to  be  his  own  master,  and  at  the  same  time  frequent  evidences 
of  the  good  influences  by  which  he  had  been  surrounded  in  the  family 
circle  in  which  he  was  reared,  appear  on  many  pages.  Some  are  so 
striking  I can  not  forbear  making  a few  brief  extracts. 

During  a short  visit  to  Burneston,  in  April,  1834,  he  wrote  : 

Sauntered  about  all  day,  reading  Tarn  O’Shauter ; begin  to  think  a couutrv  life 
would  be  very  tiresome.  Could  manage  to  spend  some  months  very  pleasantly  iu  the 


9 


country,  provided  I bad  books,  paint  box,  horse,  gun,  flute,  etc.,  not  forgetting  a 
pleasant  friend,  without  which  a man  might  be  tempted  to  shoot  or  drown  himself 
for  very  ennui. 

The  entry  for  the  next  day  is  confined  to  three  short  lines : 

What  with  teasing  the  servant  about  her  lover,  plaguing  the  cat,  and  gossiping 
with  the  villagers,  managed  with  difficulty  to  live  the  day  out. 

Evidence  of  a restless  nature,  abhorring  idleness. 

Having  decided  to  indulge  his  taste  for  artist  life  and  at  the  same 
time  see  something  of  the  world,  on  the  19th  of  April,  1834,  he  quitted 
Leeds  and  started  for  Munich,  with  a view  of  putting  himself  upon  a 
systematic  course  of  study  in  different  branches  of  painting.  Regard- 
ing his  leave-taking  he  says : 

Miss  G.  [his  aunt]  cried  most  prodigiously,  as  if  I should  never  return  home — home 
did  I say  ? I forgot  that  I have  no  home  and  that  for  the  future  I must  consider  the 
world  as  my  home,  or,  rather,  make  a home  wherever  I am.  I leave  some  few  people 
in  Leeds  whom  I shall  regret  to  lose,  but  ou  the  whole  I like  my  prospects  very  much. 

He  spent  nearly  a month  en  route  to  Munich,  stopping  at  Hamburg, 
Hanover,  Gotha,  and  many  other  places,  and  arriving  ou  the  14th  of 
May.  Here  he  began  study  at  once,  though  at  first  he  confined  himself 
to  the  study  of  the  German  language  under  one  Dr.  Caflish,  and  it  was 
not  until  a month  later  that  he  had  made  arrangements  with  the  artist 
Mattenheimer,  u the  inspector  of  the  gallery,”  to  give  him  lessons  in 
ruit  and  flower  painting  in  oil. 

Under  date  of  June  19,  1834,  he  writes  : 

Took  my  first  lessou  in  flower  drawing  and  like  it  very  much;  he  (Mattenheimer) 
says  he  sees  that  1 have  talent,  from  my  drawings,  and  that  in  a little  time  I shall 
paint  very  well — flattery  to  make  me  learn — but  don’t  care  ; if  it  pleases  me  I intend 
to  continue  it  till  I paint  tolerably. 

A week  later,  this  : 

For  the  first  time  handled  palette  and  brushes  and  daubed  a little  in  oil  painting. 
Mightily  pleased  to  have  advanced  so  far ; don’t  intend  to  say  anything  about  it  to  my 
friends  in  Leeds,  or  they  will  expect  miracles  of  me. 

A few  days  after  this  his  master  has  been  trying  to  persuade  him  to 
be  an  artist.  “ Will  not,  though,  whatever  he  says,”  closes  the  entry. 

Regarding  his  art  work  at  this  time  it  has  been  said  of  him  that  still- 
life  and  natural  history  subjects  were  his  special  delight,  whether  he 
painted  in  water  colors  or  oils;  and  so  successful  was  he  in  what  he  under- 
took in  this  way  that  with  some  who  were  well  acquainted  with  his 
work,  it  was  a source  of  regret  that  he  did  not  make  painting  tbe  seri- 
ous study  of  his  life.  Notwithstanding  this  statement,  it  is  not  likely 
that  Mr.  Glover  would  ever  have  made  a great  artist  in  the  sense  of  pro- 
ducing strong,  original  pictures.  From  a study  of  examples  of  his  best 
efforts  produced  both  in  Europe  and  in  America  (oils  and  water  colors), 
it  is  very  evident  that  he  was  strongest  in  the  direction  of  illustrative 
work,  or  close  studies,  where  great  detail  and  accuracy  of'  delineation 
were  absolutely  essential.  He  was  at  his  best  in  still-life,  therefore,  and 
especially  in  the  painting  of  fruits,  flowers,  and  the  lesser  animal  life. 


10 


A number  of  his  works  in  oil,  which  he  brought  to  Washington,  were 
only  copies  from  the  productions  of  his  masters  or  other  pointers,  and 
should  not  be  taken  as  standards  of  his  ability. 

His  water  color  paintings  of  flowers  and  insects  and  a few  natural 
history  objects,  are  most  exquisite  examples  of  artistic  illustration,  and 
are  drawn  to  the  life,  showing  the  expenditure  of  a vast  amount  of  labor 
and  patience,  and  giving  assurance  in  the  artist  of  a fair  eye  for  color. 
As  a rule  they  are  painted  with  little  attention  to  modeling,  the  color 
being  laid  on  heavily,  stippled  and  frequently  lacking  in  transparency, 
and  without  attempt  at  composition  in  the  sense  of  making  pictures  of 
them.  But  they  are  very  realistic  and  sometimes  quite  decorative. 
Many  of  his  early  drawings  of  the  Florida  insects  are  as  exquisitely  fin- 
ished, though  with  his  later  originals  he  took  less  pains.  When  Mar- 
garet Fuller  first  saw  some  of  the  flower  paintings  she  would  hardly  be- 
lieve that  they  had  not  been  done  under  the  microscope,  so  delicate  was 
the  work.  Whether  or  not  his  extreme  shortsightedness  made  it  diffi- 
cult for  him  to  paint  in  any  other  manner,  it  is  impossible  to  say,  how- 
ever well  adapted  to  the  labors  of  his  after  life  this  special  kind  of  work 
may  have  been.  He  could  not  have  painted  broadly  had  he  desired  to 
do  so,  for  his  almost  microscopic  vision  saw  everything  in  the  minutest 
detail.  This  explains,  too,  why  his  after  engravings  of  insects,  par- 
ticularly of  larvae , lack  in  action. 

After  finishing  his  jourueyings  in  Europe  and  having  turned  his  back 
upon  Munich,  the  study  of  art  was  still  an  absorbing  interest  with  him. 
On  his  return  to  England  he  took  up  his  abode  at  Leeds  for  a short  time, 
and,  in  a room  set  apart  for  the  purpose  of  a studio,  and  surrounded  by 
pets  of  every  conceivable  description,  he  continued  to  paint  with  assi- 
duity. And  it  is  pleasant  to  learn  that  his  love  of  natural  history  shared 
equally  with  his  love  of  art.  Many  delightful  reminiscences  of  the  young 
painter-naturalist  (who  was  now  about  twenty-three  years  old),  are  re- 
called by  those  who  knew  him  at  this  time,  all  indicating  the  manner  of 
life  which  he  afterwards  followed.  Mr.  Oates  thus  writes  of  him  in  a 
memorial  sent  to  Professor  Riley  : 

He  would  sit  before  bis  easel  witb  a favorite  lizard  nestled  in  his  breast,  bis  coat 
pockets  tenanted  by  snakes,  and  a blackbird  perched  upon  bis  shoulder,  whilst  hang- 
ing on  the  walls  of  his  apartment  might  be  seen  some  tiny  gauze  cages,  daintily  con- 
structed for  the  reception  of  tame  spiders,  which  were  periodically  supplied  with  flies. 
There  were  also  in  the  room  a variety  of  other  birds  and  such  quadrupeds  as  mice, 
rats,  and  guineapigs,  all  pets  in  a greater  or  less  degree.  Glover’s  early  school  friend, 
previously  referred  to,  still  living  at  Whitby  in  Yorkshire,  particularly  recollects  vis- 
iting him  in  this  apartment  on  one  occasion  when  he  was  painting  a bunch  of  grapes, 
his  blackbird  as  usual  upon  his  shoulder.  Glover  had  just  completed  the  painting  of 
the  grapes,  when  the  fancy  seized  him  to  add  a fly,  as  though  it  had  alighted  on  the 
fruit.  This  he  did,  and  had  scarcely  withdrawn  his  hand  from  the  work,  when  the 
blackbird  darted  from  its  master’s  shoulder  and  pecked  lustily  at  the  phantom  fly. 
About  this  time  Glover  had  begun  to  give  some  attention  to  copper-plate  engraving, 
and  also  carved  in  wood.  Ho  sustained  a great  sorrow  in  the  death  of  a little  girl,  the 
child  of  a first  cousin,  who  was  devotedly  attached  to  him  and  for  whose  amusement  he 


11 


never  wearied  of  exerting  himself,  for  his  affections  once  roused  were  acutely  sensi- 
tive and  tender.  Glover  was  possessed  of  great  physical  activity,  and  though  not 
skilled  in  horsemanship  was  fond  of  riding.  On  one  occasion,  it  is  stated,  that  whilst 
ridiug  on  a friend’s  horse,  which  proved  restive,  he  was  thrown  violently  to  the  pave- 
ment, and  his  head  striking  the  curbstone,  he  sustained  a fracture  of  the  skull.  For 
some  time  his  life  remained  in  jeopardy,  and  though  to  all  appearance  he  ultimately 
recovered  from  the  effects  of  the  accident,  it  has  been  suggested  that  the  injury  then 
received  told  on  him  in  later  years  and  led  to  the  somewhat  premature  failure  of  his 
powers. 

Professor  Glover  bas  more  than  once  stated  to  the  writer  that  the 
scar  upon  the  side  of  his  head  was  made  by  the  bursting  of  a gun  bar- 
rel and  Mrs.  Glover  verifies  the  statement.  It  occurred,  too,  before  he 
went  to  Munich,  for  there  is  a reference  to  his  fractured  skull  in  his 
journal.  However  the  injury  was  inflicted,  I can  not  think  the  sug- 
gestion made  above  has  any  weight,  as  Mr.  Glover’s  peculiar  and  ir- 
regular mode  of  life  in  after  afters,  without  recreation,  and  his  pro- 
longe  d ill-health  for  several  years  in  a trying  southern  climate,  were 
sufficient  causes  for  his  breaking  down  before  reaching  three  score  and 
ten. 

Whether  or  no  Mr.  Glover  returned  to  Munich  again  can  not  be  stated 
from  any  written  records.  During  a few  weeks  of  his  first  summer  in 
Germany  (1834),  he  made  an  extended  pedestrian  tour  through  the 
Tyrol  with  his  German  teacher  by  way  of  vacation  and  to  learn  the 
language.  Some  of  his  pencil  sketches  made  in  Tyrol  are  dated  1836, 
but  as  he  sailed  for  America  June  24  of  that  year,  he  could  only 
have  made  a flying  visit  to  Germany,  if  at  all.  He  decided  to  visit 
the  United  States  through  the  representations  of  some  relatives,  young 
men  who  settled  in  America  about  this  time,  though  he  did  not  at 
first  entertain  the  idea  of  making  it  a permanent  abiding  place.  His 
roving  disposition  prompting  a period  of  adventure  and  sight-seeing 
before  settling  anywhere,  he  at  first  spent  his  time  in  travel. 

This  was  a turning  point  in  his  life.  The  fine,  open  scenery,  the  lakes 
and  vast  rivers  of  the  United  States  appeared  to  exercise  a powerful 
influence  on  his  impressionable  nature  and  led  to  his  making  it  his  home. 
For  several  years  after  coming  to  the  New  World  he  roamed  at  leisure 
through  different  parts  of  the  country,  and  particularly  in  the  South, 
making  New  Eochelle  his  headquarters,  for  there  are  records  of  his 
having  remained  in  New  Eochelle,  near  New  York,  at  various  times 
during  the  years  1836  to  1839.  He  was  in  New  Eochelle  August,  1836, 
and  in  that  month  started  on  a journey  through  New  York  State,  thence 
West  and  South,  the  close  of  the  year  finding  him  in  Louisiana  and 
Texas.  In  1837  he  was  again  traveling  about  through  the  picturesque 
portions  of  New  York  State,  and  early  in  1838  was  once  more  South, 
visiting  the  Carolinas,  Georgia,  and  adjacent  States. 

Mis.  Glover  tells  me  that  he  finally  settled  in  New  Eochelle  in  the 
spring  of  1838,  and  here  his  dog  and  gun,  or  rod  and  boat,  were  almost 
constant  companions ; his  boat,  which  he  built  and  was  very  much 


12 


attached  to,  demanding  the  greater  part  of  his  time.  When  it  was 
launched  there  were  some  lines  written  commencing: 

To  Townend  we  drink,  that  lad  of  much  fun, 

So  deeply  iu  love  with  kis  dog  and  his  gun. 

A volume  might  be  filled  with  the  stories  Mr.  Glover  has  told  me  of 
his  life  at  this  period.  He  was  “ hail  fellow,  well  met,”  everywhere, 
having  all  the  friends  he  desired  (sometimes  too  many,  doubtless),  and 
devoting  himself  to  pleasure. 

It  was  during  a brief  visit  to  Fishkill  that  Mr.  Glover  first  met  Miss 
Sarah  T.  Byrnes,  an  estimable  young  lady,  and  the  daughter  of  Joseph 
T.  Byrnes,  a gentleman  of  prominence,  who  owned  a large  estate  lying 
upon  the  banks  of  the  Hudson.  An  attachment  having  sprung  up  be- 
tween them,  they  were  married  in  September,  1840,  in  New  Rochelle, 
and  iu  the  following  spring  went  to  live  in  Fishkill-on-tlie-Hudson  (then 
known  as  Fishkill  Landing),  Mrs.  Glover’s  native  place. 

During  the  five  years  which  followed  Mr.  Glover  chiefly  interested 
himself  in  floriculture,  in  natural  history  studies,  and  taxidermy,  a large 
case  of  the  native  birds  of  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  shot  and  prepared 
by  him,  still  remaining  in  excellent  condition,  evidence  of  his  taste  and 
skill  in  this  direction.  He  also  employed  a part  of  his  time  in  art,  as 
Mrs.  Glover  particularly  remembers  two  large  oil  paintings,  one  of  fruit, 
the  other  of  flowers,  which  were  produced  at  this  time,  and  subse- 
quently presented  to  relatives  in  England. 

In  the  spring  of  1846,  iu  company  with  his  wife,  Mr.  Glover  visited 
his  relations  in  England,  remaining  until  fall.  Upon  his  return  he  went 
to  live  upon  his  own  place,  which  he  had  purchased  from  the  Byrnes 
estate,  and  a more  romantic  and  beautiful  spot  he  could  hardly  have 
chosen.  Lying  upon  the  crest  of  a gentle  slope,  in  sight  of  Storm  King, 
the  surrounding  country  broken  into  majestic  hills  and  deep  vales,  at 
a point  where  the  noble  river  makes  a bend  to  the  left  and  is  joined  by 
the  creek  which  swept  at  the  foot  of  his  garden,  the  view  wiis  one  of 
surpassing  loveliness.  1 first  saw  it  through  the  yellow  haze  of  a bright 
October  day  and  while  viewing  scenes  which  had  been  so  familiar  to  him — 
the  orchard  that  he  had  planted,  the  garden  plot  where  he  spent  so 
much  of  his  time,  and  the  rocky  creek,  upon  the  banks  of  which  he  had 
had  so  many  piscatorial  triumphs,  for  he  was  an  expert  disciple  of  Wal- 
ton— the  wonder  came  how  he  could  have  left  it  all,  and  become  satisfied 
with  the  hum-drum  life  into  which  he  drifted  in  later  years.  In  this 
beautiful  place,  on  his  return  from  England,  he  began  in  earnest  the 
life  of  a country  gentleman,  busying  himself  with  the  planting  and  care 
of  fruit  and  ornamental  trees,  and  with  his  garden,  which  was  noted  for 
its  flue  flowers  and  vegetables.  He  also  paid  considerable  attention  to 
the  cultivation  of  small  fruits,  all  the  leading  varieties  of  which  were 
tested  by  him. 

Mr.  Glover  visited  England  again  in  the  fall  of  1849,  and  at  this  time 
spent  some  days  at  Walton  Hail,  in  Wakefield.  Mr.  Oates  states  that 
while  staying  on  one  occasion  with  a cousin  at  Scarborough,  with  whom 


13 


he  was  on  intimate  terms,  he  chanced  to  meet  Charles  Waterton,  who 
was  stopping  at  the  same  place,  and  the  two  cousins  subsequently  be- 
came for  a short  time  the  guests  of  the  veteran  naturalist  at  Walton  Hall. 
Upon  his  visit  in  1849,  Waterton  presented  Glover  with  several  of  his 
works,  the  il  Wanderings,”  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  William  H.  Ed- 
wards, containing  the  naturalist’s  autograph. 

During  this  period  of  Mr.  Glover’s  life,  that  is,  the  latter  part  of  the 
forties,  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Mr.  A.  J.  Downing,  and  through 
the  intimacy  which  followed  he  became  deeply  interested  in  pomology, 
his  enthusiasm  prompting  him  to  devote  himself  to  it  for  a time.  Then 
came  the  desire  to  do  something  of  practical  and  lasting  value  that  might 
be  appreciated  beyond  the  narrow  limits  of  the  little  world  in  which  he 
moved.  The  scheme  of  illustrating  American  pomology  by  a series  of 
perfect  fac-similes,  with  special  regard  to  the  changes  produced  by  differ- 
ences of  soils  and  climates,  was  planned  and  entered  upon.  At  first  he 
experimented  to  find  the  best  composition  of  which  to  make  his  models, 
and  practiced  with  the  laying  on  of  color  to  get  the  most  natural  effects. 
His  first  efforts  are  said  to  have  been  very  crude,  but  he  worked  persist- 
ently until  success  was  attained,  and  then  he  began  the  collection.  Two 
rooms  were  set  apart  for  a workshop,  materials  purchased  in  quantity, 
and  the  work  was  pushed  as  rapidly  as  possible  during  the  fruit  season, 
and  continued  for  several  years. 

The  formation  of  this  collection,  without  doubt,  had  more  to  do  with 
altering  the  course  of  his  after  life  than  has  been  supposed,  for  through 
it  the  ten  years  of  rural  quiet  at  Fishkill  were  followed  by  a period  of 
roaming  again.  At  various  times  between  1849  and  1852  his  collection 
of  fruits  were  exhibited  at  State  fairs  and  elsewhere,  a number  of  cups 
and  medals  having  been  given  him  as  prizes.  They  were  once  or  twice 
exhibited  in  Albany,  once  in  1851  at  the  exhibition  of  the  New  York 
State  Agricultural  Society,  and  subsequently  at  a meeting  or  exhibition 
of  the  American  Institute  in  New  York,  the  collection  at  this  time  be- 
ing quite  large.  Correspondence  in  my  possession  shows  that  in  1852 
he  arranged  for  an  exhibition  in  Horticultural  Hall,  Boston,  though  I 
do  not  know  that  the  fruits  were  ever  exhibited  there,  though  they  were 
exhibited  in  several  other  places. 

Mr.  Glover  had  now  made  considerable  reputation  as  a pomologist. 
He  was  invited  to  act  as  a judge  at  the  New  York  State  and  other  fairs, 
and  wrote  for  the  American  Agriculturist  on  pomological  subjects.  A 
letter  from  the  late  Marshall  P.  Wilder,  bearing  date  November  7, 1851, 
makes  mention  of  a ‘‘beautiful  and  correct  cast  of  a Louise  Bonne  de 
Jersey  pear,”  recently  brought  to  his  notice,  the  letter  closing  with  an 
offer  to  send  him  some  specimens  of  new  fruits. 

The  attention  that  these  models  had  attracted  and  the  commenda- 
tions Mr.  Glover  had  received  for  his  collection  led  him,  in  the  winter 
of  1853-54,  to  take  them  to  Washington  for  exhibition  and  possible 
sale.  This  was  about  the  time  that  the  new  Bureau  of  Agriculture  was 
established  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office,  and  Mr.  Glover  very 


14 


soon  became  connected  with  it.  His  commission  bears  date  June  14, 
1854,  and  his  appointment  was  made  “ for  collecting  statistics  and  other 
information  on  seeds,  fruits,  and  insects  in  the  United  States.”  A small 
cabinet  was  at  once  begun  in  the  single  room  then  devoted  to  the  Bureau 
of  Agriculture,  the  fruit  models  forming  no  small  part  of  the  exhibit. 

The  collection  of  fruit  models  now  comprised  some  2,000  specimens? 
the  matrices  being  also  preserved  and  numbered,  that  duplicates  might 
be  made  if  desired.  “It  has  taken  $3,000  in  cash  and  six  years  of  un- 
remitting toil”  to  produce  them,  is  Mr.  Glover’s  written  testimony  about 
this  time  concerning  the  collection. 

Mr.  Glover’s  name  is  not  mentioned  in  any  of  the  official  reports  of 
the  Commissioner  of  Patents.  By  inference,  however,  we  know  that  he 
held  the  dual  position  of  entomologist  and  special  agent,  his  duties 
necessitating  travel  upon  various  missions  bearing  upon  the  agricult- 
ural interests  of  the  country,  through  tbe  Southern  States  mainly,  and 
at  one  time  into  South  America.  Charles  Mason  was  Commissioner  of 
Patents  at  this  time,  the  chief  clerk  in  charge  of  the  Bureau  being  D. 
J.  Browne,  of  New  Hampshire. 

In  1854  Mr.  Glover  studied  in  the  held  the  insects  affecting  various 
crops,  the  summer  months  being  spent  in  South  Carolina  investigating 
the  grape  insects  and  the  insects  injurious  to  cotton.  In  1855  he  was 
ordered  to  Florida,  where  he  occupied  himself  during  the  entire  season 
of  five  or  six  months  in  studying  the  habits  of  various  insects  and  in 
investigations  upon  the  insect  enemies  of  cotton.  In  a private  letter  he 
alludes  to  this  summer  having  been  spent  most  pleasantly  “ with  alli- 
gators, mosquitoes,  and  red  bugs.”  It  may  be  worthy  of  note  that 
nearly  all  the  drawings  which  subsequently  appeared  in  his  twenty-two 
plates  of  the  cotton  insects  were  made  at  this  time  in  and  about  Tal- 
lahassee, though  his  field  of  observation  extended  from  Columbia,  S.  C., 
southward.  It  was  in  this  year,  too,  that  he  first  met  the  one  congenial 
friend  and  companion  of  his  Florida  experiences,  a worthy  gentleman, 
Mr.  Henry  Wells,  the  friendship  lasting  through  life.  Mr.  Wells  was 
always  dignified  with  the  pseudonym  “ Alligator  ” to  the  last  of  their 
acquaintance,  Mr.  Glover’s  correspondent  appellation  being  “Old  June 
Bug.” 

The  experiences  of  this  season  also  inspired  the  Florida  litany,  which 
Mr.  Glover  was  want  to  repeat  upon  occasions  with  great  satisfaction. 
He  was  frequently  asked  for  copies  of  the  lines,  and  he  always  returned 
an  emphatic  “ no,”  for  he  never  would  allow  original  verse  of  this  de- 
scription to  get  out  of  his  possession,  at  least  when  he  could  help  it. 
Here  is  the  litany  as  jotted  down  by  me  during  a chance  recital  not 
long  after  a refusal  to  make  a copy  of  the  lines : 

From  red-bugs  and  bed-bugs,  from  sand-flies  and  land-flies, 

Mosquitoes,  galliuippers,  and  fleas, 

From  hog-ticks  and  dog-ticks,  from  hen-lice  and  men-lice, 

We  pray  thee,  good  Lord,  give  us  ease  : 

And  all  the  congregation  shall  scratch  and  say  Amen. 


15 


In  the  winter  of  1856-57  he  was  ordered  to  British  Guiana  and  Yen 
ezuela  to  take  charge  of  an  expedition  having  for  its  object  the  restock- 
ing of  the  Louisiana  sugar  plantations,  the  native  cane  having  deterio- 
rated to  a degree  affecting  the  sugar  interest.  An  appropriation  of 
$10,000  having  been  granted  for  the  purpose,  the  bark  Release , with 
a competent  crew,  was  placed  at 
the  disposal  of  the  Patent  Office, 
and  Mr.  Glover,  as  the  Government 
agent,  placed  in  charge  of  the  ex- 
pedition. He  was  in  every  way 


Fig.  1. 


successful,  bringing  a large  cargo  of  cane  to  New  Orleans,  though  he 
was  attacked  with  fever  very  soon  after,  the  result  of  his  exposure  in  a 
malarious  country,  and  for  a time  was  very  ill.  A couple  of  caricatures 
of  himself  made  at  the  time  are  interesting.  (See  Figs.  1 and  2.) 


16 


About  the  middle  of  August,  1857,  he  was  ordered  to  Mississippi, 
where  the  remaiuder  of  the  seasou  was  spent  in  visiting  cotton  planta- 
tions in  different  portions  of  the  State.  It  was  a hard  season  for  him,  as 
he  was  sick  during  the  greater  portion  of  the  time,  often  being  con- 
fined to  his  bed.  An  entry  in  his  journal  October  6 is  characteris- 
tic. “ Quarrel  betweeu  doctors,  so  I have  to  dismiss  one,  and  the  other 
says  it  is  no  use  to  attend.  Saved  my  life  by  it.’* 

It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  at  this  time  his  observations  were  not 
confined  to  entomology  alone,  but  to  all  branches  of  natural  history. 
Indeed,  he  let  nothing  new  escape  him  in  any  field  of  experience,  his 
“ mems.”  indicating  observations  upon  insects  other  tnan  affecting  cot- 
ton, cotton  diseases,  soils  and  earths,  vegetation,  birds,  animals,  reptiles, 
Indian  mounds,  and  even  human  nature. 

The  year  1858  marks  the  period  of  his  investigations  upon  orange 
insects,  he  having  been  ordered  to  Florida  in  the  latter  part  of  April, 
where  he  remained  throughout  the  season.  It  was  an  eventful  year? 
inasmuch  as  it  was  marked  by  events  which  later  on  led  to  his  severing 
his  connection  with  the  Patent  Office,  and  beginning  his  work  on  ento- 
mology. 

He  now  had  made  the  acquaintance  of  Baron  Osten  Sacken,  Dr. 
Morris,  Mr.  Uhler,  and  other  of  the  earlier  American  entomological 
authorities,  and  had  become  a member  of  the  Washington  Naturalists’ 
Club.  In  the  records  of  his  life  at  this  period  are  frequent  occurrences 
of  the  names  of  Professors  Henry,  Baird,  Girard,  Drs  Hayden,  Kenm- 
cott,  Clemens,  Forman,  Meek,  Messrs.  Ulke,  Cooper,  and  others,  with 
allusions  to  prominent  Senators  and  Congressmen  of  the  day.  It  was 
almost  at  the  beginning  of  this  year,  too,  that  the  first  evidences  of 
Iriction  between  himself  and  his  immediate  superior  officer  became 
apparent.  He  was  working  at  this  time  upon  the  plates  of  his  Cotton 
Insects  and  Diseases,  besides  engraving  special  plates  for  publication 
in  the  annual  volume,  under  the  direction  of  his  superior,  D.  J.  Browne. 

In  January  we  find  such  brief  entries  as  the  following:  “Blow  up 
with  B.  about  article  on  plows.” — “At  work  etching  tea-plant.” — 
“Writing  reply  to  weevil  article.” — “Row  about  sorghum.” 

In  February : “ Heard  at  Browne’s  about  Kennicott  wanting  Fitch 
here.” — “ Bothering  about  bees  for  Browne.  Made  sketch ; not  right.” — 
“ Etching  and  fussing  about  the  bee  plate  for  B.,  as  he  don’t  know  what 
he  wants.” — “ Evening  at  B.’s;  he  will  write  all  my  reports  himself,  and 
makes  an  ass  of  himself  and  a tool  of  me.  Don’t  and  won’t  acknowl- 
edge it,  as  I have  never  written  a word  of  what  he  says,  and  he  has  not 
looked  at  my  report  yet.” 

In  March:  “Evening  at  Girard’s,  who  advises  me  to  stay,  although 
D.  J.  B.  will  make  a false  report  of  me.” — “Another  row  with  D.  J.  B. 
He  must  be  crazy.” 

In  April : “ Browne  at  my  room,  evening,  grumbling  about  Dr.  Hig- 
gins trying  to  supersede  him  ; he  has  got  an  idea  (Heaven  knows  why) 


17 


that  I am  as  great  a naturalist  as  Audubon  ! That  Audubon  had  Bach- 
man to  write  his  articles,  and  I have  (Lord  save  the  mark !)”  Browne! — 
“Still  waiting  orders.  Smithsonian — no  cans,  no  bottles,  no  tius,  no 
nothin’”. — “Spoke  to  Shugart,  who  will  see  Commissioner  about  my 
report.” — “ Off  to  Florida,”  etc. 

Through  May  and  June  he  was  hard  at  work  in  the  field  observing, 
sketching,  and  experimenting  with  solutions  for  the  destruction  of  the 
orange  insects.  An  extract  from  an  official  letter  to  him,  signed  by  his 
superior  officer  and  bearing  date  June  23,  is  interesting  at  this  point. 
After  referring  to  what  has  been  done  and  the  difficulties  in  the  way  it 
says : “ But  a more  effectual  remedy  would  seem  to  consist  in  covering 
the  entire  tree  with  some  glutinous  fluid,  which  would  close  up  the  aper- 
tures of  the  shells  and  prevent  escape  of  the  perfect  insects.  Blood  has 
been  suggested  as  being  both  feasible  and  economical,  preserved  by  salt- 
ing, and  made  sufficiently  dilute  with  water  to  be  readily  applied  with  a 
syringe.  Near  the  regions  where  the  orange  tree  flourishes  in  Florida 
the  alligator  is  found  in  great  numbers.  It  is  well  known  that  this  rep- 
tile abounds  in  blood,  which  could  readily  be  taken  in  the  winter,  when 
it  is  in  an  inactive  state.  This  blood  could  be  preserved  in  casks,  etc. 

July  3,  this  entry:  “Killed  alligator.  After  stabbing  him  in  the 
neck  and  dividing  vertebrae  he  still  lived  several  hours.  Not  one  pint 
of  blood  in  its  whole  carcass,  and  nearly  5 feet  long — one  quart  to  10 
feet ; 100  alligators  to  25  gallons.  Absurd  ! ” As  no  after  mention  is 
made  of  this  proposed  remedy,  and  there  is  no  reference  to  it  in  Mr. 
Glover’s  published  report,  it  doubtless  did  not  amount  to  anything. 

A year  after,  however,  when  Mr.  Glover  had  left  the  office,  a series 
of  articles  against  D.  J.  B.  appeared  in  a Washington  paper,  signed 
with  a nom  de  plume,  and  among  other  things  this  matter  was  touched 
upon.  While  Mr.  Glover  would  never  admit  that  he  had  written  the 
articles,  he  never  denied  their  authorship.  They  bear  his  unmistakable 
ear-marks,  however,  and  were  preserved  by  him  with  other  personal 
writings.  As  an  example*of  rich  satire  this  one  extract  on  the  alligator 
question  is  presented : 

I have  been  credibly  informed  by  a gentleman  who  has  had  some  practical  experi- 
ence in  combatting  his  (the  alligator’s)  obstinate  disposition  to  shuffle  off  this  mortal 
coil,  that,  being  an  animal  of  warm  and  generous  blood  aud  of  a highly  excitable 
temperament,  he  will  yield  the  almost  fabulous  amouut  of  one  pint  of  the  much-desired 
crimson  fluid.  One  of  10  feet  then  will  give  2 piuts,  and  100  of  that  length  somewhero 
in  the  neighborhood  of  20  gallons.  Two  hundred  negroes  might  possibly  capture  100 
alligators  in  a day,  one  being  necessary  to  hold  the  head  and  another  the  tail,  whilst 
the  surgical  operator  undertakes  the  pleasing  task  of  relieving  him  of  his  claret. 
Supposing,  then,  each  negro  to  measure  only  5 feet  in  height,  the  account  would  stand 
as  follows:  1,000  feet  of  negroes  to  capture  and  demolish  1,000  feet  of  alligators,  the 
produce  of  which  would  be20  gallons  of  the  coccus  exterminating  blood.  Estimating, 
then,  the  hire  of  each  darkey  at  $1  a day,  making  $200  for  20  gallons  of  sanguinary 
fluid,  which  might  effectually  syringe  twenty  orange  trees  in  a grove,  and,  without 
mentioning  the  fees  of  the  saurian  phlebotomist,  you  have  one  of  the  most  astounding 

14102— Bull  18 2 


18 


examples  of  economy  in  labor  that  has  ever  yet  soothed  and  flattered  the  otium  cum 
dignitate  of  a labor-shirking  and  a labor-saving  world.  Wonderful  D.  J.  B. ! Confid- 
ing ex-Commissioner!  Happy  and  grateful  Floridians  !” 


xjf  ' 1 i Vfl®: 


A.  caricature  on  this  theme,  drawn  by  Mr.  Glover  in  1859,  with  him- 

self  portrayed  as  the  “ saurian  plile- 

botoinist,”  is  presented  herewith 
(Fig.  3). 

During  the  remainder  of  the  year 
1858,  while  in  Florida,  he  was  in- 
dustriously employed  with  field 
observations,  visiting  plantations 
and  groves  in  different  parts  of  the 
State,  syringing  whole  groves  of 
orange  trees,  engraving  his  plates 
and  writing  his  notes,  besides  other 
work  for  the  Department,  such  as 
collecting  live  oak  acorns,  etc.  He 
was  sick  much  of  the  time,  and  com- 
plains sorely  of  mosquitoes  and  simi- 
lar insect  pests.  A characteristic 
entry  in  his  journal  is  as  follows : 
u Etching,  itching,  and  scratching  as  usual  from  8 to  4;  scratching  with 
pen  from  8 till  12,  and  with  finger  nails  continually.” 

He  severed  his  connection  with  the  office  very  early  in  1859.  His 
final  report  is  published  in  the  volume  for  1858,  and  in  the  Commission- 
er’s report  in  the  same  volume  the  statement  is  made  that  uthe  Ento- 
mologist has  brought  his  labors  to  a close.”  The  principal  reason  for 
his  leaving  the  service  was  his  inability  to  get  along  with  the  chief 
clerk,  whom  he  always  considered  of  small  ability,  and  a man  who  shone 
only  by  borrowed  light. 

The  appreciation  of  his  efforts  by  others  always  gave  Mr.  Glover  great 
satisfaction.  A little  glimpse  of  this  side  of  his  nature,  in  statements 
made  confidentially  to  his  cousin  (Mr.  Clapham),  I trust  will  not  be  con- 
sidered out  of  place  here  : 


V Oi -dcM  tUc. 

bihqdZoT-j  'sctlfriXi  Pax  Uu  %to  t y ^ Oramae^ 
tree.  $ ’w-CtfcL-tPiL  CuocL^tAen'etf  * te 

********  Scu&  ‘rrCU*-S  coJTvuvC 

Fig.  3. 


I am  disgusted  with  United  States  service,  as  I have  been  situated,  subject  to  the 
whims  and  orders  of  a maceuvering  and  ignorant  charlatan  ; no  doubt  I could  re-en- 
ter in  winter  if  I wished,  as  all  the  members  and  Senators  are  friendly  to  my  views, 
but  I will  not  unless  I have  more  scope  and  privileges,  and  can  do  my  work  in  my  own 
way.  As  soon  as  the  former  Commissioner,  the  Hon.  J udge  Mason,  heard  of  my  being 
out  of  the  service  he  at  once  told  me  if  I would  accept  a situation  next  fall  in  Iowa, 
he  would  have  me  appointed  to  make  an  (agricultural)  entomological  survey  of  the 
State ; and  my  friend,  Doctor  Rock,  writes  to  me  that  he  is  now  endeavoring  to  have  a 
bill  passed  for  that  purpose.  This  was  a great  compliment,  as  Judge  Mason  is  uni- 
versally admitted  to  be  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  intelligent  officers  who  has  ever 
been  in  Government  service  and,  as  my  chief;  always  treated  me  as  well  as  possible. 
At  the  same  time  he  told  me  that  u he  always  considered  me  as  one  of  the  chief  stays 
of  the  Agricultural  Bureau,  if  not  the  chief  stay  itself,”  and  paid  me  the  compliment 
that  the  service  had  lost  one  of  its  best  men  when  I left.  Such  things  written  to  you 


19 


may,  and  no  doubt  will,  sound  egotistical,  but  to  me  they  are  very  gratifying,  as 
showing  the  feelings  of  my  late  chief. 

It  was  at  this  time  that  he  wrote  : 

Heaven  only  knows  where  my  fate  may  lead  me,  for  at  present  I am  like  a feather 
wafted  by  the  wind.  If  a good  offer  were  made  me,  would  start  to-morrow  for 
either  Van  Dieman’s  land  or  Kamschatka. 

But  his  fate  led  him  to  remain  in  Washington  City  for  a time,  where 
he  occupied  himself  in  making  new  acquaintances  and  gathering  mate- 
rials for  the  commencement  of  his  work  on  American  Entomology — 
meanwhile  using  his  influence  toward  the  removal  of  the  chief  clerk, 
D.  J.  Browne. 

It  has  been  said  of  Mr.  Glover : 

In  his  dealings  with  men  he  was  just  even  to  a degree  that  was  generous ; but  his 
prejudices  were  strong  and  almost  unyielding.  He  never  forgot  a kindness,  nor  was 
he  in  tae  least  delinquent  in  his  recognition  of  a favor. 

It  may  be  added  that  he  never  forgot  an  injury  and  rarely  forgave  it ; 
and  concerning  his  old  chief,  he  always  spoke  in  terms  of  most  sub- 
lime contempt.  He  attacked  his  plagiaristic  failings  by  means  of  the 
‘‘deadly  parallel”  column,  in  the  public  press  of  thq  day,  and  wrote 
pages  besides.  His  life  of  D.  J.  B.  (not  published),  in  the  form  of  a 
dozen  pen  and  ink  caricatures,  is  as  taking  as  a Thackeray  sketch,  the 
drawing  being  superlatively  grotesque,  while  the  explanations  abound 
in  telling  hits.  This  set  of  drawings  would  bear  reproduction  were 
they  not  so  personal.  (The  alligator’s  blood  caricature  is  from  this 
series.) 


\ad  d /(jkrta.'rri  urhick  mws  odL  a ' ((JdyrarC) 

Fig.  4.  An  early  caricature. 


20 


While  upon  this  theme  it  may  be  mentioned  that  several  of  Mr. 
Glover’s  caricatures,  made  at  an  earlier  period,  were  reproduced  in 
copper  by  himself  for  the  amusement  of  his  friends.  Many  others,  not 
so  reproduced,  and  done  in  ink  or  pencil,  show  him  to  have  been  a 
caricaturist  of  no  mean  pretensions.  The  drawing  is  frequently  gro- 
tesque and  the  action  superb,  while  the  satire  is  most  pointed.  The 
caricature  habit  followed  him  through  life,  many  examples  having  been 
made  while  he  was  entomologist  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 
These  were  more  hastily  drawn,  however,  and  were  destroyed  as  soon 
as  shown  to  a select  circle  of  friends.  But  he  was  even  more  severe  in 
shafts  of  doggerel  verse,  which  were  often  written  upon  the  spur  of  the 
moment,  wholly  impromptu,  and  by  means  of  which  he  was  able  to  hold 
up  to  ridicule  those  (sometimes  in  high  official  position)  who  had  of- 
fended him.  But  he  never  allowed  a duplicate  copy  to  be  made,  and  it 
is  doubtful  if  there  is  one  in  existence. 

For  several  months  Mr.  Glover  continued  to  reside  in  Washington, 
and  in  the  fall  of  the  same  year  (1859)  he  entered  the  Maryland  Agri- 
cultural College  as  professor  of  natural  sciences,  though  at  a merely 
nominal  salary.  Here  he  spent  all  of  his  time,  when  not  engaged  in  field 
work  or  in  teaching  and  lecturing,  in  prosecuting  the  work  on  his  re- 
cently begun  Illustrations  of  American  Entomology,  and  in  making  a 
collection  of  birds  and  insects.  His  life  at  the  college  was  uneventful, 
save  that  it  gave  him  time  to  accomplish  a vast  amount  of  labor  in  two 
important  directions,  and  in  April,  1863,  about  nine  years  after  his  first 
connection  with  the  Agricultural  Bureau  of  the  Patent  Office,  he  was 
appointed  United  States  Entomologist,  under  Hon.  Isaac  Newton,  the 
new  Department  of  Agriculture  having  been  established  in  1862,  and 
he  entered  upon  the  duties  of  the  office  at  one. 

His  first  reports,  issued  in  1863  and  1864,  being  for  the  most  part 
popular  papers  upon  the  more  common  insects  injurious  to  vegetation 
in  the  several  orders,  together  with  brief  remedies  for  their  destruction, 
tell  us  little  of  his  employment  at  this  period.  But  we  know  that  he 
made  a second  beginning  of  his  museum  in  August,  1864,  the  reports 
of  the  time  giving  intimations  of  the  new  interest  which  was  now  ab- 
sorbing his  thoughts.  Though  the  report  for  1865  closes  with  another 
popular  paper  (relating  to  the  uses  of  insects  from  an  economic  stand- 
point), the  consideration  of  seeds,  grains,  fibers,  silkworms,  birds,  poul- 
try, and  domestic  animals,  including  Angora  goats,  explains  the  manner 
in  which  a large  share  of  his  time  was  now  occupied.  He  received  con- 
siderable assistance  at  this  time  from  his  confidential  clerk,  Mrs.  L. 
B.  Adams,  a lady  of  fine  intellectual  attainments,  who  had  had  some 
experience  in  literary  and  editorial  work,  and  who  took  a great  inter- 
est in  the  new  museum.  The  first  part  of  this  report  for  1865  gives  evi- 
dence of  her  assistance ; in  fact  the  preparation  of  these  documents  was 
the  most  difficult  and  irksome  of  Mr.  Glover’s  duties  as  entomologist* 
He  always  shirked  the  responsibility  as  long  as  possible,  and  when  it 


21 


conlcl  be  put  off  no  longer  the  work  was  begun  and  put  through  with 
dispatch  to  the  exclusion  of  everything  else.  He  was  not  a ready 
writer,  and  in  much  of  his  correspondence  even,  he  first  made  a rough 
draught  of  what  he  wished  to  say,  from  which  the  clean  mailing  copy  was 
afterwards  prepared.  Copies  of  official  letters  only  were  preserved,  the 
rule  of  the  office  requiring  it,  as  during  the  entire  period  of  Mr.  Glover’s 
term  as  entomologist  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  signed  all  pub- 
lic communications. 

As  to  the  manner  of  preparing  his  reports,  they  were  usually  written 
in  pencil,  with  scarcely  any  attempt  at  punctuation,  little  attention  be- 
ing paid  to  paragraphs  or  even  to  periods  and  capitals;  the  work  of 
putting  into  shape  for  publication,  the  most  disagreeable  of  all  employ- 
ments for  Mr.  Glover,  was  then  given  to  others — his  earlier  reports  to 
his  confidential  clerk  and  the  later  ones  to  the  writer.  He  always 
knew  what  he  wanted  to  say,  however,  as  far  as  subject-matter  was 
concerned,  leaving  expression  to  take  care  of  itself.  He  wrote  in  con- 
densed style,  at  times  rushing  over  the  paper  rapidly,  rarely  referring  to 
authorities  save  where  he  wished  to  quote  literally,  with  credit,  pro- 
ducing his  manuscript  “out  of  his  head”  mainly,  from  a rough  outline 
previously  prepared,  giving  the  subjects  to  be  treated.  The  drawings 
for  illustration  were  prepared  in  two  ways,  either  drawn  carefully  from 
the  insect  and  finished  in  ink,  or  they  were  cut  from  proofs  of  his  cop- 
per plates,  and  touched  up  or  not  as  might  be  required,  before  sending 
to  the  wood  engraver  or  lithographer.  The  illustrations  for  his  last  re- 
port on  the  Hymenoptera  were  all  reproduced  from  figures  cut  from  his 
plates  in  this  manner  and  arranged  under  his  direction  by  others. 

The  months  of  August  and  September,  1865,  were  spent  in  Paris  in 
attendance  upon  the  entomological  convention  held  that  year,  and  at 
which  he  received  the  grand  gold  medal  of  the  Emperor.  This  was  given, 
for  his  work  on  entomology,  which  was  adjudged  by  the  jury  “ to  be  orig- 
inal in  its  style  and  character  and  deserving  to  be  copied  by  the  ento- 
mologists of  France  as  a desideratum  in  the  application  of  the  science  to 
agriculture.”  The  notes  concerning  the  entomological  exhibition  as 
well  as  those  relating  to  the  industrial  or  economic  museums  visited  by 
him  during  his  stay  abroad,  appear  in  the  volume  for  1865  as  a second 
report.  Unquestionably  this  visit  to  Europe  gave  a great  impetus  to 
his  museum  work,  and  by  familiarizing  himself  with  the  systems  in 
vogue  in  other  museums  of  a similar  character,  he  was  enabled  to  pro- 
duce a better  scheme  for  his  own. 

The  year  1867  was  marked  by  the  sale  of  his  collection  of  fruit  models 
to  the  Government,  which,  with  the  collection  of  birds,  included  in  the 
sale,  and  the  mass  of  material  gotten  together  during  the  two  years 
that  had  passed  since  the  museum  was  established,  made  quite  an  in- 
teresting exhibit.  The  scheme  was  now  fairly  realized,  and,  with  the 
increased  correspondence  which  it  imposed  upon  the  division,  and  the 
preparation  of  additions  to  its  collections— now  quite  numerous — the 
entomologist’s  time  was  occupied  by  divided  interests.  The  year  1867 


was  a busy  oue.  The  work  of  the  division  had  increased  so  rapidly 
that  more  help  was  necessary,  and  an  assistant  was  assigned  to  him. 
At  this  time  Mr.  Glover  was  very  busy  with  the  preparation  of  his 
books  of  manuscript  notes,  particularly  in  Coleoptera  and  Lepidoptera, 
adding  to  the  mass  of  material  which  had  accumulated  for  so  many 
years  compilations  from  other  authorities,  to  the  end  of  “ completing 
to  date”  the  histories  of  the  insects  he  had  figured.  He  was  in  frequent 
correspondence  at  this  time  with  Dr.  Walsh,  Messrs.  Uhler,  Riley,  San- 
born, Grote,  and  Robinson,  and  other  leading  entomologists,  receiving 
from  them  new  material  for  the  Department  collection,  or  to  be  figured 
in  his  work,  sending  them  in  return  new  species  for  description  from 
the  material  which  was  beginning  to  be  received  from  collectors  in  the 
South  and  West. 

The  museum  was  now  attracting  considerable  attention,  and  the  num- 
ber of  visitors  was  steadily  increasing.  To  a man  of  Mr.  Glover’s 
enthusiastic  temperament,  so  ready  a means  of  imparting  information 
and  proving  to  the  world  the  value  of  his  ideas  as  now  presented  it- 
self, was  not  to  be  lost.  So  it  came  about  that  by  no  means  the  least 
interesting  of  the  objects  there  to  be  seen  by  visitors  was  the  ento- 
mologist himself.  Notwithstanding  that  Mr.  Glover’s  life  for  many 
years  had  been  that  of  a recluse— for  in  his  devotion  to  his  entomolog- 
ical work  it  amounted  to  the  same  thing — he  was  a social  being,  and 
thoroughly  enjoyed  meeting  and  talking  with  people  of  intelligence  and 
appreciation,  whether  strangers  or  not.  It  was  a portion  of  the  duties 
of  his  assistants,  at  this  time,  to  interest  the  museum  visitors  as  far  as 
possible,  and  to  explain  to  them  its  objects  and  uses.  Professor  Glover 
kindly  took  upon  himself  a just  proportion  of  this  rather  tedious  occu- 
pation— members  of  Congress,  Senators,  and  other  high  officials,  includ- 
ing strangers  who  were  in  any  way  prominent,  being  his  especial  prey. 
The  professor  always  maintained  that  duty  alone  called  him  from  his 
desk  upon  fhese  occasions  ; but  sometimes  there  were  ladies  in  the  par- 
ties, and  the  frequent  peals  of  laughter  from  a merry  group  convinced 
us,  in  our  quiet  corners,  that  the  entomologist  might  have  made  himself 
a very  agreeable  society  man  had  he  chosen  to  divorce  himself  from  work 
long  enough  to  indulge  in  such  frivolous  existence.  None  could  blame 
him  if  indeed  this  devotion  to  duty  at  such  times  was  mere  pretense, 
for  it  was  almost  his  only  contact  with  the  world,  and  “ all  work  and 
no  play”  does  not  conduce  to  the  proverbial  “Jack’s”  intellectual  de- 
velopment. 

In  these  years  he  was  residing  at  the  corner  of  Seventh  and  H streets, 
occupying  a single  room  which  he  was  pleased  to  call  his  “den,”  and 
in  which,  from  choice,  he  ate,  slept,  wrote,  sketched,  engraved,  and  saw 
his  few  intimate  friends.  What  with  his  engraving  and  writing  tables, 
his  book  cases  (constructed  from  boxes),  trunks,  tool-chest,  and  insect 
cases,  in  addition  to  the  stove  and  regular  bedroom  furniture,  there  was 
little  space  to  spare.  But  it  was  all  he  desired  at  the  time,  though  a 
very  great  change  came  over  him  in  his  manner  of  living  a few  years 


23 


later,  after  having  taken  up  bis  abode  on  Twelfth  street,  near  F street. 
Though  a single  room  was  sufficient  at  first,  the  need  of  a parlor  ere 
long  began  to  be  appreciated  ; and  he  subsequently  added  to  his  suite 
a bedroom  for  the  use  of  his  chance  visitors.  The  larger  part  of  his 
library  was  brought  to  these  apartments,  bric-a-brac  and  souvenirs  of 
travel  were  displayed,  his  pictures  hung;  and  as  he  never  did  anything 
by  halves,  these  accumulated  so  rapidly  by  purchase  that  the  vacant 
wall  space  of  the  three  rooms  was  in  time  literally  covered.  A descrip- 
tion of  these  apartments  will  not  be  out  of  place. 

The  carpeted  floors  were  covered  with  skins  of  animals,  some  of  them 
quite  valuable,  and  not  altogether  devoid  of  beauty.  In  two  of  the 
windows  were  plants,  and  a mass  of  vines  clambered  to  the  ceiling. 
Kear  a side  window  was  an  aquarium  filled  with  fish,  turtles,  and 
aquatic  plants,  an  ingenious  fountain,  of  his  own  make,  playing  upon 
some  rock-work  in  the  center,  while  English  ivy  was  trained  upon  a wire 
trellis  around  the  window.  The  books  were  disposed  in  narrow,  high 
cases  (boxes  set  one  upon  another,  with  glass-door  fronts),  and  upon 
the  dressing-case  between  the  front  windows  rested  a heavy  silver  tank- 
ard, a family  heirloom.  The  center  table  was  covered  with  valuable 
books,  ceramics,  and  bric-a  brae,  the  mantel  opposite  supporting  a bronze 
clock,  with  carvings  and  quaint  metal  work  disposed  about  the  shelf. 
Against  the  paneling  of  the  black  mantel  were  hung  a collection  of 
pipes  gathered  in  his  travels,  some  of  them  made  by  Indians.  Around 
the  room  upon  light  circular  stauds  were  displayed  several  glass  cases 
of  richly  plumaged  humming  birds  and  gaudy  exotic  butterflies  and 
beetles ; and  over  a central  book-case  was  perched  a solemn  white  owl 
in  spectacles,  reading  its  own  history  from  a work  on  ornithology. 
This  was  his  parlor.  In  the  room  adjoining  (his  bedroom)  the  wall  upon 
one  entire  side  was  covered  with  fire-arms,  bows  and  arrows,  toma- 
hawks, and  other  warlike  objects,  a human  scalp  of  long  black  hair 
forming  the  rosette  to  one  of  his  fantastic  trophies.  Another  part  of 
the  wall  was  devoted  to  rods,  nets,  and  implements  of  piscatorial  sport. 
At  one  window  stood  his  large  writing  table,  and  at  the  other  a similar 
table  covered  with  his  engraving  tools,  etching  materials,  bottles,  boxes, 
etc.  Around  the  wood- work  of  the  mantel-piece  in  this  room  were 
hung  cooking  apparatus,  certainly  showing  hard  usage,  and  at  the  third 
window,  looking  to  the  south,  there  were  several  cages  of  singing  birds. 
Some  easy  chairs,  the  bed,  a stove,  and  a small  refrigerator  completed 
the  furnishing  of  the  second  room,  while  the  third  of  the  suite  was 
simply  a bedroom,  tastefully  furnished  and  adorned.  It  was  a veritable 
curiosity  shop  where  a very  pleasant  evening  could  be  spent.  I must 
not  forget  the  decanter  of  sherry,  the  French  kisses  and  confections  or 
fruit,  served  upon  pink  shell  plates,  which  always  formed  a part  of  his 
welcome  to  his  visitors.  When  there  were  no  visitors,  however,  the 
rooms  were  dark,  save  as  lighted  by  a student  lamp  with  a heavy  green 
shade  which  always  stood  upon  his  writing  table  in  the  corner  of  the 
bedroom,  for  he  was  never  idle  when  alone. 


24 


In  1868  the  Department  removed  to  its  new  building,  and  the  ento- 
mologist was  assigned  to  better  quarters.  The  three  or  four  years 
which  followed  were  marked  by  no  striking  events,  though  Mr.  Glover 
labored  on  in  his  chosen  work  more  indefatigably  than  ever,  extending 
his  name  and  fame  through  the  growth  of  his  museum  and  through  his 
writings  and  large  correspondence,  as  well  as  by  the  knowledge  of  his 
progress  in  his  work  on  entomology.  It  was  during  this  time  that  a 
large  adjoining  room  to  his  own  was  granted  him  for  the  use  of  his 
division,  and  for  the  establishment  of  an  entomological  cabinet.  This 
was  fitted  up  with  low  show-cases  similar  to  those  in  the  museum,  one 
or  two  of  which  were  supplied  with  drawers  for  the  insect  collections. 
Mr.  Glover  took  very  little  interest  in  the  entomological  cabinet,  how- 
ever, either  in  the  preparation  of  the  specimens  and  their  classification 
and  arrangement  or  as  a matter  of  reference  afterward.  But  he  always 
went  carefully  through  all  new  collections  as  soon  as  received,  in  search 
of  fresh  material  for  his  wrork,  laying  aside  such  as  interested  him,  after 
which  the  remainder  of  the  collection  had  no  further  attraction  for  him. 
He  was  interested  in  having  a collection,  though  he  often  declared  that 
a series  of  well-drawn  colored  figures  were  quite  as  useful. 

Now  comes  the  publishing  period  of  his  life,  if  it  may  be  so  termed, 
the  years  from  1872  to  1878,  during  which  time  he  issued  four  volumes 
and  distributed  twelve  sets  of  his  entire  work,  all  except  the  Lepidop- 
tera  being  supplied  with  the  names.  In  1871  he  took  up  the  Orfchoptera, 
which  had  been  neglected  by  him  for  many  years,  and  added  half  a 
dozen  or  more  plates,  the  labors  of  Mr.  Cyrus  Thomas  upon  new  west- 
ern material  (from  the  surveys  and  elsewhere)  proving  the  incentive.  His 
Orthoptera  was  published  in  1872,  and  was  followed  at  intervals  of  two 
years  or  less  by  the  other  works.  This  matter  is  fully  discussed,  how- 
ever, in  another  chapter. 

The  incessant  labor  of  this  period,  with  little  exercise  and  no  recrea- 
tion— not  even  the  Sabbath  rest — told  heavily  upon  Mr.  Glover.  He 
took  no  leaves  of  absence,  though  repeatedly  urged  to  do  so,  although 
occasional  visits  to  the  country  or  to  Baltimore,  upon  Sundays  in  sum- 
mer, gave  him  a little  change  from  the  monotony  of  his  every-day  ex- 
istence. At  one  time  he  had  a strong  desire  to  visit  Florida  again,  and 
later,  after  partially  recovering  from  his  first  serious  illness,  he  was 
strongly  advised  to  go,  his  old  friend,  Mr.  Wells  (“Alligator”)  being 
suggested  as  a companion  on  the  trip.  He  continued  at  his  work,  how- 
ever, though  in  the  last  year  or  two  of  his  official  life  he  was  more  care- 
ful of  his  health,  eating  more  rationally  and  regularly,  and  partaking 
less  of  cold  or  such  ready-cooked  food  as  could  be  eaten  at  any  time. 
He  now  devoted  the  Sunday  afternoons,  when  pleasant,  to  walking,  in 
company  with  the  gentlemau  with  whom  he  resided,  and  seemed  less 
averse  to  having  his  evenings  broken  in  upon  by  visitors.  He  even 
went  out  now  and  then  evenings,  when  he  could  have  the  company  of 
a frieud  to  aud  from  his  lodgings,  as  it  was  difficult  for  him  to  get  about 
easily  after  dark,  and  he  disliked  to  be  in  the  streets  alone  on  account 


25 


of  bis  defective  vision.  For  this  reason,  during  tbe  last  ten  years  of 
his  life  be  attended  no  meetings  of  scientific  or  other  societies,  not  even 
tbe  meetings  of  tbe  Masonic  lodge  of  which  be  bad  been  a member. 

Bat  tbe  long  years  of  constant  application,  together  with  possible  im- 
prudences in  bis  manner  of  living  and  exposure  to  malarial  climates  at 
earlier  periods,  broke  him  down  at  last.  We  missed  him  from  bis  ac- 
customed place  one  morning,  and  when  an  hour  had  passed  and  be  did 
not  appear  tbe  circumstance  was  so  unusual  that  a messenger  was 
dispatched  to  bis  rooms  to  learn  the  cause  of  bis  detention.  Tbe  an- 
swer was  returned  that  Mr.  Glover  was  very  ill.  How  ill  was  not  ap- 
preciated by  tbe  writer  until,  standing  by  bis  bedside  and  listening  to 
his  incoherent  utterances,  tbe  unwelcome  thought  was  forced  upon  the 
mind  that  bis  labors  were  nearly  finished.  And  so  it  proved,  for  al- 
though be  recovered  in  a measure  from  this  sudden  prostration  and 
lived  for  several  years,  be  was  never  able  to  resume  bis  work,  save  as 
be  interested  himself  in  some  such  slight  occupation,  for  sake  of  reliev- 
ing ennui,  as  copying  lists  of  names  to  accompany  bis  plates.  Though 
bis  successor,  Charles  V.  Kiley,  was  soon  appointed,  he  was  still  con- 
tinued on  the  rolls  of  tbe  Department  at  a less  salary,  coming  to  tbe 
office  as  he  was  able,  although  in  reality  he  rendered  no  service.  But 
in  time  his  health  further  failed  him.  His  disease  had  made  such  in- 
roads upon  his  once  iron  constitution  that  it  was  unsafe  for  him  to  re- 
side in  Washington  away  from  his  friends,  and  then  he  unwillingly 
left  Washington  to  take  up  his  residence  in  Baltimore  with  his  adopted 
daughter,  Mrs.  D.  C.  Hopper. 

Of  the  remaining  years  of  his  life  there  is  little  that  can  be  written. 
Feeling  that  his  active  labors  were  over,  he  disposed  of  his  entomologi- 
cal library,  presented  his  birds,  exotic  insects,  and  other  natural  his- 
tory specimens  to  the  Druid  Park  Museum,  and,  as  he  had  already 
memorialized  Congress  for  the  sale  of  his  plates,  his  MSS.  having  been 
deposited  with  Professor  Baird  at  the  Smithsonion  Institution,  there 
was  little  to  occupy  his  thoughts  but  his  own  sufferings  and  the  trifling 
things  of  every  day  existence.  Thus,  almost  blind  and  too  feeble  to  go 
far  from  home  alone,  he  virtually  retired  from  the  world. 

After  so  many  years  of  busy  life  in  the  nation’s  capital,  the  reaction 
produced  by  the  life  of  positive  repose,  both  mental  and  physical,  which 
followed  his  coming  to  Baltimore  must  have  been  terrible.  The  full 
force  of  the  suggestion  never  came  to  me  until  the  occasion  of  my  first 
visit  to  him  amid  his  new  surroundings.  He  evinced  a boyish  pleas- 
ure at  seeing  me,  and  his  eye  brightened  as  kind  messages  were  given 
him  from  friends  and  associates  in  Washington,  or  when  the  old  life 
was  touched  upon  5 but  withal  an  air  of  sadness  made  itself  apparent 
which  told  me  that  he  was  not  altogether  happy.  Passing  over  other 
visits  I come  to  the  last  one,  some  months  before  he  died,  the  recollec- 
tion of  which  is  as  vivid  as  though  it  were  but  yesterday.  For  a time 
he  seemed  like  his  old  self,  save  that  suffering  and  disease  had  laid  a 
heavy  hand  upon  him;  but  after  a while  he  began  to  talk  of  himself, 


26 


and  witli  a voice  husky  with  emotion,  and  with  eyes  suffused  with  tears, 
he  told  me  how  unhappy  he  was  and  how  he  longed  for  the  end  to  come. 
Amoug  other  things  he  felt  keenly  the  neglect  of  his  old  friends,  some 
of  whom  were  residing  then  in  Baltimore,  and  whom,  he  said,  had  never 
called  upon  him  or  helped  to  relieve  in  any  way  the  monotony  of  his 
existence.  My  leave-taking  from  him  on  this  occasion  was  most  pain- 
ful. I remained  with  him  as  long  as  I could  do  so,  but  when  time 
came  to  depart  he  clung  to  my  hand  like  a child,  walking  with  me  out 
upon  the  door  step,  and  stood  looking  after  me  as  I walked  away.  I 
never  saw  him  again.  His  death  came  peaceful^  on  the  7th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1883,  surrounded  by  his  immediate  family,  his  wife,  and  adopted 
daughter,  and  he  was  laid  at  rest  in  the  Loudon  Park  Cemetery,  near 
Baltimore. 


One  who  knew  Mr.  Glover  intimately  for  twenty  or  more  years  of  his 
life  has  said  of  him,  “In  his  personal  habits  and  intercourse  he  was 
peculiar.”  He  was  peculiar  even  to  the  verge  of  eccentricity,  yet  in 
summing  up  the  many  traits  of  his  character,  to  his  very  peculiarities 
is  due  mainly  the  measure  of  success  in  life  to  which  he  attained.  He 
was  a man  of  few  friends.  In  his  youth  the  friendship  of  one  or  two 
enthusiastic  boy  lovers  of  nature,  like  himself,  who  could  enter  into  his 
pursuits  and  thiuk  as  he  thought,  satisfied  him.  In  middle  life,  after  a 
residence  of  five  years  in  Washington,  he  says  of  himself,  in  touching 
upon  this  theme,  “Acquaintances  I have  made  many,  but  friends  none.” 
That  he  made  few  friends  I think  was  due  to  several  causes — a slight 
distrust  of  mankind  in  the  first  place,  coupled  with  a feeling  that  too 
close  intimacy  would  bring  a greater  or  less  degree  of  annoyance.  Then 
he  was  a man  so  thoroughly  interested  and  absorbed  in  his  own  pursuits 
that  few  who  came  in  contact  with  him,  particularly  in  later  life,  found 
in  him  that  responsiveness  or  congeniality  that  one  expects  to  call  out 
in  a thorough  man  of  the  world.  But  it  may  be  said  of  him,  once  a 
friend  always  a friend. 

Hot  averse  to  society,  he  enjoyed  himself  in  it,  yet  in  general  terms 
he  regarded  time  spent  in  complying  with  its  demands  as  so  many  hours 
wasted.  I scarcely  ever  knew  a man  whose  character  was  made  up  of 
such  opposing  traits.  He  was  most  generous  in  many  things  which,  in 
the  estimation  of  the  world,  go  to  make  up  generosity,  yet  in  the  matter 
of  personal  concerns,  as  far  as  the  world  went,  his  self-interest  was  so 
absorbing  that  it  left  no  heed  for  the  interests  of  others.  “Never  trouble 
Mr.  Glover  with  your  own  affairs”  was  a gentle  hint  conveyed  to  me  as 
a piece  of  advice  a few  months  after  I became  his  assistant.  Heeding 
it,  I won,  in  time,  his  friendship,  and  then  another  side  of  his  nature 
was  revealed  to  me.  An  exacting  task-master  with  himself  at  all  times, 
he  demanded  full  and  unhesitating  compliance  with  his  wishes,  when 
once  made  known,  from  those  over  whom  he  exercised  authority ; and 
yet  where  the  disposition  was  shown  to  be  diligent  and  faithful  or  ioyal 


27 


he  allowed  the  largest  liberty.  Strong  in  his  opinions,  preferring  that 
his  own  suggestions  should  take  precedence  of  the  suggestions  of  oth- 
ers whom  he  thought  less  thoroughly  informed  upon  a given  subject,  he 
was  never  unreasonable  save  when  the  views  of  others  ran  counter  to 
his  prejudices,  and  then  he  was  as  inflexible  as  iron.  A little  child  could 
lead  him,  but  a regiment  of  soldiers  could  not  drive  him. 

In  disposition  he  was  serious  but  rarely  melancholy  or  cynical.  On 
the  contrary,  he  had  a rare  fund  of  humor  and  a keen  sense  of  the  ridicu- 
lous, appreciating  a joke  whether  at  his  own  expense  or  the  expense 
of  a Mend,  and  never  losing  an  opportunity  for  its  enjoyment.  His  sa- 
tire was  pointed,  his  sarcasm  cutting,  the  most  common  modes  of  ex- 
pression being  caricature  and  verse,  in  either  of  which  he  was  very 
ready.  But  he  could  also  write  very  pleasant  verse  in  a humorous  vein 
when  wrought  up  to  his  subject,  two  examples  of  which,  in  my  posses- 
sion, “The  Velocipede”  and  “A  Valentine”  (and  very  personal  to  the 
writer)  are  highly-prized  mementoes.  “He  never  forgot  a kindness,” 
and  it  was  not  easy  for  him  to  forgive  an  injury,  nor  did  he  ever  regain 
confidence  in  those  who  deceived  him  or  endeavored  to  use  him.  Of  a 
jealous  nature,  he  was  sometimes  suspicious,  and  like  many  others  with 
this  disposition,  he  was  quick-tempered,  and  his  anger,  when  aroused, 
for  the  time  being  was  almost  uncontrollable. 

Susceptible  to  the  world’s  praise,  he  shrank  from  its  censure,  which 
may  be  given  as  one  reason  for  his  never  having  described  an  insect. 
Mr.  Glover  could  never  have  been  a specialist.  While  recognizing  the 
importance  of,  and  necessity  for,  technical  work  to  the  end  of  settling 
the  vexed  questions  of  classification  and  synonomy,  he  had  no  patience 
with  those  whom  he  designated  as  “ species  grinders,”  and  in  his  private 
discourse  was  often  quite  denunciatory  in  his  criticisms  of  their  work. 
He  often  made  the  boast  that  he  had  never  named  an  insect,  and  as  often 
declared  it  to  be  his  opinion  that  many  of  the  existing  species  in  our 
lists  were  but  varieties.  In  his  entomological  work  generally  he  was 
exceedingly  cautious  in  making  statements  and  averse  to  “rushing 
into  print;”  he  often  underrated  his  own  judgment  in  an  endeavor  to 
be  on  the  side  of  fact,  and  he  was  always  just  in  giving  credit  to  others. 

In  his  habits  of  living  he  chose  to  be  untrammelled  by  the  conven- 
tionalities of  custom,  attending  to  necessities  of  existence  in  a way  that 
offered  the  least  personal  inconvenience  to  himself.  So  the  man  who 
from  having  moved  in  the  cultivated  society  of  his  home  on  the  Hud- 
son, had  in  the  performance  of  duty  come  to  “ herd  with  negroes  and 
Indians  in  Demerara,  where  a white  man  is  as  good  as  a darkey,”  or 
summered  in  the  Florida  swamps  “ with  pet  alligators  and  rattlesnakes,” 
found  it  no  hardship  to  prepare  a simple  breakfast  while  the  wax  was 
hardening  upon  his  copper  plate,  or  to  eat  it,  while  perchance  the  acid 
was  eating  into  the  shining  metal.  His  walk  at  sundown  and  his  restau- 
rant dinner  later,  his  chief  mental  and  physical  recreation,  gave  him 
zest  for  his  evening’s  work. 


28 


He  was  methodical  without  being  systematic.  His  very  life  iu  later 
years  was  a life  of  routine  only  broken  here  and  there  by  Sabbath 
visits  to  “ Woodside,”  the  childhood  home  of  his  adopted  daughter.  Nor 
was  he  idle  during  these  visits,  for  upon  his  return  Monday  morning  he 
always  brought  back  a considerable  amount  of  fresh  entomological  ma- 
terial, the  result  of  his  field  rambles  and  excursions,  frequently  an- 
nouncing a new  fact  or  discovery,  or  displaying  some  unknown  larvae 
to  rear,  and  always  exhibiting  something  interesting. 

His  enthusiasm  was  the  mainspring  of  his  endeavor,  his  untiring  in- 
dustry, coupled  with  method,  the  means  of  accomplishing  the  under- 
takings which  it  prompted.  He  cared  little  for  the  good  opinion  of  the 
world  as  far  as  relating  to  himself  personally,  but  he  not  only  found 
pleasure  in,  but  invited  appreciation  of,  his  utilitarian  schemes.  It  was 
a great  satisfaction  to  him  to  feel  that  he  possessed  Hie  friendship  and 
esteem  of  the  leading  scientific  men  of  his  age,  but  he  never  courted 
their  favor,  and  his  modesty  led  him  to  shrink  from  posing  as  a con- 
spicuous figure  among  them. 

Had  he  lived  to  complete  his  work  in  his  own  way  and  found  means 
to  publish  it  in  its  entirety  the  world  would  have  had  a better  appre- 
ciation of  the  immensity  and  scope  of  the  undertaking  than  any  sim- 
ple statements  of  friend  or  biographer  will  ever  convey. 

I will  close  this  brief  sketch  with  a tribute  to  Mr.  Glover  from  the 
pen  of  an  intimate  friend,  written  in  1874,  which  appeared  in  Field  and 
Forest  four  years  after.  The  last  two  stanzas  proved  prophetic. 

THE  PROFESSOR. 

[Inscribed  to  Professor  G .] 

Little  cares  he  for  the  world,  but  sits 
Till  evening,  from  earliest  dawn, 

And  figures  and  etches  and  writes, 

And  the  work  goes  bravely  on. 

And  a monument  grows,  day  by  day, 

That  shall  tell  to  the  world  his  fame 

When  marble  has  crumbled  away — 

And  he  silentiy  carves  his  name. 

Carves  it  in  Nature’s  soft  lines, 

With  a graver  skilled  and  true  ; 

And  the  acid  eats  till  the  eye  defines 
The  outline  of  promise  in  view. 

And  the  days  and  years  go  fleeting  by, 

Tasks  are  finished  and  new  ones  set ; 

Still  the  end  is  not,  nor  draweth  nigh — 

There  are  pages  unwritten  yet. 

Pages  unwritten  that  ever  will  be, 

For  the  longest  life  is  a span — 

That  his  dream  may  approach  reality, 

He  is  working  while  he  can. 


HISTORY  OF  HIS  WORK  ON  ENTOMOLOGY. 


Mr.  Glover  commenced  his  immense  work  on  insects,  known  as  “Illus- 
trations of  North  American  Entomology,”  in  1859.  Portions  of  the 
work,  that  is,  special  plates  of  the  orange  and  cotton  insects,  were  en- 
graved a year  or  two  prior  to  that  date  ; in  fact,  it  may  be  said  that  he 
made  two  or  three  beginnings  prior  to  the  commencement  of  his  ulti- 
mate scheme.  A very  early  idea  was  a set  of  pocket  plates  represent- 
ing the  common  injurious  species.  Quite  a number  of  these  were  en- 
graved by  him,  the  plates,  or  a part  of  them  at  least,  having  been  de- 
posited in  the  National  Museum  with  those  of  his  later  work.  These 
little  plates  measure  about  2£  iuches  by  4,  the  figures  chiefly  relating 
to  the  commonest  forms  of  beetles  and  the  smaller  moths,  with  a few  of 
their  larvae,  and  a few  insects  in  other  orders.  The  plant  affected 
usually  appears  in  the  center  of  the  plate,  greatly  reduced  of  course, 
the  insects  in  some  cases  being  placed  upon  it.  The  work  is  well  done, 
some  of  the  figures  being  very  soft.  From  a study  of  his  early  plates  I 
place  them  among  the  first  that  he  did  after  coming  to  Washington  and 
while  in  the  employ  of  the  Patent  Office,  probably  1855.  It  is  interest- 
ing to  note  that  on  all  of  Mr.  Glover’s  early  plates,  made  in  any  consecu- 
tive number,  whether  upon  stone  or  copper,  the  idea  of  showing  plant  and 
insects  together  appears,  and  the  same  idea  was  carried  into  the  first 
plates  of  his  final  work,  though  soon  abandoned.* 

His  second  beginning  was  the  outgrowth  of  the  scheme  for  a grand 
work  upon  economic  entomology  on  octavo  plates  which  should  com- 
prise the  principal  plants  of  American  agriculture,  with  the  insects 
figured  upon  them.  A motive  for  such  work  appears  in  the  set  of  ex- 
quisite water-color  drawings  of  flowers  and  insects,  painted  by  Mr.  Glover 
when  a young  man,  and  to  which  allusion  has  previously  been  made. 
Here  are  shown  the  plant,  flower,  and  leaf,  and  the  various  stages  of 
some  species  of  the  insect  known  to  feed  upon  it.  In  a letter  written 
to  Mr.  Clapham  in  1856,  where  he  alludes  to  a scheme  for  an  agricul- 
tural museum,  he  says : 

Another  idea  is  to  go  on  with  my  work  on  insects — to  have  large  engravings  of  our 
staple  agricultural  productions,  such  as  cotton,  corn,  wheat,  potatoes,  and  so  forth. 
On  the  wheat  root  place  the  cut-worm,  chrysalis,  and  moth ; on  the  ear  place  the 
wheat  midge,  etc.,  in  short,  to  place  every  insect  that  destroys  wheat  upon  the  part 
injured,  natural  size  and  magnified,  the  plates  to  be  issued  by  the  Government,  and 
distributed  to  every  leading  society,  to  be  placed  in  their  agricultural  rooms.  By 

* I have  nearly  the  full  series  of  his  early  plates,  given  me  by  their  author  from 
time  to  time,  the  collection  forming  an  interesting  study. 


29 


30 


looking  at  the  place  affected  the  farmer  can  see  the  insect  in  all  its  stages,  and,  at 
the  same  time,  by  referring  to  the  Patent  Office  Agricultural  Reports,  can  find  out 
the  remedies  in  general  use. 

That  Mr.  Glover  contemplated  such  a work  before  he  came  to  Wash- 
ington is  evident  from  a number  of  plates  on  stone  still  in  existence, 
made  early  in  the  decade  from  1850  to  1860.  He  has  more  than  once 
alluded  to  it  in  conversations  with  me,  and  but  for  the  counter  interest 
in  pomology,  and  in  the  preparation  of  his  models  of  fruit,  he  would 
have  attempted  it  at  that  time.  I take  pleasure  in  reproducing  here  a 
plate  made  by  him  in  February,  1852,  which  contains  some  ten  species 
of  insects,  all  of  which  are  tolerably  well  drawn.  (Fig.  5.)  His  work  at 


Fig.  5. 


that  period  had  attracted  the  attention  of  Dr.  Harris,  and  some  ten 
months  after  this  plate  was  made  he  was  in  receipt  of  a letter  from  the 
doctor  acknowledging  his  superior  skill  in  the  delineation  of  insect 
forms,  aud  asking  his  co-operation  in  the  preparation  of  a new  work  on 
entomology.  I give  herewith  the  main  portion  of  Dr.  Harris’s  letter, 
only  omitting  a page  or  more  of  explanation  of  figures  in  the  plates 
Mr.  Glover  had  sent  him.  It  is  as  follows : 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  December  15,  1852. 

Dear  Sir:  Your  letter  of  the 7th  instant  with  the  specimens  of  your  engraving  aud 
the  drawing  of  the  pear-tree  insects,  reached  me  this  day,  aud  I am  very  much  grati- 
fied by  these  tokens  of  your  remembrance. 


Some  time  last  summer  auotlier  specimen  ofyour  skill  was  sent  to  me  from  tlie  hor- 
ticultural hall,  in  Boston,  hut  at  that  time  I was  very  much  engaged  in  preparing 
copy  for  the  printer,  and  carrying  through  the  press  a new  edition  of  my  “Treatise 
on  Insects  Injurious  to  Vegetation.”  My  tables  were  covered  with  manuscript  proof- 
sheets,  specimens,  and  various  miscellaneous  matters,  among  which  your  engrav- 
ing was  lain,  and  it  has  disappeared  in  one  of  the  clearings  up  of  my  clutter.  It 
is  not  lost,  only  mislaid,  and  will  come  to  light  again  without  doubt  when  I can 
muster  resolution  and  find  time  to  overhaul  my  papers.  I name  these  facts  to  ac- 
count for  my  apparent  neglect  to  acknowledge  your  favor.  My  book  at  last  is  fin- 
ished and  bound  ; and  now,  if  you  will  tell  me  how  I can  send  a copy  to  you,  it 
will  give  me  much  pleasure  to  forward  it  to  your  address.  My  scientific  friends  tell 
me  that  all  the  book  wants  is  a set  of  figures  to  illustrate  the  descriptions.  I am 
fully  sensible  that  its  value  would  be  much  increased  by  such  illustration,  and  that 
it  would  then  supply  fully  a want  that  has  long  been  felt  for  a work  combining  sci- 
entific descriptions  of  our  most  common  destructive  insects  with  good  colored  figures 
of  the  same. 

I am  very  much  pleased  with  your  success  in  engraving  on  stone.  With  practice 
you  will  doubtless  acquire  the  skill  to  represent  insects  in  the  very  best  style  of  this 
kind  of  engraving.  This  kind  of  work  is  much  to  be  preferred  to  engraving  on  cop- 
per, because  of  its  general  cheapness ; the  stone  admitting  of  being  ground  down  and 
used  again  ; and  a delicate  and  skillful  engraver  can  represent  insects  about  as  well 
on  stone  as  on  copper.  I think  you  will  find  it  quite  as  easy  to  execute  engravings 
on  stone  as  on  copper,  and  I hope  you  may  be  induced  to  perfect  yourself  in  this  art. 
Your  specimens  certainly  do  you  great  credit,  and  I am  very  glad  that  you  have  so 
promptly  and  successfully  acted  upon  my  suggestion.  * * * 

When  you  write  me  to  inform  me  how  to  send  you  my  book  please  to  let  me  know 
what  you  consider  would  be  a fair  price  for  the  engraving  of  a plate  with  insects  on 
it  of  the  size  of  your  specimen  plates.  The  cost  of  striking  off,  which  must  be  done 
by  the  press,  would  be  another  matter,  and  may  be'  known  by  iuquiry.  It  would  de- 
pend in  some  measure,  also,  on  the  number  of  impressions  wanted.  I very  much  wish 
some  arrangement  could  be  made  with  you  for  preparing  a ser;es  of  plates  to  illustrate 
my  book.  To  do  this,  however,  it  would  be  necessary  for  you  to  take  up  your  residence 
here.  The  plates  might  be  issued  in  numbers,  accompanied  by  brief  descriptions 
referring  to  pages  of  the  treatise.  I have  also  another  plan  in  view,  which  has 
long  been  a favorite  one  with  me,  namely : To  prepare  a series  of  small  popular  vol- 
umes on  our  insects,  with  plates,  somewhat  like  Jardine’s  Naturalist’s  Library,  to  be 
entitled  Insect  Biography.  The  first  volume  to  contain  a brief,  general  iutroduction 
somewhat  like  the  introductory  chapter  of  my  treatise,  with  figures  illustrating  the 
orders  of  insects.  The  second  to  treat  of  principal  families,  illustrating  them  with 
the  biography  of  one  or  two'  common  insects  of  each  family.  The  third  to  take  up 
some  large  group  and  describe  and  figure  the  most  prominent  species  in  it,  and  so  on 
with  the  other  volumes  as  the  public  taste  and  demand  for  the  work  might  guide  or 
encourage  it.  A.  work  of  this  kind  would  do  more  to  promote  a general  taste  for  en- 
tomology than  anything  else,  and  I think  it  would  meet  with  very  good  encourage- 
ment. Hitherto  I have  been  deterred  from  undertaking  it  for  the  want  of  co-opera- 
tion of  a competent  artist  to  execute  the  plates;  our  engravers  having  no  skill  in 
such  matters  and  no  taste  to  make  themselves  acquainted  with  the  details  of  insect 
structure,  and,  moreover,  being  extravagantly  high  in  their  charges.  Sourel,  a Swiss 
engraver,  is  the  only  person  who  can  do  such  work  at  all  well,  and  he  being  a for- 
eigner and  not  speaking  English  well,  it  will  be  difficult  to  get  along  with  him. 
Please  let  me  know  your  thoughts  on  these  plans  of  mine. 

Truly  yours, 


Mr.  T.  Glover. 


Tkaddeus  William  Harris. 


32 


Mr.  Glover  did  not  take  up  with  this  offer,  as  he  doubtless  had  other 
plans  in  view  for  himself;  but  the  letter  is  interesting,  as  furnishing 
evidence  that  Mr.  Glover  not  only  worked  upon  copper  at  that  early 
date,  but  also  upon  stone.  I have  in  my  possession  proofs  of  a number 
of  these  plates  engraved  upon  stone,  the  execution  of  which  is  far  bet- 
ter than  the  work  on  his  copper  plates  of  the  same  period.  Of  one  of 
these,  illustrating  parsnip  insects,  Dr.  Harris  says : 

No.  1 is  apparently  one  of  the  Ortalidse  ; its  larva  unknown  to  me  before  No.  2,  I 
have  often  seen  the  larva  of  this  moth,  hut  never  succeeded  in  obtaining  the  perfect 
moth. 

So  Mr.  Glover  was  a good  observer,  as  well  as  a tolerably  skillful 
engraver  at  this  time. 

Mr.  Glover’s  reply  to  Dr.  Harris’s  letter  would  be  interesting  could 
it  be  produced.  I have  searched  for  it  among  the  Harris  correspond- 
ence at  the  Natural  History  Society  rooms  in  Boston,  but  without  avail. 
The  letter  was  very  flattering  to  Glover,  as  he  has  himself  told  me;  but 
he  was  not  then  ready  to  enter  into  such  an  arrangement.  What  other 
correspondence  may  have  passed  between  them  at  that  time  can  not  be 
stated,  but  a little  over  two  years  after  Mr.  Harris  wrote  another  letter, 
which  not  only  gives  some  interesting  facts  in  Harris’s  life  hitherto  un- 
published, but  is  certainly  most  complimentary  to  Glover.  This  is  the 
letter : 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  February  13,  1855. 

Dear  Sir  : On  the  4th  of  September  I received  a letter  from  D.  J.  Browne,  esq., 
then  at  New  York,  and  on  the  point  of  sailing  for  Europe,  informing  me  that  you  had 
been  engaged  in  making  drawings  of  insects  to  illustrate  the  next  agricultural  re- 
port of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  and  wished  to  pre-engage  my  co-operation  with 
you.  He  farther  informed  me  that  you  were  then  absent  from  Washington,  some- 
where in  Georgia  or  South  Carolina,  and  that  on  your  return  in  November  you  would 
visit  me  in  Cambridge.  He  also  stated  that  he  would  communicate  with  me  again 
on  the  subject  on  his  return  from  Europe.  Under  these  circumstances  there  seemed 
nothing  for  me  to  do  but  to  wait  till  I saw  you  or  till  I heard  from  him.  Moreover, 
my  oldest  son  was  dangerously  sick  and  remained  so  till  his  decease  on  the  19th  of 
October,  and  in  our  Double  Mr.  Browne’s  communication  was  entirely  forgotten  till 
it  was  brought  to  my  mind  by  a letter  received  from  Hon.  C.  Mason  on  the  29th  of 
November.  To  this  letter  I replied  on  the  8th  of  December,  since  which  time  nothing 
has  been  heard  of  the  subject  therein  proposed.  I hope  that  you  have  seen  my  answer 
to  Mr.  Mason  ; if  you  have  not,  let  me  beg  you  to  request  him  to  show  it  to  you.  I 
shall  be  happy  to  render  you  any  service  that  is  in  my  power  consistent  with  my 
other  duties  and  engagements.  These  will  fully  occupy  me  from  the  1st  of  March 
till  the  middle  of  July ; so  that  you  must  not  count  on  me  for  any  assistance  from  me 
during  that  time.  At  this  present  time,  having  a vacation  in  college,  I am  more  at 
leisure  than  usual.  I regret  not  to  have  received  the  expected  visit  before  the  open- 
ing of  the  college  session. 

Indeed,  I have  been  long  expecting  a visit  from  you  as  promised,  some  two  years 
ago,  in  which  I hoped  to  have  made  some  arrangements  with  you  for  illustrating  my 
work  on  insects.  The  time  is  ;ome  in  which  1 have  an  expectation  of  being  able  to 
defray  the  expense  of  illustrations  to  the  work,  and  in  which  it  will  become  neces- 
sary for  me  to  take  some  decided  measure  for  having  them  done,  if  they  are  to  be 
done  at  all.  The  committee  on  agriculture  of  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts  are 
now  considering  the  expediency  of  printing  another  (the  third)  edition  of  my  work* 


33 


with  illustrations.  Moreover,  overtures  have  been  lately  made  to  me  by  a publishing 
firm  in  New  York  to  get  out  a duodecimo  edition  of  the  book,  in  which  it  would  be 
easy  to  introduce  wood-cuts,  if  a competent  artist  to  make  the  drawings  could  be  ob- 
tained. My  first  proposal  having  been  made  to  you  to  furnish  illustrations,  and  hav- 
ing ever  kept  this  in  mind,  I now  return  to  the  subject  to  inquire  whether  your  en- 
gagements will  allow  you  to  undertake  the  same,  and  on  what  terms,  and  what  time 
you  will  be  ready  to  begin.  It  would  best  promote  the  object  were  you  situated  in 
the  immediate  vicinity,  for  I should  need  to  communicate  almost  daily  with  you 
while  engaged  on  the  work. 

You  may  remember  my  having  stated  my  wishes  regarding  another  work,  or  rather 
a series  of  works,  of  a popular  character,  on  our  insects,  in  which  I hope  to  have  your 
co-operation.  The  plan  has  long  been  matured  ; the  execution  with  the  means  now 
on  hand  would  not  be  difficult,  and  the  success  seems  to  me  to  be  almost  certain. 
With  the  pictures  the  books  can  hardly  fail  finding  a good  market.  Without  boast- 
ing, I may  be  permitted  to  say  that  we  could  do  in  this  department,  together,  what 
no  other  persons  in  the  United  States  can  accomplish. 

Have  you  seen  Dr.  Emmons’s  big  book  on  the  Insects  of  New  York,  or  Professor 
Jaeger’s  smaller  one  on  the  Life  of  North  American  Insects  ? These  will  be  a warn- 
ing against  any  one’s  undertaking  to  deal  with  subjects  with  which  they  are  not 
familiar.  Criticism  will  be  thrown  away  upon  them,  and  I forbear  making  further 
remarks  upon  these  remarkable  productions. 

Do  me  the  favor  to  write  to  me  at  your  earliest  convenience  and  let  me  know  what 
is  the  extent  of  your  previous  engagements  and  what  your  plans  are  for  the  future. 

Yours,  truly, 

Thaddeus  William  Harris. 

Townend  Glover,  Esq. 


I may  mention  here  that,  as  far  back  as  1847,  Mr.  Glover  spent  some 
time  in  Albany  with  Gavitt  perfecting  himself  in  work  upon  copper, 
particularly  in  the  handling  of  the  roulette,  by  means  of  which  the 
dark  effects  in  illustration  are  produced,  as  shading  of  wings,  bodies,  etc. 
Among  his  early  copper- plates  is  the  one  executed  in  February,  1852, 
reproduced  above  (Fig.  4).  Some  of  the  figures  on  this  plate  show 
clearly  the  methods  used  with  stone  engraving,  namely,  stipple  shading, 
as  seen  in  figures  3,  4,  and  10,  especially.  In  1 and  9,  on  the  contrary, 
the  same  effect  is  arrived  at  by  means  of  lines,  though  apparently  by  a 
hand  not  thoroughly  skilled. 

To  return  to  Mr.  Glover’s  plan  of  a work  on  insects,  as  outlined  on  a 
previous  page,  it  is  impossible  to  say  how  far  he  progressed  with  his 
scheme  before  finding  it  impracticable.  The  plates  of  the  orange  in- 
sects finished  in  accordance  with  it  (though  only  approximately)  are  to 
be  found,  pretty  nearly  as  originally  engraved,  in  the  Homoptera  of  the 
final  work  by  which  he  is  now  known.  The  22  plates  of  Insects  and 
Diseases  of  the  Cotton  Plant  are  included  in  the  273  plates  sold  to  the 
Government,  but  were  finished,  or  very  nearly  so,  while  he  was  yet  in 
the  service  of  the  Patent  Office.  Some  extracts  from  his  journal  in 
1858,  when  in  Florida,  throw  very  interesting  light  upon  this  point : 

June  28  : Began  plate  on  Coccus.  July  6 : Began  Plate  2,  lemon  (coccus).  July  9 : 
Commenced  plate  of  Papilio  thoas,  on  orange.  July  21  : Began  coccus,  Plate  4 ; 
orange;  etching  all  day.  July  24:  Finished  Plate  4 ; afternoon  to  Redwater Branch, 
and  brought  home  cargo  of  red-bugs.  July  30 : Finished  Plate  5.  (The  next  day  he 

14162— Bull  18 3 


34 


commenced  Plate  6,  cotton  terminal  shoots.)  August  6 : Commenced  Plate  7,  young 
boll.  August  9:  Commenced  Plate  8,  Orange  Aphis,  grasshopper,  etc.  (insects  of 
different  orders  on  the  same  plate).  August  16:  Commenced  Plate  9,  orange-scale 
parasites.  August  20:  Commenced  Plate  10,  Saturnia  Io.  August26:  Began  Plate  11, 
Trichius  delta,  and  cotton  flower.  (The  la3t  mention  of  his  plates  is  in  the  entry  for 
September  25.)  Finished  Plate  16,  corn  worm,  and  have  no  more  plates  to  do.  Have 
written  to  Washington  for  them,  but,  like  all  I write  for,  nothing  comes. 

After  that  his  only  work  on  plates  was  retouching  and  burnishing. 
That  these  plaies  were  not  nil  that  he  made  for  the  cotton  and  orange 
series  is  evident  from  various  allusions  to  “etching”  in  the  journal 
for  the  year  1857,  while  in  Mississippi,  one  entry  being  “ etching  cotton 
blight.” 

The  above  extracts  show  the  design  originally  of  a work  on  cotton 
and  orange  insects,  in  which  the  insects  of  different  orders,  on  the  same 
plate,  were  grouped  together  indiscriminately.  Other  plates  were  pre- 
pared in  accordance  with  this  purely  economic  scheme  of  arrangement, 
and  some  of  these,  on  which  some  one  order  of  insects  predominated, 
were  afterwards  incorporated  in  the  final  work,  the  inappropriate  figures 
being  burnished  out  and  other  insects  substituted.  Some  of  these  plates 
may  be  known  in  the  “illustrations”  by  having  a flower  or  part  of  a 
plant  in  the  center,  around  which  the  figures  are  arranged.  Other 
plates,  made  in  accordance  with  the  purely  economic  scheme,  were  sup- 
pressed altogether.  * 

I notice  in  the  private  journal  for  1855,  at  which  time  Mr.  Glover  was 
in  Florida  and  the  Oarolinas,  under  date  of  June  19,  this  entry  : “ Draw- 
ing and  sketching — improved  method  of  coloring — pressed  insects.”  A 
note-book  of  this  year’s  work  was  filled  with  lepidoptera  drawn  (?)  after 
this  method,  the  process  for  which,  when  Mr.  Glover  first  showed  me 
the  series,  he  described  as  follows:  The  wings  were  carefully  detached 
and  laid  in  proper  position,  after  which  very  thin  paper,  coated  with 
some  adhesive  substance,  probably  mucilage,  was  pressed  upon  them  ; 
after  going  over  every  portion  carefully,  with  gentle  pressure,  to  insure 
complete  contact,  the  wings  were  removed,  the  scales  only  remaining, 
by  which  means  a very  perfect  fac  simile  of  the  markings  was  obtained. 
The  fragment  of  paper  was  then  carefully  trimmed  to  exact  form  of 
wing,  glued  upon  the  pages  of  the  note  book,  body,  etc.,  sketched  in , and 
the  figure  was  complete.  I think  Mr.  Glover  only  employed  the  process 
(in  part)  during  one  or  two  seasons,  as  he  explained  to  me  that  its  chief 
use  was  to  save  time  in  making  drawings,  or  the  annoyance  of  carrying 
around  a collection  of  the  preserved  insects. 

After  leaving  the  Uuited  States  Patent  Office,  in  the  winter  or  early 
spring  of  1859,  Mr.  Glover  gave  himself  heart  and  soul  to  his  final  con- 
ception of  an  illustrated  work  on  entomology,  for  he  had  realized  the 

* The  writer  has  a number  of  proofs  of  these,  as  well  as  impressions  of  two  or  three 
plates  as  they  appeared  before  alteration  and  the  addition  of  new  figures.  (See  plate 
XXVII,  Coleop.  ; Plates  III,  IV,  and  V,  Orthop. ; Plate  XXIV,  Lepidop  ; and  Plates 
IV,  V,  and  VI,  Horaoptera,  as  illustrations  of  adapted  Plates. 


35 


difficulties  in  the  way  of  carrying  out  the  former  scheme  and  abandoned 
it.  In  July,  1859,  he  writes  to  a friend  as  follows : 

Since  I left  the  office  I have  had  several  offers  from  various  States  to  continue  my 
work;  and  probably  in  the  autumn  I may  make  some  arrangement  with  them,  but 
at  present  am  collecting  material  for  a large  work  on  entomology,  more  especially 
connected  with  agriculture.  I have  already  in  four  months  etched  and  nearly  finished 
twelve  copper  plates,  large  octavo,  comprising  nearly  150  of  our  principal  Coleoptera, 
beginning  with  the  Cicindelidse  and  Carabidae,  as  beneficial  to  the  agriculturist,  inas- 
much as  both  larva  and  imago  destroy  other  insects  injurious  to  the  crops.  I intend 
at  the  same  time,  to  make  my  work  useful  to  the  entomological  student,  as  I shall 
figure  specimens  of  all  the  leading  families  unconnected  with  agriculture ; and  as 
there  is  no  such  work  in  America,  I am  encouraged  by  the  scientific  men  here.  The 
work  will  not  be  finished  for  at  least  three  years,  but  by  that  time  I hope  to  have  at 
least.  1,500  to  1,800  specimens  etched  and  colored.* 

Of  the  habits  of  his  life  at  this  time,  not  dissimilar  to  the  habits  of 
his  later  years,  the  same  letter  gives  a number  of  hints.  He  calls  it  a 
hermit’s  life:  up  at  6 or  7,  breakast  in  his  “den”  (the  writer  of  this  can 
readily  picture  both  “ breakfast”  and  “den”),  after  which  he  smoked 
“a  hookah”  (nearly  ten  years  later  he  gave  up  smoking  altogether)  ; 
the  rest  of  the  day,  until  5 o’clock,  being  given  up  to  the  arrangement 
of  his  specimens  and  to  etching. 

Then  he  took  a restaurant  dinner,  “ Jewish  passover  fashion,  with 
cap  or  hat  on,”  after  which  he  hunted  for  specimens,  and  returned  home 
about  8 o’clock  in  the  evening.  From  that  time  until  10  o’clock  he  made 
his  notes  of  the  day,  searched  for  references,  and  then  to  bed.  An  ex- 
acting task-master,  he  applied  himself  without  cessation,  inaugurating 
that  severe  routine  in  his  labors,  with  little  or  no  recreation,  which 
marked  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life.  At  this  time  he  wrote:  “My 
maxim  now  is  4 nulla  dies  sine  lineaf  and  it  is  astonishing  at  the  end  of 
three  months  to  see  what  the  motto  will  accomplish.”  But  the  results 
are  due  not  to  the  motto,  but  to  the  persistent  application,  which  in  Mr. 
Glover  was  second  nature — more  marked  in  his  case  than  in  that  of 
many  men  who  perhaps  have  produced  greater  results,  for  he  liter- 
ally did  not  allow  himself  any  recreation  besides  that  which  was  de- 
manded for  the  hours  of  sleeping  and  refreshment. 

To  his  cousin,  Abram  Clapham,  of  Leeds,  England,  he  writes  at  this 
time  as  follows : 

If  you  can  procure  me  specimens  of  your  common  British  insects,  without  trouble,  I 
would  be  much  obliged,  as  I want  them  for  comparison,  to  find  corresponding  types 
here,  and  to  see  what  differences  there  are  between  our  Agrotidse  and  the  cut- 
worms of  England,  as  I believe  that  many  will  be  found  to  be  perfectly  identical 
Several  iusects  have  been  imported  we  all  know.  Take,  for  example,  the  Gale- 
ruca  calmarien8i8,  which  is  even  at  the  present  moment  destroying  all  our  European 

* His  work  was  commenced  about  March  1,  1859.  From  that  time  to  the  date  of 
his  entering  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  in  1863,  was  about  four  years.  He  held 
the  position  of  United  .States  entomologist  just  fifteen  years  to  a day,  making  nine- 
teen years  of  labor  upon  his  undertaking  up  to  the  time  it  was  so  suddenly  discon- 
tinued by  the  breaking  down  of  his  health.  How  many  more  years  he  would  have 
worked  upon  it,  had  health  been  spared,  it  is  difficult  to  say. 


36 


elms  in  Washington.  And  please,  if  yon  send  any,  at  the  same  time  send  the  scien- 
tific names,  as  I can  then  identify  them  by  referring  to  English  works.  By  the  way, 
what  are  your  best  agricultural  entomological  works,  as  I shall  order  them  here  ? I 
have  Morton’s  Encyclopaedia  of  Agriculture,  Westwood,  and  sundry  other  English 
works;  have  ordered  Ratzburg’s  Forst  Insecten,  etc.,  so  that  I shall  also  be  able  to 
compare  with  the  German.  Dr.  Girard,  who  is  at  present  in  Germany,  has  promised 
to  send  me  all  the  German  insects  he  can  procure.  If  you  know  of  any  one  who  has 
about  £5  worth  of  common  ( no  rare)  insects  to  sell,  please  let  me  know.  I want  those 
principally  that  injure  crops,  and  of  all  orders.  As  soon  as  my  plates  are  finished  I 
shall  send  you  a copy,  as  likewise  of  the  cotton  and  orange  insects  I finished  whilst 
in  the  service  of  the  Patent  Office. 

Mr.  Glover  was  now  in  his  forty-seventh  year.  Of  his  work  during 
the  last  six  months  of  1859  there  is  little  to  record,  save  that  he  applied 
himself  most  industriously  to  his  undertaking.  After  becoming  con- 
nected with  the  Maryland  Agricultural  College,  about  I860,*  he  found 
himself  in  better  position  to  push  his  work.  Living  in  the  couutry,  there 
were  more  opportunities  for  observation  and  for  the  study  of  the  habits 
of  insects.  Then  he  was  accompanied  in  his  field  rambles  by  his  stu- 
dents ; and  with  their  aid,  and  the  material  contributed  from  his  breed- 
ing cages,  he  soon  accumulated  a fair  collection  of  the  principal  insect 
forms  of  the  locality.  Always  ready  with  his  pencil  and  colors,  he  fig- 
ured everything  he  saw  that  was  thought  to  be  new,  even  making  draw- 
ings of  caterpillars  and  chrysalids  of  species  that  he  was  unable  to  rear 
to  the  perfect  state,  and  which  in  many  instances  he  was  not  able  to 
identify  until  years  after.  Some  have  never  been  identified.  This  par- 
tially accounts  for  the  incongruous  arrangement  of  the  insects  on  the 
later  plates,  as  relating  to  classification,  in  comparison  with  the  earlier 
ones,  where  family  grouping  of  well-known  forms  is  the  rule. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  Mr.  Glover  did  not  regard  his  insect  collec- 
tion of  more  value,  and  had  not  shown  more  care  in  the  preparation 
and  after-preservation  of  the  specimens.  After  figuring  an  insect  the 
specimen  had  little  further  interest  for  him.  Indeed  he  did  not  take  the 
trouble  to  set  some  of  them  at  all,  or  only  in  such  manner  as  would  ad- 
mit of  their  being  correctly  drawn.  He  used  for  the  purpose  entomolo- 
gical pins,  the  ordinary  pins  of  the  dressing-case,  or  even  needles ; the 
specimens  were  set  at  various  heights,  and  were  sometimes  badly  dam- 
aged in  the  mounting.  Many  of  the  Lepidoptera,  as  well  as  other  forms 
with  large  wings,  were  most  carelessly  prepared,  these  appendages 
drooping  or  sticking  out  in  several  directions.  When  I first  saw  his 
cases,  in  1866,  the  ravages  of  mold,  verdigris,  and  anthrenus  appeared 
in  almost  every  box  ; single  wings,  antenna,  and  legs  were  often  want 
ing,  and  now  and  then  a body.  Nor  could  it  have  been  otherwise,  for 
the  boxes,  made  to  open  like  books,  were  mostly  without  cork,  the  tough 
pine  wood  at  the  bottom  making  it  difficult  to  secure  a specimen,  the 
pins  being  frequently  bent  or  broken  at  the  points  and  sometimes  turned 
at  a right  angle.  Had  his  collection  been  better  preserved  and  his  types 

* I can  not  learn  the  exact  date  of  Mr.  Glover’s  connection  with  the  Marylaud 
Agricultural  College.  It  must  have  been  the  latter  part  of  1859. 


37 


for  illustration  indicated,  tlie  necessity  for  subsequent  identification  of 
many  of  his  figures  from  the  figures  themselves  would  havebeen'obvia- 
ted.  Some  figures,  particularly  moths,  have  never  been  identified  and 
are  not  named  upon  the  plates.  It  is,  of  course,  recalled  that  he  figured 
many  loaned  specimens,  particularly  upon  his  later  plates ; these  also 
should  have  been  indicated  in  every  case,  although  any  doubtful  iden- 
tification, as  they  were  received  from  specialists,  is  hardly  a probability. 

I am  at  a loss  to  account  for  his  lack  of  system  and  want  of  care  in 
so  important  a matter,  when  he  showed  such  nicety,  and  such  delicacy 
of  manipulation  in  the  preparation  of  his  bird  collections,  unless  it 
came  from  his  belief,  frequently  expressed,  that  figures  were  as  good  as 
originals,  and  far  more  easily  cared  for. 

When  it  was  proposed  to  establish  an  insect  cabinet  in  connection 
with  the  museum  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  examples  of  the 
latest  and  most  improved  cases  in  use  at  Cambridge  for  this  purpose 
were  obtained  and  brought  to  Mr.  Glover’s  notice.  It  was  a peculiarity 
of  his  nature  that  he  took  slowly  to  “new-fangled  notions;”  and  partly 
considering  the  expense,  he  decided  that  shallow  pine  drawers  with 
loose  glass  covers  were  good  enough.  He  was  prejudiced  against  cork 
bottoms,  though  the  use  of  cork  was  strongly  urged,  and  finally  com- 
promised on  paper  felt.  As  the  sequel  proved,  the  splitting  and  shrink- 
ing of  the  cases  and  drawers  in  the  dry  steam  heat  of  the  Department 
building  altered  his  views  materially,  but  only  when  it  was  too  late  to 
remedy  the  matter. 

In  the  letter  previously  quoted  Mr.  Glover  states  that  his  work  will 
be  finished  in  three  years.  The  time  had  expired  a year  previous  to 
his  again  entering  the  service  of  the  Government,  but  I do  not  think 
even  at  that  time  that  the  work  was  any  nearer  completion,  as  regards 
his  own  ideas  upon  the  subject  than  when  he  bad  been  working  four 
months.  It  is  evident  from  the  very  manner  in  which  he  worked  that 
he  had  placed  no  definite  limit  to  it.  He  conceived  the  scheme,  and 
seemingly  without  having  measured  the  magnitude  of  the  undertaking, 
he  went  industriously  to  work  to-  carry  it  out.  As  the  end  proved, 
“ completion  ” in  this  case  meant  when  there  were  no  more  insects  to 
figure,  for  with  no  fixed  limit  it  could  have  been  carried  on  indefinitely. 

Mr.  Glover  became  Entomologist  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
April  1,  1863.  It  was  then  located  in  the  basement  of  the  Patent  Office 
building.  In  time  two  rooms  were  secured  for  the  purpose  of  a mu- 
seum, and  in  the  corner  of  one  of  these  the  Entomologist  finally  estab 
lished  his  office.  This  was  in  the  summer  of  1864.  A letter  to  Baron 
Osten-Sacken,  written  in  October,  1864,  in  reply  to  one  from  this  spe- 
cialist, shows  that  his  work  was  now  temporarily  interrupted.  He 
says : 

* * * I have  been  so  much  engaged  for  the  last  year  in  the  Department  of  Agri- 

culture, with  office  work  and  laying  the  foundation  for  an  agricultural  museum,  that 


38 


I have  not  been  able  to  etch  at  all,  so  that  my  work  remains  at  a stand-still  at  present- 
In  a few  weeks,  when  I am  not  so  fully  occupied  as  I am  now,  I in  tend  to  recommence 
etching,  when  I shall  be  happy  to  attempt  your  plates,*  although  I am  afraid  that 
you  overestimate  my  abilities  to  do  them,  etc. 

For  the  next  two  or  three  years  his  work  was  still  more  or  less  inter- 
rupted by  Department  affairs.  There  was  now  a divided  interest.  The 
new  museum  had  been  established,  and  to  a certain  extent  it  absorbed 
his  attention  and  his  thoughts.  Then  in  1865  he  spent  several  months  in 
Europe,  as  has  been  mentioned,  the  exhibition  of  insects  in  Paris  call- 
ing him  abroad.  I have  his  Paris  note  book,  filled  with  pencil  outlines 
of  insects,  and  with  written  descriptions,  which  tells  how  well  he  spent 
his  time  while  there.  And  the  fact  that  the  design  of  his  work  se- 
cured to  him  the  grand  gold  medal  of  the  Emperor  above  all  other 
competitors  was  proof  that  it  was  practical  and  valuable  even  at 
that  time,  when  it  had  not  reached  the  half  of  its  present  scope  or 
dimensions. 

The  writer  became  Mr.  Glover’s  assistant  in  the  Department  of  Ag- 
riculture in  1867.  By  this  time  entomological  science  in  America  had 
made  such  rapid  strides  and  the  study  had  become  so  widespread  that 
there  were  workers  and  observers  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  Through 
acquaintance  and  correspondence  with  many  of  these  and  through  the 
regular  correspondence  of  the  office  he  was  now  able  to  secure  large 
acquisitions  of  new  material,  so  that  the  work,  for  a time  partly  neg- 
lected, was  now  being  pushed  forward  uninterruptedly,  saving  the  in- 
terruption of  official  hours,  from  9 a.  m.  to  3 p.  m.  As  near  as  I can  re- 
call, on  hasty  examination  of  the  plates,  the  Lepidoptera  had  been  com- 
pleted, at  this  time,  to  plate  67  and  supplement  D,  the  supplement  series 
having  been  commenced  in  order  to  keep  the  diurnals  and  their  larvae 
together  upon  consecutive  plates  as  the  work  progressed,  the  numbered 
plates  being  devoted  to  the  moths.  The  Coleoptera  had  only  reached 
plate  28 ; the  Orthoptera  less  than  half  its  present  number,  18;  and  the 
remaining  orders  even  a less  number. 

Meanwhile  the  text  to  accompany  tlie  plates  was  begun  on  somewhat 
the  same  principle  as  the  ready -reference  books  which  Mr.  Glover  had 
from  time  to  time  prepared  for  his  private  use.  The  earliest  of  these 
reference  books  were  compiled  or  prepared  in  the  years  of  service  in 
the  Patent  Office  (or  perhaps  even  earlier),  and  at  first,  seemed  to  have 
been  used  by  him  as  u vest  pocket  editions”  of  notes  on  the  habits  of 
common  insects.  They  were  tiny  blanks  books,  measuring  2J  by  4 inches 
(of  the  size  of  a small  pocket  diary,  and  no  thicker),  into  which  had  been 
closely  copied,  in  penmanship  as  clear  as  copper-plate  and  as  fine  as 
print  (250  to  300  words  to  the  page),  the  chief  facts  connected  with  the 
natural  history  of  well-known  and  injurious  species,  the  food  plants, 
habitat  and  other  brief  data,  the  whole  conveniently  arranged  and  iu- 

*These  were  drawings  of  the  wing- veins  of  some  thirty  or  forty  species  of  Diptera, 
and  which  he  afterwards  prepared. 


39 

dexed  for  use.  A photo  engraving  of  one  of  these  pages,  exact  size,  is 
here  reproduced  (Fig.  fi): 


3/Utc  Ilf.  tftM&AX)  96 

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yha&wduAWM  of  yiaJtyu.  Vfrnu j 
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\1cw1v4jJj  ftUbiai)  IfUilfu, 

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dtoXKu)  tocftl  S CH&J Ox-  fvwit  Y .jmS  4*V^- 

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hojxJlu  SjifiaJb  t^Maux.’  (or  tm  cvkMoe  frfa&fb,  tyi\QX 
'judlfiJ  LueXt-  aUuffJL6\ULp JZuJr  00-e.cuAyixaM^  tArfC-H** 
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itUAKtii  ‘iMUxaju  oftao  /i*«av,  \uoaw<J0  ’ two 

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f?  ftrnxAX  lol  AOlxuy  ’fofyXov.  g o-ouSj  f/Lo^t  ***  cgv*. 

TtfixuL  Tor  OAxif  trmnLLj)  ' &oaJjj  Lu‘  Uwmiu//  .V-Cc-vha-^  »uo3t^ 
*/o  lit  Gccyi  fjcjJOD  Oxxoo^j  lmy&  eOi/l ItCLL*  lll  &uCo-<r>ut ,. 


Fig.  6. 


By  the  time  the  numbers  of  his  plates  had  assumed  some  importance 
a set  of  larger  note  books  had  been  prepared,  into  which  he  recopied 
the  data  above  mentioned,  together  with  notes  of  his  own  observations, 
besides  references  to  figure  and  plate  of  his  own  work.  These  were 
prepared  for  each  of  the  principal  orders ; and  for  two  or  thre?,  as  the 
Lepidoptera,  Coleoptera,  and  Diptera,  an  additional  series  in  which  the 
food  plants  were  alphabetically  arrauged,  with  a list  of  the  species  of 
insects  frequenting  or  destroying  them  following  each  plant  named.  In 
time,  as  the  number  of  plates  increased,  as  his  observations  became 
more  extended,  and  entomological  publications  had  become  more  numer- 
ous ; and  as  the  old  books  were  bursting  their  covers,  a set  of  letter- 
size  blank  books  were  obtained,  aud  the  entire  mass  of  notes  recopied 
on  a far  more  exhaustive  plan,  the  whole  finally  constituting  the  material 
of  the  text  which  would  accompany  the  plates  when  published. 

This  was  evolution  pure  and  simple,  for  I. have  always  considered 
that  the  text  of  Professor  Glover’s  work  was  the  direct  outgrowth  of 


40 


these  little  pocket  reference  books,  a number  of  which  he  gave  me,  and 
which  are  valued  souvenirs. 

When  recently  examining  the  manuscript  left  by  Mr.  (Mover,  now  in 
the  National  Museum,  I found  with  his  text  of  the  Diptera  the  preced- 
ing volume  of  notes  also,  from  which  it  had  been  copied,  illustrating 
perfectly  his  method,  as  described  above.  In  this  volume,  as  with 
others,  when  the  blank  pages  had  been  covered,  slips  of  paper  of  vari- 
ous shapes  and  sizes  were  pasted  in  ; the  accumulation  of  these  slips 
and  the  inserted  pages  making  it  in  time  difficult  to  find  any  thing 
readily,  and  then  the  new  blank  book  was  necessitated.  With  each  re- 
copying he  made  changes,  revising,  adding  new  facts,  and  giving  fuller 
accounts  of  particular  insects,  so  that  the  new  volume  of  notes  in  a 
short  time  grew  to  twice  the  size  of  the  one  that  preceded  it.  As  an- 
other example,  the  manuscript  of  his  “list  of  animal  and  vegetable  sub- 
stances injured,”  accompanying  the  Lepidoptera,  in  all  something  less 
than  100  pages,  he  copied  in  seventeen  days,  in  the  winter  of  1870,  the 
dates  of  commencement  and  completion  being  recorded  on  one  of  the 
fly  leaves  of  the  volume. 

The  fact  that  the  text  of  his  work  was  brought  together  in  this  man- 
ner will  account  in  a measure  for  its  apparent  incongruity  in  the  differ- 
ent parts,  considered  in  the  light  of  an  entomological  work,  which  the 
plates  were  supposed  to  illustrate.  In  reality  the  plates  were  the 
“ work,”  and  the  text  or  subject-matter  a secondary  consideration. 
That  it  has  been  gradually  evolved  from  a very  early  beginning  is 
shown,  too,  by  its  many  references  to  Westwood,  to  the  old  German 
work  by  Leunis,  and  other  of  the  earlier  authorities  whose  publications 
in  modern  times  have  been  entirely  superceded  by  the  manj^  recent 
works  that  have  kept  pace  with  the  progress  of  entomological  science 
in  the  United  States.  As  these  extracts  and  references  referred  chiefly 
to  general  habits  of  groups  and  families  and  to  classification,  the  neces- 
sity for  a later  revision  was  not  fully  appreciated.  Mr.  Glover  always 
had  a very  high  appreciation  of  Westwood,*  regarding  the  work  some- 
thing in  the  light  of  an  entomological  bible,  and  to  that  extent  always 
a safe  rule  and  guide  for  the  seeker  after  truth.  In  minor  portions, 
therefore,  his  text  was  not  fully  adapted  to  the  American  student;  and 
his  material  from  Leunis  less  so.  In  his  treatment  of  species,  however, 
he  aimed  to  give  in  very  condensed  form  the  known  facts , from  whatever 
reliable  source  they  were  obtainable.  That  the  work  remains  in  an  un- 
finished condition  is  due  to  the  sudden  failing  of  his  health. 

But  the  scheme  of  the  work  as  contemplated  by  its  originator  was  a 
grand  one.  No  more  complete  reference  hook  of  entomology  was  ever 
conceived  or  more  practically  carried  out  as  far  as  he  had  been  able  to 
carry  out  the  design.  This,  in  substance,  is  the  scheme  of  arrangement 
as  far  as  relating  to  species. 

^Introduction  to  the  Modern  Classification  of  Insects,  2 vols.,  1S39. 


41 


Under  the  name  of  the  insect  appeared  first  the  Greek  or  Latin  de- 
rivation (both  genera  and  species) ; then  followed  the  reference  to  plates 
and  figures  of  the  work,  for  sometimes  the  larvae  and  imago  were  figured 
upon  different  plates,  and  even  the  male  and  female  appeared  in  differ- 
ent places  5 then  a list  of  the  synonyms,  followed  by  a short  and  con- 
cise account  of  the  life  history  of  the  species,  from  egg  to  imago;  then 
followed  habitat , food  plants,  and,  lastly,  the  best-known  remedies,  the 
parasites,  and  references  to  other  authorities.  In  another  portion  of  the 
work  was  given  alphabetical  lists  of  the  food  plants  in  the  different 
orders,  with  the  insects  figured  upon  them ; and  the  whole  work  was  to 
be  so  simplified  and  made  so  available  for  consultation  by  an  admirable 
system  of  cross-references  that  the  merest  tyro  could  make  use  of  it. 
When  a new  fact  was  discovered  it  was  at  once  jotted  down  in  the 
proper  book  of  manuscript  notes.  When  a new  number  of  some  ento- 
mological publication  was  received  it  was  carefully  digested,  and  the 
new  facts  transcribed  into  the  appropriate  place,  with  due  credit,  so 
that  the  work  grew  by  almost  daily  accretion  to  its  pages,  and,  as  far 
as  the  later  material  is  concerned,  it  was  up  to  date.  In  these  manu- 
script notes  Mr.  Glover  should  have  indicated,  however,  the  records  of 
his  own  personal  observations.  How  much  injustice  he  may  have  done 
himself  by  locking  up  in  an  unpublished  work  the  results  of  these  obser- 
vations for  many  years  will  never  be  known.  The  folly  of  prema- 
turely u rushing  into  print”  is  conceded;  but  it  should  be  known  that 
Mr.  Glover  made  many  new  and  interesting  discoveries  that  were  wor- 
thy to  have  been  placed  on  record  at  the  time  of  their  discovery  that  he 
received  no  credit  for  whatever. 

Some  of  these  he  was  urged  in  vain  to  publish  by  contributions  to 
the  scientific  periodicals  of  the  day ; but  always  looking  forward  to  that 
indefinite  point  of  time  when  his  entire  work  would  be  completed  (as 
though  it  ever  could  be  finished  by  such  a man  while  there  were  insects 
to  figure  or  new  facts  to  record),  he  declined  publishing  any  portion 
fugitively,  save  as  it  might  be  appropriately  used  in  his  special  reports 
as  entomologist  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  even  then  he 
used  as  little  as  possible.  He  was  extremely  cautious  in  making  state- 
ments, disliked  criticism,  and  oftentimes  in  giving  the  life-history  of  a 
particular  species,  stated  the  facts  on  the  authority  of  others,  with 
credit,  in  preference  to  his  own,  when  both  were  equally  full  and  au- 
thentic. 

If  he  did  not  give  to  the  world  the  results  of  his  observations  during 
these  years,  the  entomological  world  was  kept  fully  posted  as  to  the 
progress  he  was  making  with  his  plates.  Dr.  Walsh,  Messrs.  Grote, 
Saunders,  Strecker,  Sanborn,  and  others  loaned  him  box  after  box  of 
unfigured  species,  which,  with  other  material,  enabled  him  to  complete 
almost  two  plates  a month.  Copies  of  these  plates  were  printed  as  soon 
as  the  engraviug  was  finished  and  corrected,  and  after  coloring  half  a 
dozen  or  more  copies  of  the  plate  with  his  own  hand,  they  were  mailed 


42 


to  leading  authorities  whom  he  wished  to  compliment,  or  to  those  who 
had  loaned  him  insects.  The  borrowed  material  was  not  necessarily 
retained  until  the  plates  had  been  finished,  for  his  first  work  on  receipt 
of  a species  new  to  him  was  to  make  a careful  drawing  of  it  in  detail, 
after  which  it  was  colored  to  life ; the  name  was  then  written  upon  the 
drawing,  together  with  brief  notes  (sometimes)  for  his  guidance  when 
it  came  to  be  engraved.  The  plates  were  laid  out  most  carefully  and 
the  position  of  each  insect  indicated  before  a line  was  drawn.  The  fig- 
ures were  then  carefully  traced  upon  gelatine,  the  lines  filled  with  dry 
red  lead,  and  the  outline  transferred  to  the  copper.  After  this  they  were 
etched  and  fiuished  with  the  graver  in  the  usual  manner. 

It  has  been  a matter  of  surprise  to  me  that  Mr.  Glover  did  not  more 
carefully  preserve  the  original  drawings  from  which  the  figures  on  his 
plates  were  engraved.  Many  he  did  preserve,  but  by  far  the  larger  por- 
tion of  the  earlier  ones  are  not  now  in  existence,  as  far  as  I have  been 
able  to  learn.  Some  of  the  more  recent  ones  are  now  in  the  possession  of 
the  National  Museum,  though  chiefly  relating  to  two  orders.*  But  he 
always  made  a practice  of  coloring  the  first  copy  of  a new  plate  very 
carefully  for  his  private  set  of  plates,  his  working  set,  as  he  called  it,t 
and  subsequent  copies  were  colored  from  this. 

In  1868,  when  the  Department  of  Agriculture  was  removed  to  its 
new  building,  the  entomologist  was  able  to  have  a room  to  himself,  to 
which  he  brought  a large  library,  and  where  he  deposited  his  plates  for 
safe  keeping.  An  amusing  peculiarity  of  the  man  at  this  time  was 
shown  in  the  matter  of  book-shelves,  which,  for  reasons  of  his  own,  he 
fitted  up  at  his  own  expense,  from  boxes,  though  there  was  no  necessity 
for  his  doing  so. 

He  was  now  allowed  a special  museum  assistant,  a taxidermist,  and  a 
messenger,  in  addition  to  the  regular  entomological  assistant,  and  the 
demands  of  the  museum  upon  his  time  were  thereby  lessened.  This 
left  the  hours  of  official  duty  more  free  for  entomological  investigation, 
for  the  compilation  of  notes  from  current  literature  and  from  authori- 
ties which  previously  had  been  only  partially  reviewed  j though  it 
should  be  stated  that  no  inconsiderable  portion  of  the  day  was  devoted 
to  callers,  and  to  those  seeking  information  upon  a wide  range  of  sub- 
jects connected  with  the  museum  display  or  otherwise.  To  all  he  showed 
the  utmost  courtesy,  though  the  more  prominent  of  his  visitors  were 
invariably  taken  to  his  private  office  to  see  the  work  on  insects.  The 
scheme  was  there  unfolded  in  detail,  and  he  ever  delighted  to  talk  to  an 
intelligent  listener.  He  described  the  design  in  full,  and  at  the  same 
time  illustrated  its  utility  by  referring  to  some  well-known  injurious 
species,  invariably  closing  with  the  reading  of  a brief  account  of  its  his- 
tory, with  references  to  remedies  and  to  the  figures  of  the  insect  in  dif- 
ferent stages  upon  his  plates,  and  with  the  stereotyped  query:  “ How 
do  you  like  the  plan?” 


* Many  of  the  Florida  drawings  are  in  the  Harvard  College  library. 
tThis  is  nowin  the  National  Museum. 


43 


There  was  a humorous  side  to  this  almost  daily  practice,  which  is 
also  illustrative  of  the  man.  Occasionally  it  happened  that  he  told 
the  story  a second  time  to  the  same  individual,  who  was  dropped  po- 
litely, hut  instanter,  when  he  had  learned  of  his  mistake;  and  an  inci- 
dent like  the  following  was  not  of  infrequent  occurrence : 

Enter  visitor,  who  grasps  his  hand  warmly  and  familiarly,  showing 
the  greatest  interest  in  his  entomological  work,  and  perhaps  introducing 
a friend  who  is  with  him.  The  professor  makes  a great  show  of  delight 
at  again  meeting  him,  quietly  gets  him  into  the  museum,  and  excusing 
himself  a moment,  rushes  into  the  room  of  his  assistant  with  a half 
whispered  : “ Charlie,  who  the  d — 1 is  that?” 

As  every  man  is  said  to  have  some  particular  weakness  or  idiosyn- 
crasy, Mr.  Glover’s  seemed  to  be  an  absorbing  pride  in  his  work  on  en- 
tomology and  in  his  museum,  which  amounted  to  almost  childish  vanity. 
A man  who  cared  little  for  compliment  in  a general  sense,  his  work  was 
his  life,  and  he  expected  every  one  with  whom  he  came  in  contact  to 
appreciate  it  almost  to  the  point  of  his  own  euthusiasin,  which  was 
boundless.  On  the  other  hand,  disparagement  hurt  him  like  the  barb 
of  an  arrow.  Sensitive  as  a woman,  he  could  not  bear  adverse  criticism, 
published  or  written.  It  seemed  to  him  almost  a personal  thrust,  and 
where  one  showed  the  least  approach  to  being  hypercritical,  it  filled 
him  with  most  unkind  feelings  toward  the  author.  Nevertheless,  friendly 
criticism  given  in  the  shape  of  kind  advice  or  suggestion,  if  delicately 
put,  was  always  thankfully  received,  and  particularly  from  those  whose 
opinion  or  judgment  he  respected.  I can  not  but  recall  a certain  cor- 
respondence with  Dr.  Walsh,  relating  to  some  accidentally  damaged  in- 
sects, which,  if  produced  here,  would  prove  spicy  reading.  There  were 
others,  too,  with  whom  Mr.  Glover  seemed  always  at  swords-points 
whenever  he  came  in  contact  with  them,  and  towards  whom  he  was 
wont  to  express  himself  in  the  most  emphatic  language,  for  he  was  a 
royal  hater. 

As  an  illustration  of  how  Mr.  Glover’s  feelings  could  be  outraged  by 
unjust  censure  and  fault-finding  criticism,  reference  may  be  made  to  a 
little  publication  issued  in  1872,  purporting  to  be  a history  of  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  from  the  pen  of  its  chief  clerk,  which  aroused 
his  indignation  and  stirred  him  to  the  very  depths.  The  work  of  the 
division  was  commented  upon  in  an  exceedingly  unkind  way,  a garbled 
quotation  from  one  of  the  professor’s  reports  given,  making  him  say  in 
substance  that  the  new  facts  and  the  records  of  observations  emanating 
from  the  division  were  quoted  “extensively”  from  the  published  mate- 
rial of  other  entomologists,  who  were  named.  The  remarks  which  fol- 
lowed were  tilled  with  left-handed  compliments,  written  in  a satirical 
vein,  and  closing  with  this  extract : 

It  is  not  required  of  the  entomologist  that  he  should  visit  the  fields  and  orchards,  and 
there  study  the  habits  of  obnoxious  insects  of  which  but  little  is  known.  A contrary 
impression  has  been  entertained;  but  it  is  proper  that  the  exact  truth  should  be 
stated.  It  would  seem,  however,  that  the  entomologist  of  the  Department  should  fre- 


44 


quently  verify,  by  personal  observation  in  the  field  and  orchard,  the  correctness  of  the 
theories  and  suggestions  of  other  entomologists,  and  there  aid  them  in  devising  rem- 
edies against  ravages  of  insects.  Many  State  governments  have  employed  entomologists 
to  aid  the  farmers  in  their  warfare  against  noxious  insects,  and  in  this  great  work, 
which  requires  that  the  broad  country  be  frequently  visited,  the  entomological  division 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  might  sometimes,  without  presumption,  take  the 
lead. 

Mr.  Glover  defended  himself  in  a little  brochure  which  he  called  UA 
Vindication,”  which  was  published  shortly  after,  wherein  the  extract 
referred  to  was  given  in  full,  the  extent  of  quotation  from  other  authors 
stated,  and  other  portions  fully  replied  to.  Moreover,  the  chief  clerk 
was  privately  held  up  to  ridicule  in  a clever  bit  of  doggerel  verse, 
which  the  professor  read  to  all  his  intimates  in  the  Department,  though 
it  was  not  permitted  to  get  out  of  his  hands. 

Regarding  the  fact  that  the  Entomological  Division  was  not  engaged 
in  field  work  throughout  the  country,  Mr.  Glover  considered  that  his 
twelve  years  of  previous  field  work  amounted  to  something,  and  also 
maintained  that  it  was  sufficiently  difficult  to  obtaiu  the  necessary  funds 
for  the  routine  work  of  the  division  without  considering  the  greater 
expeuse  of  field  observations  and  investigations.  On  this  one  point  I 
think  Mr.  Glover  was  open  to  criticism,  as  he  never  made  the  effort  to 
secure  appropriations  for  the  purposes  of  field  work,  but  rested  on  past 
laurels.  His  private  work  may  have  been  partly  responsible. 

I thiuk  the  period  from  1869  to  1872  marks  the  most  active  years  of 
his  entomological  work  during  his  connection  with  the  Department  of 
Agriculture.  Not  only  was  he  more  interested  in  the  work  of  the  En- 
tomological Division,  but  the  preparation  of  the  text  of  his  private  work 
received  a greater  impetus  at  this  time,  while  the  engraving  of  his 
plates  was  steadily  pushed  forward.  By  1870  over  ten  years  of  labor 
had  been  spent  upon  his  undertaking,  and  it  had  grown  to  such  pro- 
portions that  the  framed  plates,  cut  to  octavo  size  and  hung  upon  racks 
nearly  7 feet  high,  occupied  one  entire  end  of  the  Museum  hall,  which 
was  50  feet  wide.  His  life  was  now  a perpetual  round  of  systematic 
employment,  and  he  was  even  more  settled  in  his  habits  than  in  1859, 
when  he  detailed  to  a friend  how  he  spent  his  time  in  a letter  previ- 
ously quoted.  Frequently  up  as  early  as  5 in  the  morning,  he  etclied 
or  drew  until  almost  9,  saving  a short  intermission  for  breakfast,  which 
for  many  years  he  had  been  in  the  habit  of  providing  himself;  though 
later,  to  save  additional  time,  it  was  prepared  for  him  and  sent  to  his 
room.  The  hours  from  9 to  3 in  the  afternoon  were  spent  at  the  office 
in  an  entire  change  of  occupation  ; then  back  to  engraving  again,  which 
occupied  him  as  long  as  he  could  see ; then  he  took  a short  walk  and 
obtained  his  supper.  The  evenings  were  always  spent  in  writing;  and 
it  was  a matter  of  pride  to  accomplish  each  night  a certain  task  whicli 
he  set  for  himself,  and  which  he  would  not  relinquish  until  the  last  line 
was  written. 


45 


As  Mr.  Glover  finally  sold  his  plates  to  the  Governmeut  (he  gave  his 
manuscripts  for  nothing),  the  question  has  more  than  once  been  asked 
of  me  if  he  ever  employed  himself  upon  them  in  any  way  during 
the  hours  of  official  duty.  To  this  question  there  is  but  one  answer, 
No  ! Mr.  Glover  himself  appreciated  the  force  of  the  suggestion  and 
tbe  possibility  of  such  a charge  being  made;  and,  not  to  be  misunder- 
stood in  the  matter,  he  rarely  lost  an  opportunity  to  explain  to  visitors, 
while  showing  his  work,  that  it  had  all  been  done  “ outside  of  office 
hours,  before  9 o’clock  and  after  3.”  Naturally  the  phrase  in  time  be- 
came stereotyped. 

The  closing  of  this  period  marks  the  opening  of  his  publishing  period, 
as  may  be  termed  the  years  from  1872  to  1878.  For  many  years  he  had 
talked  of  publication,  but,  as  has  been  shown,  it  was  always  a thing  of 
the  future.  As  far  back  as  1860  the  matter  of  publication  had  been 
discussed  with  his  associates,  and  with  the  accumulated  material  of  ten 
years  it  seemed  to  his  friends  that  the  time  had  come  if  ever  to  bring 
the  work  before  the  world.  The  late  Professor  Baird,  a firm  friend  to 
Mr.  Glover  during  a period  of  twenty-five  years,  was  very  enthusiastic 
about  the  matter,  and  upon  several  occasions  stated  his  willingness  to 
secure  a publisher.  But  the  engraver  author  was  not  ready.  The  work 
had  reached  such  magnitude  that  he  wished  to  complete  it  from  his 
stand-point  of  completion,  and  make  it  an  exhaustive  illustrated  ency- 
clopaedia of  American  entomology,  that  would  find  a place  in  every 
large  library  in  the  land.  He  did  not  wish  to  issue  the  entire  work  as 
a private  venture  with  a probable  contingency  of  great  persoual  pe- 
cuniary loss,  because  it  was  his  dream  that  it  should  be  published  by 
the  Government  and  be  widely  distributed  gratuitously.  The  idea 
had  been  in  his  mind  for  years,  and  he  frequently  told  me,  in  conversa- 
tions of  a confidential  nature,  that  in  the  event  of  his  death  he  should 
leave  the  entire  work  to  the  United  States  Government  any  way ; and 
at  one  time  he  seriously  considered  the  expediency  of  bequeathing 
with  it  a portion  of  his  private  fortune  to  complete  it,  and  to  insure  its 
publication  in  a proper  manner  after  his  death. 

The  talk  concerning  publication  was  not  without  its  influence.  The 
preparation  of  the  plates  had  been  known  to  the  entomological  public 
for  so  long  a time,  and  there  was  now  so  little  possibility  of  publishing 
the  work  in  its  entire  tv  in  the  immediate  future,  its  author  forsaw  the 
advantage  of,  if  not  the  necessity  for,  a present  recognition  of  the  im- 
portance and  utility  of  the  undertaking,  which  could  best  be  secured  by 
preliminary  publication  of  some  of  the  plates  themselves.  It  must  be 
admitted,  too,  that  he  was  actuated  toward  publication  in  this  manner 
by  a secondary  motive — other  than  a wish  to  bring  to  the  scientific 
world  a knowledge  of  the  value  and  immensity  of  his  undertaking — 
and,  prompted  no  doubt  by  his  desire  for  the  world’s  golden  opinion,  a 
wish  to  know  the  exact  position  his  work  would  obtain  in  entomologi- 
cal literature. 


46 


In  1871  he  decided  to  bring  out  an  author’s  edition  of  the  plates  of 
Orthoptera,  which  had  recently  been  increased  to  thirteen  by  the  addi- 
tion of  new  Western  material ; the  new  species  described  by  Dr.  Cyrus 
Thomas  and  material  furnished  by  Mr.  Scudder  and  others  forming 
a considerable  portion.  An  edition  of  250  copies*  large  quarto,  was  de- 
cided upon,  and  the  letter-press  was  produced  a single  page  at  a time 
at  a small  printing  office  in  the  rear  of  a Seventh-street  book-store  in 
Washington.  The  work  was  very  incomplete,  and  does  not  in  the 
smallest  degree  represent  or  carry  out  the  design  followed  in  the  prep- 
aration of  his  mass  of  unpublished  “ manuscript  notes.”  He  does  not 
even  fulfill  the  promise  of  his  introduction. 

His  table  of  classification  occupies  about  half  a page,  and  his  notes 
on  food  and  habits  of  Orthoptera  only  two  pages  and  a half,  the  remain- 
der of  the  text,  some  five  pages,  being  devoted  to  “lists  of  substances 
injured,”  and  lists  of  genera  and  species  figured,  or,  in  other  words,  to 
the  index.  This  is  the  published  work  on  Orthoptera.  In  short,  as  a 
work,  so  incomplete  and  imperfect,  and  giving  so  little  idea  of  what  had 
really  been  done  by  Mr.  Glover  in  his  twelve  or  more  years  of  almost  in- 
cessant labor,  that  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  he  published  it  in  this 
shape  at  all.  To  that  extent  it  placed  the  author  and  his  great  work  in 
a false  light,  even  though  the  gratuitous  publication  of  a dozen  or  more 
of  admirable  plates  alone,  with  over  two  hundred  figures  of  correctly 
named  insects  in  a some  what  neglected  order,  was  a valuable  contribu- 
tion to  the  entomological  literature  of  America  and  of  the  times.  Not 
over  50  copies  of  tbe  work  were  bound  (in  paper),  and  these  were  pre- 
sented to  the  prominent  entomologists  and  scientific  institutions  of  the 
country.  The  remainder  of  the  edition  lay  piled  in  the  office  in  sheets 
for  a long  time;  but  was  eventually  disposed  of  for  waste  paper. 

Mr.  Glover  received  many  flattering  letters  and  complimentary  no- 
tices following  this  initiatory  publication,  and  a year  later  he  took  steps 
to  bring  out  a small  edition  of  the  Diptera  in  somewhat  the  same  man- 
ner, though  rather  more  full  and  complete  as  to  the  text  or  letter-press. 
This,  when-  published  in  1874,  was  a work  of  133  pages,  printed  from 
stone,  upon  plate  paper,  upon  one  side  of  the  sheet  only,  the  letter-press 
being  a fac-simile  of  the  author’s  wonderfully  clear  chirography,  audit 
was  accompanied  by  10  plates  and  their  explanations.  The  history  of 
this  publication  is  interesting. 

The  publication  of  the  Orthoptera  had  been  unsatisfactory  even  to  Mr. 
Glover,  so  much  so  that  he  contemplated  a new  edition,  and  in  the 
Diptera  he  aimed  to  produce1  something  more  complete  and  valuable. 
The  preparation  of  the  manuscript  was  finished  in  the  summer  of  1873, 
and  in  September  it  was  sent  to  Dr.  Le  Baron  for  his  opinion  upon  its 
merits,  and  for  revision  and  correction. 

September  14  the  doctor  wrote  Mr.  Glover  a short  note,  acknowledg- 
ing receipt.  He  states  that  he  has  had  a couple  of  days  to  look  it  over, 
and  that  he  is  pleased  and  surprised  at  the  amount  of  interesting  and 


47 


valuable  matter  which  it  contains.  A postscript  is  inclosed,  extracts 
from  which  are  here  produced  : 

P.  S. — Since  writing  the  above  note,  and  before  mailing  it,  I have  more  carefully 
examined  the  plates  of  Diptera,  and  am  satisfied  that  they  are  correct;  correct  also, 
so  far  as  I have  examined,  in  their  minute  details. 

As  these  plates  already  extend  to  twelve  in  number,  in  addition  to  the  supplement- 
ary plate  A and  as  all  the  families,  I believe,  are  more  or  less  fully  represented,  it 
appears  to  me  that  the  benefit  accruing  to  students  from  their  immediate  publica- 
tion more  than  outweighs  any  advantage  which  an  additional  plate  could  give,  unless 
such  plate  could  be  prepared  without  delay. 

My  idea  is  this : The  plates  now  finished  being  so  extensive  and  so  near  perfect,  and 
their  publication  having  been  so  long  delayed,  I should  publish  them  as  they  are,  or 
with  such  additions  and  corrections  as  you  now  have  at  your  command,  and  leave  it 
for  a future  edition,  if  such  be  called  for,  to  make  the  work  still  more  extensive  and 
valuable.  This  is  the  way  the  thing  strikes  an  outsider  ; but  perhaps  you,  who  are 
behind  the  curtain,  can  see  difficulties  which  others  can  not.  * * * 

Permit  me  to  refer  to  one  serious  inconvenience,  not  in  the  execution  but  in  the  ar- 
rangement of  your  figures.  I mean  the  indiscriminate  mixing,  on  the  same  plates,  of 
insects  of  different  families,  so  that  the  student  wishing  to  identify  a species  by  a ref- 
erence to  the  plates  would  not  know  to  what  part  of  the  volume  to  turn.  If  he  knew 
the  name  of  the  insect  he  can  refer  to  it  by  means  of  the  index  ; but  if  he  do  not  know 
it  he  will  not  know  in  what  part  of  the  book  to  look  for  it.  This  will  be  most  incon- 
venient in  the  Lepidoptera  where  the  figures  are  scattered  over  so  many  pages.  This 
was  done  apparently  to  economize  space,  and  we  shall  have  to  submit  to  the  incon- 
venience for  the  sake  of  the  many  benefits  which  we  shall  be  able  to  derive  from  the 
work. 

September  25,  1873,  Dr.  Le  Baron  writes  again  as  follows  : 

I have  looked  through  your  valuable  compendium  of  Diptera,  and  have  made  such 
suggestions  and  alterations  as  appeared  to  me  desirable,  and  which  I trust  will  meet 
with  your  approbation.  As  it  was  impossible  to  examine  the  work  thoroughly, 
within  the  time  allowed  me,  and  in  the  intervals  of  other  duties,  I have  confined  my 
examination  mostly  to  that  important  portion  of  the  work  which  lies  between  pages 
92  and  180  of  the  manuscript.  The  introductory  part,  as  I understand  from  the  pre- 
face, was  compiled  in  a great  measure  from  notes  furnished  by  Baron  Osten  Sacken, 
and  therefore  needs  no  revision.  Next  follow  the  plates,  which  must  be  regarded  as 
the  special  feature  of  the  work.  The  figures  are  numerous,  neat,  pretty,  and  life-like, 
and  I believe,  in  the  main,  correct.  As  many  of  them  are  copied  from  other  authors, 
their  accuracy  will  almost  necessarily  vary  according  to  that  of  the  respective  au- 
thorities. Many  of  the  figures  are  taken  from  Packard’s  Guide,  and  many  of  those 
figures  were  prepared  originally  for  the  American  Naturalist.  I do  not  know  who  was 
the  draughtsman,  nor  how  correct  they  generally  are,  as  I have  never  examined  them 
in  detail.  But  one  of  them  which  I have  had  occasion  to  examine  recently,  namely, 
that  of  Hypoderma  bovis,  on  page  404,  and  which  you  have  copied  in  Plate  VIII,  21, 
is  little  other  than  a caricature,  as  you  will  see  by  comparing  it  with  the  original,  or 
with  Westwood’s  Figure  3,  Plate  XIX  of  Walker’s  British  Diptera,  or  with  your  own 
original  figure  of  the  text  and  variety  (VI,  37).  * * * 

And  again,  October  15,  1873 : 

I have  referred  in  several  of  my  letters  to  the  desirability  of  having  a larger  num- 
ber of  copies  of  your  work  on  Diptera  struck  off  than  you  contemplated.  The  idea 
occurs  to  me  that  after  50  copies  have  been  printed  at  yourown  expense,  an  arrange- 
ment might  be  made  with  the  Naturalists’  Company  to  print  1,000  or  more  additional 
copies  at  their  expense  on  shares,  they  to  have  a part,  perhaps  a half,  arising  from 
their  sale. 


48' 


I do  not  know  but  that  it  is  your  intention  to  have  the  work  stereotyped,  so  that 
you  can  have  additional  copies  struck  off  hereafter  ad  libitum.  If  so,  all  right.  But, 
as  I have  before  said,  I can  not  bear  the  idea  of  having  all  the  preparatory  labor  ex- 
pended for  so  small  a number  of  copies.  Your  work  is  of  a popular  and  practical 
character.  It  gives  in  a condensed  form  the  greater  part  of  what  is  known  respecting 
the  Diptera,  with  the  additional  advantage  of  being  copiously  illustrated  by  fig- 
ures. The  leading  idea  and  aim  of  the  work  is  that  of  popular  distribution.  The  50 
copies  will  of  course  accomplish  nothing  of  this. 

The  manuscript  was  now  sent  to  the  publishers  of  the  American  Nat- 
uralist, in  Salem,  for  an  estimate  of  the  cost  of  printing.  In  December 
Mr.  Glover  learned  that  Baron  Osten  Sacken  had  returned  to  America, 
and  at  once  wrote  to  him  as  one  of  his  earliest  friends  in  science,  and 
one  whose  valuable  assistance  in  his  dipterological  studies  he  always 
gratefully  acknowledged,  asking  his  advice  in  the  matter.  The  follow- 
ing is  an  extract  from  his  letter  : 

I have  just  finished  and  sent  to  the  printing  establishment  of  Putnam  & Co.,  to 
find  out  what  would  be  the  expense  of  printing,  which,  if  you  approve,  I shall  do  at 
my  own  expense,  and  publish  only  50  copies  for  gratuitous  distribution  to  entomo- 
logical societies,  agricultural  colleges,  etc.  Now,  mistrusting  my  own  knowledge  on 
the  subject,  I fear  I may  have  made  some  errors,  which,  taken  at  the  present  time, 
before  printing  is  commenced,  may  readily  be  corrected,  but  which  if  suffered  to  ap- 
pear in  print  would  only  lead  to  future  mistakes  in  nomenclature,  etc.  I would  es- 
teem it  a personal  favor  if  you  would  look  the  work  over  and  make  any  corrections 
you  see  fit,  with  your  name  attached,  or  without,  as  you  wish.  All  I want  is  to  get 
the  work  out  as  perfect  as  I can,  and  I am  willing  to  bear  the  whole  expense  for  the 
sake  of  diffusing  knowledge  to  those  who  wish  to  learn,  and  have  at  present  no  fig- 
ures to  go  by.  I sent  the  work  to  Dr.  Le  Baron  and  to  Mr.  Uhler,  who  have  urged 
me  to  have  the  work  published,  and,  not  knowing  that  you  would  ever  again  visit 
America,  I sent  the  work  with  all  its  imperfections  on  its  head  to  Messrs.  Putnam  &. 
Co.,  to  put  the  work  through  as  quickly  as  possible,  as  soon  as  they  receive  the  man- 
uscript from  you. 

The  letter  closes  with  apologies  for  troubling  him,  and  with  the  re 
mark  that  “the  work  was  commenced  entirely  at  your  suggestion .”  The 
italics  are  Mr.  Glover’s. 

In  a letter  written  the  first  week  in  January,  1874,  he  informs  Baron 
Osten-Sacken  that  he  has  directed  Putnam  & Co.  to  forward  the  work 
and  says : 

You  will  find  in  looking  over  it  (the  MS.)  that  I have  enlarged  my  plan  so  as  to  il- 
lustrate as  much  of  the  subject  as  I could — from  foreign  specimens  when  I was  unable 
to  procure  native.  Shall  print  250  copies,  if  you  think  it  worth  the  trouble  ; if  not, 
50  copies  are  all  that  I shall  distribute. 

Mr.  Glover  was  hardly  prepared  for  the  reply  to  the  above  which  was 
returned  a few  weeks  later ; and  though  it  was  received  in  the  same 
kindly  spirit  with  which  it  was  written,  it  hurt  him  cruelly  and  very 
nearly  caused  him  to  abandon  the  idea  of  publication  altogether.  Baron 
Osten-Sacken  told  him  frankly  that  the  work  was  too  unequal  and  too 
unfinished  ; that  entomology  in  the  United  States  had  made  great  prog- 
ress in  the  last  twelve  years ; that  the  plan  of  publication  which  was 
suitable  in  1862  would  appear  antiquated  in  1874 ; and  finally  that  such 
a publication  would  be  open  to  criticism  and  financially  a dead  loss. 


49 


A few  weeks  later  Osten-Sacken  wrote  a second  letter,  which  is  ap- 
pended : 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  6,  1874. 

My  Dear  Glover  : You  probably  know  that  I have  bad  some  correspondence 
with  Mr.  Le  Baron  respecting  your  intended  publication.  I was  very  sorry  to  hear 
from  him  that  you  took  my  letters  so  much  to  heart  and  that  you  felt  discouraged  in 
consequence.  The  result  of  my  correspondence  with  Mr.  Le  Baron  was  that  we  came 
to  a perfect  understanding  as  to  the  main  points  at  issue.  We  both  think  that  the  pub- 
lication of  your  plates  (with  the  scientific  names  appended),  in  the  shape  of  one  or 
two  volumes,  would  be  very  acceptable  to  the  public  at  large.  The  letter-press,  if 
any,  should  consist,  in  my  opinion,  of  the  general  introduction  only  to  the  orders  and 
families,  with  references,  at  the  end  of  each  family,  to  the  figures  belonging  to  it. 
But  if  I were  you  I would  publish  the  plates  at  once,  without  waiting  for  the  letter- 
press,  and  give  the  latter  at  leisure  afterwards.  In  other  words,  your  work  should  be 
for  the  public  at  large  and  not  for  the  few  and  for  the  learned  societies.  As  such  it 
will  fill  a want  in  the  American  literature.  I even  confess  that  on  this  point  I have 
somewhat  modified  my  opinion  since  my  last  letter,  and  as  well  named  collections 
are  a rarity  your  book  will,  to  a certain  extent,  supply  their  place.  But  do  not  issue 
each  order  as  a separate  work,  as  the  people  do  not  know  much  about  the  division  of 
orders  yet,  and  as,  issued  in  this  form,  the  work  assumes  at  once  a learned  appearance 
which  it  should  not  have.  The  title  should  bear  the  word  Insects,  and  not  Coleoptera, 
Orthoptera.  etc.,  which  learned  terms  upon  a title  page  act  as  a bugbear  to  the  un- 
scientific. 

Believe  me  always,  very  truly,  yours, 

R.  Osten-Sacken. 


Under  date  April  10,  1874,  Mr.  Glover  replied  as  follows : 

Should  have  acknowledged  your  letter  immediately,  but  was  confined  to  my  bed 
for  some  days  by  an  attack  of  bilious  intermittent  fever.  When  I read  your  first 
letter  I felt  so  much  discouraged  that  if  I had  had  the  manuscript  in  my  possession  I 
should  have  burned  it  with  pleasure  and  forsworn  entomology  forever.  Indeed  I 
have  scarcely  opened  the  book  again  since  it  came  back  from  Putnam’s.  I intended 
then  to  publish  50  copies  for  gratuitous  distribution  among  entomologists  and  my 
personal  friends,  and  had  saved  up  the  money  to  pay  for  its  publication;  but  I was 
so  much  disgusted  with  my  own  work  that  I invested  in  another  manner,  and  should 
I ever  publish  the  plates  with  merely  their  names,  as  you  suggest  in  your  second  let- 
ter, I shall  have  now  to  wait  until  I can  save  up  money  to  do  so.  At  present,  how- 
ever, I intend  to  follow  your  advice  and  publish  the  plates  as  soon  as  I can  with  no 
text,  excepting  the  names  and  a short  introduction,  but  shall  have  to  refer  to  your 
catalogue,  as  there  is  no  other.  I am  busy  revising  and  correcting  name3,  notes,  and 
figures  of  my  Orthoptera,  aud  have  etched  from  additional  plates  from  Thomas’s  new 
species  collected  by  Hayden  and  Wheeler.  As  soon  as  this  is  done  I shall  again  com- 
mence with  the  Diptera  and  prepare  the  uames  for  publication.  Mr.  Uhler  is  assist- 
ing me  with  the  Hemiptera,  and  I intend  to  figure  all  the  species  I can  procure  dur- 
ing the  coming  summer. 

Remembering  the  main  facts  of  this  circumstance,  but  not  wishing  to 
trust  to  memory  in  stating  the  matter,  I have  referred  to  Baron  Osten 
Sacken,  who  kindly  places  such  portions  of  the  original  correspondence 
before  me  as  are  important,  together  with  an  explanation,  from  which 
the  following  extracts  are  taken : 

I made  the  acquaintance  of  Mr.  Glover  while  I lived  in  Washington  as  secretary  of 
the  legation  of  Russia.  It  was  somewhere  betweeu  1856  and  I860  [Mr.  Glover  first 
met  Baron  Osten-Sacken  in  December,  1857. — C.  R.  D.].  At  that  time,  except  Le 

14162 — Bull  18 4 


50 


Conte  and  Asa  Fitch,  there  were  hardly  any  workiug  entomologists  in  the  United 
States  ; Harris  had  died  a few  years  earlier.  As  early  as  these  times  Glover  was  pre- 
paring his  copper-plates  as  a record  of  his  collections  and  observations.  1 hoped  he 
would  issue  a volume  with  plates  representing  the  most  common  insects,  which,  at 
that  time , would  have  been  very  useful  in  acquainting  the  public  with  the  principal 
forms  and  in  starting  the  subject.  But  years  went  by.  I left  Washington  in  1862, 
and  it  was  only  in  1874  that  Glover  wrote  me  to  ask  for  my  opinion  about  the  publi- 
cation of  his  work.  * * * However,  I had  occasion  to  ascertain  afterwards  that 

Glover  had  fully  appreciated  my  frankness  and  my  kind  intention.  I am  glad  that 
you  have  undertaken  to  write  a memorial  of  this  amiable  and  worthy  man  and  sincere 
lover  of  nature. 

In  consequence  of  the  circumstances  herein  narrated,  Mr.  Glover 
modified  largely  his  previous  ideas  regarding  the  publication  of  the 
Diptera.  He  decided  upon  a small  edition  of  50  copies,  and  chose  for 
the  volume  the  modest  title  “ Manuscript  Notes  from  my  Journal,  or 
Illustrations  of  lusects,”  and,  to  carry  out  the  idea  more  fully,  had  it 
printed  by  lithographic  transfer  upon  stone  from  his  own  handwriting. 

Apropos  of  this  lithographic  fac-simile  printing,  a characteristic  an- 
ecdote may  be  related.  As  may  be  inferred  his  printing  bill  was  consid- 
erable. The  process  necessitated  making,  with  his  own  hand,  a careful 
copy  of  each  page  in  trausfer  ink,  and  as  the  steps  which  followed 
were  purely  mechanical  he  argued  that  with  press  and  appliances  he 
could  easily  do  the  work  himself.  Making  inquiry  he  learned  of  a small 
portable  contrivance  for  the  purpose,  arranged  with  a cylindrical  stone 
and  which  could  be  obtained  at  a comparatively  low  price — less  than 
$100,  I think.  So  the  little  printing  establishment  was  purchased  and 
set  up  in  his  office  in  the  Department.  A very  nice  page  of  copy  was 
prepared  after  everything  had  been  arranged  to  his  satisfaction,  direc- 
tions were  duly  followed  as  to  the  transfer  process,  ink  applied  plenti- 
fully, and  an  impression  taken. 

The  professor’s  face  was  a study  as  he  took  off  this  first  sheet.  Not 
half  of  the  written  words  appeared  on  the  page,  the  transferring  of  the 
copy  not  having  taken  from  the  stone.  Then  the  printing  ink  had 
stuck  to  the  stone  in  places  where  the  space  should  have  been  left 
white,  and  altogether  it  was  a very  unsatisfactory  beginning.  Impres- 
sion after  impression  was  taken  with  no  better  success ; and  then  it  was 
decided  that  insufficient  care  had  been  exercised  in  making  the  transfer  of 
the  original.  The  next  point  was  to  clean  the  stone.  The  directions  indi- 
cated that  the  cylinder  should  be  placed  in  a concave  appliance,  of  a 
material  resembling  fire-brick,  which  accompanied  the  press,  and  the 
crank  turned  until  the  ink  upon  its  surface  had  all  been  removed.  Mr. 
Glover  adjusted  the  stone,  grasped  the  crank,  and  ground  away  until 
patience  was  very  nearly  exhausted,  when  he  called  in  a colored  mes- 
senger to  help  him  finish  the  work.  Other  trials  followed,  duriug  which 
the  amateur  printer  lost  all  patience,  and  after  keeping  the  contrivance 
a week  or  two  he  prevailed  upon  the  agent  to  take  it  back  at  a large 
discount  from  the  original  cost  and  a professional  lithographer  was 
agaiu  employed  to  do  his  printing. 


51 


In  1876  he  brought  out  the  edition  of  Heraiptera  previously  referred 
to,  which  was  uniform  with  that  of  the  Diptera,  and  distributed  the  50 
copies  published  to  very  nearly  the  same  persons  and  institutions  to 
which  the  former  volumes  had  been  sent.  The  lists  of  the  recipients 
are  preserved  with  the  copies  of  the  two  works  given  to  the  National 
Museum. 

In  all  these  years  of  publication  he  was  adding  to  his  plates,  to  the 
text  of  his  Coleoptera,  Lepidoptera,  and  Diptera,  and  began  compilations 
of  similar  material  from  original  and  outside  sources  in  other  orders, 
including  the  u Arachnidte,  Crustacea  and  Annilida,  Eutozoa,  Helmin- 
tha,”  etc.  These  later  volumes,  both  “ rough  notes7’ and  “prepared 
notes,77  are  in  the  form  of  scrap-books,  made  from  old  public  documents, 
octavo  size,  and  are  preserved  in  the  National  Museum.*  But  he  gave 
up  further  publication,  and  now  devoted  a considerable  portion  of  his 
time  to  the  reproduction,  by  lithographic  fac-simile,  of  the  names  to  ac- 
company the  entire  series  of  plates.  These  slips  of  names  were  pre- 
pared and  printed  for  every  order  excepting  the  Lepidoptera,  includ- 
ing the  work  on  cotton  insects;  and  had  his  health  remained  unim- 
paired he  would  have  finished  the  names  for  the  set  of  Lepidoptera  also. 

In  1878  he  issued  his  last  publication,  if  publication  it  can  be  called, 
an  edition  of  12  copies  of  his  entire  set  of  273  platesf  with  a type-printed 

* In  addition  to  his  working  set  of  plates,  formerly  in  five  quarto  volumes,  and  his 
published  works,  complete,  the  material  deposited  in  the  National  Museum  (before 
the  purchase  of  his  plates  was  effected)  was  as  follows: 

Manuscript  notes  upon  the  Coleoptera,  Lepidoptera,  and  Diptera,  with  alphabetical 
list  of  plants  or  substances  injured  or  destroyed,  completed,  and  systematically  ar- 
ranged (in  quarto  blank-books). 

Hymenoptera,  notes,  etc.,  similar  to  Coleoptera  and  Lepidoptera,  but  not  completely 
arranged  or  systematized,  “ September,  1862.’’ 

The  same,  “rough  notes7’  and  various  scraps  pasted  into  old  public  documents. 

Orthoptera,  “ prepared  notes,77  in  three  volumes  (old  public  documents). 

Hemiptera  and  Heteroptera,  rough  notes,  three  volumes  (old  public  documents). 

Neuroptera  “ rough  notes,77  one  volume  (old  public  document). 

Cotton  insects,  plates  and  clippings  from  Patent  Office  Agricultural  Reports,  and 
some  notes,  in  a blank  scrap-book.  Arachnida,  etc.,  and  Entozoa,  etc.,  as  above, 
one  volume  each  in  old  public  documents.  There  is  also  one  volume  of  original  fig- 
ures, and  the  volume  of  the  complete  work,  uncolored,  which  was  presented  to  Pro- 
fessor Baird  by  the  author,  and  a few  other  duplicates. 

Not  having  at  hand  the  original  list  made  by  me  when  the  transfer  was  effected,  with 
Professor  Baird’s  receipt,  as  the  writer  acted  for  Mr.  Glover  in  the  matter,  the  above 
list  was  made  up  while  examining  the  manuscripts  in  Washington  recently  (October, 
1887). 

t The  complete  set  of  illustrations  comprises  273  quarto  plates  with  6,179  figures, 
engraved  on  copper,  covering  the  following  subjects  : 


Lepidoptera 
Coleoptera  . 
Diptera  — 
Hemiptera  . 


Plates. 

Figures. 

Plates. 

Figures. 

"138 

2,  634 

Hymenoptera 

10 

346 

49 

1,  627 

Orthoptera 

18 

281 

13 

520 

Neuroptera  

7 

92 

16 

464 

Cotton  and  its  insects  

22 

215 

52 


title-page,  a few  introductory  pages  of  classification,  and  cataffigues  of 
species  with  references  accompanying  each  order.  The  slips  of  names 
(save  the  Lepidoptera)  were  pasted  upon  each  plate  just  under  the  fig- 
ures, the  page  being  of  quarto  size.  Of  these  12  copies,  which  were  of 
course  uncolored,  5 were  sent  to  Europe,  and  5 distributed  here.  Two 
other  copies  were  sold  with  his  library  afterwards.  Several  copies,  in 
the  hands  of  individuals  or  institutions,  were  later  on  ordered  to  be 
colored,  the  writer  having  had  the  work  done  from  Mr.  Glover’s  origi- 
nals, by  a competent  colorist.  A list  of  institutions  and  individuals  to 
whom  these  sets  were  sent  was  made  by  me  at  the  time  of  the  distribu- 
tion, but  can  not  now  be  produced.  One  other  formal  publication,  is- 
sued in  1877,  should  be  mentioned.  I refer  to  the  compilation  of  refer- 
ences to  the  insects  treated  in  his  own  and  other  reports,  issued  by  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  and  by  the  Patent  Office,  to 
date  of  publication.  It  contains  also  a list  of  animal  and  vegetable 
substances  injured  or  destroyed  by  the  insects  referred  to,  the  entire 
volume  making  103  pages,  printed  from  stone,  upon  one  side  of  the 
sheet,  in  fac-simile,  uniform  with  his  other  publications.  A few  sets  of 
his  cotton  plates  were  also  distributed,  bound  up  with  a type-printed 
title-page  and  cover. 

While  upon  the  history  of  Mr.  Glover’s  undertaking,  it  should  be 
stated  that  among  several  plans  looking  toward  the  ultimate  disposition 
of  the  work,  in  the  event  of  its  not  being  published  prior  to  the  author’s 
(jeath,  there  were  two  plans,  at  least,  entertained  by  him  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  centennial  year,  in  which  the  United  States  Government 
was  wholly  ignored.  The  first  of  these,  which  considered  leaving  the 
work  to  some  institution  in  England,  with  means  to  publish  it,  was 
hardly  seriously  contemplated ; for  being  a work  upon  American  insects 
exclusively,  it  was  not  thought  at  all  likely  that  it  would  claim  the  same 
interest  in  England  as  in  America.  The  other  plan  did  receive  consid- 
eration to  the  extent  of  an  inquiry  of  the  authorities  of  Johns  Hopkins 
Uni  versity,  in  Baltimore,  as  to  the  acceptance  of  a trust  fund  to  be  left 
for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  study  of  entomology.  In  response  to 
this  inquiry  Mr.  Glover  learned  that  the  consent  of  the  trustees  could 
be  obtained  by  President  Gilman  to  the  acceptance  of  a given  sum,  to 
be  known  as  the  Glover  fund,  the  donor  to  specify  the  manner  in  which 
he  preferred  the  income  to  be  spent,  as  follows : Either  in  promoting 
investigation,  in  publishing  plates  and  texts,  or  in  the  delivery  of  lec- 
tures. But  the  plan  was  never  consummated. 

At  last  came  his  sudden  and  prostrating  illness,  in  the  spring  of  1878, 
and  he  retired  from  active  labor  of  any  kind. 

Regarding  the  sale  of  his  plates — in  January,  1879,  during  the  third 
session  of  the  Forty-fifth  Congress,  Mr.  Glover  first  memorialized  that 
body,  proposing  to  transfer  to  the  Government  theeutire  series,  together 
with  the  text  of  his  entomological  work.  A special  bill  providing  for 
the  transfer  was  not  introduced,  but  the  memorial  was  referred  to  the 
Senate  Committee  on  Agriculture.  Professor  Baird  took  great  interest 


53 


in  the  matter,  personally  appearing  before  the  committee  to  explain  the 
nature,  value,  and  importance  of  the  work,  as  well  as  the  fact  that  the  skill- 
ful engravings  of  the  copper  plates  themselves  were  the  work  of  the  pro- 
fessor’s own  hand,  and  had  involved  most  unremitting  labor  for  a period 
of  over  twenty  years.  The  committee  showed  little  interest  in  the  sub- 
ject, however,  notwithstanding  that  the  memorial  was  accompanied  by 
another  recommending  the  purchase  of  the  work,  and  signed  by  the 
prominent  entomologists  of  the  country,  among  whom  were  the  United 
States  entomologist,  professors  of  Yale,  Harvard,  and  other  colleges, 
and  members  of  leading  scientific  societies.  During  the  first  session  of 
the  succeeding  Congress  the  matter  was  again  brought  to  the  attention 
of  the  Committee  on  Agriculture,  and  a letter  addressed  to  Professor 
Baird  from  the  chief  engraver  of  the  Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Print- 
ing was  submitted.  In  this  letter  it  was  stated  that  any  skilled  en- 
graver would  charge  $100  for  each  of  these  plates,  and  if  they  were 
engraved  by  a scientist  they  were  worth  more.  Senator  Davis,  of  West 
Virginia,  chairman  of  the  committee,  suggested  that  the  committee 
would  recommend  the  purchase  at  a cost  of  $7,500  ; but  the  committee 
took  no  formal  action.  This  was  a great  disappointment  to  Professor 
Glover,  who  was  now  anxious  that  the  work  should  be  purchased  by 
the  Government,  even  at  a nominal  valuation.  At  the  next  session  the 
matter  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  House  Committee  on  Agri- 
culture, and  the  sum  of  $7,500  for  the  purchaseof  the  work  was  included 
in  the  sundry  civil  appropriation  bill,  and  finally  passed  both  houses, 
Professor  Riley  using  his  influence  towards  its  final  passage.  The 
money  became  available  soon  after,  and  was  paid  to  Professor  Glover 
early  in  April  ensuing  the  4th  of  March  upon  which  Congress  adjourned; 
but  by  this  time  he  had  become  quite  infirm.  The  result  was  very  grati- 
fying to  him,  though  he  died  in  September  following. 

No  formal  transfer  of  the  plates  was  necessary  after  the  purchase,  as 
they  were  already  in  the  custody  of  the  National  Museum,  having  been 
deposited  there  by  the  writer  after  consultation  with  Professor  Baird 
at  the  time  when  Mr.  Glover  was  first  stricken  and  unable  to  act  for 
himself. 

As  to  the  value  of  his  work,  it  gave  Mr.  Glover  great  pleasure  while 
living  to  know  that  it  was  appreciated  by  the  late  Professor  Agassiz 
and  leading  scientific  men  of  his  day.  Speaking  of  the  “collections  of 
drawings,”  Professor  Agassiz  attests  “ their  excellence  and  great  im- 
portance, both  in  a scientific  and  economical  point  of  view,”  and  con- 
sidered “ the  publication  of  his  observations,  and  of  the  delineations  of 
insects  injurious  to  vegetation  as  most  desirable,  and  likely  to  be  in 
the  highest  degree  creditable  to  the  United  States  Government.”  Dur- 
ing the  savant’s  last  visit  to  Washington,  while  calling  upon  Prof.  John 
W.  Hoyt  to  talk  of  the  proposed  national  university,  his  opinion  was 
asked  as  to  the  sort  of  work  that  Professor  Glover  was  doing.  Agassiz’s 
reply  was : “Magnificent!  His  services  are  extremely  valuable,  and 


54 


should  he  ever  have  occasion  to  leave  the  Department  he  can  have  a 
place  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  on  his  own  terms.” 

Many  extracts  from  the  letters  of  entomologists  might  be  here  given, 
showing  the  estimation  in  which  the  work  was  held,  for  Mr.  Glover  had 
many  friends  in  the  scientific  world  who  knew  him  only  by  his  labors 
in  this,  his  chosen  field.  But  one  extract  will  be  quoted,  however,  from 
a letter  written  to  me  by  Mr.  William  H.  Edwards,  when  it  was  first 
suggested  that  the  Government  should  purchase  Mr.  Glover’s  plates : 

Dear  Sir  : I am  very  glad  to  hear  that  an  effort  is  making  to  secure  for  the  coun- 
try Professor  Glover’s  copper  plates  of  the  insects  of  the  United  States  and  his  manu- 
script relating  thereto.  These  materials  are  invaluable  to  us,  and  should  Professor 
Glover  dispose  of  them  in  England  or  elsewhere  the  loss  could  never  be  made  good. 
Being  an  enthusiastic  entomologist,  as  well  as  artist,  these  plates  have  been  to  him  a 
labor  of  love,  and  he  has  given  to  them  the  better  part  of  a life-time,  and  executes 
them  with  the  greatest  fidelity.  His  work  on  the  cotton  insects  is  beyond  alx  praise. 
I know  of  nothing  comparable  to  it  on  the  range  of  entomological  illustrated  litera- 
ture, and  the  plates  of  this  work  and  notes  belonging  to  them  are  worth,  in  my  opin- 
ion, to  the  country  the  full  sum  that  Professor  Glover  requires  for  the  entire  lot  of 
plates  and  manuscript. 

In  giving  my  own  estimate  of  this  work  I must  regard  it  from  the 
stand  point  of  view  that  will  show  the  intention  of  its  author.  He 
never  proposed  to  put  it  forth  as  a technical  work,  or  as  a learned  con- 
tribution to  science,  for  the  instruction  or  better  information  of  special- 
ists, advanced  students,  or  entomological  investigators  already  possess- 
ing large  libraries  and  collections,  but  he  did  propose  to  make  it,  when 
fully  completed , a work  of  reference  for  all  orders  of  insects  in  the  popu- 
lar sense  of  the  term,  for  all  who  might  be  seeking  general  information 
upon  subjects  relating  to  American  entomology.  In  his  conception  of 
the  work,  as  in  that  of  his  museum  plan,  but  one  idea  was  aimed  at — 
utility.  It  was  a favorite  word  with  Professor  Glover,  and  whether  his 
original  intention  was  a work  of  80  plates  or  300,  or  the  text  of  100  or 
1,000  pages,  his  only  thought  was  to  make  it  so  simple  and  so  useful 
that  a farmer  with  no  appreciation  of  entomological  science  could  con- 
sult it  as  he  would  a dictionary,  and  learn  something  of  the  subject 
upon  which  he  desired  to  inform  himself.  It  was  to  be,  in  short,  an 
illustrated  encyclopedia  of  economic  entomology,  and  if  it  had  been  fin- 
ished and  published  in  accordance  with  the  author’s  design,  there  would 
be  nothing  now  in  entomological  literature  like  it.  It  certainly  would 
be  wrong  to  judge  it  by  his  gratuitous  publications.  And  no  one,  after 
fully  understanding  the  scope  and  design  of  the  work,  and  examining 
the  great  mass  of  material  which  represents  the  labor  of  twenty  years 
of  Mr.  Glover’s  active  life,  will  deny  either  its  utility  or  its  value  for 
the  purpose  for  which  it  was  intended. 

Supposing  the  work  had  been  published  in  its  entirety,  and  dis- 
tributed in  the  manner  Mr.  Glover  proposed  it  should  be,  among  agri 
cultural  societies,  to  town  libraries,  etc.:  A farmer  of  average  intelli- 
gence, we  will  say,  comes,  with  an  unknown  insect  in  hand,  to  consult 
it.  It  would  require  very  slight  entomological  knowledge  to  enable 
him  to  refer  to  the  list  of  food  plants  to  learn  how  many  and  what  in- 


55 


sects  lived  upon  the  particular  farm  crop  (or  plant)  which  had  been  in- 
jured. This  information  obtained,  with  no  knowledge  whatever  of 
classification,  he  would  be  able,  by  means  of  the  plates,  to  find  the  cul- 
prit iu  a very  little  time,  even  if  the  figures  were  not  sufficiently  accu- 
rate for  the  determination  of  fine  specific  differences.  Having  learned 
the  species,  or  even  an  allied  species,  reference  from  plate  to  text  would 
put  him  in  possession  of  the  main  facts  in  the  history  of  the  insect,  time 
of  appearance  of  different  stages  of  the  pest,  and  when  and  how  to  com- 
bat it.  And  if  the  information  given  was  not  sufficient  he  could  make 
use  of  the  references  to  other  works  there  quoted. 

This  is,  briefly,  the  manner  in  which  the  work  was  intended  to  be 
used,  and,  as  it  contains  over  6,000  figures  of  insects  more  or  less  in- 
jurious (or  beneficial)  to  American  agriculture,  I may  repeat  that  noth- 
ing like  it  has  ever  before  been  attempted,  and  that  its  completion  and 
publication  would  have  served  to  vastly  popularize  the  science  of  ento- 
mology in  the  United  States.  But  while  its  production  is  a marvel  of 
patience,  persistence,  and  self-sacrificing  iudustry,  iu  the  twenty  years 
its  author  was  engaged  upon  it,  he  might  have  so  systematized  the  work 
of  its  production — calling  others  to  his  assistance  to  relieve  himself  of 
the  mere  drudgery — and  so  have  organized  the  plan  of  publication  that 
it  would  have  been  completed  and  placed  in  every  large  library  of  the 
land  while  he  was  yet  entomologist  of  tbe  Department  of  Agriculture. 

The  point  has  been  made  that  some  of  Mr.  Glover’s  figures  are  not 
altogether  accurate,  if  not  in  some  instances  badly  drawn.  The  criti- 
cism is  sometimes  a just  one,  although  iu  their  entirety  the  drawings 
will  bear  favorable  comparison  with  similar  entomological  illustrations 
of  the  times.  One  point  must  be  admitted,  that  the  earlier  plates  are 
much  better  than  the  later  ones,  as  will  readily  be  seen  by  careful  com- 
parison. That  this  is  due  to  two  causes  there  can  be  little  doubt:  Some- 
what impaired,  or  gradually  failing  eyesight  in  the  first  place  (the  more 
positive  cause),  and  less  care  in  the  second  place,  through  impatience 
to  keep  up  with  incoming  material.  The  completion  of  two  plates  a 
month,  “out  of  office  hours,”  and  iu  the  hours  of  daylight,  with  all  the 
work  of  making  tbe  drawings  before  undertaking  tne  engraving,  and 
coloring  six  or  eight  sets  of  the  proofs  afterwards,  should  be  regarded  as 
expeditious  work  for  a man  sixty  years  of  age.  Mr.  Glover  himself  re- 
gretted having  made  certain  of  the  plates  (early  ones  in  the  Lepidoptera), 
chiefly  taken  from  Smith  and  Abbott’s  Insects  of  Georgia,  aud  from  a 
few  later  works.  Some  of  the  far  western  Orthoptera,  too,  which  were 
figured  from  alcoholic  specimens,  and  colored  from  descriptions,  or 
from  other  figures,  and  sometimes  from  notes  made  by  the  collector,  are 
not  wholly  satisfactory,  although  readily  recognizable  by  those  who 
have  seen  the  insects  in  life.  Fault  has  likewise  been  found  with  his 
smaller  figures,  many  of  which  should  have  been  enlarged  to  show 
specific  differences  in  a marked  degree,  natural  size  being  indicated  in 
the  usual  manner  or  by  a second  figure.  All  very  miuute  species  were 
properly  enlarged,  and  are,  therefore,  more  valuable. 


56 


For  purposes  of  ordinary  identification  in  a general  work  of  reference,  as 
this  was  intended  to  be,  little  fault  need  be  found  with  the  major  portion  of 
the  series.  Of  course  this  presupposes  that  the  plates  were  to  be  colored, 
as  it  was  not  the  author’s  idea  to  issue  them  in  any  other  way  In  fact  the 
very  manner  of  engraving  the  figures  shows  this  to  be  the  case.  In  the 
plates  that  were  published  by  him,  only  half  the  editions  were  sent  out 
uncolored,  and  this  only  because  of  the  great  expense  attending  coloring 
so  many  sets  by  hand— the  distribution  being  entirely  gratuitous. 

In  these  days  of  cheapened  processes  for  multiplied  color  reproduction 
this  matter  is  a serious  obstacle  in  the  way  of  future  publication  of  Mr. 
Glover’s  plates  by  the  Government.  Even  if  an  edition  of  the  plates 
should  be  issued,  without  the  text  they  do  not  tell  the  whole  story, 
and  the  text  is  not  finished  ; and  in  several  orders  the  material  is  hardly 
systematized  or  arranged.  The  plates,  if  published  alone,  with  only 
the  names,  would  possess  a certain  value  even  if  not  colored,  and  it 
would  be  better  to  publish  in  this  manner  than  not  at  all.  Eegarding 
the  question  of  coloring,  if  sets  of  the  entire  series  were  distributed 
gratuitously  by  the  Government,  the  recipients  could  well  afford  to  have 
them  colored  afterwards  at  their  own  expense  from  the  original  set. 
Through  combinations  of  a number  of  persons,  so  that  a large  contract 
could  be  given  out,  the  work  could  be  done  possibly  at  $35  to  $40  per 
set,  which  would  be  cheap  for  such  a complete  series  of  illustrations. 

In  regard  to  the  published  volumes  which  bear  Mr.  Glover’s  name, 
these  are  valuable  from  their  very  scarcity,  and  from  the  fact  that  they 
are  all  he  has  given  us  in  published  form,  save  the  reports  which  have 
appeared  from  time  to  time  in  Government  publications.  As  works 
giving  a certain  amount  of  information  on  two  or  three  somewhat  neg- 
lected orders  of  insects  they  are  useful ; but  from  the  stand-point  of 
scientific  worth  they  are  more  valuable  as  series  of  named  plates  than 
as  scientific  publications — the  often  fragmentary  and  incomplete  text 
giving  little  hint  of  the  author’s  years  of  observation  and  study  in  the 
field  and  vivarium. 

As  for  the  name  and  fame  of  the  author,  a published  work  compris- 
ing an  entire  set  of  the  plates  alone  is  a sufficient  monument  to  his  un- 
tiring industry,  indomitable  perseverance  and  skill,  and  to  his  faithful 
labors  through  a period  of  twenty-five  years  -for  the  advancement  of 
American  entomological  science.  He  wished  to  do  more,  but  through 
the  limit  set  upon  human  endurance  and  existence  he  fell  just  a little 
short  of  carrying  out  his  great  purpose.  He  did  not  strive  for  fame 
tli rough  any  contributions  to  the  vast  store- house  of  technical  knowl- 
edge, or  the  dry-dust  records  of  closet  investigation  that  he  might  have 
made,  nor  did  he  ever  wish  to  be  considered  an  authority.  But  he  early 
realized  the  difficulties  which  beset  the  way  of  the  student  of  nature, 
and  that  other  student  of  practical  rural  economy,  in  obtaining  a knowl- 
edge of  the  insect  forms  about  them,  at  a time  when  there  were  few 
books  and  fewer  named  collections,  and  set  to  work  to  remedy  the  matter 
as  far  as  he  was  able. 


THE  GLOVER  MUSEUM. 


As  has  been  stated  in  the  biographical  sketch  of  Mr.  Glover's  life, 
the  museum  scheme  was  contemplated  many  years  before  it  was  realized. 
Indeed  its  first  inception  dates  back  prior  to  1850,  before  be  had  left  his 
home  on  the  Hudson.  Regarding  his  collection  of  fruit  models  he 
writes  in  1866 : 

The  design  is  to  obtain  from  each  State  samples  of  the  various  fruits  which  have 
been  tried  and  proved ; to  have  them  modeled  here,  retaining  one  copy  to  be  added 
to  the  national  collection,  and  returning  duplicates  (and  matrices),  correctly  named, 
to  each  agricultural  society. 

Fifteen  years  before  this,  in  1851,  he  made  the  proposition  to  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  to  do  this  same  thing,  and  some 
specimens  were  furnished,  made  from  fruits  sent  to  Mr.  Glover  by  mem- 
bers of  the  society.  Allusions  to  “ the  specimens  for  the  New  York 
State  Society,”  in  a letter  written  at  this  period,  also  shows  that  the 
idea  was  a very  old  one  with  its  author.  And  all  these  early  attempts 
at  exhibition  tended  directly  towards  the  museum  idea. 

The  first  attempt  to  fully  carry  out  the  scheme  was  made  in  1854,  in 
the  single  room  which  at  that  time  constituted  the  Patent  Office  Bureau 
of  Agriculture;  the  fruit  models  being  the  chief  display.  At  this 
period  they  were  his  private  property,  though  a year  or  two  later  the 
proposition  was  made  to  dispose  of  them  to  the  Government  for  $10,000. 
The  precise  facts  regarding  early  legislation  on  the  subject  can  not  be 
given.  But  in  1858  we  learn  that  Mr.  Glover  had  seen  a number  of  gen- 
tlemen, whom  he  names  ; that  “ everything  appears  favorable ; ” and 
“that  the  bill”  will  be  put  on  “as  an  amendment.”  Then  we  learn 
of  his  showing  the  fruits  to  members  of  Congress,  who  approved  of  the 
idea,  and  promised  to  vote  for  the  purchase.  Meanwhile  he  leaves 
Washington  for  the  field,  and  while  pushing  his  investigations  he 
learns  that  the  bill  has  been  defeated  by  “Letcher  and  Marshall,”  of 
Virginia.  This  characteristic  entry  follows  : “ Will  remember  them  for 
it.  Intend  to  resign  in  the  fall,  and  offer  to  South  Carolina  or  Mary- 
land.” Asa  matter  of  history  the  bill  was  passed,  though  Mr.  Glover 
did  not  receive  the  money,  through  “ misappropriation  of  funds.”  In 
1867,  however,  the  purchase  was  consummated,  the  sum  of  $10,000  be- 
ing appropriated  for  the  purpose,  Hon.  J.  W.  Stokes,  then  acting 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  having  been  instrumental  in  effecting  its 
passage. 


57 


58 


To  go  back  again  to  the  year  185G,  he  makes  statements  on  the  sub- 
ject, in  a letter  to  his  cousin,  which  throws  interesting  light  on  the 
museum  scheme.  He  says  : 

I ask  $10,000  for  the  whole,  with  the  proviso  that  I work  six  years  to  finish  the 
grand  undertaking  of  modeliug  all  the  fruits,  esculent  roots,  etc.,  of  the  United 
States,  and  label  them  with  the  name,  synonym,  habit,  soil,  etc.,  so  as  to  form  the 
nucleus  of  a grand  National  Agricultural  Museum.  How  do  you  like  the  plan  ? 

The  difference  to  Mr.  Glover  between  selling  his  fruits  in  1856  and  in 
1867  was,  that  before  the  war  he  would  have  received  this  money  in 
gold,  whereas  he  received  it  in  a “ depreciated  currency;”  and,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  fruit  models,  gave  a collection  of  600  specimens  of  birds, 
which  he  had  subsequently  prepared  and  brought  together,  at  consider- 
able expense  of  money  and  time,  while  at  the  Maryland  Agricultural 
College.  Even  while  connected  with  this  institution,  his  labors,  still 
in  the  line  of  the  practical  and  utilitarian,  were  directed  towards  the 
acquirement  of  a collection.  Mr.  Glover  was  a skillful  taxidermist, 
and  was  a capital  shot,  notwithstanding  the  peculiarity  of  his  eye-sight ; 
and  as  he  tramped  over  the  adjacent  country,  cane-gun  in  hand,  using 
it  also  as  a walking-stick,  he  doubtless  appeared  more  as  a rural  gen- 
tleman than  the  enthusiastic  naturalist  that  he  was. 

In  August,  1864,  the  new  museum  was  founded  in  the  rooms  of  the 
recently  established  Department  of  Agriculture.  At  this  time  the 
models  (some  3,000  in  number)  and  the  collection  of  birds  above  men- 
tioned constituted  the  major  portion  of  the  cabinet.  This  was  soon 
augmented  by  donations,  solicited  or  otherwise,  or  by  occasional  pur- 
chases, and  a mass  of  material  was  very  soon  gotten  together  repre- 
senting, in  one  way  or  another,  nearly  every  portion  of  the  country.  In- 
sects, birds,  plants,  and  botanical  specimens,  cereal  products,  fibers,  and 
the  products  of  industrial  art  and  manufacture  were  all  included  in  the 
collections,  and  the  museum  was  fairly  established.  From  this  time  for- 
ward, up  to  and  including  the  centennial  year,  its  growth  was  steady 
and  rapid. 

Regarding  the  plan  or  scheme  of  arrangement,  which  was  most  com- 
plete in  detail,  it  is  not  necessary  to  go  into  particulars  here,  as  it  is 
fully  described  on  page  27  of  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  for  the  year  1866. 

Briefly,  the  museum  was  to  be  embraced  in  three  divisions — a general, 
State,  and  economic.  The  first  he  was  to  illustrate  by  complete  series 
of  specimens  of  each  of  the  various  agricultural  products  from  the  seed, 
through  all  stages  of  growth  and  after  preparation  for  human  use,  up 
to  the  highest  range  of  manufacture.  In  the  State  division  would  be 
shown  the  classified  products  of  each  State  and  Territory,  including 
minerals,  soils,  vegetable  products,  and  manufactures;  while  in  the  eco- 
nomic division  would  be  displayed  the  commercial  products  of  the  vege- 
table kingdom  from  every  portion  of  the  world.  It  was  a grand  scheme, 
but  too  immense  to  be  fully  carried  out  in  the  cramped  quarters  assigned 


59 


to  it,  and  in  the  days  of  ridiculously  small  appropriatious.  And  here 
pardon  a digression  in  oue  of  the  biographical  sketches  of  the  man, 
which  appeared  at  the  time  of  his  death,  it  is  said  that  “during  his  en 
tire  service  he  never  asked  for  special  appropriations  for  the  pursuit  of 
investigations  in  any  particular  interest.”  This  is  true,  but  while  he 
never  “asked”  for  appropriations — i.  e.7  by  persistent  personal  labor 
with  committeemen — he  never  lost  the  opportunity  to  explain  to  Con- 
gressmen or  other  visitors  of  influence  the  benefits  to  be  derived  by 
American  agriculture  in  the  establishment  of  such  a museum  in  Wash- 
ington ; and  he  always  closed  with  a tersely-put  statement  as  to  the 
ridiculously  small  sums  of  money  that  were  available  from  the  annual 
appropriations  with  which  to  carry  on  the  work.  And  upon  one  occa- 
sion, some  years  after  the  establishment  of  the  museum,  he  made  such 
an  impression  upon  an  enthusiastic  committeeman  who  was  visiting  the 
collections  that  the  sum  of  $3,000  was  shortly  afterward  appropriated 
for  the  museum,  to  be  spent  under  Mr.  Glover’s  special  direction.  It 
nearly  took  his  breath  away,  and,  as  his  assistant,  I well  remember  how 
hard  it  was  to  get  him  to  use  all  of  the  money,  as  any  unexpended  bal- 
ance at  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  would  be  turned  back  in  the  Treasury* 
the  reluctant  purchase  of  a microscope  nearly  using  up  the  amount  re- 
maining on  hand  the  last  of  June. 

It  was  natural  for  him  to  talk  the  museum  scheme  to  all  who  would 
listen.  He  believed  in  his  plan,  thought  over  it,  worked  for  its  perfec- 
tion, confidently  believing  in  its  ultimately  attaining  the  fullest  realiza- 
tion of  success.  The  two  rooms  in  the  Patent  Office  were  soon  filled  to 
overflowing;  and  when  the  designs  were  being  made  for  the  new  build- 
ing to  be  erected  for  the  Department  of  Agriculture  an  exhibition  hall, 
50  by  100  feet  in  dimension,  was  contemplated,  which  it  was  thought 
would  be  ample  for  the  purpose.  This  was  occupied  in  the  fall  of  1868, 
twelve  walnut  cases  having  been  provided  for  the  reception  of  the  va 
rious  collections  at  that  time  brought  together.  But  even  in  the  new  hall 
the  “ plan  ” was  hardly  fulfilled  in  the  arrangement.  The  “ State  divi- 
sion” was  represented  by  a single  case  of  California  products,  the  other 
two  divisions  not  being  distinctively  indicated,  the  entire  museum  being 
at  the  same  time  “ general  ” and  “ economic,”  as  its  specific  collections 
were  as  yet  small  and  very  incomplete. 

As  a man  of  deep  originality  and  thought  may  make  a wonderful  dis- 
covery or  produce  a valuable  invention,  and  yet  find  himself  lackiugin 
that  worldly  knowledge  which  would  enable  him  to  apply  it  with  the 
least  difficulty  to  the  uses  of  every-day  life,  so  it  was  to  a certain  degree 
with  Mr.  Glover  in  relation  to  his  admirable  museum  scheme.  Stronger 
as  an  originator,  or  an  investigator,  than  as  an  organizer , he  lacked  in 
a measure  executive  ability.  He  was  able  to  outline  and  perfect  a splen- 
did system,  but  unable  to  carry  it  out  save  as  he  might  do  so  through 
the  untiring  labor  of  his  own  hands.  This  was  the  one  drawback  in  the 
preparation  of  his  great  work  on  entomology ; and  it  showed  itself  in  the 


60 


building  up  of  his  museum  in  a marked  degree  after  it  had  reached  a 
certain  point  in  its  growth.  The  fact  may  be  stated  that  in  carrying 
out  the  museum  scheme  it  was  not  developed  beyond  this  certain  point, 
and  the  suggestion  is  offered  that  the  theory  of  its  arrangement  may 
have  interested  him  more  than  the  thing  itself $ for,  with  his  devotion 
to  his  work  on  entomology,  which  was  an  all  absorbing  interest  at  this 
period,  he  could  not  have  given  his  time  and  thought  to  both.  It  was 
the  illustration  of  the  conception  of  the  plan,  and  not  the  museum  as  a 
whole,  that  was  almost  daily  presented  to  its  visitors. 

For  example:  The  California  case  was  always  inspected  to  illustrate 
the  State  division  and  the  arrangement  of  its  minerals,  its  vegetable 
products,  and  its  manufactures  explained.  Turning  to  the  collections  of 
fruit  in  other  cases  near,  the  model  of  the  Baldwin  apple  was  invaria- 
bly exhibited,  showing  its  manner  of  growth  in  various  sections  of  the 
country,  thus  demonstrating  the  localities  where  special  fruits  thrived 
best.  Stepping  to  another  case,  the  bluebird  was  always  pointed  out, 
with  the  distinctive  mark  upon  its  perch  showing  that  it  was  a friend 
and  not  a foe  to  the  farmer ; and  a little  box  of  insect  remains  from  its 
stomach,  by  its  side,  furnished  the  proof  of  his  statement.  Flaxseed  in 
variety  was  shown  in  another  case,  illustrating  the  “ general”  museum, 
together  with  the  fiber  in  various  stages  of  growth  and  manipulation  to 
the  most  delicate  linen  fabrics,  and  in  the  same  manner  the  seed,  oil, 
and  oil  cake. 

The  scheme  was  most  complete  and  admirable,  reflecting  the  great- 
est credit  upon  its  originator,  and  if  carried  out  would  have  made  it 
one  of  the  grandest  economic  museums  in  the  world.  But  it  would  have 
necessitated  a building  larger  than  the  entire  Department  of  Agricult- 
ure, and  the  outlay  of  many  thousands  of  dollars,  with  the  one  draw- 
back that  in  its  State  division  there  would  have  been  endless  repeti- 
tion of  the  same  thing,  unless  somewhat  modified.  Mr.  Glover  appre- 
ciated this  fully,  and  there  was  never  an  attempt,  beyond  the  points  of 
illustration  noted,  to  make  it  other  than  an  economic  museum  of  agri- 
culture on  the  simplest  possible  basis  of  display.  These  statements  are 
made  to  explain  in  a measure  why  so  valuable  and  utilitarian  a scheme 
of  arrangement  was  never  fully  completed. 

As  an  economic  museum  or  “ object  library”  the  collections  increased, 
at  first  slowly,  then  rapid ly,  so  rapidly  in  fact  that  it  was  difficult  to 
supply  case-room  as  fast  as  the  specimens  came  in.  It  literally  out- 
grew' the  long  entertained  plan  of  arrangement,  and  as  Mr.  Glover  be- 
came more  and  more  absorbed  in  his  entomological  work  he  finally 
threw  the  greater  part  of  the  responsibility  of  the  museum  from  off  his 
shoulders  altogther,  his  assistants  having  charge  of  and  carrying  on 
the  work  in  its  several  branches,  while  he  assumed  merely  nominal 
control.  By  this  time  the  collection  of  fruit  models  had  been  greatly 
augmented  by  Prof.  William  H.  Seaman,  who  had  charge  of  this  branch, 
as  well  as  the  microscopic  work  of  the  Division,  a large  series  of  the 


61 


principal  vegetables  also  having  been  added ; while  a regularly  ap- 
pointed taxidermist,  Mrs.  Teresa  Drexler,  made  considerable  additions 
to  the  collections  of  birds  and  poultry.  Miss  Caroline  C.  Moulton  was 
maseum  attendant. 

Then  the  preparations  for  the  Centennial  Exhibition  of  1876  were  in- 
augurated, the  supervision  of  the  work  of  getting  up  the  museum  ex- 
hibit devolving  upon  the  assistant  entomologist,*  who,  co-operating  af- 
terwards with  Professor  Baird,  was  enabled  to  almost  double  the  col- 
lections of  the  department  from  foreign  exhibits,  necessitating  the  erec- 
tion of  a gallery  on  each  side  of  the  museum  hall. 

Mr.  Glover  had  by  this  time  so  far  lost  interest  in  the  museum,  being 
now  wholly  absorbed  in  his  entomological  work  and  its  publication, 
that  when  the  acquisition  of  this  great  mass  of  material  necessitated  a 
better  classification  and  arrangement  of  the  museum  display  the  for- 
mulation of  a new  plan  of  arrangement  was  left  entirely  to  the  writer. 
The  classification  which  was  then  devised  is  published  at  the  end  of 
the  entomologist’s  report  in  the  annual  volume  for  18  77,  pages  118  to 
148, t in  a special  report  made  to  Mr.  Glover. 

It  may  be  stated  that  the  scheme  of  arrangement  set  forth  in  this 
published  classification  was  closely  followed  in  the  reorganization  which 
shortly  followed. 

The  museum  was  now  (1877)  at  the  zenith  of  its  importance  and  use- 
fulness, and  shortly  after  its  decline  begau.  The  first  calamity  which 
occurred  to  it  was  the  loss  of  many  of  its  large  and  valuable  collections 
gathered  at  the  Centennial,  which,  for  want  of  a few  hundred  dollars 
worth  of  display  bottles  and  other  material  suitable  for  their  exhibition, 
asked  for  and  repeatedly  refused,  remained  stored  in  the  garret  above 
the  museum  hall.  Through  the  officiousness  of  the  property  clerk  of 
the  department,  appointed  by  Commissioner  Le  Due,  or  by  the  Com- 
missioner’s order,  this  mass  of  material  was  either  sold  to  a junk  dealer 
or  thrown  on  a rubbish  heap,  according  to  its  market  value  at  Ujunk” 
prices,  and  thousands  of  dollars’  worth  of  valuable  museum  material 
wasted  and  destroyed.  Then  followed  Mr.  Glover’s  retirement  from 
active  duty,  and  as  the  assistant  entomologist  shortly  after  resigned, 
and  other  changes  had  occurred  in  the  museum  corps,  the  museum  was 
practically  left  w ithout  care,  as  no  regular  curator  was  aiipointed  for 
several  years.  Dr.  Vasey  was  given  nominal  charge  for  a time,  but  his 
own  duties  as  botanist  were  sufficient  to  occupy  his  whole  attention. 

The  remainder  of  the  story  is  briefly  told.  A wooden  exhibition  build- 
ing had  been  erected  in  one  corner  of  the  department  grounds  for  the  dis- 
play of  railroad  exhibits  and  other  similar  exposition  displays.  More 

*See  Agricultural  Report  for  1876,  p.  17. 

tThe  entomologist  reluctantly  incorporated  this  museum  report  and  classification 
into  his  own  report,  signing  his  name  to  the  two  documents  in  one  to  avoid  running 
counter  to  the  whims  and  absurd  prejudices  of  the  gentleman  who  was  then  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture.  This  statement  is  made  in  simple  justice  to  the  author  of 
the  report. 


62 


office  rooms  were  needed  in  the  department  building  than  its  cramped 
quarters  afforded,  and  in  time  the  space  in  the  splendid  museum  hall  was 
encroached  upon.  The  collections  thus  displaced  were  removed  to  the 
exposition  building  referred  to  above,  though  some,  as  the  fibers  and 
birds  and  a few  of  the  more  valuable  economic  collections,  were  trans- 
ferred to  the  National  Museum,  where  they  are  carefully  preserved, 
though  as  yet  not  placed  on  exhibition.  As  to  the  remaining  portion 
of  the  “Glover  Museum,”  it  is  pretty  nearly  as  is  was  left  ten  years  ago, 
save  that  many  of  the  collections  of  specimens  have  suffered  from  want 
of  care  and  attention,  and  that  the  museum  hall  is  now  given  over  to 
other  uses,  for  the  specimens,  those  that  were  worth  further  preserva- 
tion, were  transferred  to  the  exhibition  building  mentioned  during  the 
winter  just  passed. 

To  conclude:  The  scheme  of  the  museum,  as  contemplated  by  Mr. 
Glover,  was  original  and  unique,  however  some  of  its  special  features 
may  have  been  suggested  by  European  museums,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted 
that  it  could  not  have  been  perpetuated  and  preserved  in  the  original 
space  expressly  designed  for  its  accommodation,  and  where  its  founder 
and  father  labored  for  its  establishment  and  watched  so  long  its  growth 
and  development. 

And  what  more  remains  to  be  said?  The  influence  of  such  a man  as 
Mr.  Glover  is  shown  to  have  been  has  made  itself  felt,  though  the  ul- 
timate outcome  of  his  schemes  for  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  amoug 
his  fellow  men  did  not  reach  the  perfect  realization  that  he  had  dreamed. 
“I  confess  I have  no  idea  how  one  man  had  the  power  alone  to  accom- 
plish so  much  work  in  such  a superior  manner,”  Prof.  Hagen  once 
wrote  of  him.  He  could  not  have  accomplished  more,  for  he  did  that 
which  his  hands  found  to  do  with  all  his  might  while  his  strength 
lasted,  and  then  he  rested  from  his  labors. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Mr.  Glover’s  entomological  writings  are  confined  almost  exclusively  to 
his  reports  published  in  the  Annuals  of  the  Patent  Office,  and  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the  few  published  works  which 
bear  his  name.  His  earliest  writings,  as  far  as  I have  been  able  to  discover, 
date  back  to  the  fall  of  1853,  and,  with  one  exception,  relate  to  porno- 
logical  subjects  rather  than  to  entomology.  He  wrote  occasionally  for 
the  Fishkill  Standard,  usually  in  a satirical  vein,  holding  up  to  ridi- 
cule some  local  abuse,  though  not,  as  far  as  I know,  upon  entomological 
subjects.  It  is  aiso  surmised  that  he  wrote  a series  of  articles  for  The 
States,  published  in  Washington  before  the  war,  in  which  the  short- 
comings of  a public  official  were  pointedly  reviewed.  If  there  were 
scientific  articles  written  at  this  period  of  his  life  other  than  his  Patent 
Office  reports,  with  a single  exception,  I do  not  know  of  them,  and  his 
personal  scrap-book  does  not  reveal  them.  It  is  a known  fact  that  he 
could  not  be  induced  to  contribute  to  current  literature  during  the  pe- 
riod of  his  labors  in  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  though  he  was  fre- 
quently urged  to  do  so.# 

* Throwing  out,  therefore,  all  titles  which  are  known  to  represent  mere 
republications  from  his  reports,  the  record  is  reduced  to  the  following 
titles,  which,  as  far  as  I have  been  able  to  learn,  are  the  published  arti- 
cles, works,  or  writings  of  Townend  Glover. 

1.  “ Popular  Fallacies.”  American  Agriculturist,  November  9,1853.  Signed  “G-.” 

A short  article  on  the  many  impracticable  insect  remedies  which  go  the  rounds  of  the 
agricultural  press,  year  after  year,  unproven  and  unchallenged. 

Note. — At  the  same  period,  and  in  the  same  jour- 
nal, the  following  general  articles  were  published  over 
the  same  initial:  Planting  Shade  Trees  along  High- 
ways and  Railroads,  Nov. 23, 1853 ; Pomological  Dream, 
Nov.  30, 1853 ; and  Pomological  Realities  (on  pear  cult- 
ure), Dec.  23,  1853. 

2.  Insects  Injurious  and  Beneficial  to  Agriculture.  Report  of  the  Commissioner 

of  Patents  for  1854.  Agriculture,  p.  59-89.  Illust.  by  six  plates  engraved  on 
stone  by  the  author. 

A paper  on  insects  injurious  to  the  cotton  plant,  wheat,  and  the  grape-vine  ; and  on  the 
plum  curculo,  codling-moth,  and  peach-borer,  closing  with  a short  account  of  some  of 
the  common  species  of  beneficial  insects. 

* I find  in  one  of  his  scrap-books  a lengthy  communication,  clipped  from  some 
newspaper  unknown  to  me,  which  must  have  been  a published  official  reply  to  some 
correspondent  of  the  Department.  It  is  omitted  from  the  bibliography. —C.  R.  D. 

63 


64 


3.  Report  on  Insects.  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  for  1855.  Agricult- 

ure. p.  ti4-119.  With  48  wood-cut  illustrations,  from  drawings  by  the  author. 

A report,  on  insects  frequenting  the  cotton  plant;  insects  upon  the  stalk,  leaf,  terminal 
shoots,  flower,  boll,  and  rotted  bolls  ; insects  found  in  the  cotton  fields  not  injurious  to 
the  crop,  and  insects  beneficial  to  cotton.  Also  contains  a.  report  on  insects  injurious 
and  beneficial  to  the  orange  tree — the  orange  scale. 

4.  Paper  upon  Entomology.  * Read  before  the  meeting  of  the  United  States  Agricult- 

ural Society.  Dated  Jan.  11,1856.  National  Intelligencer.  Date  of  publica- 
tion cannot  be  given.  (Republished  in  Fishkill  Standard.) 

5.  On  Destroying  Injurious  Insects.  American  Agriculturist,  Oct.,  1856.  Vol.  15. 

p.  304. 

6.  Reports  on  Orange  and  Cotton  Insects.  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents 

for  1858.  Agriculture,  p.  256-272. 

Report  on  ins3cts  frequenting  the  orange  trees  of  Florida,  including  remarks  on  the  orange 
tree  by  D.  J.  B.  (Browne).  Also  contains  report  on  insects  injurious  to  the  cotton 
plant  in  Florida.  Notes  on  cut-worms  and  the  cotton-stainer. 

7.  The  Hang-Worm.  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  for  1859.  Agriculture. 

p.  551-554.  1 Figure. 

An  answer  to  a correspondent  of  the  IT.  S.  Patent  Office,  giving  the  history  of  ‘ ‘ Oiketicus,” 
( Thyridopteryx  ephemerceformis) . 

8.  Report  of  the  Entomologist.  Annual  Report  of  the  (U.  S.)  Commissioner  of  Ag- 

riculture for  1863.  p.  561-579. 

Contains  notice  of  the  establishment  of  the  Agricultural  Museum,  and  article  on  the  habits 
of  the  principal  species  of  Coleoptera  injurious  to  agriculture. 

9.  Report  of  the  Entomologist.  Annual  Report  of  the  (U.  S.)  Commissioner  of 

Agriculture  for  1864.  p.  540-564. 

A short  report  on  the  Museum,  followed  by  a description  of  the  habits  of  principal  in- 
jurious species  of  Orthoptera,  Neuroptera,  Hymenoptera,  Lepidoptera,  Heteroptora, 
Homoptera,  and  Diptera. 

10.  Report  of  the  Entomologist.  Annual  Report  of  the  (U.  S.)  Commissioner  of 

Agriculture  for  1865.  p.  33-45. 

A report  on  the  progress  of  the  Museum,  followed  by  a brief  synopsis  of  habits  of  birds 
examined  and  placed  in  the  Department  since  the  last  report. 

11.  Entomological  Exhibition  in  Paris.  Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of 

Agriculture  for  1865.  p.  88-102. 

Treats  of  entomology  on  pages  88-94,  101-102  ; the  rest  is  on  agricultural  museums,  botan- 
ical gardens,  the  gardens  of  acclimation  in  Paris,  and  the  collection  of  the  Zoological 
Society  of  London.  Habits  of  European  injurious  insects  compared  with  those  of  re- 
lated American  insects  ; habits  of  European  beneficial  insects;  silk  culture  noticed; 
grand  gold  medal  awarded  to  Glover  for  his  work  on  entomology. 

12.  Report  of  the  Entomologist.  Annual  Report  of  the  (U.  S.)  Commissioner  of 

Agriculture  for  1866.  p.  27-45. 

I.  Contains  brief  statements  regarding  the  insects  which  have  been  reported  on  by  the 
division  for  the  year.  II.  Contains  an  economic  paper  on  insects  and  their  uses— 
chiefly  relating  to  the  products  of  insects,  as  honey,  wax,  cochineal,  etc. 

13.  Injurious  to  Cotton  Plants.  Monthly  Reports  (U.  S.)  Department  of  Agricult- 

ure for  1866. 

A series  of  articles  on  the  most  injurious  of  the  cotton  insects,  as  follows  (illustrated) : 

No.  1.  June.  p.  289-241. 

No.  2.  July.  p.  282-285. 

No.  3.  Sept.  p.  831-335. 

No.  4.  Oct.  p.  377-378. 

No.  5.  Nov.  and  Dec.  p.  421-424. 

14.  The  same.  In  Monthly  Report  for  1867.  No.  6 of  the  series,  January,  1867. 

p.  21-23. 


65 


15.  Report  of  the  Entomologist.  Annual  Report  of  the  (U.  S.)  Commissioner  of 

Agriculture  for  1867.  (p.58-76.)  16  illustrations. 

A report  on  the  insects  most  injurious  to  agriculture  during  the  year,  that  had  been  re- 
ceived by  the  Entomological  Division. 

16.  The  Potato  Beetle.  Monthly  Report  Department  of  Agriculture  for  January, 

1868.  p.  22. 

17.  The  Food  and  Habits  of  Beetles.  Annual  Report  of  the  (U.  S.)  Commissioner 

of  Agriculture  for  1868.  p.  78-117 ; and  114  outline  illustrations. 

Part  I.  An  article  on  the  food  and  habits  of  the  more  common  species  of  Coleoptera.  Part 
II.  An  alphabetical  list  of  the  principal  animal  and  vegetable  substances  either  fre- 
quented or  injured  by  beetles,  with  the  names  of  the  beetles  frequenting  them. 

18.  Report  of  the  Entomologist.  Report  of  the  (U.  S.)  Commissioner  of  Agricult- 

ure for  1869.  p.  60-64. 

A very  brief  report,  relating  entirely  to  the  Museum  of  the  Department. 

19.  Report  of  the  Entomologist  and  Curator  of  the  Museum.  Annual  Report  of 

the  (U.  S.)  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for  1870.  p.  65-91.  59  illust. 

A record  of  the  work  of  the  Entomologist  Division  for  the  year,  including  new  facts  relat- 
ing to  injurious  insects  from  other  sources. 

20.  Entomological  Record.  Monthly  report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  for 

1871.  p.  332-335. 

Notes  on  the  Colorado  beetle,  the  chinch-bug,  ravages  of  grasshoppers,  thrips,  etc. — [These 
notes,  together  with  the  records  published  in  ensuing  monthly  reports  for  several  years, 
were  for  the  most  part  embodied  in  the  annual  reports  of  the  Department,  prepared  at 
the  time  of  or  after  their  publication  in  this  form. 

21.  On  the  Grape-Vine  Hopper.  Monthly  Report  for  October,  1871.  p.  403. 

22.  Entomological  Record.  Monthly  Report  for  November  and  December,  1871. 

p.  477. 

On  twig-girdlers,  strawberry  insects,  etc. 

23.  Report  of  the  Entomologist  and  Curator  of  the  Museum.  Annual  Report  of 

the  (U.  S.)  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for  1871.  p.  69-88.  23  illust. 

A record  of  the  principal  insects  reported  on  by  the  Department  during  the  year. 

24.  Destructive  Grasshoppers  in  California.  Monthly  Report  of  the  Department 

of  Agriculture  for  January,  1872.  p.  22. 

25.  The  Utah  Cricket.  Monthly  Report,  February,  1872.  p.  74. 

26.  The  Cabbage  Moth.  Idem.  March  and  April,  1872.  p.  137. 

27.  A New  Grasshopper.  Idem.  May  and  June,  1872.  p.  215. 

28.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  July,  1872.  p.  304-307. 

29.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  August  and  September,  1872.  p.  366-369. 

On  peach-tree  insects,  and  misc.  insect  injuries. 

30.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  October,  1872.  p.  438-439. 

On  the  army  or  “ snake- worm  ” insect  injuries. 

31.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  November  and  December,  1872.  p.  497-199. 

On  a large  grasshopper  and  insect  injuries. 

32.  Report  of  the  Entomologist  and  Curator  of  the  Museum.  Annual  Report 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for  1872.  p.  112  138.  26  illustrations. 

I.  Report  on  the  entomological  work  of  the  division  for  the  year,  with  brief  history  and 
habits  of  the  insects  recorded.  II.  A paper  entitled  “ Notes  od  the  Diptera.with  the 
principal  remedies  in  use  for  injurious  insects  in  this  order.” 

14162— Ball  18 5 


66 


33.  Illustrations  | of  | Nort  h American  Entomo-ogy.  | (United  States  and  Can- 

ada)— by  Towueud  Glover,  Washington,  D?  C.  | Orthoptera.  | Washington, 
D.  C.  | 1872.  Large  quarto;  text,  11  pp.  13  plates  with  names. 

This  work,  the  only  one  printed  from  type,  contains  : An  introduction,  arrangement  of 
families,  notes  on  food  and  habits  of  orthoptera,  parasites,  list  of  substances  injured 
by  orthoptera,  lists  of  genera  and  species  figured,  list  of  desiderata  and  errata.  250 
copies  printed ; 50  distributed  gratuitously,  the  remainder  of  the  edition  having  been 
destroyed. 

34.  A Vindication  of  the  Entomological  Division  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 

Agriculture.  Private  print,  1872.  p.  6. 

Published  in  reply  to  statements  made  in  ‘‘The  Department  of  Agriculture,  its  History 
and  Objects,”  a pamphlet  issued,  1872,  by  the  chief  clerk  ot  the  Department.  Gra- 
tuitously distributed. 

35.  Entomological  Record.  Monthly  Report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  for 

1873.  p.  29-31. 

Notes  on  the  apple-twig  borer,  the  rose  bug,  plum  iusects,  and  other  insect  injuries. 

36.  The  Tobacco-worm.  Idem.  April,  1873.  p.  164. 

37.  Entomological  Eecord.  Idem.  May  and  June,  1873.  p.237-238.  Notes  on  the 

apple-twig  borer  and  Colorado  beetle. 

38.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  July,  1873.  p.  345-347.  Notes  on  corn  in- 

sects, the  grape-vine  root  louse,  trap-door  spider,  Colorado  beetle,  luminous 
larvje,  etc. 

39.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  August  and  September,  1873.  p.  426-427.  On 

Paris  green,  the  Phylloxera,  etc. 

40.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  October,  1873.  p.  496-497.  Notes  on  grape- 

vine borers  and  iusect  injuries. 

41.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  November  and  December,  1873.  p.  571-578. 

Notes  on  the  phyloxera,  the  Colorado  potato  beetle,  protection  against  cotton 
moths,  Xyloryctes  satyrus,  and  insect  injuries. 

42.  Report  of  Rntomologist  and  Curator  of  the  Museum.  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Com- 

missioner of  Agriculture  for  1873.  p.  152,  169.  10  illust. 

A brief  report  on  the  injurious  species  of  insocts  reported  during  the  year  with  conclu- 
sions, etc.,  relative  to  the  use  of  Paris  green  and  other  poisons  in  combating  cotton 
insects. 

43.  Entomological  Record.  Monthly  report  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricult- 

ure, for  1874.  p.  43-45. 

Notes  on  the  Phylloxera , Paris  green,  the  cotton  caterpillar,  &c. 

44.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  April  and  May,  1874.  p.221-222.  On  luminous 

beetles,  and  poke-root  as  an  insecticide. 

45.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  July,  1874.  p.  324-330.  On  Colorado  potato 

beetle,  and  notes  on  iusect  injuries. 

46.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  August  and  September,  1874.  p.  373-376. 

Notes  on  insect  injuries. 

47.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  October,  1874.  pp.  428-431.  Experiments  with 

Phylloxera , the  cotton  worm,  etc. 

48.  The  Grape-root  Gall-louse.  Idem.  November  and  December,  1874.  p.  506-7# 

49.  Report  of  Entomologist  and  Curator  of  the  Museum.  Report  of  the  United 

States  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for  1874.  p.  122-146.  20  illust. 

Part  I.  A brief  report  on  the  Colorado  potato  beetle  and  other  insects,  giving  the  new 
facts  of  the  year.  Part  II.  An  economic  paper  on  the  Orthoptera. 


67 


50.  Manuscript  Notes  from  my  Journal  | or  | Illustrations  of  Insects  | Native 

and  Foreign  | Diptera  | or  | Two-winged  Flies.  | Washington,  1874. 

Written  by  Townend  Glover.  Transferred  and  printed  from  stone  by  Jas.  F.  Gedney. 
4to.  pg.  Ill,  plates  I-XII,  pi.  A (each  with  a page  of  explanation)  pg.  120,  printed  only 
on  one  side  of  the  sheet.  Only  45  copies  printed  for  gratuitous  distribution.) 

(a)  Introduction,  p.  I-III.  ( b ) Figures  of  about  340  imagos,  160  young,  30  habitations,  and 
numerous  details  of  about  400  species,  pi.  I-XII.  (<j)  Anatomical  details  of  86  genera 
pi.  A.  (d)  Arrangement  of  families,  p.  I.  (e)  Alphabetical  list  of  the  families  and  gen- 
era of  Diptera  mentioned  in  this  work,  with  synonyms,  habitat,  food,  etc.,  p.  2-59, 
( / ) Alphabetical  list  of  predaceous  or  parasitic  Diptera,  the  larvae  or  perfect  flies  of 
which  destroy  other  insects,  p.  60-62.  ( g ) Alphabetical  list  of  vegetable  and  animal 

substances,  etc.,  inhabited,  injured,  or-destroyed  by  Diptera,  p.  63-78.  (h)  Alphabeti- 
cal list  of  insects  of  other  orders  either  destroying  Diptera  or  destroyed  by  them,  p. 
79-85.  (i)  Alphabetical  list  of  names  of  authors,  and  of  authorities  quoted,  p.  86-89, 

( j ) Abbreviations  used  in  this  work,  p.  90.  ( k ) Alphabetical  list  of  some  of  the  gen- 
era, etc.,  of  Diptera,  with  derivation  of  names,  p.  91-93.  (1)  Alphabetical  list  of  the 

species  of  Diptera.  and  other  orders,  fungi,  etc.,  with  derivation  of  names,  p 94-100 
(m)  Supplement.  1.  Remedies,  p.  101-111.  (n)  Alphabetical  list  of  insects,  etc.,  men. 

tioned  in  Report  on  Remedies,  p.  112.  (o)  Synoptical  tables  (of  divisions  and  families), 
p.  113-118.  ( p ) Definition  of  terms,  p.  118.  ( q ) Addenda,  p.  119-120.  (r)  Notes,  p. 
120. 

51.  Recent  notes  on  the  Phylloxera,  from  Foreign  Sources.  Monthly  Report  U. 

S.  Department  of  Agriculture  for  January,  1875.  p.  40. 

52.  On  Beneficial  Insects.  Idem.  April,  1875.  p.  175-6. 

53.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  May  and  June,  1875.  pp.  221-230.  On  cut- 

worms ; Phylloxera  in  Austria,  the  same  in  France  ; locusts,  etc. 

54.  Insect  Injuries.  Idem.  July,  1875.  p.307-310. 

55.  Insect  Injuries.  Idem.  August  and  September,  1875.  p.  367-370. 

56.  Entomological  Record.  Idem.  October,  1875.  pp.  442-445.  Notes  on  the 

chinch-bug  and  Colorado  beetle. 

5 7.  Report  of  the  Entomologist  and  Curator  of  the  Museum.  Report  of  the  (U.  S.) 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for  1875.  pp.  114-136.  63  illust. 

Part  I.  An  Economic  paper  on  the  “Heteroptera  or  Plant  Bugs.”  Part  II.  Remedies 
reported  to  oe  serviceable  in  destroying  insects  in  the  Suborder  Heteroptera  or  plant 
bugs. 

58.  Insect  Injuries.  Monthly  Report  of  the  IT.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

1876.  p 245. 

59.  Insect  Injuries.  Idem.  August  and  September,  1876.  p.  333-336. 

60.  Manuscript  Notes  from  My  Journal  | or  | Illustrations  of  Insects  | Native  and 

Foreign  | Order  Hemiptera  | suborder  Heteroptera  | or  plant-bugs.  | Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  | 1876. 

Written  and  etched  by  Townend  Glover;  transferred  and  printed  from  stone  by  -J.  C.  Ent- 
wisle,  1876.  (2)-j-2+10 — 133  p.  (p.  1-57 bid,  p.  58-132),  10  pi.  (pi.  1-9  colored),  printed 
only  on  one  side  of  the  sheet.  (Only  53  copies  printed,  for  gratuitous  distribution.) 
Title;  copyright,  (a)  Introduction,  p.  1-2.  (6)  About  325  figures  of  about  257  imagos, 

19  young  and  numerous  anotomical  details  of  about  240  species,  pi.  1-10,  each  pi.  with 
a p.  of  explanatory  text,  (c)  Arrangement  of  families,  etc.,  of  the  Heteroptera,  or 
plant-bugs  (Burmeister’s  arrangement  (1835),  p.  1-6,  p.  16;  Westwood’s  (1840),  p.  7-9, 
p.  16;  Amyotand  Serville’s  (1843),  p.  9-12,  p.  16;  Douglas  and  Scott’s  (1861-1865),  p. 
12-15,  p.  17),  p.  1-17.  ( d ) Alphabetical  list  of  the  families  and  genera  of  Heteroptera 

mentioned  in  this  work  with  synonym's,  habits,  food,  habitat,  etc.  (includes,  with  others, 
all  the  species  mentioned  in  Say’s  works,  with  the  names  of  the  genera  to  which  they 
have  more  recently  been  removed),  p.  18-73.  (e)  Alphabetical  list  of  predaceous  or 

parasitic  Heteroptera,  the  larvae,  pupae,  or  perfect  insects  of  which  destroy  other  in. 
sects,  p.  74,  75.  (/)  Alphabetical  list  of  vegetable  and  animal  substances  frequented, 

injured,  or  destroyed  by  Heteroptera,  p.  76-85.  (g)  Alphabetical  list  of  insects  of  other 


68 


or  ders  either  destroying  Heteroptera  or  destroyed  by  them,  p.  86,  87.  (h)  Alphabetical 
list  of  the  names  of  the  authors  and  of  authorities  or  societies,  etc.,  referred  to  in  this 
work,  p.  88-91.  (£)  Abbreviations,  etc.,  used  in  this  work  (with  a diagram  of  three 

French  inches  divided  into  lines),  p.  92.  (j)  Remedies  reported  to  be  serviceable  in 

destroying  insects  of  the  suborder  Heteroptera  or  plant-bugs,  p.  93-96.  ( k ) Alphabet 

ical  list  of  (some  principal)  sections,  families,  and  genera  of  the  Hemiptera,  Heterop- 
tera, with  derivation  of  names,  etc.,  etc.  (compiled  from  the  works  of  various  authors, 
omitting  many  synonyms,  and  referring  the  genera  to  the  families  of  Amyot  and  Ser- 
ville’s  classification),  p.  97, 112.  (i)  Alphabetical  list  of  species,  of  the  Hemiptera, 

Heteroptera  (with  translation  of  the  names  and  referring  the  synonyms  to  their  proper 
genera),  p.  112-118.  (m)  Genera  as  arranged  in  the  entomological  cabinet  of  the  Mu- 

seum of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.,  1876  (with  reference  to 
the  pages  on  which  the  genera  are  mentioned  in  Amyot  & Serville's  Histoirenaturelle 
des  Hemipteres,  Paris,  1843),  p.  119-123.  ( n ) Extracts  from  the  list  of  Hemiptera,  of 

the  region  west  of  the  Mississippi,  including  those  collected  by  the  Hayden  explora- 
tions of  1873,  by  P.  R.  Uhler,  Baltimore,  Md.,  Washington,  D.  C.,  January  1876  (giv- 
ing TJhler’s  arrangement  of  the  “families,  &c.,”  and  referring  to  the  pages  on  which 
the  genera  are  mentioned  in  that  work,  (see  Rec.  No.  568),  p.  124-137.  (o)  Notes  of  the 
habits  of  the  Heteropterous  insects,  with  the  latest  changes  in  the  nomenclature,  po- 
sition, and  classification  of  the  various  families,  subfamilies,  genera,  and  species 
(taken  from  Uhler’s  List  (see  Rec.  No.  568),  and  referring  to  the  pages  of  that  list),  p. 
128-131.  ( p ) Errata  and  addenda,  p.  132.  (q)  List  of  (45)  societies  and  individuals  to 

whom  a copy  of  this  work  has  been  sent  (1876),  p.  132. 

61.  Report  of  the  Entomologist  and  Curator  of  the  Museum.  Report  of  the 

U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for  1876.  pp.  17-46.  Illust.,  p.  59. 

I.  Contains  report  of  Clias.  R.  Dodge  on  the  Museum  exhibit  at  the  Centennial  Exhibition. 
II.  Economic  paper  by  the  Entomologist  on  the  Homoptera, 

62.  Report  of  the  Entomologist  and  Curator  of  the  Museum.  Report  of  the 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for  1877,  pp.  89-148,  Plates  V,  Figs.  100,  repro- 
duced from  the  authors’  engravings  of  HymeDoptera. 

I.  Economic  paper  on  the  Hymenoptera  in  relation  to  American  Agriculture ; II.  A re- 
port on  the  Museum  Division,  with  a systematic  classification  for  economic  museums, 
prepared  by  Charles  R.  Dodge. 

63  Manuscript  Notes  from  my  Journal  | or  | Entomological  Index  | to  names, &c.,  j 
in  | Agricultural  Reports  | with  list  of  | Vegetable  and  Animal  Substances  In- 
jured or  Destroyed  by  Insects  | Washington,  D.  C.,  | 1877.  103  pages,  quarto. 

Written  and  etched  by  Townend  Glover,  and  printed  on  stone. 

50  copies  were  printed  for  gratuitous  distribution. 

64.  Illustrations  | of  | North  American  | Entomology  | in  the  orders  of  | Coleoptera, 
Orthoptera,  Neuroptera,  Hymenoptera.  Lepedoptera  | Homoptera  and  Dip. 
tera  | By  Townend  Glover  | Washington,  D.  C.  | 1878. 

The  entire  set  of  273  plates,  with  names  of  species  on  each  plate  in  every  order  but  Lepe- 
doptera. Contains,  also,  arrangement  of  families,  compiled  from  various  authors,  in 
each  order,  with  alphabetical  lists  of  families  and  alphabetical  lists  of  species,  with 
references  to  plate  and  figure  Twelve  copies  only  were  printed  for  gratuitous  dis- 
tribution, chiefly  to  institutions  in  this  country  and  in  Europe.  The  series  also  con- 
tained the  22  plates  of  cotton  insects  though  not  so  stated  on  the  title  page.  This  was 
Mr.  Glover’s  last  work,  issued  only  a short  time  before  he  was  forced  to  cease  his 
labors  and  to  end  his  active  connection  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 


o 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Division  of  Entomology,  Bulletin  18. 


Plate  I. 


A Reproduction  of  an  Early  Plate  on  Stone. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICUETURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  19. 


A^UliCULi  URAL 
caPEmWENT  static) 


A.TST  ENL1 

u/\r  c,r 

■ OCT  ‘8  1883 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINQlS 

PUBLISHED 

SYNOPSES,  CATALOGUES,  AND  LISTS 

OF 


NORTH  AMERICAN  INSECTS; 


TOGETHER  WITH  OTHER  INFORMATION  INTENDED  TO  ASSIST  THE 
STUDENT  OF  AMERICAN  ENTOMOLOGY. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
18  88 

22310— Bull  19 


U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OP  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  19. 


AJST  ENUMERATION 


OF  THE 


PUBLISHED 


SYNOPSES.  CATALOGUES,  AND  LISTS 


NORTH  AMERICAN  INSECTS; 


TOGETHER  WITH  OTHER  INFORMATION  INTENDED  TO  ASSIST  THE 
STUDENT  OF  AMERICAN  ENTOMOLOGY. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFF  ICE. 
18-8  8. 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 

Washington , D.  (7.,  May  15, 1888. 

Sir:  I have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication  Bulletin  No.  19  of 
this  Division,  being  an  enumeration  of  the  published  synopses,  cata- 
logues, and  lists  of  North  American  insects;  together  with  other  infor- 
mation to  assist  the  student  of  American  Entomology. 

Respectfully, 


Hon.  Norman  J.  Colman, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 


C.  V.  Riley, 
Entomologist 


3 


dj.  ms 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introduction 7 

Comprehensive  Works  on  North  American  Insects 9 

Systematic  Works  on  single  Orders  of  Insects  : 

Hymenoptera 11 

Coleoptera 17 

Lepidoptera 33 

Diptera 41 

Hemiptera 47 

Orthoptera  53 

Neuroptera 57 

Mallophaga 59 

Thysanura 60 

Myriopoda 61 

Arachnida 63 

List  of  Entomological  Periodicals 67 

List  of  Works  on  Economic  Entomology 70 

List  of  Entomological  Works  published  by  the  U.  S.  Entomological  Commission 

and  the  C.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture 71 

How  and  where  to  obtain  entomological  books 75 


5 


SYNOPSES,  CATALOGUES.  AND  LISTS  OF  NORTH 
AMERICAN  INSECTS. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Inquiries  regarding  the  works  most  useful  for  the  determination  of 
our  native  insects,  as  also  about  the  most  useful  general  works  of  ref- 
erence, are  among  the  most  constantly  recurring  ones  received  by  the 
Entomologist;  but  satisfactory  and  short  replies  are  in  most  instances 
impossible,  for  the  reason  that  the  information  is  not  contained  in  a 
few  comprehensive  works,  but  is  scattered  through  many  different  peri- 
odicals and  other  publications.  A complete  list  of  such  works,  even  of 
those  pertaining  to  a single  Order  of  insects,  is  too  long  to  be  given  in 
an  ordinary  letter,  and  to  obviate  the  difficulty  experienced  in  such 
correspondence  this  bulletin  has  been  prepared. 

It  was  not  our  intention  to  compile  a complete  bibliography  of  the 
classification  of  North  American  insects,  but  to  give  briefly  the  refer- 
ences to  such  works  and  papers  as  are  most  useful  for  the  identification  of 
our  insects.  Thus,  we  originally  planned  to  give  only  the  titles  of  mon- 
ographs or  synopses  of  families  or  subfamilies  and  to  reject  all  papers 
which  contained  disconnected  descriptions  of  new  species,  or  revisions 
and  synopses  of  isolated  genera.  But  while  preparing  the  bulletin  it 
was  felt  to  be  advisable  to  include  smaller  synoptic  papers.  For  i nstauce, 
several  large  families,  e.  g .,  the  Scarabaeidse  among  the  Ooleoptera,  have 
recently  been  quite  carefully  revised,  but  the  literature  is  in  the  form 
of  synopses  of  single  genera  which,  in  their  aggregate,  form  a more  or 
less  complete  monograph  of  the  whole  family.  In  this  case  either  these 
smaller  synopses  had  to  be  mentioned  in  this  bulletin  or  the  whole  fam- 
ily had  to  be  omitted. 

On  the  other  hand,  many  of  the  monographs  here  mentioned  are  an- 
tiquated, so  as  to  be  of  little  value  at  the  present  time ; or  they  are 
monographs  comprising  the  genera  and  species  of  all  countries,  and 
difficult  for  the  student  of  the  American  fauna  to  use,  from  the  fact  that 
the  descriptions  of  the  American  genera  are  almost  lost  amongst  the 
mass  of  foreign  material. 

It  were  futile  to  attempt  to  discriminate  in  such  an  enumeration 
between  the  more  useful  and  the  more  or  less  useless,  but  as  a rule  we 
would  recommend  to  the  student  to  consult  rather  the  later  than  the 

7 


8 


older  publications.  Unfortunately  there  are  marked  exceptions  to  the 
rule;  as  a few  of  the  latest  synoptic  and  descriptive  papers  by  the 
younger  authors  are  most  insufficient  and  unsatisfactory.  We  have 
added  a list  of  the  special  works  on  Economic  Entomology,  and  also 
of  those  published  by  the  U.  S.  Entomological  Commission  and  by  the 
Department. 

There  are  a good  many  comprehensive  classificatory  works  on  Euro- 
pean insects,  but  the  almost  complete  absence  of  such  works  in  this 
country  is  a great  bar  to  the  progress  of  entomology  and  is  the  inevit- 
able outcome  of  the  immense  mass  of  material  to  be  worked  up  and  of 
the  comparatively  small  number  of  workers  in  monographic  entomology. 
As  will  be  seen  from  the  contents  of  this  bulletin,  the  publications  of 
this  kind  even  in  Orders  most  worked  up,  as  in  Coleoptera  and  Lepidop- 
tera,  are  greatly  scattered  ; while  in  the  less  popular  Orders  compara- 
tively little  has  been  done.  Yet  with  the  many  earnest  workers  now  in 
the  field  we  may  hope  to  see  this  present  want  met  at  no  very  remote 
period,  and  if  the  present  bulletin  should  prove  of  temporary  service  it 
will  not  have  been  prepared  in  vain,  though  intended  chiefly  to  relieve 
the  Division  of  a great  deal  of  letter-  writiug. 

The  preparation  of  the  titles  was  originally  placed  in  charge  ot  Mr. 
B.  Pickman  Mann,  but  was  in  such  shape  when  he  left  the  office  as  to 
require  almost  entire  rewriting.  This  has  been  mainly  done  by  Mr.  E. 
A.  Schwarz,  though  other  members  of  the  Divisional  force  have  assisted. 

C.  Y.  R. 


PUBLISHED  SYNOPSES,  CATALOGUES,  AND  LISTS  OF  NORTH 
AMERICAN  INSECTS. 


COMPREHENSIVE  WORKS  MOST  USEFUL  FOR  THE  STUDY  OF 
NORTH  AMERICAN  INSECTS. 

H.  0.  0.  Burmeister. — HandbucU  der  Entomologie.  Berlin,  1832-’55. 
5 vols.  Vol.  I.  Allgemeine  Entomologie. 

The  first  volume  treats  of  general  entomology;  Vol.  II,  part  1,  of  the  Hemip- 
tera;  part  2,  of  Orthoptera;  the  remaining  volumes  of  Coleoptera. 

The  first  volume  has  been  translated  by  W.  E.  Shuckard,  under  the  title: 
Manual  of  Entomology.  1 vol.  London,  1836. 

J.  O.  Westwood. — An  introduction  to  the  modern  classification  of  in- 
sects, fouuded  on  the  natural  habits  and  corresponding  organiza- 
tion of  the  different  families.  2 vols.  London,  1839-MO. 

Thomas  Say. — Complete  writings  on  the  Entomology  of  North  America  5 
edited  by  John  L.  Le  Conte.  New  York,  1859. 

H.  A.  Hagen. — Bibliotheca  Entomologica.  Die  Litteratur  fiber  das 
gauze  Gebiet  der  Entomologie  bis  zum  Jahre  1862.  Leipzig,  1862. 

A.  S.  Packard. — Guide  to  the  study  of  insects.  Henry  Holt  & Co., 
Philadelphia  and  New  York.  Many  editions.  (First  edition,  Sa- 
lem, 1869.) 

The  Standard  Natural  History.  Edited  by  John  Sterling  Kings- 
ley. Boston,  S.  E.  Cassino  & Co.,  1884-’85. 

Volume  II  contains  the  insects,  which  are  treated  by  the  following  authors  : 
Hijmenoptera , J.  H.  Comstock  aud  L.  O.  Howard;  Coleoptera,  Geo.  Dim- 
mock;  Lepidoptera,  H’y  Edwards  and  C.  II.  Fernald ; Diptera,  S.  W.  Wil- 
liston ; Orthoptera,  C.  V.  Riley;  Hemiptera,  P.  R.  Uhler;  Neuroptera,  A. 
S.  Packard;  Arachnida,  J.  H.  Emerton. 


9 


HYMENOPTERA. 


I.— CATALOGUES. 

E.  T.  Cresson. — Catalogue  of  the  described  species  of  North  American 
Hymeuoptera.  <Proc.  Entomol.  Soc.  of  Philadelphia,  Vol.  1, 1861- 
’63. 

E.  T.  Cresson. — Catalogue  of  Species  and  Bibliography.  Part  2 of 
Synopsis  of  the  Hymenoptera  of  America,  north  of  Mexico. 
<Transactions  of  the  Am.  Entomol.  Soc.,  Supplementary  volume, 
1887.  Phila.,  1887. 

II.— GENERAL  WORKS  ON  CLASSIFICATION. 

E.  T.  Cresson. — Synopsis  of  the  families  and  genera  of  the  Hymeno- 
ptera, north  of  Mexico,  together  with  a catalogue  of  the  described 
species  and  bibliography.  <Transactions  Am.  Entomol.  Society, 
Supplementary  volume,  Part  I,  1887. 

The  second  part  contains  the  Catalogue  of  Species  and  Bibliography. 

Ill— MONOGRAPHS  AND  SYNOPSES. 

TENTHREDINID^E  AND  UROCERID^E. 

Edward  Norton. — Catalogue  of  the  described  Tenthredinidse  and  Uro- 
ceridae  of  North  America.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent  Soc.,  Vol.  1,  1867, 
pp.  31-84  and  193-280  ; Vol.  II,  1868-’69,  pp.  211-242  and  321-367. 

Gives  synoptic  tables  of  genera  and  species  of  both  families;  the  Uroceridse 
are  treated  in  Vol.  II,  pp.  349-367. 

E.  T.  Cresson. — Catalogue  of  the  Tenthredinidie  and  IJroceridse  of 
North  America.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  VIII,  1880,  pp. 53- 
68. 

A synonymical  reference  list  of  the  species;  the  Uroceridm  are  treated  on 
pp.  66, 67. 

Peter  Cameron. — Monograph  of  the  British  Phytophagous  Hymen- 
optera. 2 vols.  London,  1882-’85. 

Contains  ..n  arrangement  of  the  subfamilies  aud  genera  of  Tentliredinidie, 
which  has  been  reproduced  by  Cresson  in  his  general  work  of  classifica- 
tion. 

CYNIPIDAE. 

R.  Osten  Sacken. — On  the  Cynipidm  of  the  North  American  oaks  and 
their  galls.  <Proc.  Entom.  Soc.  Philadelphia,  Vol,  I,  1861-?63, 
pp.  47-72;  additions  and  corrections,  l.  c .,  pp.  241-259. 


ll 


12 


R.  Osten  Saoken. — Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  the  Cyni- 
pidse  of  the  United  States.  <Proc.  Entom.  Soc.  Phil.,  Yol.  II, 
1863-64,  pp.  33-49;  Yol.  IY,  1865,  pp.  331-380;  Trans.  Amer.  Ent. 
Soc.,  Yol.  Ill,  1870-’71,  pp.  54-64. 

Continuation  of  the  foregoing  paper,  both  containing  valuable  contributions 
to  the  classification  of  genera  and  species. 

B.  D.  Walsh. — On  Dimorphism  in  the  Hymenopterous  genus  Cynips; 
with  an  Appendix,  containing  hints  for  a new  classification  of  Cyni- 
pidse,  including  descriptions  of  several  new  species  inhabiting  the 
Oak  galls  of  Illinois.  <Proc.  Entom.  Soc.  Phil.,  Yol.  II,  18S3-’64, 
pp.  443-500. 

Gustav  Mayr. — Die  Genera  der  gallenbewohnenden  Cynipiden. 
<20ter  Jahresbericht  der  Communal-Oberrealschule  im  I.  Bezirk. 
Wien,  1881. 

W.  H.  Ashmead. — A bibliographical  and  synonymical  catalogue  of  the 
North  American  Cynipidae,  with  description  of  new  species. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Entom.  Soc.,  Yol.  XII,  1885,  pp.  291-304. 

W.  H.  Ashmead. — Synopsis  of  the  North  American  subfamilies  and 
genera  of  Cynipidae.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  XIII,  1886, 
pp.  59-64. 

W.  H.  Ashmead. — On  the  Cynipidous  Galls  of  Florida,  with  descrip- 
tions of  new  species  and  Synopses  of  the  described  species  of  North 
America.  <Trans.  Am.  Entom.  Soc.,  Yol.  XIY,  1887,  No.  2,  pp. 
125-158. 

ICHNETJMONIDiE . 

Edward  Norton. — Catalogue  of  our  species  of  Ophion,  Anomalon, 
Paniscus,  and  Campoplex.  <Proc.  Entom.  Soc.  Phil.,  Yol.  I.  1863, 
pp.  357-368. 

Synoptic  arrangement  of  the  North  American  genera  and  species  of  the  sub- 
family Ophioninse. 

E.  T.  Cresson. — Descriptions  of  North  American  Hymenoptera  in  the 
collection  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia.  <Proc. 
Entom.  Soc.  of  Phil.,  Yol.  Ill,  1864,  pp.  131-196. 

Consists  chiefly  of  a synopsis  of  the  North  American  species  of  the  genus 
Ichneumon. 

E.  T.  Cresson. — A list  of  the  Ichneumonidae  of  North  America,  with 
descriptions  of  new  species.  <Trans.  Amer.  Entom.  Soc.,  Yol.  I, 
1867,  pp.  289-312;  Yol.  II,  186*-’69,  pp.  89-114. 

E.  T.  Cresson. — Descriptions  of  new  species  belonging  to  the  subfam. 
ily  Pimplariae  found  in  America,  north  of  Mexico.  <Trans.  Amer- 
Entom.  Soc.,  Yol.  Ill,  1870— ’7 1 , pp.  143-172. 

Tabulates  the  genera  Pimpla,  Polysphincta,  Glypta,  Arenetra,  Lampronota, 
Xylonomus,  Odontomerus,  with  a list  of  all  species. 


13 


B.  D.  Walsh. — Descriptions  of  North  American  Hymenoptera  [with 

notes  by  E.  T.  Cresson].  <Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  Ill, 
1873,  pp.  65-166. 

E.  T.  Cresson. — Notes  on  the  species  belonging  to  the  subfamily 
Ichueumonides  found  in  America,  north  of  Mexico.  <Trans.  Amer. 
Entom.  Soc.,  Yol.  VI,  1817,  pp.  129-212. 

A synopsis  of  the  genera  and  species  of  the  subfamily  Iclineumoniuse. 
BRACONIDJE. 

E.  T.  Cresson.— List  of  the  North  American  species  of  the  genus  Al- 
eiodes,  Wesmael.  <Trans.  Amer.  Eutom.  Soc.,  Yol.  II,  1868-’69, 
pp.  377-382. 

C.  Y.  Riley. — On  North  American  Microgasters,  with  descriptions  of 

new  species.  <Traus.  St.  Louis  Ac.  Sc.,  Yol.  IY,  No.  2,  1881. 

T.  A.  Marshall. — Monograph  of  the  British  Braconidye.  Part  I. 
<Trans.  Entom.  Soc.  London,  1885,  pp.  1-280,  PI.  I-IV. 

Marshall’s  classification  is  that  reproduced  by  Cresson  in  his  Synopsis. 
CHALCIDIDH3. 

A.  Foerster. — Syuoptische  Uebersicht  der  Familien  uud  Gattungen 
in  den  beiden  Gruppen  der  C haloid  i ye  Spin,  uud  Proctotrupii  Latr. 
<Jahresber.  d.  hoheren  Biirgerschule  in  Aachen,  1856. 

E.  T.  Cresson. — Synopsis  of  the  North  American  species  belonging  to 
the  genera  Leucospis,  Smicra,  and  Chalcis.  <Traus.  Amer.  Eutom. 
Soc.,  Yol.  IY,  1872-73,  pp.  29-60. 

L.  O.  Howard. — Descriptions  of  North  American  Chalcididte  from  the 
collections  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  and  of  Dr.  C.  Y. 
Riley,  with  biological  notes  [first  paper],  together  with  a list  of  the 
described  North  American  species  of  the  family.  <U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Bureau  of  Entomology.  Bulletin  No.  5. 
Washington,  1885. 

L.  O.  Howard. — A generic  synopsis  of  the  Hymenopterous  family 
Chalcididae.  <Entomol.  Amer.,  Yol.  I,  1885-86,  pp.  197-199  and 
215-219;  Vol.  II,  pp.  33-38. 

PROCTOTRUPIDJE. 

L.  O.  Howard. — A generic  synopsis  of  the  Hymenopterous  family 
Proctotrupidye.  <Trans.  Amer.  Entom.  Soc.,  Yol.  XIII,  1886,  pp. 
169-178. 

CHRYSIDID^E. 

Edward  Norton. — On  the  Chrysides  of  North  America.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Eutom.  Soc.,  Yol.  VII,  1878-79,  pp.  233-242. 

Gives  tables  of  genera  aud  species. 

S.  Frank  Aaron. — The  North  American  Chrysididse.  <Traus.  Amer. 
Entom.  Soc.,  Vol.  XII,  1835,  pp.  209-24S,  PI.  VI-X. 


14 


Formicida:  (including  allied  families). 

G.  L.  Mayr. — Die  Foriniciden  der  Yereinigten  Staaten  von  Nordamerika. 

<Yerh.  zool.-bot.  Ges.  in  Wien,  1886. 

MUTILLIDaE. 

Ch.  A.  Blake. — Synopsis  of  the  Mutillidse  of  North  America.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Entom.  Soc.,  Yol.  Ill,  1870-71,  pp.  217-265;  Additions  and 
Corrections,  Yol.  IY,  1872-73,  pp.  71-76. 

Ch.  A.  Blake. — Catalogue  of  the  Mutillidse  of  North  America,  with 
descriptions  of  new  species.  <Trans.  Amer.  Entom.  Soc.,  Yol. 
VII,  1878-79,  pp.  243-254. 

Ch.  A.  Blake. — Monograph  of  the  Mutillidse  of  North  America. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Entom.  Soc.,  Yol.  XIII,  1886,  pp.  179-286. 

This  monograph  supersedes  the  synopsis  by  the  same  author. 

SCOLILELE. 

H.  de  Saussure  & J.  Sichel. — Catalogus  specierum  generis  Scolia, 

Geneve,  1864. 

sapygida:. 

E.  T.  Cresson. — [Synoptic  table  of  the  North  American  species  of 
Sapyga.]  <Traus.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  VIII,  1880,  pp.  xx-xxi. 

POMPILID^E. 

E.  T.  Cresson. — Notes  on  the  Pompilidie  of  North  America,  with  de- 
scriptions of  new  species.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  I,  1867, 
pp.  85-150. 

spheciDaE. 

W.  II.  Patton. — Some  characters  useful  in  the  study  of  Sphecida?. 
<Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Yol.  XX,  1880,  pp.  378-385. 

Critical  notes  on  genera  and  species. 

LARRIDaE. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — Revision  of  the  Fossorial  Hymenoptera  of  North 
America.  I.  Crabronidse  and  Nyssonidse.  <Proc.  Entom.  Soc. 
Phil.,  Yol.  YI,  1866,  pp.  39-114  and  353-444. 

This  work  includes  revisions  of  the  following  families:  Larridae,  Bembecidae, 
Philanthidae,  Mimesidae,  Mellinidae,  Pemphredonidae,  and  Crabronidae. 

W.  H.  Patton. — List  of  North  American  Larridie.  <Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Yol.  XX,  1880,  pp.  385-397. 

Table  of  genera  ; list  of  and  notes  on  species. 

BEMBECIDAE. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — [See  work  cited  under  Larridse.] 

W.  H.  Patton. — The  American  Bembecidm:  Tribe  Stizini.  <Bull. 
U.  S.  Geolog.  and  Geogr.  Survey,  Yol.  Y,  No.  3,  1879,  pp.  341-347. 


15 


NYSSONID^E. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — [See  work  cited  under  Larridie.] 

E.  T.  Oresson. — Descriptions  of  the  species  belonging  to  the  genus 
Nysson,  inhabiting  North  America.  <Trans.  Anier.  Entom.  Soc., 
Yol.  IX,  1881-’82,  pp.  273-284. 

PHILANTHID^E. 

E.  T.  Oresson. — Monograph  of  the  Pliilanthidse  of  North  America. 
<Proc.  Entom.  Soc.  Phil.,  Yol.  Y,  1865,  pp.  85-132. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — [See  work  cited  under  Larridse,] 

W.  H.  Patton. — Notes  on  the  Pkilanthinm.  <Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  Yol.  XX,  1880,  pp.  397-405. 

E.  T.  Oresson. — [Table  of  the  North  American  species  of  the  geuus 
Eucerceris.]  <Trans.  Amer.  Entom.  Soc.,  Yol.  X,  1882-’83,  pp.  v-viii. 

MIMESID^E. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — [See  work  cited  under  Larridse.] 

MELLINID^E. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — [See  work  cited  under  Larridse.] 

PEMPHREDONIDJE. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — [See  work  cited  under  Larridse.] 

crabronid^e. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — [See  work  cited  under  Larridse.] 

MASARIDiE. 

Henri  de  Saussure. — Synopsis  of  American  Wasps.  Solitary  Wasps. 
<Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections,  254,  Washington,  1875. 

This  work  monographs  the  American  Masaridse  and  Eumenidse 
EUMENIDiE. 

Henri  de  Saussure.— [Work  just  cited.] 

VESPIDJE. 

Henri  de  Saussure. — Etudes  sur  la  famille  des  Yespides.  Monogra- 
phie  des  guepes  sociales  ou  de  la  tribu  des  Yespiens.  Paris,  1853. 

Henri  de  Saussure. — Bemerkungen  iiber  die  Gattung  Yespa,  be- 
sonders  iiber  die  amerikauischeu  Arten.  <Stettiner  Entom.  Zeit., 
Yol.  XY1II,  1857,  pp.  114-117. 

Henri  de  Saussure. — Note  sur  les  Polistes  americaius.  <Ann. 
Soc.  Entom.  France,  1857,  pp.  309-314. 


16 


anthophila  ( Andrenidce  and  Apidcc). 

E.  T.  Cresson.— A list  of  the  North  American  species  of  the  genus 
Anthophora,  with  descriptions  of  new  species.  <Trans.  Amer. 
Entomol.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  1868-’69,  pp.  289-293. 

E.  T.  Cresson. — Catalogue  of  North  American  Apidse.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Entom.  Soc.,  Vol.  VII,  1878-’79,  pp.  215-232. 

A synonymical  reference  list  of  the  species. 

W.  H.  Patton. — Generic  arrangement  of  the  Bees  allied  to  Melissodes 
and  Anthophora.  <Bulletin  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surve3r,  Vol. 
V,  No.  3,  1879,  pp.  471-479. 


COLEOPTERA. 


I.— CATALOGUES  AND  CHECK-LISTS. 

F.  E.  Melsheimer. — Catalogue  of  the  described  Coleoptera  of  the 

United  States.  Revised  by  S.  S.  Haldeman  and  J.  L.  Le  Conte. 
Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1853. 

Now  antiquated,  but  still  the  only  reference  catalogue  of  North  American 
Coleoptera. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — List  of  the  Coleoptera  of  North  America.  Pre- 
pared for  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Part  I.  Washington, 
Smithsonian  Instution,  18G  3-766. 

A synonymical  check-list ; incomplete,  the  second  part  having  never  been  pub- 
lished. 

G.  R.  Crotch. — Check  list  of  the  Coleoptera  of  America,  north  of  Mex- 

ico. Salem,  Mass.,  Naturalists7  Agency,  1873. 

Gemminger  and  Harold. — Catalogus  Coleopterorum  hucusque  de- 
scriptorum  synonymicus  et  systematicus.  12  vols.  Munich,  1868- 
776. 

A synonymical  reference  catalogue  of  the  Coleoptera  of  the  whole  world. 

E.  P.  Austin. — Supplement  to  the  Check-list  of  the  Coleoptera  of 
America,  north  of  Mexico.  Boston,  S.  E.  Cassino,  1880. 

Samuel  Henshaw. — List  of  the  Coleoptera  of  America,  north  of  Mex- 
ico. Philadelphia,  American  Entomological  Society,  1885. 

This  supersedes  all  previous  lists. 

Samuel  Henshaw. — First  Supplement  to  the  List  of  Coleoptera  of 
America,  north  of  Mexico.  <Entomologica  Americana,  Vol.  II, 
1887,  pp.  213-220. 

Also  issued  as  separate  pamphlet  by  the  Brooklyn  Entomological  Society. 

II.— GENERAL  WORKS  ON  CLASSIFICATION. 

J.  L.  Le  Conte. — Classification  of  the  Coleoptera  of  North  America. 
Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution.  Part  1, 1861 5 Part  II,  1873. 

Only  completed  as  far  as  the  Cerambycidie ; the  rest  has  never  been  pub- 
lished. 

William  Le  Baron. — Outlines  of  Entomology,  published  in  connec- 
tion with  the  authors  Annual  Reports  upon  injurious  insects.  Part 
first.  Including  the  Order  of  Coleoptera.  Fourth  Annual  Report 
on  the  Noxious  and  Beneficial  Insects  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  Sep. 
Edit.  Springfield,  1874. 

22310 — Bull  19 2 


17 


18 


J.  T.  Lacordaire. — Histoire  naturelle  des  Iosectes.  Genera  des 
Coleopteres,  ou  expose  m^thodique  et  critique  de  tous  les  genres 
proposes  jusqu’ici  dans  cet  ordre  d’insectes.  [Completed  by  J. 
Chapuis.]  Paris,  France,  1854-’76.  12  vols.  and  1 vol.  plates. 

John  L.  Le  Conte  and  George  H.  Horn. — Classification  of  the 
Coleoptera  of  North  America.  Prepared  for  the  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution. Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1883. 

This  is  the  most  recent  and  the  only  complete  classification  of  North  Ameri- 
can Coleoptera. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — New  Species  of  North  American  Coleoptera. 
Smithsonian  Miscell.  Coll.,  Nos.  167  and  264  (2  parts). 

Contains,  besides  descriptions  of  numerous  isolated  species,  synoptic  tables  of 
many  genera. 

TIL— MONOGRAPHS  AND  SYNOPSES. 

Samuel  Henshaw. — References  for  specific  identification.  <Appeu- 
dix  II  of  Le  Conte  and  Horn’s  “ Classification,”  1883,  pp.  535-552. 

A “list  of  bibliographical  refereuces  to  memoirs,  in  which  more  or  less  com- 
plete synopses  of  the  families,  genera,  and  species  of  the  Coleoptera  of 
the  United  States  have  been  published.” 

Since  the  following  list  includes  only  synopses  on  families,  subfamilies,  or 
tribes,  Mr.  Henshaw’s  paper  must  be  consulted  in  regard  to  single  genera. 

CICINDELIDiE. 

F.  G.  Schaupp. — Synoptic  tables  of  Coleoptera,  Cicindelidae.  <Bull. 
Brooklyn  Entomological  Society,  Yol.  YI,  November,  18S3,  and 
subsequent  numbers.  Also  issued  as  separate  pamphlet  by  the 
Brookl.  Eut.  Soc. 

CARABIDJE. 

J.  L.  Le  Conte. — Notes  on  the  classification  of  the  Carabidse  of  the 
United  States.  <Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Ser.  2,  1853,  Yol.  X, 
pp.  363-403. 

George  H.  Horn. — On  the  genera  of  Carabidae,  with  special  reference 
to  the  fauna  of  Boreal  America.  <Trans.  Amer.  Entom.  Soc.,  Yol. 
IX,  1882,  pp.  91-196,  PI.  III-X. 

Of  most  of  our  generaof  this  extensive  family  we  have  monographs  or  syuop- 
ses  by  Drs.  Le  Conte,  Horn,  or  by  Mr.  Crotch,  and  the  tables  for  the  de- 
termination of  the  species  are  reproduced  and  augmented  by  some  origi- 
nal tables  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Brookl.  Ent.  Soc.,  from  Vol.  I to  Vol. 
VI.  Since  that  time  only  one  important  paper  has  been  published,  viz: 

George  H.  Horn. — Synopsis  of  the  species  of  the  tribe  Lebiini, 
<Traus.  Amer.  Eut.  See.,  Yol.  X,  1883,  pp.  126-163. 


19 


HALIPLID^E. 

G.  E.  Crotch. — Ee vision  of  the  Dytiscidse  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Entom.  Soc.,  Yol.  IV,  1872-’73;  Haliplides,  pp. 
383-385. 

DYTISCID^E. 

G.  E.  Crotch. — [Work  just  cited;  Dytiscides,  pp.  385-424.] 

David  Sharp. — On  aquatic  carnivorous  Coleoptera  or  Dytiscidse. 
CTrans.  Eoyal  Dublin  Soc.,  1882,  Ser.  2,  Yol.  II,  pp.  179-1003, 
plates. 

A monograph  of  the  Dy  tiscidae  of  the  whole  world. 

GYRINID.E. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — The  Gyrinidse  of  America,  north  of  Mexico. 
<Proc.  Ac.  Nat,  Sc.  Phil.,  1868,  pp.  365-373. 

M.  Eegimbart. — Essai  monographique  de  la  famille  des  Gyrinides. 
<Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  de  France,  1882-,83,  with  eight  plates. 

Treats  of  the  Gyrinidae  of  the  whole  globe. 

HYDROPHILIDJE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Hydrophilidse  of  the  United 
States.  <Proc.  Acad.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol.  YII,  1855,  pp.  356-375. 

George  H.  Horn. — Eevision  of  the  genera  and  species  of  the  tribe 
drobiini.  <Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  1873,  pp.  118-137. 

SILPHID^E. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Silphales  of  America,  north  of 
Mexico.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  Yol.  VI,  1853,  pp.  274-287. 

George  H.  Horn. — Synopsis  of  the  Silphidse  of  the  United  States, 
with  reference  to  the  genera  of  other  countries.  <Trans.  Amer. 
Entom.  Soc.,  Yol.  VIII,  1880,  pp.  219-322,  PI.  V-VII. 

SCYDMJENIDiE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Scydmaenidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  Vol.  VI,  1854,  pp.  149-157. 

PSELAPHIDAE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — On  the  Pselaphidse  of  the  United  States.  <Bos- 
ton  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  Yol.  YI,  1850,  pp.  64-  110. 

Emil  Brendel. — Synopsis  of  the  genera  and  species  of  the  family  Pse- 
laphidse.  <Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  Yol.  YI,  1866-7,  pp.  31-38. 


20 


Thos.  L.  Casey. — Euplectini.  <Contributions  to  the  descriptive  and 
systematic  Coleopterology  of  North  America.  Part  II,  pp.  93-122. 

STAPH  YLINIDiE. 

George  H.  Horn. — Synopsis  of  the  genera  aud  species  of  the  Staphy- 
linid  tribe  Tachyporini  of  the  United  States.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent. 
Soc.,  Yol.  YI,  1877,  pp.  81-128, 1 pi. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — On  certain  genera  of  Staphylinidse,  Oxytelini, 
Piestidae,  and  Micropeplidae,  as  represented  in  the  fauna  of  the 
United  States.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  YI,  1877,  pp.  213- 
252. 

A.  Fauvel. — Staphylinides  de  l’Amerique  du  Nord.  Partie  I.  <No- 
tices  entomologiques,  No.  7,  1878. 

Treats  the  Micropeplidae,  Piestini,  Phlceocharini,  Protinini,  Homalini,  and 
Oxytelini  (incomplete). 

George  II.  Horn. — Synopsis  of  the  Quediini  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  YII,  1879,  pp.  149-167. 

George  H.  Horn. — Synopsis  of  the  species  of  Staphylinus  and  the 
more  closely  allied  genera  iuhabitating  the  United  States.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Ent,  Soc.,  Yol.  YII,  1879,  pp.  185-200. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Short  studies  of  North  American  Coleoptera. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  YIII,  1880. 

Tabulates  the  following  genera:  Leptacinus  (p.  168);  Leptalinus  (p.  171), 
Xantholinus  (p.  171),  Lathrobinm  (p.  174),  Liparocephalus  (p.  177), 
Stilicus  (p.  178),  Sunius  (p.  179). 

Thos.  L.  Casey. — Revision  of  the  Stenini  of  America,  north  of  Mexico. 

Separate  publication;  without  date. 

TRICHOPTERYGIDHS. 

A.  Matthews. — Trichopterygia  illustrate  et  descripta.  London,  1871. 

A monograph  of  the  Trichopterygidae  of  the  whole  world. 

A.  Matthews. — Synopsis  of  North  American  Trichopterygidae. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  XI,  1884,  pp..  113-156. 

SCAPHIDIID^E. 

JohnL,  LeConte. — Synopsis  of  the  Scapliidiidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Acad,  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  1860,  pp.  321-324. 

PHALACRIDH3. 

John  L.  Le  Conte.— Synopsis  of  the  Phalacridae  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol.  YIII,  1856,  pp.  15-17. 


21 


CORYLOPHIDiE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Remarks  upon  the  Coccinellidae  of  the  United 
States.  <Proe.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Vol.  VI,  1852,  pp.  129-145. 

The  Corylophidse  are  treated  on  pp.  141-145. 

COCCINELLIDJE. 

E.  Mulsant. — Species  des  Coleopteres  trimeres  securipalpes.  Lyon, 
L851  2 vols. ; 1 vol.  Supplement.  Paris,  1853. 

A monograph  of  the  Coccinellidse  of  the  whole  world. 

John  L.  Le  Conte — Remarks  upon  the  Coccinellidae  of  the  United 
States.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Vol.  VI,  1852,  pp.  129-141. 

G.  R.  Crotch. — Revision  of  the  Coccinellidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  1873,  pp.  363-382. 

G.  R.  Crotch. — Revision  of  the  Coccinellidae.  Ed.  by  R.  Rippon. 
Loudon,  1874. 

Treats  also  of  the  Coccinellidae  of  the  whole  world. 

EROTYLIDiE. 

J.  T.  Lacordaire. — Monographie  de  la  famille  des  Erotyliens.  Paris, 
1842. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Erotylidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Vol.  VII,  1854,  pp,  158-163. 

G.  R.  Crotch. — Synopsis  of  the  Erotylidae  of  Boreal  America.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  1873,  pp.  349-358. 

G.  R.  Crotch. — Revision  of  the  family  Erotylidae.  London,  1876. 

These  two  works  treat  of  the  Erotylid*  of  the  whole  world. 

ENDOMYCHIJ^E. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Endomychidae  of  the  United 
States.  <Proc.  Ac.  Sc.  Phil.,  Vol.  VI,  1853,  pp.  357-360. 

A.  Gerst^ecker. — Monographie  der  Endomychiden.  .Leipzig,  1858. 

Treats  of  the  Endomychidae  of  the  whole  world. 

G.  R.  Crotch. — Synopsis  of  the  Eudomychidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  1873,  pp.  359-363. 

COLYDIIDiE. 

George  H.  Horn. — [Revision  of  the  Bostrychidae  and]  Synopsis  of 
the  Colydiidae  of  the  United  States.  <Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc., 
Vol.  XVII,  1878,  pp.  555-592. 


22 


RHYSSODID^. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Notes  on  the  Rhyssodidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Arner.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  1875,  pp.  162-168. 

CUCUJID^E. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Cucujides  of  the  United  States 
<Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol.  VII,  1851,  pp.  73-79. 

Thos.  L.  Casey. — Revision  of  the  Cncujidae  of  America,  north  of  Mex- 
ico. <Traus.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  XT,  1884,  pp.  69-112,  PI.  IV- 
VIII. 

MY  CETOPH  AGIDiE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Mycetophagidae  of  the  United 
States.  <Proc.  Ac  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol.  YIII,  1856,  pp.  12-15. 

George  H.  Horn. — [Synoptic  tables  of  Mycetophagus,  Triphyllus, 
and  Litargus.]  <Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Yol.  XYII,  1878,  pp. 
603-608. 

dermestidae. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Dermestidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.,  Yol.  VII,  1854,  pp.  106-113. 

Horace  F.  Jayne. — Revision  of  the  Dermestidae  of  the  United 
States.  <Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Yol.  XX,  1882,  pp.  343-377, 
plates  1-4. 

histerid^e. 

John  Le  Conte. — A monograph  of  the  North  American  Histeroides. 
<Boston  Jonrn.  Nat.  Hist.,  Yol.  Y,  1845,  pp.  32-66,  plates. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  species  of  the  Histeroid  genus 
Abraeus  Leach,  inhabiting  the  United  States,  with  descriptions  of 
two  nearly  allied  genera.  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol.  YI, 
1853,  pp.  287-292. 

S.  E.  de  Marseul. — Essai  monograpliique  sur  la  famille  des  Histe- 
rides.  2 vols.  and  supplement.  Paris,  1853-59,  38  pi. 

A monograph  of  the  Histeridse  of  the  whole  world. 

George  H.  Horn. — Synopsis  of  the  Histeridae  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Yol.  XIII,  1873,  pp.  273-360,  plate. 

NITIDULIDYE. 

George  H.  Horn. — Revision  of  the  Nitidulidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  VII,  1879,  pp.  267-336. 


23 


MONOTOMID^E. 

George  H.  Horn. — Synopsis  of  the  Monotomidse  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Ainer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  YII,  1879,  pp.  257-267. 

LATHRIDIIDiE. 

0.  G.  von  Mannerheim. — Yersuch  einer  monographischen  Darstel- 
lung  der  Kafergattuugen  Oorticaria  und  Lathridius.  <Gertnar’s 
Zeits.  f.  Ent.,  Yol.  Y,  1845,  pp.  1-112. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Lathridiides  of  the  United 
States  and  northern  contiguons  territories.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc. 
Phil.,  Yol.  YII,  1855,  pp.  299-305. 

BYRRHIDsE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Byrrhidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol.  YII,  1854,  pp.  113-117. 

PARNIDsE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Parnidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.,  Yol.  YI,  1852,  pp.  41-45. 

George  H.  Horn. — Synopsis  of  the  Parnidse  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Ainer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  Ill,  1870,  pp.  29-42. 


DASCYLLIDsE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Atopidae,  Rhipiceridae,  and  Cy- 
phonidae  of  the  United  States.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol.  YI, 
1853,  pp.  350-357. 

George  H.  Horn. — Synopsis  of  the  Dascyllidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Ainer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yo).  YIII,  1880,  pp.  76-114,  plate. 

RHIPICERIDSE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte  [see  paper  just  cited]. 

George  EL  Horn. — Notes  on  Elateridse,  Cebrionidae,  Rhipiceridse,  and 
Dascyllidse.  <Trans.  Ainer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  IX,  1881,  pp.  85-86. 

ELATERIDsE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Revision  of  the  Elateridse  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  n.  ser.,  Yol.  X,  1853,  pp.  405-508. 

E.  de  CandLze. — Monographic  des  Elaterides.  4 vols.  and  3 supple- 
ments. Liege,  1857-’81. 

H.  de  Bonvouloir. — Monographic  de  la  famille  des  Eucndmides. 
Paris,  1871-’75,  42  plates. 


24 


George  H.  Horn. — Notes  on  Elateridae,  Cebrionidae,  Rhipiceridae,  and 
Dascyllidae.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  IX,  1881. 

Tabulates  Aplastus,  p.  77 ; Plastocerus,  p.  78 ; Euthysanius,  p.  79 ; and  tlie 
subfamily  Cebrionime,  p.  82. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Short  studies  of  North  American  Coleoptera 
(No.  2).  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XII,  1884. 

Tabulates  Drasterius,  p.  4 ; Megapenthes,  p.  6 ; Elater,  p.  8 ; Agriotes,  p.  15. 

George  H.  Horn — A study  of  some  genera  of  Elateridae.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XII,  1884,  pp.  33-52. 

Tabulates  Horistonotus,  p.  34;  Esthesopus,  p.  41 ; Ludius,  p.  45;  Eniconyx, 
p.  51. 

George  H.  Horn. — A monograph  of  the  species  of  the  subfamilies 
Eucneuiime,  Cerophytinae,  and  Perothopinae,  inhabiting  the  United 
States.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XIII,  1886,  pp.  5-58. 

THROSCIDtE. 

H.  de  Bonvouloir. — Essai  monographique  sur  la  famille  des  Thro- 
scides.  Paris,  1859-?60;  with  supplement. 

George  H.  Horn. — Synopsis  of  the  Throscidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XU,  1885,  pp.  198-208. 

BUPRESTIDiE. 

Castelnau  de  Laporte  & Gory. — Monographic  des  Buprestides. 
Paris,  1835. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Revision  of  the  Buprestidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  n.  ser.,  Vol.  XI,  1859,  pp.  187-258. 

G.  R.  Crotch. — Notes  on  the  species  of  Buprestidae  found  in  the  United 
States.  <Pioc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  1873,  pp.  84-96. 

George  H.  Horn. — Revision  of  some  genera  of  Buprestidae.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  X,  1882,  pp.  101-112. 

Revises  the  group  Anthaxise,  viz.,  the  genera  Melanophila,  Anthaxia,  Xeno- 
rhipis. 

George  H.  Horn. — A monograph  of  the  species  of  Chrysobothris  in- 
habiting the  United  States.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XIII, 
1886,  pp.  65-123,  plates  II- VII. 

lampyrida:. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Lampyrides  of  Temperate  North 
America.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Vol.  V,  1851,  pp.  331-347. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Lainpyridae  of  the  United  States. 
<Traus.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  IX,  1881,  pp.  15-72. 


25 


MALACHIIDJE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Catalogue  of  the  Melyrides  of  the  United  States, 
with  descriptions  of  new  species.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol. 
YI,  1852,  pp.  163-171. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Revision  of  the  Dasytini  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.,  Phil.,  1866,  pp.  349-361. 

Geo.  EL  Horn. — Synopsis  of  the  Malachidge  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Arner.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  1872,  pp.  109-127. 

CLERIDJE. 

M.  Spinol  A. — Essai  monographique  sur  les  Clerites,  insectes  Coleopteres. 
Genes,  1844,  2 vols.,  47  plates. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Coleopterous  insects  of  the  group 
Cleridse,  which  inhabit  the  United  States.  <Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist., 
New  York,  Vol.  V,  1849,  pp.  9-35. 

Georoe  H.  Horn. — Synopis  of  the  species  of  Cymatodera  and  Tri- 
chodes  of  the  United  States.  <Trans.  Arner.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  V, 
1876,  pp.  220-232. 

PTINID^E. 

A.  Boildieu. — Monographic  de  la  tribu  des  Ptiniores.  <Anu.  Soc. 
Ent.  France,  1856. 

A monograph  of  the  subfamily  Ptininae. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Prodroraus  of  a monograph  of  the  species  of  the 
Tribe  Anobiini,  of  the  family  Ptinidge,  inhabiting  North  America. 
<Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.,  Phil.,  1865,  pp.  222-244. 

Georoe  H.  Horn. — Revision  of  the  Bostrichidge  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Arner.  Philos.  Soc.,  Vol.  XVII,  1878,  pp.  540-555. 

CUPESID^E. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — On  the  Cupesidge  of  North  America.  <Trans*. 
Arner.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  1874,  pp.  87-88. 

CIOID^E. 

J.  Mel  lie. — Monographic  de  l’ancien  genre  Cis  des  auteurs.  <Ann. 
Soc.  Ent.  France,  1848,  pp.  205-274  and  313-396,  4 plates. 

lucanidje. 

Chas.  Fuchs. — Synopsis  of  the  Lucanidae  of  the  United  States.  <Bull. 
Brookl.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  1882,  pp.  49-52  and  57-60,  1 plate. 


26 


SCARAB^EID^E. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Notice  of  three  genera  of  Scarabaeidae  found  in 
the  United  States.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Vol.  VIII,  1856, 
pp.  19-25. 

Treats  of  Ligyrus,  Aphonns,  and  Polymcechus. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Melolonthidae  of  the  United 
States.  <Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  ser.  2,  Vol.  Ill,  1856,  pp.  225- 
288. 

Geo.  H.  Horn. — Notes  on  some  genera  of  Coprophagous  Scarabaeidae 
of  the  United  States.  <Trans.  Amer.  Entom.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  1870, 
pp.  42-51. 

Tabulates  Copris,  p.  42;  Canthon,  p.  44;  Amechanus  ( Brady cinetus),  p.  48; 
Bolboceras,  p.  49;  Odontseus,  p.  50. 

Geo.  H.  Horn. — Description  of  the  species  of  Aphodius  and  Dialytes 
of  the  United  States.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  1870,  pp. 
110-134. 

Geo.  H.  Horn. — Synopsis  of  Aphodiini  of  the  United  States.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  1871,  pp.  284-297. 

Continuation  of  the  foregoing  paper. 

Geo.  H.  Horn. — Descriptions  of  new  Coleoptera  of  the  United  States, 
with  notes  on  known  species.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill, 
1870-’71. 

Tabulates  Cyclocepliala,  p.  334  ; Catalpa,  p.  337 ; Cremastochilus,  p.  339. 

Geo.  H.  Horn.  — Synonymical  notes  and  descriptions  of  new  species  of 
North  American  Coleoptera.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  V, 
1875. 

Tabulates  Onthophagus,  p.  137;  Ligyrus,  p.  143;  Strategus,  p.  143. 

George  H.  Horn. — Revision  of  the  United  States  species  ofOchodaeus 
and  other  genera  of  Scarabaeidae.  <Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol. 
V,  1876,  pp.  177-197. 

Tabulates  Ochodseus,  p.  177;  Macrodactylus,  p.  183;  Dichelonycka,  p.  185; 
Ccenonycha,  p.  192;  Trichi  us,  p.  194. 

George  H.  Horn. — Contributions  to  the  Ooleopterology  of  the  United 
States,  No.  3.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  VIII,  1880. 

Tabulates  Geotrupes,  p.  144 ; Phileurus,  p.  147 ; and  describes  the  species  of 
Plectrodes,  p.  145. 

Frederick  Blanchard. — On  the  species  of  Canthon  and  Phanaeus 
of  the  United  States,  with  notes  on  other  genera.  <Trans.  Amer. 
Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XII,  1885,  pp.  163-172. 

Geo.  H.  Horn. — A monograph  of  the  Aphodiini  inhabiting  the  United 
States.  <Trans.  Amer.  Entom.  Soc.*  Vol,  XIV,  1887,  pp.  1-110, 

Supersedes  the  two  papers  cited  above. 


27 


George  H.  Horn. — Revision  of  the  species  of  Lachnosterna  of  Amer- 
ica north  of  Mexico,  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XIV.,  1887, 
pp.  209-296,  pi.  III. 


CERAMB  Y CID^E. 

S.  S.  Haldeman. — Materials  towards  a history  of  the  Coleoptera  Lon- 
gicornia  of  the  United  States.  <Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  ser.  2? 
Vol.  X,  pp.  27-67 ; and  Proc.  .Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  1847,  pp. 
371-376. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — An  attempt  to  classify  the  Longicorn  Coleoptera 
of  the  part  of  America  north  of  Mexico.  <Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc. 
Phil.,  ser.  2,  Vol.  I,  1850,  pp.  311-340;  Vol.  II,  1852,  pp.  5-38; 
pp.  99-112  and  139-178. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Note  on  the  classification  of  the  Cerambycidse, 
with  descriptions  of  new  species.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  1862, 
pp.  38-42. 

John  L.  Le  Conte — New  species  of  North  American  Coleoptera.  Pre- 
pared for  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Part  II.  <Smithson.  Misc. 
Coll.,  Vol.  XI,  1874. 

Tabulates  the  following  genera:  Criocephalus,  p.  169;  Eburia,  p.  179  ; Ela- 
phidion,  p.  181;  Aneflus,  p.  185;  Crossidius,  p.  196;  Acmseops,  p.  208; 
Strangalia,  p.  212;  Typocerus,  p.  213;  Leptura,  p.  215;  Monilema,  p.  229 ; 
Monohammus,  p.  231 ; Pogonocherus,  p.  237  ; Saperda,  p.  233. 

George  H.  Horn. — Notes  on  some  genera  of  Cerambycidra  of  the 
United  States.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  VII,  1878,  pp.  41-50. 

Gives  tables  of  Pogonockerus,  p.  42 ; Mecas,  p.  44  ; Oberea,  p.  45 : Tetraopes, 
p.  48;  Tetrops,  p.  50. 

George  H.  Horn. — Notes  on  some  genera  of  Cerambycidae,  with  de- 
scriptions of  new  species.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  VIII, 
1880,  pp.  115-133. 

A complete  revision  of  the  tribe  Acantkoderini,  p.  115  ; tables  of  .dSthecerus, 
p.  133;  Cyllene,  p.  134. 

Chas.  W.  Leng. — Synopsis  of  Coleoptera  [Cerambycidm].  <Bull. 
Brookl.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  VII,  1884,  No.  1,  p.  7,  and  in  subsequent 
numbers;  continued  in  Entomologica  Americana,  Vols.  I-1II,  and 
not  yet  completed. 

Follows  the  classification  by  Drs.  Le  Conte  and  Horn.  The  tables  for  the 
determination  of  the  species  are  partly  reproduced  from  those  given  by 
Dr.  Le  Conte  or  Dr.  Horn,  and  partly  original  by  Dr.  Horn  or  by  Mr. 
Leng. 

George  H.  Horn. — Descriptions  of  some  new  Cerambycidae,  with 
notes.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XII,  1885,  pp.  173-197. 

Gives  tables  of  Oxoplus,  p.  175;  Stenospkenus,  p.  177;  Monilema,  p.  180* 
Monohammus,  p.  190;  Goes,  p.  193:  Dorcaschema,  p.  193*.  Oncideres,  p. 
194;  Eupogonius,  p.  196;  Dysphaga,  p.  197. 


28 


CHRYSOMELIDiE. 

E.  Suffrian. — Monographie  und  kritiscbes  Yerzeicbniss  der  nord- 
ainerikanischenCryptocephalen.  <Linnaea  Entom.,  Vols.  YI-YIII, 
1852-’54. 

W.  F.  Bogers. — Synopsis  of  the  species  of  Ckrysomela  and  allied  gen- 
era inhabiting  the  United  States.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol. 
VIII,  1856,  pp.  29-39, 1 plate. 

A synopsis  of  the  present  tribe  Chrysomelini. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Un  the  species  of  Galeruca  and  allied  genera  in- 
habiting North  America.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  1865,  pp.  204- 
222. 

A review  of  Galerucini  genuini. 

G.B.  Crotch. — Materials  for  the  study  of  the  Phytophaga  of  the  United 
States.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  1873,  pp.  19-83. 

A revision  of  in<  st  of  the  North  American  genera  of  Clirysomelidse,  omitting 
most  of  the  Cryptocephalini,  the  Galerucini  genuini  and  the  genera  Haltica 
and  Longitarsus. 

John  L.  Le  Conte.— Short  studies  of  North  American  Coleoptera. 
CTrans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  VIII,  1880. 

Gives  synoptic  tables  of  Monachus,  p.  195;  Diachus,  p.  196;  Triachus,  p. 
197 ; Bassareus,  p.  198;  Cryptocephalus,  p.  199;  Pachybrachys,  p.  204. 

George  H.  Horn. — Miscellaneous  notes  and  short  studies  of  North 
American  Coleoptera,  Chrysomelidte,  Hispini.  <Trans.  Amer. 
Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  X,  1883,  pp.  290-303. 

bruchlcle. 

Geo.  H.  Horn. — Bevisiou  of  the  Bruchidse  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  IY,  1873,  pp.  311-342. 

TENEBRIONIDiE. 

Geo.  H.  Horn. — Bevisiou  of  the  Tenebrionidse  of  America,  north  of 
Mexico.  <Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  n.  ser.,  Yol.  XIY,  1870,  pp. 
253-404,  2 plates. 

CISTELID^E. 

This  family  has  never  been  monographed,  and  we  have  only  tables  of  the 
genera  Hymenorus  and  Mycetochares,  by  Le  Conte,  in  “New  Species  of 
North  American  Coleoptera”  (Smithson.  Misc.  Contrib.,  etc.,  p.  135) ; and 
Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  XVII,  1878,  p.  616. 

OTHNIID^E. 

The  few  species  of  the  single  genus  constituting  this  family  have  lv*en  tabu- 
lated by  Dr.  Horn  in  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  1868,  pp.  132,  133. 

LAGRIID^E. 

Geo.  H.  Horn. — Miscellaneous  Coleopterous  studies.  <Trans.  Amer. 
Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  XV.,  1888. 

Contains  on  pp.  28-32  a synopsis  of  the  family. 


29 


MONOMMIDJE. 

James  Thomson. — Monograpliie  de  la  famille  des  Monommides.  <Ann. 
Soc.  Ent.  France,  1800,  pp.  5-38. 

A monograph,  of  the  family  of  the  whole  world.  The  few  (four)  species  hitherto 
found  in  North  America  are  tabulated  by  Dr.  Horn  in  Trans.  Amer.  Ent. 
Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  1«72,  p.  150. 

MELANDRYID^E. 

No  complete  synopsis  has  hitherto  been  published,  aud  excepting  a table  of 
Hallomenus,  by  Dr.  Le  Conte  (Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Vol.  XVII,  1878, 
p.  619),  we  can  only  record  the  following  paper  . 

George  H.  Horn. — Notes  on  the  Mycteridse  and  other  Heteromera. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  VII,  1879,  pp.  336-339. 

Tabulates  Mycterus  and  Lacconotus. 

Geo.  H.  Horn. — Miscellaneous  Coleopterous  studies.  <Trans.  Amer. 
Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XV.,  1888. 

Contains  on  pp.  32-44  a revised  table  of  the  tribes  of  Melandryidie  and  tables 
of  the  genera  Eustrophus,  Holostrophus,  Orchesia,  and  Hypulus. 

PYTHID^E. 

Excepting  the  table  of  Cononotus,  by  Dr.  Horn  (Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol. 
II,  1868,  p.  136),  and  a table  of  Pytho,  by  the  same  author  (1.  c.  Vol.  XV, 
1888,  p.  45),  we  have  no  synoptic  papers  on  this  family. 

(EDEMERID^E. 

John  L.  Le  Conte.— Synopsis  of  the  (Edemeridm  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Vol.  VII,  1854,  pp.  20-22. 

CEPHALOIDiE. 

The  few  species  composing  this  family  are  tabulated  by  Dr.  Le  Conte  in  Mr. 
E.  P.  Austin’s  Catalogue  of  the  Coleoptera  of  Mount  Washington,  N.  H. 
<Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  XVI,  1874,  pp.  265-276. 

MORDELLIDJE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Mordellidte  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  1862,  pp.  43-51. 

John  B.  Smith. — A synopsis  of  the  Mordellidte  of  the  United  States. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  X,  1882,  pp.  73-100,  Plates  I-III. 

RHIPIPHORlDiE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Note  on  the  species  of  Myodites  Latr.,  inhabiting 
the  United  States.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  1865,  pp.  96-98.  See 
also  u Short  Studies  of  North  American  Coleoptera.”  <Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  VIII,  1880,  p.  210. 

George  H.  Horn. — Notes  on  the  species  of  Rhipiphorus  of  the  United 
States.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  1875,  pp.  121-125. 


30 


ANTHICID^]. 

F.  de  la.  Ferte-Senectere. — Monographic  des  Anthicus  et  genres 
voisius,  Coleopteres  heteromeres  de  la  tribus  des  Trachelides. 
Paris,  3848. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Anthicites  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Ac.  Nat,  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol.  YI,  1852,  pp.  91-104. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Pyrochroidm  of  the  United 
States.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol.  YII,  1855,  pp.  270-275. 

The  tribes  Pedilini,  Xylophilini,  and  Macratrini,  formerly  attached  to  the 
Pyrochroidaj,  are  here  treated. 

George  H.  Horn. — Synopsis  of  the  species  of  Corphyra  Say,  of  the 
United  States.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  Ill,  1871,  pp.  278- 
283. 

For  subsequent  tables  by  Dr.  Horn  of  the  same  genus  see  Trans.  Amer.  Ent. 
Soc.,  Vol.y,  1874,  p.  40,  and,  l.  c.,  Yol.  X,  1883,  pp.  305-310. 

PYROCHROIDJE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Pyrochroidm  of  the  United 
States.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol.  YII,  1855,  pp.  270-275. 

George  H.  Horn. — Miscellaneous  Coleopterous  studies.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  XY,  1888. 

Contains  on  p.  47  a table  of  Dendroides. 

MELOIDiE. 

John  L.  Le  Conte. — Synopsis  of  the  Meloides  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol.  YI,  1853,  pp.  328-350. 

George  H.  Horn. — Kevision  of  the  species  of  several  genera  of  Me- 
ioidse  of  the  United  States.  <Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  Yol.  XIII, 
1873,  pp.  88-117. 

Gives  tables  of  Macro  basis,  p.  88;  Epicauta,  p.  95;  Cantharis,  p.  103;  Pom  - 
phopcea,  p.  115. 

EHYNCHOPHORA. 

C.  J.  Sohcenherr. — Genera  et  species  Curculionidum  cum  synonymia 
hujus  familite ...  8 vols.,  Paris,  1833-34. 

An  additional  volume.  Mantissa  secunda  familisB  Curculionidum,  appeared 
in  1847. 

A monograph  of  the  Rhynchophora  (including  the  Brucliidae)  of  the  whole 
world  but  now  antiquated. 

C.  Zimmermann. — Synopsis  of  the  Scolytidse  of  America,  north  of  Mex- 
ico. With  Notes  and  an  Appendix  by  J.  L.  Le  Conte.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  II,  1868,  pp.  141-178. 


31 


George  H.  Horn. — The  Brentkidse  of  the  United  States.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  1872,  pp.  127-129. 

George  H.  Horn. — Contributions  to  a knowledge  of  the  Curculioni- 
dse  of  the  United  States.  <Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Vol.  XIII, 
1873,  pp.  407-469. 

A revision  of  the  Calandridse  and  synopses  of  Otidocephalus,  p.  448;  Mag- 
dalis,  p.452;  Balaninus,  p.457;  Orchestes,  p.  461 ; Rhyssomatus,  p.  463 ; 
Chalcodermus,  p.  465 ; Analcis,  p.  467. 

John  B.  Smith. — Synopsis  of  the  Apioniuse  of  Xortli  America. 
<Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XI,  1874,  pp.  41-68,  3 plates. 

John  L.  Le  Conte  and  George  H.  Horn. — The  Bhynchophora  of 
America,  north  of  Mexico.  <Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Vol.  XV, 
1876. 

A monograph  of  the  North  American  Rhynchophora. 

Frederick  Blanchard. — Table  of  Balaninus  Germ.  <Bull.  Brook. 
Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  VII,  1884,  pp.  106-108. 


u 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


L— CATALOGUES  AND  LISTS. 

J.  G.  Morris. — Catalogue  of  the  described  Lepidoptera  of  North  Amer- 
ica. Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1860. 

This  is  the  first  catalogue  of  the  North  American  Lepidoptera,  but  now  greatly 
antiquated  and  superseded. 

J.  W.  Weidemeyer. — Catalogue  of  North  American  Butterflies. 
<Proc.  Entom.  Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  II,  1863-’66,  pp.  143-154  and  513-542. 

Superseded  by  subsequent  papers. 

A.  R.  Grote  and  C.  T.  Kobinson. — A synonymical  catalogue  of  North 
American  Sphingidse,  with  notes  and  descriptions.  <Proc.  Entom. 
Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  V,  1865,  pp.  149-193,  3 plates. 

Gives  full  and  complete  synonymy,  with  descriptions  of  several  new  genera 
and  species. 

A.  R.  Grote  and  C.  T.  Robinson. — List  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  North 
America.  Philadelphia,  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  1868. 

Contains  the  Sphingidae,  iEgeriidae,  Thyridae,  Zygaenidae,  and  Boinbycidae. 

A.  R.  Grote. — List  of  the  Noctuidse  of  North  America.  <Bull.  Buffalo 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  II,  1874,  pp.  1-77. 

The  only  synonymical  and  bibliographical  catalogue  of  the  North  American 
Noctuidae. 

S.  H.  Scudder. — Synonymic  list  of  the  Butterflies  of  North  America, 
north  of  Mexico.  Part  I.  Nymphales.  <Bull.  Buff.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
Vol.  II,  1875,  pp.  233-269;  Part  II.  Rurales.  <L.  c.,  Vol.  111,1876, 
pp.  98-129. 

Contains  a very  complete  synonymy,  but  its  classification  has  not  been  adopted 
by  subsequent  writers. 

W.  F.  Kirby. — A synonymic  catalogue  of  diurnal  Lepidoptera.  London, 
1871;  Supplement,  London,  1877. 

A complete  synonymical  list  of  the  diurnals  of  the  world. 

B.  Gerhard. — Systematisches  Verzeichniss  der  Macrolepidopteren 
von  Nord-Amerika.  Leipzig,  1878. 

Merely  a check-list  and  not  reliable. 

H.  Strecker. — Butterflies  and  Moths  of  North  America.  Diurnes. 
Reading,  Pa.,  1878. 

A very  complete  synonymical  and  annotated  catalogue,  with  glossary  of 
terms  and  an  introductory  chapter  giving  directions  for  collecting,  pre- 
serving, and  shipping  butterflies. 

22310— Bull  19 3 


33 


34 


Y.  T.  Chambers. — Index  to  the  described  Tineiua  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada.  <Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Terr.,  Vol.  1Y,  1878,  pp. 
125-167. 

An  annotated  catalogue,  with  descriptions  of  many  new  species. 

Brooklyn  Entomological  Society.— Check-list  of  the  Macrolepi- 
doptera  of  America,  north  of  Mexico.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  1882. 

A.  R.  Grote. — New  Check  List  of  North  American  Moths.  New  York, 
Author,  1882. 

A list  of  all  heterocerous  Macrolepidoptera ; also  the  Pyralidae  and  Tortri- 
cidae.  Supersedes  several  previous  lists  by  the  same  author. 

C.  H.  Fernald. — A synonymical  catalogue  of  the  described  Tortricidm 
of  North  America,  north  of  Mexico.  <Traus.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol. 
X,  1882,  pp.  1-64;  also  separate. 

W.  H.  Edwards. — Revised  catalogue  of  the  Diurnal  Lepidoptera  of 
America  north  of  Mexico.  <Trans.  Amer.  Entom.  Soc.,  Yol.  XI, 
1884,  pp.  245-338. 

This  is  the  most  recent  reference  and  synonymic  catalogue,  superseding  a 
similar  catalogue  by  the  same  author  published  in  1877. 

W.  H.  Edwards. — List  of  species  of  the  Diurnal  Lepidoptera  of  Amer- 
ica north  of  Mexico.  Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  & Co.,  1884,  4to. 

A mere  list  of  the  species,  following  in  all  respects  the  catalogue  just  cited, 
and  printed  to  accompany  Yol.  II  of  the  “ Butterflies  of  North  America.” 

IL— GENERAL  WORKS  ON  CLASSIFICATION. 

G.  A.W.  Herrich-Sohaeffer.— Sammlungneuer  oder  wenig  bekann- 

ter  aussereuropaischer  Schmetterlinge.  Yol.  I.  Regensburg,  1850- 
?58 ; Yol.  II,  Pt.  1,  1869. 

Contains  a classification  of  the  Lepidoptera,  which  forms  the  basis  of  our 
present  arrangement. 

John  G.  Morris. — Synopsis  of  the  described  Lepidoptera  of  North 
America.  Part  I.  Diurnal  and  Crepuscular  Lepidoptera.  Wash- 
ington, Smithsonian  Institution,  1862. 

Compiled  descriptions  of  the  North  American  Lepidoptera,  from  the  Rho- 
palocera  to  the  Bombycidse. 

H.  Streoker. — Lepidoptera,  Rhopaloceres  et  Heteroceres,  indigenous 

and  exotic;  with  descriptions  and  colored  illustrations.  Reading, 
Pa.,  1872-77. 

Fifteen  parts  of  this  work  have  been  published  containing  figures  and  de- 
scriptions of  many  North  American  species. 

John  B.  Smith. — An  introduction  to  a classification  of  the  North  Amer- 
ican Lepidoptera.  <Bull.  Brookl.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  YII,  1884,  pp.  70- 
74  and  81-83. 

A synopsis  of  the  families  of  Lepidoptera,  based  on  Herricli-Schaeffer’s  classi- 
fication. 


35 


III.— monographs  and  synopses. 

Rhopalocera. 

J.  A.  Boisduval. — Histoire  naturelle  des  Insectes.  Species  general  des 
Lepidopteres.  Suites  a Buffon.  Paris,  1836. 

Contains  full  descriptions  of  the  known  species,  but  extends  only  from  Pa- 
pilio  to  the  end  of  Terias. 

E.  Doubleday  and  W.  C.  Hewitson. — The  genera  of  diurnal  Lepidop- 
tera,  comprising  their  generic  characters,  a notice  of  their  trans-' 
formations,  and  a catalogue  of  the  species  of  each  genus;  illustrated, 
with  86  colored  plates  from  drawings  by  W.  C.  Hewitson.  2 vols., 
London,  1846-752. 

This  work  was  completed  by  Westwood  after  the  death  of  Doubleday. 

S.  H.  Sc  udder. — Butterflies:  Their  structures,  changes,  and  life-his- 
tories, with  special  reference  to  American  forms.  Being  an  appli- 
cation of  the  “Doctrine  of  descent77  to  the  study  of  Butterflies,  with 
an  appendix  of  practical  instructions.  New  York,  Henry  Holt  & 
Co.,  1881. 

Carl  Ploetz. — Die  Hesperiinen-Gatting  Hesperia  Aut.  und  ihre 
Arten.  <Stettin.  entom.  Zeit.,  1882,  pp.  314-341,  continued  in 
subsequent  volumes. 

John  B.  Smith. — Synopsis  of  the  genera  of  the  North  American  Rho- 
palocera. <Bull.  Brookl.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  1883,  pp.  37-45. 

A tabular  synopsis  embracing  all  North  American  genera. 

C.  H.  Fernald. — The  Butterflies  of  Maine.  Designed  for  the  use  of 
the  students  in  the  Maine  State  College,  and  the  farmers  of  the 
State.  Orono,  Me.,  1884. 

G.  H.  French. — The  Butterflies  of  the  Eastern  United  States.  For 
the  use  of  classes  in  Zoology  and  private  students.  Philadelphia, 
Lippincott  & Co.,  1886. 

Gives  synopses  of  the  genera  and  species,  and  descriptions  of  the  species. 

Brooklyn  Entomological  Society.  — Synopses  of  Butterflies. 
<Bull.  Brooklyn  Entom.  Sue.,  Vol.  I and  subsequent  volumes  $ con- 
tinued in  Entomologiea  Americana,  Vol.  I. 

Synopses  of  the  North  American  species  of  Rhopalocera,  the  later  articles 
giving  tables  of  species  and  bibliography.  Not  yet  completed. 

Samuel  H.  Scudder. — Comparative  tables  for  the  families  of  Butter- 
flies. <Canad.  Entom.  Vol.  XIX,  1887,  No.  11,  pp.  201-206. 

W.  H.  Edwards. — Butterflies  of  North  America.  Boston,  Houghton, 
Mifflin  & Co. 

Two  volumes  are  completed  and  the  third  is  in  course  of  publication. 


36 

Heterocera. 


SPHIN  GTD  JE. 

T.  W.  Harris. — Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  North  American  insects 
belonging  to  the  Linnsean  genus  Sphinx,  in  the  cabinet  of  Thaddeus 
William  Harris,  M.  D.,  librarian  of  Harvard  University.  <Amer. 
Journ.  Sc.  and  Arts,  Yol.  XXXYI,  1839,  pp.  282-320. 

Includes  not  only  the  Sphingidse  as  at  present  limited,  hut  also  the  Zygseni- 
dse  of  Grote’s  new  list. 

B.  Clemens. — Synopsis  of  the  North  American  Sphingides.  < Journ. 

Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol.  IY,  Pt.  2,  1859,  pp.  97-190. 

A monograph  of  the  family  as  at  present  limited. 

J.  A.  Boisduval. — Sphiugides,  Sesiides,  Castniides.  Paris,  Boret  1874. 

Forms  part  of  the  Suites  a Buffon,  and  is  Vol.  I of  the  Species  g6n6ral  des 
L6pidopteres  h6t6roceres. 

A.  G.  Butler.— Revision  of  the  Heterocerous  Lepidoptera  of  the 
family  Sphingidse.  <Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  Yol.  IX,  1877,  pp. 
511-644,  PI.  XC-XCIY. 

A descriptive  catalogue. 

John  B.  Smith. — An  introduction  to  a classification  of  the  North 
American  Lepidoptera.  Sphingidse.  <Entom.  Amer.,  Yol.  1, 1885, 
pp.  81-87. 

Contains  a synopsis  of  the  genera,  with  brief  remarks  on  each. 

C.  H.  Fernald. — The  Sphingidse  of  New  England.  Orono,  Me.,  1886. 

Gives  the  life-history,  so  far  as  known,  of  all  species  recorded  from  New  Eng- 
land. 

John  B.  Smith. — A monograph  of  the  Sphingidse  of  North  America, 
north  of  Mexico.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  XY,  1888,  Part  II, 
12  plates. 

[This  is  not  published  but  is  included  here  because  now  in  the  printer’s 
hands. — C.  V.  R.] 

SESILDiE. 

See  papers  by  Harris  and  Boisduval  above  cited,  who  treat  the  Sesiidse  as  a 
part  of  the  Sphingidse,  both  works  being  antiquated  so  far  as  they  relate  to 
the  Sesiidse. 

John  B.  Smith. — An  introduction  to  a classification  of  the  North 
American  Lepidoptera.  <Entom.  Amer.,  Yol.  IX.,  1888,  pp.  9-13. 

THYRIDJE. 

This  family  has  also  been  treated  by  Harris  and  Boisduval  as  a part  of  the 
Sphingidse. 

ZYGJENIDiE. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — Notes  on  the  family  Zygaenidm.  <Proc.  Essex 
Institute,  Yol.  IY,  1864,  pp.  7-47,  PI.  I,  II. 

Description  of  a number  of  new  genera  and  species,  with  notes  on  others. 


37 


A.  E.  Grote. — Catalogue  of  the  Zygaenidae  of  North  America.  <Bull. 
Buffalo  Soc.  Nat.  Sc.,  Yol.  1, 1873,  pp.  29-36. 

E.  ET.  Stretch. — Illustrations  of  the  Zygaenidae  and  Bombycidae  of 
North  America.  Sau  Francisco,  Cal.,  Author,  1874. 

John  B.  Smith. — Notes  on  the  systematic  position  of  some  North 
American  Lepidoptera.  <Trans.  Amer.  Entom.  Soc.,  Vol.  XII, 
1885,  pp.  77-84. 

Discusses  the  genera  classed  as  Zygsenidee  in  Grote’s  list,  and  separates  them 
into  carefully  defined  groups. 

BOMBYCIDAE. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — Synopsis  of  the  Bombycidae  of  the  United  States. 
<Proc.  Entom.  Soc.  Phil.,  Yol.  Ill,  1864,  pp.  97-130  and  331-396. 

A.  E.  Grote. — On  the  North  American  Platypterygiuae.  <Trans.  Amer. 
Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  II,  1868,  pp.  65-67. 

A.  E.  Grote. — List  of  the  North  American  Platypterices,  Attaci,  Herni- 
leucini,  Ceratocampadae,  Lachueides,  Teredines,  and  Hepiali,  with 
notes.  <Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Yol.  XIY,  1874,  pp.  256-264. 

E.  H.  Stretch. — Illustrations  of  the  Zygaenidae  and  Bombycidae  of 
North  America.  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Author,  1874. 

The  Lithosiidse  and  Arctiidse  are  principally  treated. 

A.  G.  Butler. — On  the  Lepidoptera  of  the  family  Lithosiidae,  in  the 
collection  of  the  British  Museum.  <Trans.  Entom.  Soc.  London, 
1877,  pp.  325-377,  PI.  VIII. 

A.  E.  Grote. — Table  of  species  of  Euchaetes.  <Canad.  Entom.,  Yol. 
XIY,  1882,  pp.  196, 197. 

J.  S.  Bailey. — Some  of  the  North  American  Cossidae,  with  facts  in 
the  life  history  of  Gossus  center ensis  Lintner.  <Bull.  No.  3, 1883,  U. 
S.  Department  of  Agricult.,  Divis.  of  Entornol.,  pp.  49-55,  PI.  I,  II. 

H.  H.  Lyman. — The  North  Americau  Callimorphas.  <Canad.  Ent.  Yol. 
XIX,  1887,  pp.  181-191,  plate. 

John  B.  Smith. — The  North  American  species  of  Callimorpha,  Latr. 
<Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1887,  pp.  342-353,  PI.  XIII,  XIY. 

NOCTUIDaE. 

A.  Guenee. — Noctuelites.  Species  general  des  Lepidopteres.  Suites 
a Buffon.  Paris,  Eoret,  1852,  Yols.  5-7. 

Yol.  VIII  of  the  same  work  treats  the  Dcltoideset  Pyralites,  the  former  group 
now  being  attached  to  the  Noctuid®. 

A.  E.  Grote. — A Eevision  of  the  species  of  Cymatophorina  found  in  the 
United  States  and  British  America,  with  descriptions  of  new  species. 
<Proc.  Entom.  Soc.  Phil.,  Yol.  II,  1863,  pp.  54-59. 


38 


A.  R.  Grote. — The  species  of  Erotyla,  Spragueia,  Fruva,  Xanthoptera, 
Exyra,  and  Prothymia.  <Canad.  Ent.,  Vol.  XI,  1879,  pp.  231-238. 

A.  R.  Grote. — On  the  described  North  American  species  of  Thalpo- 
chares.  <Canad.  Entom.,  Vol.  XII,  1880,  pp.  57-59. 

A.  R.  Grote. — List  of  North  American  Bombyciae  of  Hiibner.  <Canad. 
Entom.,  Yol.  XIII,  1881,  pp.  151-153. 

A.  R.  Grote. — Preliminary  list  of  the  North  American  species  of  Agrotis, 
with  descriptions.  <Bnll.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Yol.  VI,  1881,  pp. 
149-164. 

A.  R.  Grote. — North  American  Moths,  with  a preliminary  catalogue 
of  the  species  of  Hadena  and  Polia.  <Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr. 
Survey,  Yol.  VI,  1881,  pp.  257-277. 

A.  R.  Grote. — The  North  American  species  of  Mamestra.  <Canad. 
Entom.,  Yol.  XIII,  1881,  pp.  126-130. 

A.  R,  Grote. — New  Noctuids,  with  a list  of  the  species  of  Oncocnemis. 
<Papilio,  Yol.  I,  1881,  pp.  33-35. 

A.  R.  Grote. — New  Noctuidae,  with  list  of  species  of  Perigrapha.  <Can. 
Ent.,  Yol.  XIII,  1881,  pp.  131-134. 

A.  R.  Grote. — The  North  American  species  of  Eustrotia.  <Papilio, 
Yol.  I,  1881,  pp.  10-11. 

John  B.  Smith. — A synopsis  of  the  North  American  genera  of  the 
Noctuidae.  <Bull.  Brooklyn  Entom.  Soc.,  Yol.  I Y,  1882,  pp.  48-52, 
and  Yol.  Y,  from  May  till  November,  1882. 

Contains  a tabular  synopsis  of  the  genera,  with  critical  notes  on  many  of  them. 

John  B.  Smith. — Remarks  on  the  generic  characters  of  the  Noctuidae. 
<Cauad.  Ent.,  Yol,  XIY,  1882,  pp.  65-72. 

Geo.  H.  French. — Synopsis  of  the  Noctuidae  of  Illinois.  Greenville, 
Ills.,  1882.  <Curator’s  Report  in  the  eighth  Ann.  Rep.  of  the  Prin- 
cipal to  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  South  111.  Normal  University. 

A.  R.  Grote. — Notes  on  the  genus  Tripudia,  and  on  the  species  of 
Spragueia.  <Canad.  Ent.,  Yol.  XIY,  1882,  pp.  32-33. 

A.  R.  Grote. — List  of  the  species  of  Tripudia  and  Gyros.  <Canad. 
Entom.,  Yol.  XIY,  1882,  pp.  195-196. 

A.  R.  Grote. — Introduction  to  a study  of  the  North  American  Noctuidae. 
<Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Yol.  XXI,  1883,  pp.  134-176. 

Gives  a brief  review  of  structural  characters  of  the  family  and  a list  of  the 
species  described  by  Grote,  with  descriptions  of  several  new  genera  and 
species. 


39 


A.  R.  Grote. — List  of  Apatelse  belonging  to  the  groups  Acronicta  and 
Trisena.  <Papilio,  Yol.  Ill,  1883,  pp.  67-70. 

A.  R.  Grote. — Conclusion  of  List  of  American  Apatelas.  <Papilio, 
Vol.  Ill,  1883,  pp.  111-117. 

A.  R.  Grote.— On  the  North  American  Calpinae  to  Heliothinae.  <Canad. 
Ent.,  Yol.  XY,  1883,  pp.  72-77  and  102-110. 

John  B.  Smith. — Synopsis  of  the  North  American  Heliothinse.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  X,  1883,  pp.  205-256,  pi.  VII,  VIII. 

A.  R.  Grote. — Remarks  upon  the  North  American  Heliothinse  and  their 
recent  literature.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  X,  1883,  pp.  257- 
268. 

G.  D.  Hulst. — The  genus  Catocala.  <Bull.  Brookl.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol. 
VII,  1881,  pp.  13-56,  PI.  I. 

A complete  monograph  of  the  genus. 

GEOMETRIDiE. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — A monograph  of  the  Geometrid  moths  or  Pha- 
lsenidse  of  the  United  States.  <U.  S.  Geological  Survey  of  the 
Terr.  Department  of  the  Interior.  F.  Y.  Hayden,  U.  S.  Geologist 
in  charge.  Report,  Yol.  X,  Washington,  D.  C.,  1876,  pp.  607,  13 
plates. 

This  supersedes  all  prior  works  and  gives  a complete  index  to  the  prior  litera- 
ture as  well  as  a description  of  every  species. 

PYRALIDJE. 

A.  Guenee. — Deltoides  et  Pyralites.  Species  general  des  Lepidopteres. 
Yol.  VIII,  Suites  a Button.  Paris,  Roret,  1854. 

A.  R.  Grote. —Preliminary  studies  on  the  North  American  Pyralidse. 
<Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.,  Yol.  IY,  1878,  pp.  669- 
705. 

Includes  annotated  list  of  the  North  American  species  of  Botis,  and  provisional 
list  of  species  of  Phycidse. 

A.  R.  Grote. — Preliminary  list  of  North  American  species  of  Crambus. 
CCauad.  Ent.,  Yol.  XII,  1880,  pp.  77-80. 

TORTRICID^E. 

Coleman  T.  Robinson. — Notes  on  American  Tortricidae.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  II,  1869,  pp.  261-288,  Pis.  1 and  IY-Y111. 

Thomas,  Lord  Walsingham. — North  American  Tortricidoe.  British 
Museum.  Illustrations  of  typical  specimens  of  Lepidoptera  lieter- 
ocera  in  the  collection  of  the  British  Museum.  1 vol.,  folio,  1879, 
pp.  12+84,  PI.  XVII. 


40 


G.  H.  Fernald. — A synonymical  catalogue  of  the  described  Tortricidse 
of  North  America,  north  of  Mexico.  <Trans.  Amer.  Entom.  Soc. 
Vol.  X,  1882,  pp.  1-64. 


TINEIDiE. 

B.  Clemens. — The  Tineina  of  North  America,  by  the  late  Dr.  Bracken- 
ridge  Clemens.  Being  a collected  edition  of  his  writings  on  that 
group  of  insects.  With  notes  by  the  editor,  H.  T.  Stainton.  Lon- 
don, Yan  Voorst,  1872,  pp.  15+282. 

V.  T.  Chambers. — Index  to  the  described  Tineina  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada.  <Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.,  Yol.  IY, 
1878,  pp.  125-167. 

Thomas,  Lord  Walsingham.— North  American  Coleophorse.  <Trans. 
Ent.  Soc.  London,  1882,  pp.  429-442,  PI.  XVII. 

Thomas,  Lord  Walsingham. — A revision  of  the  genera  Acrolophus, 
Poey  and  Anaphora,  Clem.  <Trans.  Entom.  Soc.  Loudon,  1887, 
pp.  137-173,  Pis.  YII,  VIII. 


DIPTERA. 


I.— CATALOGUES. 

C.  R.  Osten  Sacken. — Catalogue  of  the  described  Diptera  of  North 
America.  Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1858.  <Smith- 
sonian  Miscell.  Collections,  Vol.  III. 

C.  R.  Osten  Sacken. — Catalogue  of  the  described  Diptera  of  North 
America.  [Second  edition.]  Washington,  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion, 1878.  <Smithsonian  Miscell.  Collections,  270. 

This  completely  supersedes  the  first  edition  aud  contains  by  far  more  than  a 
synonymical  reference  list  of  the  North  American  Diptera. 

II.— GENERAL  WORKS  ON  CLASSIFICATION. 

F.  W.  MEiGiEN. — Systematische  Beschreibung  der  bekannten  euro- 
paischen  zweifliigeligen  Insecten.  7 vols.  Aachen  und  Hamm, 
1818-?38. 

Although  only  dealing  with  the  European  fauna  and  now  antiquated  and 
superseded  in  many  parts,  this  work  is  still  the  foundation  of  the  modern 
classification  of  Diptera. 

C.  R.  W.  Wiedemann. — Aussereuropaische  zweifliigelige  Insecten. 
2 vols.  Hamm,  1828-’30. 

A continuation  of  Meigen’s  work,  aud  containing  descriptions  of  many  genera 
and  species  belonging  to  the  North  American  fauna. 

J.  Macquart. — Dipteres  exotiques  nouveaux  ou  peu  connus.  2 vols. 
in  5 parts  and  5 supplements.  Paris,  1838-’55. 

Contains  descriptions  of  many  North  American  genera  and  species. 

J.  R.  Schiner. — Fauna  Austriaca  Die  Fliegen  (Diptera).  Nach  der 
analytischeu  Methode  bearbeitet,  mit  der  Characteristik  sarnmt- 
licher  europaischer  Gattuugen,  der  Beschreibung  aller  in  Deutsch- 
land vorkommenden  Arten  und  der  Aufzahlung  aller  bisher  be- 
schriebenen  europiiischen  Arten.  2 vols.,  Wien,  1862-’64. 

Although  dealing  with  the  European  fauna,  this  work  is  very  useful  on  ac- 
cou  nt  of  the  analytical  tables  of  families  and  genera. 

H.  Loew  and  C.  R.  Osten-Sacken Monographs  of  the  Diptera  of 

North  America.  (Smithsouian  Miscellaneous  Collections.)  4 parts. 
Washington,  Smithsonian  Itistitution,  1862-’72. 

The  several  monographs  will  be  found  enumerated  under  the  respective 
families. 


41 


42 


H.  Loew. — Diptera  America  septentrionalis  indigena.  2 parts.  Ber 
lin,  1 861— ’72.  (Originally  published  in  10  centurise  in  the  Berliner 
Entomol.  Zeitsclirift.) 

Descriptions  of  1,000  North  American  Diptera,  but  without  synoptic  arrange- 
ment. 

C.  B.  Osten-Sacken. — Western  Diptera:  Descriptions  of  new  genera 
and  species  of  Diptera  from  the  region  west  of  the  Mississippi  and 
especially  from  California.  <Bull.  IT.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Survey 
of  the  Territories,  Vol.  Ill,  1877,  pp.  189-354. 

F.  Brauer. — Die  Zweifliigler  des  Kaiserlichen  Museums  zu  Wien. 
I-III.  Wien,  1880-?83. 

Important  contributions  to  the  classification  of  the  Diptera. 

IIL— MONOGRAPHS  AND  SYNOPSES. 

CECIDOMYIDJE. 

J.  Winnertz. — Beitrag  zu  einer  Monographie  der  Gallmiicken. 
<Linnma  Entomologica,  Vol.  VIII,  1853,  4 plates. 

B.  Osten  Sacken. — On  the  North  American  Cecidoinyidse.  <Mono- 
graphs  of  the  Diptera  of  North  America,  by  H.  Loew  and  Osten 
Sacken,  Part  I,  No.  5,  1862,  pp.  173-205. 

B.  D.  Walsh. — On  the  insects,  Coleopterous,  Hymenopterous,  and 

Dipterous,  inhabiting  the  galls  of  certain  species  of  Willow.  Dip- 
tera. <Proc.  Eut.  Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  Ill,  1864,  pp.  543-644;  Vol. 
VI,  1866,  pp.  223-229. 

J.  yon  Bergenst^mm  and  Paul  Loew. — Synopsis  Cecidomyidarum. 
<Verh.  k.  k.  zool.-bot.  Ges.  in  Wien,  Vol.  XXVI,  1876,  pp.  1-104. 

A synopsis  of  all  the  literature  of  the  family. 

MYCETOPHILIDiE. 

J.  Winnertz. — Beitrag  zu  einer  Monographie  der  Pilzmiicken. 
<Verh.  k.  k.  zool.-bot.  Ges.  in  Wien,  1863,  pp.  637-694. 

Useful  for  determination  of  genera;  no  American  species  are  described. 

J.  Winnertz. — Beitrag  zu  einer  Monographie  der  Sciarinen.  <Verh. 
k.  k.  zool.-bot.  Ges.  in  Wien,  1867. 

BLEPHAROCERIDiE. 

H.  Loew. — Bevision  der  Blepharoceridse.  <Sckles.  Zeitschr.  f.  Entom., 
neue  Folge,  Heft  VI,  Breslau,  1877. 

TIPULID^S. 

C.  B.  Osten  Sacken. — New  genera  and  species  of  North  American 

Tipulidm  with  short  palpi,  with  an  attempt  at  a new  classification 
of  the  tribe.  With  two  plates.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  1859, 
pp.  197-256. 


43 


R.  Osten  Sacken. — On  the  North  American  Tipulidse  (Part  First). 

<Monographs  of  the  Diptera  of  North  America,  Part  IV,  1869. 

A monograph  of  the  North  Americau  Tipulidae  brevipalpi  and  the  sections 
Cylindrotomina  and  Ptvchopterina. 

C.  R.  Osten  Sacken. — Studies  on  Tipulidse.  Part  I.  Review  of  the 
published  genera  of  the  Tipulidte  longipalpi.  <Berliner  entomol. 
Zeitschr.  Yol.  XXX,  1886,  pp.  153-188. 

XYLOPHAaiD^E. 

Fr.  Brauer. — Yersuch  einer  Oharacteristik  der  Gattungen  der  Nota- 
canthen  (Ltr.),  mit  Riicksicht  auf  die  ira  Kaiserlichen  Museum  be- 
fiudlichen  von  Dr.  J.  R.  Sckiner  aufgestellten  neueu  Gattungen. 
<Die  Zweifliigler  des  Kais.  Museums  zu  Wien,  Yol.  II,  1882,  pp. 
3-35. 

The  Notacautha  Latreille  comprise  the  families  Xylophagidae  and  Stratio- 
myidae. 

S.  W.  Williston. — On  the  classification  of  North  American  Diptera. 

(Third  paper.)  <Entomolog.  Amer.,  Yol.  I,  1885,  pp.  114-116. 
Tables  for  distinguishing  the  families  Stratiomyidae  and  Xylophagidae  and 
oscillant  genera ; table  of  the  genera  of  Xylophagidae. 

STRATIOMYIDJE. 

S.  W.  Williston. — On  the  classification  of  North  American  Diptera 
(Third  paper.)  <Entomolog.  Amer.,  Yol.  1, 1885,  pp.  114-116  and. 
152-155. 

Tables  of  the  subfamilies  and  genera  of  the  family. 

TABANIDiE. 

C.  R.  Osten  Sacken. — Prodrome  of  a monograph  of  the  Tabanidoe  of 
the  United  States.  <Memoirs  of  the  Boston  Soc.  of  Nat.  Hist.,  Yol. 
II,  1875-’ 78. 

Part  I.  The  genera  Pangonia,  Chrysops,  Silvius,  Haemotopota,  Diabasis  (Z.  c., 
pp.  365-397).  Part  II.  The  genus  Tabanus,  with  an  Appendix  and  Index 
(Z.  c.,  pp.  421-479).  Supplement  (Z.  c.,  pp.  555-560). 

S.  W.  Williston. — On  the  classification  of  North  American  Diptera. 
(Second  paper.)  <Entoinol.  Amer.,  Yol.  1, 1885,  pp.  10-13. 

Contains  a synopsis  of  the  genera  of  Tabanidae,  pp.  10-11. 

LEPTID^E. 

S.  W.  Williston.— On  the  classification  of  North  American  Diptera. 
(Second  paper.)  <Entomol.  Amer.,  Yol.  I,  1885,  pp.  10-13. 

Table  of  the  genera  of  North  Americau  Leptidae. 

iSILIDvE. 

C.  R.  Osten  Sacken.— Western  Diptera,  etc.  <Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and 
Geogr.  Survey  of  the  Territories,  Yol.  Ill,  No.  2,  1877. 

Synoptical  and  analytical  table  of  the  Western  species  of  Cyrtopogon,  pp.  294- 
309. 


44 


S.  W.  Williston. — On  the  North  American  Asilidae  (Dasypogoninae, 
Laphrinae),  with  a new  genus  of  Syrphidae.  <Trans.  Amer.  Ent. 
Soc.,  Vol.  XI,  1883,  pp.  1-35,  PI.  I,  II. 

Tabulates  the  genera  of  the  subfamilies  Dasypogoninae  and  Laphrinae,  with 
enumeration  of  the  species. 

S.  W.  Williston. — On  the  North  American  Asilidae  (Part  II).  <Trans. 
Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Yol.  XII,  1885,  pp.  53-76. 

Tabulates  the  species  of  Laphria  and  revises  the  genera  and  species  of  the 
subfamily  Asilinae,  excepting  the  genus  Asilns. 

MIDAIDJE. 

A.  Gerstaecker. — Systematische  Uebersicht  der  bis  jetzt  bekannt 
gewordenen  Mydaiden.  <Stettiner  ent.  Zeit.,  1868,  p.  65. 

NEMESTRINIDiE. 

S.  W.  Williston. — The  North  American  species  of  Nemestrinidae. 
>Canad.  Entom.,  Yol.  XV,  1883,  p.  69-72. 

BOMBYLIlDiE. 

C.  R.  Osten  Sacken. — Western  Diptera,  etc.  <Bull.  U.  S.  Geolog. 

and  Geog.  Survey  of  the  Territories,  Yol.  Ill,  No.  2,  1877. 

Analytical  table  of  the  North  American  genera  of  Bombyliidae,  p.  228 ; Tables 
of  the  species  of  Exoprosopa,  p.  230;  Anthrax,  p.  238;  Argyramceba,  p. 
241 ; Bombylius  (species  from  the  Atlantic  States),  p.  247 ; Ploas  (Califor- 
nian species),  p.  260 ; Toxophora,  p.  265;  Epibates,  p.  268. 

D.  W.  Coquillett. — Monograph  of  the  Lomatina  of  North  America. 

<Oanad.  Entom.,  Yol.  XYIII,  1886,  pp.  81-87. 

The  Lomatina  comprise  the  genera  Eucessia,  Leptochilus,  Aphcebantus,  and 
Oncodocera. 

D.  W.  Coquillett. — The  North  American  genera  of  Anthracina. 
<Canad.  Entom.,  Yol.  XYIII,  1886,  pp.  157-159. 

A tabular  arrangement  of  the  genera  composing  the  subfamily  Anthracina. 

D.  W.  Coquillett. — Monograph  of  the  species  belonging  to  the  genus 
Anthrax  from  America,  north  of  Mexico.  <Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc., 
Yol.  XI Y,  1887,  No.  2,  pp.  159-182. 

DOLICHOPODID^E. 

H.  Loew. — On  the  North  American  Dolichopodidae.  <Monographsof 
the  Diptera  of  North  America.  Part  II,  1861. 

SYRPHIDAE. 

S.  W.  Williston. — Contribution  to  a monograph  of  the  North  Ameri- 
can Syrphidae.  <Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Yol.  XX,  1882,  pp.  299- 
332. 

S.  W.  Williston. — On  the  classification  of  North  American  Diptera. 
(First  paper.)  <Bull.  Brookl.  Ent,  Soc.,  Yol.  VII,  1885,  pp.  129- 
139. 

A synopsis  of  the  subfamilies  and  genera  of  Syrphidae. 


45 


S.  W.  Williston. — Synopsis  of  the  North  American  Syrphidae. 
<Bull.  U.  S.  National  Museum,  No.  31,  1886. 

This  work  supersedes  the  previous  publications  on  this  family. 

CONOPIDJE. 

S.  W.  Williston. — The  North  American  species  of  Conops.  <Trans. 
Conn.  Acad.,  Vol.  IV,  1882,  pp.  325-342. 

S.  W.  Williston. — North  American  Conopidae : Stvlogaster,  Dalrnan- 
nia,  Oncomyia.  <Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  Vol.  VI,  1883,  pp.  5-12. 

A revision  of  the  three  genera  mentioned  . 

CESTRIDJE. 

Friedrich  Brauer. — Mouographie  der  Oestriden.  Wien,  1863. 

Four  supplements,  by  the  same  author,  are  published  in  Wiener  Entom.  Zeit.y 
Vol.  V,  1886,  p.  289,  tab.  IV.,  Vol  VI,  1887,  p.  4,  p.  71  and  217. 

TACHINIDiE. 

S.  W.  Williston. — North  American  Tachinidae.  Gonia.  <Canad* 
Entom.,  Vol.  XIX,  1887,  pp.  6-12. 

A revision  of  the  species  of  Gonia. 

SARCOPHAGIDiE. 

H.  A.  Hagen. — List  of  North  American  Sarcophagidse,  examined  by 
K.  H.  Meade,  esq.,  Bradford,  England.  <Canad.  Entom. , 1881, 
Vol.  XIII,  pp.  146-150. 


ANTHOMYIDiE. 

R.  H.  Meade. — On  the  arrangement  of  the  British  Anthomyidae.  <En- 
tomol.  Mouth.  Mag.,  Vol.  XI,  1875. 

Contains  an  analytical  table  of  the  genera. 

H.  A.  Hagen. — List  of  North  American  Anthomyidae,  examined  by  R. 
M.  Meade,  esq.,  Bradford,  England.  <Canad.  Entomol.,  Vol.  XIII, 
1881,  pp.  43-51. 

SOIOMYZIDyE. 

H.  Loew. — On  the  North  American  Sciomyzidae.  < Monographs  of 
the  Diptera  of  North  America,  Part  1, 1862,  pp.  103-128. 

ORTALIDJE. 

H.  Loew. — The  family  Ortalidae.  <Monographs  of  the  Diptera  of 
North  America,  Part  III,  1873,  pp.  1-209. 

TRYPETIDiE. 

H.  Loew. — On  the  North  American  Trypetidae.  <Monographs  of  the 
Diptera  of  North  America,  Part  1, 1862,  pp.  49-102. 


46 


H.  Loew.— Review  of  the  North  American  Trypetina.  <Monographs 
of  the  Diptera  of  North  America,  Part  III,  1873,  pp.  211-347. 

EPHYDRIDiE. 

H.  Loew. — On  the  North  American  Ephydrinidse.  <Monographs  of 
the  Diptera  of  North  America,  Part  I,  L862,  pp.  129-172. 

pulicid^:. 

O.  Tasohenberg. — Die  Flohe.  Die  Arten  der  Insektenordnung  Suc- 

toria  nach  ihrem  Chitinskelet  monographisch  dargestellt.  Halle, 
1880. 

P.  MeGtNIN. — Les  parasites  et  les  maladies  parasitaires  chez  Phomme, 

les  animaux  domestiques  et  les  animaux  sanvages  avec  lesqnels  ils 
peuvent  etre  en  contact.  Insectes,  Arachnides,  Crustaces.  Paris, 
1880. 

The  Pulicidse  (Aphanipteres)  are  treated  of  on  pp.  57-71. 


HEMIPTERA. 


Heteroptera. 

I.— CATALOGUES  AND  CHECK-LISTS. 

F.  A.  Dohrn. — Catalogus  Hemipterorum.  Stettin,  1859. 

Philip  R.  Uhler. — Check- List  of  the  Hemiptera  Heteroptera  of  North 
America.  Published  by  the  Brooklyn  Entom.  Soc.,  1886. 

II.— GENERAL  WORKS  ON  CLASSIFICATION. 

C.  W.  Hahn  und  G.  A.  W.  Herrich-Schaeffer. — Die  wauzenartigen 
Insecten.  10  vols.  Nuernberg  , 183 l-’53. 

C.  J.  B.  Amyot  et  J.  G.  Audinet-Serville. — Hemipteres.  Suites 
a Buffon.  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Insectes.  Paris,  1843. 

C.  Stal. — Analecta  hemipterologica.  Berlin,  1866-’69.  3 parts.  Orig- 
inally published  in  the  Berlin,  entom.  Zeitschr. 

C.  Stal. — Bidrage  till  Hemipterernas  Systematik.  Stockholm,  1867. 

O.  Stal. — Hemiptera  Fabriciana,  secundum  exempla  Musei  Hafnieusis 

et  Kieliensis  descripta.  2 parts.  Stockholm,  1868-’69. 

J.  G.  Schioedte. — Einige  neue  Hauptsatze  der  Morphologie  und  Syste- 
matik der  Rhynchoteu.  <Naturh.  Tidskr.,  1869,  p.  237ff. 

P.  R.  Uhler. — List  of  Hemiptera  of  the  region  west  of  the  Mississippi 

River,  including  those  collected  during  the  Hayden  explorations  of 
1873.  <Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Survey  of  the  Terr.,  Yol.  I, 
1875,  pp.  267-361,  PI.  XIX-XXI. 

P.  R.  Uhler. — -Report  upon  the  insects  collected  by  P.  R.  Uhler  during 
the  exploration  of  1875,  including  monographs  of  the  families 
Cynidse  and  Saldse,  and  the  Hemiptera  collected  by  A.  S.  Pack- 
ard], jr.,  M.  D.  <U.  S.  Geolog.  and  Geogr.  Survey,  Bulletin,  Vol. 
Ill,  No.  2,  1877,  pp.  355-475. 

0.  Stal. — Enumeratio  Hemipterorum.  Bidrag  till  eu  forteckning  ofver 
alia  hitilis  kanda  Hemiptera  (or : Index  specierum  omnium  hucusque 
cognitarum  cum  observatiouibus  systematicis).  <Kongl.  Sveusk. 
Vet.-Akad.  Handl.,  1870-’77,  5 parts. 


47 


48 

Herbert  Osborn. — Classification  of  Hemiptera.  <Entomologica 
Amer.,  Yol.  1, 1885,  pp.  21-27. 

Short  characterization  of  the  whole  order,  with  tables  of  suborders  and 
families. 


III.— MONOGRAPHS  AND  SYNOPSES. 

Heteroptera. 

SCUTELLERID^E. 

E,  F.  Germar.— Beitrage  zu  einer  Monographic  der  Schildwanzen. 
Germar’s  Zeitschr.  f.  Entomol.,  Yol.  I,  1839,  pp.  1-146. 

Now  greatly  antiquated;  treats  of  the  Scutelleridse  and  Coiymelmnidse. 
CYDNIDiE. 

P.  R.  Uhler. — Summary  of  the  Cydnidae  of  North  America  in  report 
upon  the  Insects  collected  by  P.  R.  Uhler,  etc.  < Bulletin.  U.  S. 
Geolog.  Survey,  Yol.  Ill,  1877,  pp.  366-396. 

Y.  SiGNORET. — Revision  du  groupe  des  Oydnides  de  la  famille  des 
Pentatomides.  <Annales  de  la  Societe  Entomol.  de  France,  1881, 
and  subsequent  volumes  to  1884. 

A monograph  of  the  Cydnidae  of  the  whole  world. 

COREIDiE. 

C.  Stal. — Synopsis  et  genera  Coreidum.  Stockholm,  1860-r72. 

CAPSIDiE. 

O.  M.  Reuter. — Revisio  critica  Capsinarum,  praecipue  Scandinaviae  et 
Fenniae.  2 parts.  Helsingfors,  1875. 

O.  M.  Reuter. — Capsiuae  ex  America  boreali  in  Museo  Holmiensi 
asservatae.  Stockholm,  1875. 

ACANTHIIDiE. 

O.  M.  Reuter. — Acanthiidae  Americanae.  Stockholm,  1871. 

O.  M.  Reuter. — Monagraphia  Anthocoridarum  orbis  terrestris.  <Act. 
Soc.  Fenn.,  Yol.  XIY,  1886,  pp.  555-758. 

REDUYIID^E. 

C.  Stal. — Monographic  der  Gattung  Couorhinus  und  Yerwandten. 
Berliner  entomog.  Zeitschr.,  Yol.  Ill,  1859,  pp.  312-328. 

C.  Stal. — Symbola  ad  Monographiam  Reduviidum,  3 parts.  Stock- 
holm, 1860-’72. 

0.  Stal. — Bidrag  till  Reduviidernas  kiinnedomen.  Stockholm,  1866. 


49 


EMESID^E. 

F.  A.  Dohrn. — Beitrage  zu  einer  monographischen  Bearbeitung  der 

Familie  der  Einesina.  <Linnaea  Entomol.,  Yol.  XI Y,  1860,  pp.  206- 
355,  Table  I. 

SALDIDJE. 

P.  E.  Uhler.— Family  Saldae.  (Report  upon  the  insects  collected  by 
P.  E.  Uhler  during  the  explorations  of  1875.)  <Bull.  U.  S.  Geol. 
and  Geogr.  Survey,  Yol.  Ill,  No.  2,  1877,  pp.  429-452. 

BELOSTOMIDH3. 

Joseph  Leidy. — History  and  Anatomy  of  the  Hemipterous  genus 
Belostoma.  <Journ.  Ac.  Sc.  Phil.,  Ser.  2,  Yol.  I,  1847,  pp.  57-67, 
Table  1. 

Leon  Dueour. — Essai  monographique  sur  les  Belostomides.  <Aun. 
Soc.  Entom.  de  France,  1863,  pp.  373-400. 

G.  Mayr. — Hemipterologische  Studien.  Die  Belostomiden.  <Yerh. 
k.  k.  zool.-bot.  Ges.  in  Wien,  1863-’71. 

G.  Mayr. — Die  Belostomiden.  Monographisch  bearbeitet.  <Yerh. 
k.  k.  zool.-bot.,  Ges.  in  Wien,  1871,  pp.  399-440. 

NOTONECTIDiE. 

F.  X.  Fieber. — Ehynchotographien,  drei  monographische  Abhandlun* 
gen.  Sciocoridae,  Oxycarenus,  Notouectae.  <Abhaudl.  kou.  bohm. 
Ges.  Wiss.  Prag,  Ser.  5,  Yol.  YII,  1851,  pp.  425-488. 

CORISID^E. 

F.  X.  Fieber. — Species  generis  Oorisa  monographice  dispositae. 
<Abhandl.  kon.  bohm.  Ges.  d.  Wiss.  Prag,  Ser.  5,  Yol.  YII,  1852, 
pp.  213-260. 

GALGULIDtE. 

F.  X.  Fieber. — Genera  Hydroeoridum  secundum  ordinem  naturalem 
in  familias  disposita.  <Abh.  kon.  bohm.  Ges.  Wiss.,  Yol.  YII, 
1852,  pp.  181-212,  4 pi. 

Homoptera. 

Townend  Glover. — Report  of  the  Entomologist.  <Report  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for  the  year  1877,  pp.  17-46. 

A popular  treatise  on  the  subject,  with  illustrations. 

Francis  P.  Pascoe. — Note  on  the  Classification  of  the  Homoptera. 
<Ann.  and  mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  Yol.  IX,  1882,  pp.  424,  425. 

22310— Bull  19 4 


50 


CICADIDiE. 

Charles  William  Woodworth.— Synopsis  of  North  American  Cica- 
didae.  <Tsyche,  Vol.  V,  1888,  pp.  07-68. 

jASSLDiE  (including  the  Tettigoniidce). 

V.  Signoret. — Revue  iconographique  des  Tettigonides.  <Aun.  Soc. 
Entom.  de  France,  1853-55,  with  colored  plates. 

V.  Signoret. — Essai  sur  les  Jassides  Stal,  Fieb.  et  plus  particuliere- 
ment  sur  les  Acocephalides  Futon.  <Ann.  Soc.  Entom.  France, 
1879-80. 

E.  Taschenberg. — Zur  Kenntniss  der  Cicadellinen-Gattung  Tettigonia 
Geoff.  <Zeitschr.  fiir  Naturw.,  Vol.  V,  1884. 

Charles  W.  Woodworth  — Jassidae  of  Illinois.  Part  I.  <Bulletin 
111.  State  Labor.  Nat.  Hist,,  Vol.  Ill,  Art,  II,  1887. 

CERCOPID^. 

V.  Signoret. — Revue  critique  du  groupe  des  Tettigonides  et  de  la  tribu 
des  Cercopides.  <Revue  et  Mag.  de  Zool.,  Vol.  V,  1853,  pp.  173-184. 

FULGORIDH3. 

J.  O.  Westwood. — On  the  family  Fulgoridae,  with  a monograph  of  the 
geuus  Fulgora  of  Linnaeus.  <Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  Vol 
XVIII,  1839,  pp.  133-138,  1 pi. 

C.  Stal. — Die  amerikanischen  Fulgoriden  Gattungen  synoptisch  be- 
schrieben.  <Stettiner  entomol.  Zeit.,  Vol.  XXXI,  1870,  pp.  255- 
258. 

MEMBRACIDJE. 

C.  Stal. — Bidrag  till  Membracidernas  Kannedom.  <Oefvers.  af 
Kongl.  Vet.-Akad.  Forhandl.,  1869. 

PSYLLIDAE. 

Franz  Low.— Zur  Systematik  der  Psylloden.  <Verh.  d.  k.  k.  zool. 
bot.  Ges.  in  Wien,  Jahrgany  1878,  pp.  585-610. 

Characteristics  and  tables  of  the  European  subfamilies  and  genera.  Super- 
sedes all  previous  classifications. 

Wm.  H.  Ashmead. — On  the  Aphididae  of  Florida,  with  descriptions  of 
new  species.  Family  Psyllidae.  <Canad.  Entom.,  Vol.  XIII,  1881, 
pp.  220-225. 

Gives  a list  of  the  North  American  species,  with  descriptions  of  several  new 
ones. 

C.  V.  Riley. — Notes  on  North  American  Psyllidae.  <Proc.  Biolog. 
Soc.  of  Washington,  Vol.  II,  1884,  pp.  67-79. 

A classified  list  of  the  North  American  Psyllidae  hi  thereto  described,  with  short 
characteristics  of  the  subfamilies,  and  descriptions  of  some  new  genera 
and  species. 


51 


APHIDIDAl. 

Benj.  D.  Walsh. — On  the  genera  of  Aphidse  found  in  the  United 
States.  <Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  Yol.  1,  1861-’63,  pp.  294-310. 

Cyrus  Thomas. — Notes  of  the  Plaut  lice  found  in  the  United  States. 
CTrans.  111.  Hortic.  Soc.,  1877,  pp.  137-212. 

A review  of  the  family,  including  the  Psyllidm  ; reproduces  the  descriptions 
of  earlier  authors,  and  adds  descriptions  of  new  species. 

Cyrus  Thomas  — A list  of  the  species  of  the  tribe  Aphidini,  family 
Aphidae,  found  in  the  United  States,  which  have  been  heretofore 
named,  with  descriptions  of  some  new  species.  <Illiuois  State 
Laboratory  of  Nat.  History,  Bulletin  No.  2,  1878,  pp.  3-16. 

Ch.  Y.  Biley  and  J.  Monell. — Notes  on  the  Aphididte  of  the  United 
States,  with  descriptions  of  species  occurring  West  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. <Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Survey  of  the  Terr.,  Yol.  Y, 
No.  1,  1879,  pp.  1-32,  2 pi. 

Riley  gives  the  biology  and  description  of  several  Pemphiginae  ; Monell,  de- 
scriptions, with  occasional  tables,  of  a number  of  Aphidinse. 

Cyrus  Thomas. — Eighth  Beport  of  the  State  Entomologist  on  the 
noxious  and  beneficial  insects  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  Third  Annual 
Beport,  by  Cyrus  Thomas,  Springfield,  1879. 

The  report  treats  wholly  on  the  Aphididse  of  the  United  States  and  is  an  en- 
largement of  the  author’s  paper  in  the  Trans.  111.  Hortic.  Soc.,  1877. 

Geo.  B.  Buckton.— Monograph  of  the  British  Aphides.  4 vols.  Bay 
Society,  London,  1875-’83. 

This  is  the  latest  European  work  on  this  family,  containing  tables  for  the  de- 
termination of  the  genera. 

O.  W.  Oestlund. — Synopsis  of  the  Aphididte  of  Minnesota.  <Bull. 
No.  4 Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Survey  of  Minn.,  Saint  Paul,  1887. 

coccida:. 

Y.  SiGNORET. — Essai  sur  les  Cochenilles.  <Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  de  France, 
1868-’76. 

J.  H.  Comstock. — Beport  on  Scale  Insects.  < Annual  Beport  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for  the  year  1880,  Washington,  1881, 
pp.  276-349,  plates. 

• 

J.  H.  Comstock. — Second  Beport  on  Scale  Insects,  including  a mono- 
graph of  the  sub-family  Diaspinse  of  the  family  Coccidm  and  a list, 
with  notes,  of  the  other  species  of  Scale  Insects  found  in  North 
America.  <Secoud  Beport  of  the  Cornell  University  Experiment 
Station,  1882-’83,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  1883,  pp.  47-143,  Plates  I-IY. 


52 


PEDICULIDJE. 

H.  Denny. — Monographia  Anoplurorum  Britannioe,  or  an  essay  on  the 
British  species  of  parasitic  insects.  London,  1842,  26  plates. 

O.  G.  A.  Giebel. — Insecta  epizoa.  Die  auf  Saiigethieren  und  Vogeln 

schmarotzenden  Iusekten.  Nach  Zeichnungen  von  C.  L.  Nitzsch. 
Leipzig,  1874,  20  plates. 

Andrew  Murray. — Economic  Entomology.  Aptera.  South  Ken- 
sington Museum  Science  Handbooks.  London  and  New  York,  1877. 

The  Pediculidse  are  treated  on  pp.  384-400. 

P.  M:egnin. — Les  Parasites  et  les  maladies  parasitaires  chez  l’homme, 

les  animaux  domestiques  et  les  animaux  sauvages  avec  lesquels  ils 
peuvent  etre  en  contact.  Insectes,  Arachnides,  Crustaces.  Paris, 
1880. 

The  Pediculidse  are  treated  on  pp.  72-79. 

E.  Piaget. — Les  Pediculiues.  Description  de  toutes  les  especes  ob- 
servees,  enrichie  d’especes  nouvelles.  Leide,  1880,  56  plates ; Sup- 
plement, 1885,  17  plates. 


ORTHOPTERA. 


I.— CATALOGUES. 

Samuel  H.  Scudder. — A catalogue  of  the  Orthoptera  of  North  Amer- 
ica described  previous  to  1867.  Smithsonian  Institution.  Miscella- 
neous Collections  189,  1868. 

An  alphabetical,  not  synonymical,  list  of  the  Orthoptera  described  from 
North  America ; contains  also  a full  bibliography  up  to  1867. 

J.  Sidney  Smith. — Orthoptera  of  the  State  of  Maine.  <Proc.  Port- 
land Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1868,  pp.  143-151. 

A synonymical  catalogue  of  the  Orthoptera  found  in  Maiue,  with  notes  on 
habits  and  distribution  of  the  species. 

Cyrus  Thomas. — A list  of  the  Orthoptera  of  Illinois.  <Bull.  Ills 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  No.  1,  1876,  pp.  59-69. 

A synonymical  list  of  the  Orthoptera  found  in  Illinois. 

II.— GENERAL  WORKS  ON  CLASSIFICATION. 

J.  G.  Audinet-Serville. — Histoire  naturelle  des  Insectes  Orthop- 
teres.  Paris,  1839,  776  pp.,  14  plates. 

Natural  history  of  the  order  up  to  date,  with  bibliography  and  list  of  species 
described. 

Henri  de  Saussure. — Orthoptera  nova  Americana  (Diagnoses  pne- 
liminares).  Series  I-III.  <Revue  et  Mag,  de  Zool.,  1859-’6L. 

Contains  synoptical  tables  of  species,  besides  descriptions  of  numerous  North 
American  Orthoptera. 

Samuel  H.  Scudder. — Materials  for  a monograph  of  the  North  Ameri- 
can Orthoptera.  <Boston  Journal  of  Nat.  Hist.,  Yol.  VII,  1862, 
pp.  409-480. 

Contains  synoptical  tables  and  a review  of  the  system  used  for  classification. 

Samuel  H.  Scudder. — Remarks  upon  the  arrangement  of  the  families 
of  Orthoptera.  <Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Yol.  XII,  1868-’69; 
also  separate  under  the  title : Entomological  Notes,  Yol.  II,  pp.  7-14. 

Samuel  H.  Scudder. — Synoptical  tables  for  determining  North  Ameri- 
can insects.  Orthoptera.  <Psyche,  Yol.  I,  1876,  pp.  169-L71. 

Synopsis  of  the  families  of  Orthoptera ; also  a list  of  useful  works  in  the  study 
of  North  American  Orthoptera. 


53 


III. — SYNOPSES  OF  FAMILIES  OR  SUBFAMILIES. 


PHYSAPODA  (THRIPID^E). 

A.  H.  Haliday. — An  Epitome  of  the  British  genera  in  the  Order 
Thysanoptera,  with  indications  of  a few  of  the  species.  <Ento- 
mol.  Mag.,  Yol.  Ill,  1836,  pp.  439-451. 

Francis  Walker. — List  of  specimens  of  Homopterous  Insects  in  the 
collection  of  the  British  Museum.  5 vols.  and  1 vol.  Supplement. 
London,  1850-’58. 

The  Physapoda,  compiled  from  Haliday’s  manuscripts  are  treated  in  the  sup- 
plement. 

These  are  the  only  classificatory  papers  on  this  family.  No  systematic  paper 
on  the  North  American  Physapods  has  hitherto  been  published,  and  only 
a few  species  are  described  by  various  authors. 

FORFICULIDiE. 

H.  Dohrn. — Versuch  einer  Monographic  dcr  Dermapteren.  <Stet- 
tiner  entomol.  Zeit.,  Yols.  XX1Y-XXYI,  1863-’65. 

A monograph  of  the  Forliculidse  of  the  whole  world. 

Samuel  H.  Scudder. — Synoptical  tables  for  determining  North  Amer- 
ican insects.  Orthoptera.  U.  S.  Forficularise.  <Pysche,  Yol.  I, 
1876,  pp.  177, 178. 

Tabulates  thirteen  species  and  gives  a list  of  books  useful  for  the  study  of 
the  family. 

Samuel  EL  Scudder. — Brief  Synopsis  of  North  American  Earwigs, 
with  an  appendix  on  the  fossil  species.  <Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and 
Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.,  Yol.  II,  No.  3,  1876,  pp.  249-260. 

Samuel  H.  Scudder. — Critical  and  historical  notes  on  Forficularise, 
including  descriptions  of  new  generic  forms  and  an  alphabetical 
synonymic  list  of  the  described  species.  <Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.  Julv-Oct.,  1876,  Yol.  XYIII,  pp.  287-332. 

BLATTIDJE. 

Henri  de  Saussure. — Orthoptera  nova  Americana  (Diagnoses  prse- 
liminares).  Ser.  III.  <Revue  et  Mag.  de  Zool.,  1862. 

Contains  descr  iptions  of  new  Blattidse,  with  synoptical  arrangement. 

G.  Brunner  yon  Wattenwyl. — Nouveau  systeme  des  Blattaires. 
Vienna,  1865,  426  pp.,  13  plates. 

Synoptical  arrangement  of  all  described  species,  with  descriptions  of  many 
new  ones;  also  bibliography  on  the  family. 

Henri  de  Saussure. — Melanges  Orthopterologiques.  6 fascicules. 
Geneve,  1863-’78. 

Fascicule  II  contains  the  Blattidse. 

C.  Stal. — Recherches  sur  le  systeme  des  Blattaires.  Stockholm,  1874. 


55 


PHASMIDiE. 

George  R.  Gray. — Synopsis  of  the  species  of  insects  belonging  to 
the  family  of  Phasmidse.  London,  1835. 

J.  O.  Westwood. — A catalogue  of  the  Jrthopterous  insects  in  the 
British  Museum.  Part  I.  Phasmidm.  London,  1859. 

C.  Stal.— Receusio  Orthopterorum.  Revue  critique  des  Orthopteres 
decrits  par  Linne,  De  Geer  et  Thunberg.  Part  3.  Stockholm,  1875. 

Synoptical  tables  of  the  genera  of  Phasmkhe,  with  notes  on  many  species. 

MANTIDJE. 

Henri  de  Saussure. — Essai  d’un  systeme  des  Mantides.  <Mittlieil. 
d.  schweiz.  ent.  Ges.,  Yol.  HI,  1869,  pp.  49-73. 

Classification  of  the  Mantidse.  Part  2 contains  descriptions  of  North  Ameri- 
can species. 

Henri  de  Saussure. — Additions  au  systeme  des  Mantides.  Geneve, 
1871. 

Synoptic  table  of  genera  and  species  of  North  American  Mantidse. 

Henri  de  Saussure. — Mantides  americains.  Geneve,  1871,  186  pp., 
2 pi. 

A synopsis  of  the  North  American  species. 

0.  Stal.— Recherches  sur  le  systeme  des  Mantides.  Stockholm,  1873. 

GRYLLIDiE. 

Samuel  H.  Scudder. — Revision  of  the  large,  stylated,  fossorial  crick- 
ets. <Memoirs  of  the  Peabody  Academy  of  Sciences,  Yol.  I,  No. 
1, 1869. 

Descriptions  of  the  species  of  Scapteriscus  and  Gryllotalpa. 

Henri  de  Saussure. — Melanges  Orthopterologiques.  Gryllides.  Two 
parts.  Geneve,  1877-78. 

A monograph  of  the  family,  containing  synoptical  tables  of  the  genera  and 
species. 

LOCUSTIDJE. 

C.  Stal. — Receusio  orthopterorum.  Revue  critique  des  orthopteres 
decrits  par  Linne,  He  Geer  et  Thunberg.  (Part  2.)  Stockholm,  1874. 

Contains  synoptical  tables  of  the  genera. 

C.  Brunner  yon  Wattenwyl.— Monographic  der  Phaneropteriden. 
Wien,  1878,  402  pp.,  8 pi. 

A synoptical  monograph  of  the  Katydids  of  the  world,  with  full  bibliography 
and  full  synonymy  of  the  species. 

Ignacio  Bolivar. — Arthropodos  del  Yiage  al  Pacifico,  verificado  de 
1862-1865  por  una  comision  de  naturalistas  enviada  por  el  Go- 
bierno  Espanol.  Insectes  neuropteros  y ortopteros.  Madrid,  1884, 
114  pp.,  3 pi. 

Contains  a synoptical  table  of  the  genus  Conocephalus,  with  descriptions  of 
new  species. 


56 


ACRIDID.J3. 

O.  StIl. — Recensio  Orthopterorum.  Revue  critique  des  Orthoptbres 
decrits  par  Linn6,  De  Geer  et  Thunberg.  Part  1.  Acrididae,  Stock- 
holm, 1873. 

A synoptical  arrangement  of  the  genera  of  the  family,  with  descriptions  of 
new  genera  and  species. 

Gyrus  Thomas. — Synopsis  of  North  American  Acrididae.  <Report  U. 
S.  Geol.  Survey,  Yol.  Y,  Part  1,  1873. 

A systematical  arrangement  of  the  described  species  of  North  American 
locusts:  Part  1.  Species  of  the  United  States;  Part  2.  Species  from 
other  parts  of  North  America. 

Samuel  H.  Scudder. — Spharagemon,  a genus  of  GMipodidae;  with 
a revision  of  the  species.  <Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Yol.  XY II, 
1875,  pp.  467-471.  Separate,  under  the  title:  Entomol.  Notes,  IY, 
pp.  66-70. 

A synopsis  of  the  genus,  with  descriptions  of  new  species. 

Samuel  H.  Soudder. — A revision  of  two  American  genera  of  GEdi 
podidae.  ^CProc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Yol.  XYII,  1875,  pp.  478- 
-185.  Separate,  under  the  title:  Entomol.  Notes,  Yol.  1Y,  pp.  77-84. 

A synopsis  of  the  genera  Encoptolophus  and  Tragocephala. 

Cyrus  Thomas. — Manual  of  economic  entomology.  Part  III.  The  Acri- 
didae of  Illinois.  <Ninth  Report  of  the  State  Entomologist . . . 
of  the  State  of  Illinois,  1880,  pp.  73-140. 

Contains  a synoptical  table  or  key  to  the  lamilies  of  Orthoptera,  a key  to  the 
subfamilies  and  genera,  and  a key  to  the  Illinois  species  of  Acrididae. 

Lawrence  Bruner. — North  American  Acrididae,  north  of  Mexico. 
<Third  Report  U.  S.  Entomolog.  Commission,  1883,  pp.  55-61. 

A systematical  list  of  the  species  described  from  North  America. 

Henri  de  Saussure. — Prodromus  CEdipodiorum  Insectorum  ex  ordine 
Orthopterorum.  Geneve,  1884,  4to,  254  pp. 

A synoptical  mouograph  of  the  subfamily  CEdipodinse  of  all  countries,  with 
descriptions  of  new  species. 


NEUROPTERA  (INCLUDING  PSEUDONEUROPTERA). 


I.— CATALOGUES. 

No  catalogue  of  the  North  American  Neuroptera — not  even  a partial  one — has 
ever  been  published. 

II.— GENERAL  WORKS  ON  CLASSIFICATION. 

Hermann  Burmeister. — Haudbuch  der  Entomologie.  Berlin,  1832- 
’35. 

The  Neuroptera  are  treated  in  Yol.  II,  Part  I. 

P.  Eambur. — Histoire  naturelle  des  Neuropteres.  Suites  a Buffon. 
Paris,  1842. 

Hermann  Hagen. — Synopsis  of  the  Neuroptera  of  North  America,  with 
a list  of  the  South  American  species.  Prepared  for  the  Smithsonian 
Institution.  Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections,  Washington, 
1861. 

III.— MONOGRAPHS  AND  SYNOPSES. 

TERMITIDvE. 

H.  A.  Hagen. — Monographic  der  Termiten.  <Liun8ea  entomol.,  Yols. 
X,  XII,  and  XIY,  1855-’60. 

EMBIIDiE. 

H.  A.  Hagen. — Monograph  of  the  Embidina.  <Canadian  Entomol. 
Yol.  XYII,  1885. 

Only  one  species  of  this  family  has  hitherto  been  found  in  the  United  States. 

psochue. 

H.  A.  Hagen. — Beitrage  zur  Monographic  der  Psociden.  <Sfcettiner 
entomol.  Zeit.,  Yols.  XLIII  and  XLIV,  1882-’83. 

PERLIDAE. 

F.  J.  Pictet. — Histoire  naturelle  generale  et  particuliere  des  insectes 
Neuropteres.  Premiere  monographie:  Famille  des  Perlides. 
Geneve,  1841-’42. 

EPHEMERIDiE. 

F.  J.  Pictet. — Histoire  naturelle  generale  et  particuliere  des  insectes 
Neuropteres.  Seconde  monographie:  Famille  des  Ephemeriues. 
Geneve,  1843-’45. 


58 


Benj.  D.  Walsh. — List  of  the  Pseud  on  europtera  of  Illinois  contained 
in  the  cabiuet  of  the  writer,  with  descriptions  of  over  forty  new 
species,  and  notes  on  their  structural  affinities.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat. 
Sc.  Philadelphia,  1862,  pp.  361-402. 

This  paper  contains,  on  pp.  367,  368,  a table  of  the  genera  of  Ephemeridse. 

Benj.  D.  Walsh.— Observations  on  certain  North  American  Neurop- 
tera,  by  H.  Hagen,  M.  D.,  of  Koenigsberg,  Prussia;  translated 
from  the  original  French  MS.,  and  published  by  permission  of  the 
author,  with  notes  and  descriptions  of  about  twenty  new  North 
American  species  of  Pseudoueuroptera.  <Proc.  Entom.  Soc. 
Phila.,  Vol.  II,  1863-’64,  pp.  167-272. 

Contains  a modification  of  the  table  of  genera  of  Ephemeridse,  pp.  195,  196; 
a table  of  the  subgenera  of  Gotnphus,  p.  253;  and  a “Synoptical  table  of 
the  subfamilies  of  the  family  Odonata,”  pp.  259,  260. 

A.  E.  Eaton. — A monograph  on  the  Ephemeridm.  Part  1.  The 
nomenclature  of  the  Ephemeridse.  <Trans.  Eutom.  Soc.  London, 
1871,  pp.  1-164,  6 pi. 

A.  E.  Eaton. — A Revisional  Monograph  of  recent  Ephemeridse,  or 
Mayflies.  <Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Londou,  1883-’86. 

Four  parts  have  hitherto  been  published. 

ODONATA. 

E.  de  Selys  Longchamps  et  H.  Hagen. — Monographie  des  Calop- 
terygines.  Bruxelles,  1854. 

E.  de  Selys  Longchamps  et  H.  Hagen.— Monographie  des  Gom- 
phines.  Bruxelles,  1858. 

E.  de  Selys  Longchamps. — Synopsis  des  Agrionines.  6 parts. 
Bruxelles,  1860-?65. 

E.  de  Selys  Longchamps. — Synopsis  des  Cordulines.  Bruxelles, 
1871. 

H.  A.  Hagen.-  Synopsis  of  the  Odonata  of  America.  <Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  XVIII,  1875,  pp.  20-96. 

Omitting  the  subfamily  Agrioniua. 

HEMEROBIDiE. 

G.  Th.  Schneider. — Symbola  ad  monographiam  generis  Chrysopse 

Leach.  Vratislavise,  1851. 

H.  A.  Hagen. — Hemerobidarum  synopsis  synonymica.  <Stettiner 
entomol.  Zeit.,  1866,  pp.  369-462. 

H.  A.  Hagen. — Monograph  of  the  Hemerobidm.  <Part  I,  Proc.  Bos- 
ton Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  XXIII,  1886,  pp.  250-269;  Pt.  II,  l.  c.,  pp. 
276-292. 

Apparently  not  yet  completed. 


59 


PANORPIDJE. 

J.  O.  Westwood. — Monograph  of  the  genus  Panorpa.  <Trans.  Entom. 
Soc,  London,  Vol.  IV,  p.  1. 

PHRYGANIDJE. 

B.  McLachlan. — Notes  on  North  American  Phryganidge,  with  especial 

reference  to  those  contained  in  the  collection  of  the  British  Museum. 
<Entom.  Annual  for  1863,  pp.  155-163. 

Contains  a list  of  North  American  Phryganids. 

H.  A.  Hagen. — Phryganidarum  Synopsis  synonymica.  <Verh.  k.  k. 
zool.-bot.  Gres,  in  Wien,  Voi.  XIV,  1864,  pp.  799-890. 

H.  A.  Hagen. — Beitrage  zur  Kenntniss  der  Phryganiden.  <Verb.  k. 
k.  zool.-bot.  Ges.  iu  Wien,  Vol.  XXIII,  1873,  pp.  377-452. 

H.  A.  Hagen. — [On  the  Phryganids.]  <Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
Vol.  XV,  1873,  pp.  384,  385. 

A list  of  the  North  American  species. 

A.  E.  Eaton. — On  the  Hydroptilids,  a fa  mily  of  the  Trichoptera 
<Trans.  Entom.  Soc.  London,  1873,  pp.  125-151. 

Gives  a list  of  the  species,  and  synopsis  of  genera. 

MALLOPHAGA. 

H.  Denny. — Monographia  Anoplurorum  Britannis.  London,  1842,  26 
pi. 

C.  G.  A.  Giebel. — losecta  epizoa.  Die  auf  Saugethieren  und  Vogeln 

schmarotzenden  lusekten.  Nach  Zeichnungen  von  0.  L.  Nitzsch. 
Leipzig,  1874,  20  pi. 

Andrew  Murray. — Economic  Entomology.  Aptera.  South  Ken- 
sington Museum  Science  Handbooks.  London  and  New  York, 
1877. 

The  Mallophaga  (Anoplura)  are  treated  on  pp.  375-384. 

P.  Megnin. — Les  Parasites  et  les  maladies  parasitaires  chez  Phomme, 
les  animaux  domestiques  et  les  animaux  sauvages  avec  lesquels  ils 
peuvent  etre  en  contact.  Insectes,  Arachnides,  Crustaces.  Paris, 
1880. 

E.  Piaget. — Les  P6diculines.  Description  de  toutes  les  especes  ob- 
serves, enrichie  d’especes  nouvelles.  Leide,  1880,  56  pi.;  Sup- 
plement, 1885,  17  pi. 

O.  Taschenberg. — Die  Mallophagen  mit  besonderer  Beriicksichtigung 
der  von  Meyer  gesammelten  Arten.  Halle,  1882. 


60 

THYSANURA. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — Synopsis  of  the  Thysanura  of  Essex  County, 
Mass.,  with  descriptions  of  a few  extralimital  forms.  <Fifth  An- 
nual Report  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Academy  of  Science 
for  the  year  1872,  Salem,  1873,  pp.  23-51. 

John  Lubbock. — Monograph  of  the  Oollembola  and  Thysanura.  Lon- 
don, Ray  Society,  1873. 

The  introduction  gives  the  full  bibliography  up  to  date. 

Andrew  Murray. — Economic  Entomology.  Aptera.  South  Kensing- 
ton Museum  Science  Handbooks,  London  and  New  York,  1877. 

The  Thysanura  are  treated  of  on  pp.  401-416. 


MYRIAPODA. 


I.— CATALOGUES. 

No  comprehensive  catalogue  or  list  have  hitherto  been  published  ou  the 
North  American  Myriapods. 

IL— COMPREHENSIVE  WORKS. 

Thomas  Say. — Descriptions  of  the  Myriapods  of  the  United  States. 
CJourn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  Yol.  II,  1821,  pp.  102-114 5 Say’s  Entom. 
Writings,  ed.  Le  Conte,  Vol.  II,  pp.  24-32. 

This  is  the  first  paper  of  importance  on  the  North  American  Myriapoda. 

George  Newport. — Monograph  of  the  class  Myriapoda,  Order  Chilo- 
poda.  <Trans.  Linnean  Soc.  of  London,  Yol.  XIX,  1845,  pp.  265- 
302  and  349-439. 

C.  L.  Koch. — System  der  Myriapoden.  Regensburg,  1847. 

C.  L.  Koch. — Die  Myriapoden.  2 vols.  Halle,  1863. 

Horatio  0.  Wood,  Jr. — On  the  Chilopoda  of  North  America,  with 
Catalogue  of  all  the  specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution.  <Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  New  Ser.,  Voi.  Y,  1863,  pp. 
5-42. 

Horatio  C.  Wood,  Jr. — The  Myriapoda  of  North  America.  <Trans. 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Yol.  XIII,  1865,  pp.  137-248,  3 pi. 

This  is  the  first  and  only  monograph  of  the  Myriapoda  published  in  this 
country, 

Andrew  Murray. — Economic  Entomology.  Aptera.  South  Kensing- 
ton Museum  Science  Handbooks,  London  and  New  York,  1877. 

Robert  Latzel. — Die  Myriapoden  der  Oesterreichisch-Uugarischen 
Monarchic.  Erste  Halfte:  Die  Chilopoden,  Wien,  1880.  Zweite 
Halfte : Die  Symphylen,  Pauropoden  und  Diplopoden,  Wien,  1884. 

The  most  recent  comprehensive  work  on  this  order,  aud  very  important  from 
a classificatory  standpoint. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — On  the  morphology  of  the  Myriapoda.  <Proc. 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Yol.  XXI,  1883,  pp.  197-209/ 

Lucien  M.  Underwood. — The  North  American  Myriapoda.  <Ento- 
mol.  Amer.,  Yol.  I,  1885,  pp.  141-151. 

A complete  bibliographical  review  of  the  subject,  with  tables  of  families  and 
genera. 


61 


62 


HI.— MONOGRAPHS  AND  SYNOPSES  OF  FAMILIES  AND  GENERA. 
pauropoda  (families  Pauropodidce  and  Eurypauropodidce). 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — New  or  rare  Neuroptera,  Thysamira,  and  Myria- 
poda.  < Proc.  Boston  Soc.  of  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  XIII,  1 S70,  pp.  405-411 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — A remarkable  Myriapod.  <Amer.  Natur.,  Vol. 
IV,  1870,  p.  621. 

John  A.  Ryder.— Discovery  of  two  remarkable  genera  of  minute 
Myriapoda  in  Fairmount  Park.  <Amer.  Natur.,  Vol.  XII,  1878,  pp. 
557,  558. 

John  A.  Ryder. — An  account  of  a new  genus  of  minute  Pauropod 
Myriapods.  <Amer.  Natur.,  Vol.  XIII,  1879,  pp.  603-612. 

diplopoda  (families  Polyxenidce , Polyzonidce , Polydesmidce , Clior- 
deumidce , Lysiopetalidce , and  Julidce). 

Horatio  0.  Wood. — Descriptions  of  new  species  of  North  American 
Polydesmidm.  <Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.,  1864,  pp.  6-10. 

John  A.  Ryder. — List  of  the  North  American  species  of  Myriapods 
belonging  to  the  family  of  the  Lysiopetalidse,  with  a description  of 
a blind  form  from  Luray  Cave,  Virginia.  <Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
Vol.  Ill,  1881,  pp.  524-529. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Jr. — A revision  of  the  Lysiopetalid.se,  a family  of  Chi- 
lognath  Myriapoda,  with  a notice  of  the  genus  Cambala.  <Proc. 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Vol.  XXI,  1883,  pp.  177-197. 

Charles  H.  Bollman.— Notes  on  North  American  Julidse,  with  de- 
scriptions of  new  species.  <Anu.  N.  Y.  Ac.  Sc.,  Vol.  IV,  Nos.  1 
and  2,  pp.  25-44. 

chilopoda  (families  Scutigeridce,  Geopliilidce , Scolopendridw , and  Litho- 

biidce). 

Ludwig  Koch. — Die  Myriapodengattung  Lithobius.  Niirnberg,  1862. 

A monograph  of  the  geuus,  comprising  the  species  of  all  continents. 

A.  Stuxberg. — Nya  nordamerikanska  Lithobier.  <Ofversigt  k.  Ve- 
tensk.  Acad.  Forh.,  Vol.  XXXII,  No.  2, 1875,  pp.  65-72. 

A.  Stuxberg. — Lithobioidse  Americse  borealis.  Ofversigt  af  Nord- 
Amerikas  hittills  kanda  Lithobiider.  <Ofversigt  k.  Vetensk.  Acad. 
Forh.,  Vol.  XXXII,  No.  3, 1875,  pp.  23-32. 

Fr.  Meinert. — Myriopoda  Musei  Cantabrigensis,  Mass.  Part  I.  Chi- 
lopoda. <Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  1885,  £>p.  161-233. 

Of  great  value  for  the  study  of  classification,  though  containing  no  synopses. 


ARACHNIDA. 


I— CATALOGUES. 

No  catalogue  of  the  North  Ainericau  forms  has  so  far  been  published. 

II.— COMPREHENSIVE  WORKS. 

C.  W.  Hahn  and  0.  L.  Koch. — Die  Arachniclen.  Ntirnberg,  1831-48, 
16  vols.  with  563  pi. 

H.  Lucas. — Descriptions  et  figures  d’especes  nouvelies  d’Arachnides. 
Paris,  1835-736. 

0.  A.  de  Walckenaer. — Histoire  naturelle  des  Insectes  (Suites  a Buf- 
fon).  Apteres.  Paris,  Eoret,  1837-47,  4 vols.,  with  52  pi. 

The  first  work  ou  general  classification  of  this  order,  and  many  North  Amer- 
ican species  are  described  from  drawings  by  Bose  and  Abbot. 

N.  M.  Hentz. — Descriptions  and  figures  of  the  Araneides  of  the  United 
States.  <Journ.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  IV-VT,  1842-750. 

These  papers  form  the  basis  of  the  study  of  American  arachnology.  Numerous 
species  are  described,  but  not  in  synoptic  form. 

T.  Thorell. — On  European  Spiders.  Part  I.  Review  of  the  European 
genera  of  Spiders.  Upsala,  1869-770. 

N.  M.  Hentz. — Aranese  America  septentrionalis.  The  Spiders  of  the 
United  States.  Edited  by  J.  H.  Emerton  and  E.  Burgess.  <“  Oc- 
casional Papers”  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  1875. 

A reprint  of  Hentz’s  papers  on  North  American  spiders. 

Graf  Eugen  Keyserling.— Amerikanische  Spinnen  aus  den  Farni- 
lien  Pholcoidae,  Scytodoidse  und  Dysderoidse.  <Verh.  k.  k.  zool.- 
bot.  Ges.  in  Wien,  Vol.  XXVII,  1877,  pp.  205-234. 

Graf  Eugen  Keyserling. — Neue  Spinnen  aus  Amerika.  (Six 
parts.)  <Verh.  k.  k.  Zool.-bot.  Ges.  in  Wien,  Vols.  XXIX- 
XXXIV,  1879-784. 

E.  Simon.— Les  Arachnides  de  France.  Paris,  Vols.  I-V,  1874-784. 

These  two  works  represent  the  most  recent  systems  of  classification,  and  are 
therefore  of  great  general  value,  although  they  deal  only  with  the  Euro- 
pean fauna. 

Lucien  M.  Underwood. — The  Progress  of  Arachnology  in  America. 
<Atner.  Natur.,  Vol.  XXI,  1887,  pp.  963-975. 

A very  useful  review  of  the  bibliography,  with  synoptic  table  of  the  families 
of  the  AraneaB. 


63 


64 


HI.— MONOGRAPHS  AND  SYNOPSES. 

Aranese. 

EPEIRIDiE. 

Graf  E.  Keyserling. — Beschreibung  ueuer  und  wenig  bekannter 
Arten  aus  der  Familie  Orbitelae  Latr.  oder  Epeiridae  Sund, 
<Sitzuugsber.  d.  naturw.  Ges.  Isis  in  Dresden,  1863  (1864),  pp.  63- 

154. 

J.  E.  Emerton. — New  England  Spiders  of  the  family  Epeiridae. 
<Trans.  Connect.  Acad,  of  Sc  , Vol.  VI,  1884,  pp.  295-342. 

THERIDIDJE. 

O.  P.  Cambridge.— On  some  new  species  of  Erigone  from  North  Amer- 
ica. Two  parts.  <Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1874,  pp.  428-442 ; 
1875,  pp.  393-405. 

J.  H.  Emerton. — New  England  Spiders  of  the  family  Therididae. 
<Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  Vol.  VI,  1882,  pp.  1-86. 

Graf  E.  Keyserling. — Die  Spinnen  Amerikas.  II.  Theridkke.  1. 
Halfte,  Niirnberg,  1884;  2.  Halfte,  Niirnberg,  1886. 

THOMISIDJE. 

Graf  E.  Keyserling. — Die  Spinnen  Amerikas.  Laterigradae.  Niirn- 
berg,  1880. 

ATTIDJE. 

G.  W.  and  E.  G.  Peckham. — Descriptions  of  new  or  little  known 
spiders  of  the  family  Attidae,  from  various  parts  of  the  United 
States  of  North  America.  Milwaukee,  1883. 

DRASSID^E. 

C.  L.  Koch. — Die  Arachniden-Familie  der  Drassiden.  Niirnburg, 
1866-’68. 

O.  P.  Cambridge. — On  some  new  species  of  Drassides.  <Proc.  Zool. 
Soc.  London,  1874,  pp.  370-419 

LYCOSID^E. 

Graf  E.  Keyserling. — Ueber  amerikanische  Spinnen- Arten  der 
Unterordnung  Citigradae.  <Verk.  k.  k.  zool.-bot.  Ges.  Wien,  Vol. 
XXXVI,  1876,  pp.  609-708. 

J.  H.  Emerton. — New  England  Spiders  of  the  family  Lycosidae. 
<Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  Vol.  VI,  1885,  pp.  481-505. 


65 


MYG-ALIDiE. 

Anton  Ausserer. — Beitrage  zar  Kenntniss  der  Arachniden-Familie 
der  Territelarim  Thorell.  <Verh.  k.  k.  zool.-bot.  Ges.  Wien,  Yol. 
XXI,  1871,  pp.  117-224. 

J.  T.  MoGtGtRidg-e. — Harvesting  Ants  and  Trap  door  Spiders,  with  sup- 
plementary descriptions  of  species  by  Rev.  O.  P.  Cambridge.  Lon- 
don, 1873-74. 

Anton  Ausserer. — Zweiter  Beitrag  zur  Kenutniss  der  Arachniden. 
Familie  der  Territelarhe  Thorell.  <Verh.  k.  k.  zool.-bot.  Ges. 
Wien,  Vol.  XXV,  1875,  pp.  125-206. 

Arthrogastra. 

T.  Thorell. — On  the  classification  of  Scorpions.  <Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  XVII,  1876,  p.  1 ff. 

T.  Thorell. — Etudes  scorpiologiques.  Milan,  1877. 

Lucien  M.  Underwood. — A preliminary  list  of  the  Arthrogastra  of 
North  America  (excluding  Mexico).  <Canad.  Entom.,  Vol.  XVII, 
1885,  pp.  162-169. 

SOLPUGTDiE. 

E.  Simon. — Essai  d’une  classification  des  Galeodes.  <Ann.  Soc.  Eut. 
France,  1879,  pp.  93  ff. 

Fr.  Karsch. — Zur  Kenutniss  der  Galeodiden.  <Archiv  fur  Natur- 
gesch.,  Vol.  XLVI,  1880. 

J.  Duncan  Putnam. — The  Solpugidse  of  America.  Arranged  for  pub- 
lication by  Herbert  Osborn.  <Proc.  Davenport  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.,  Vol. 
Ill,  1882,  pp.  149  ff. 

This  monograph  remained  incomplete  on  account  of  the  death  -of  the  author. 
It  contains  a complete  bibliography  on  the  family. 

SCORPIONIDH2. 

Horatio  C.  Wood,  Jr. — Descriptions  of  new  species  of  North  American 
Pedipalpi.  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philadelphia,  1863,  p.  107-112. 

Horatio  C.  Wood,  Jr. — On  the  Pedipalpi  of  North  America.  <Journ. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philadelphia,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  V,  1863,  pp.  357-376,  PI. 
XL. 

J.  Thorell. — On  the  classification  of  Scorpions.  <Aun.  and  Mag.  of 
Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  Vol.  XVII,  1876,  pp.  1 ff. 

J.  Thorell. — Etudes  Scorpiologiques.  <Act.  Soc.  Ital.  d.  Sc.  Nat., 
Vol.  XIX,  1877,  pp.  75  ff. 

22310— Bull  19 5 


66 


Fr.  Karsch. — Scorpionologische  Beitrage.  <Mitth.  d.  Miiuchener 
Entom.  Ver.,  1879,  2 parts. 

CHERNETIDiE. 

A.  Menge. — Ueber  die  Scheerenspinnen  Chernetidse.  Danzig,  1855. 

H.  A.  Hagen. — Synopsis  Pseudoscorpionidum,  synonyinica.  <Proc. 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  XIII,  1870,  pp.  263-272. 

Ludwig  Koch. — Uebersichtliche  Darstellung  der  europaischen  Glier- 
netiden.  Ntirnberg,  1873. 

PHALANGID^E. 

Horatio  C.  Wood,  Jr. — On  the  Phalangese  of  the  United  States  of 
America.  <Coinmun.  of  the  Essex  Inst.,  Vol.  VI,  1868,  pp.  10-40. 

J.  Tiiorell. — Conspectus  familiarum  et  generum  Europaeorum  ordinis 
Opiliouum.  <Anu.  del  Mus.  civico  d.  Storia  nat.  de  Genova,  1876, 
pp.  462  ff. 

E.  Simon.— Essai  d’uue  classification  des  Opiliones  Mecostethi.  <Ann. 
Soc.  Entom.  de  Belgique,  Vol.  XXtl,  1880,  pp.  183-241. 

Acarina. 

A.  Dug^s. — Recherches  sur  Fordre  des  Acariens  (IIIme  Memoire). 
<Auu.  des  Sc.  Nat.,  IIme  ser.,  Vol.  I,  1836,  Zoologie,  p.  18  if. 

Leon  Dufour. — Descriptions  et  figures  de  quelques  parasites  de  For- 
dre  des  Acariens.  <Aun.  des  Sc.  Natur.,  Vol.  XI,  1839,  p.  274  ff. 

H.  Nicolet. — Histoire  uaturelle  des  Acariens  qui  se  trouve  aux  envi- 
rons de  Paris.  <Archives  du  Museum  d’histoire  nat.  de  Paris,  Vol. 
VII,  185  4-’ 55. 

C.  G.  Giebel. — Insecta  Epizoa.  Die  Parasiten  der  Saugethiere  uud 
Vogel.  Leipzig,  1874. 

P.  Megnin.— Memoire  sur  les  Metamorphoses  des  Acariens  en  general 
et  en  particulier  sur  celles  des  Trombidions.  <Ann.  des  Sc.  Nat., 
Ser.  VI,  Vol.  IV,  1876,  Article  5. 

P.  Megnin. — Memoire  sur  Forganisation  et  la  distribution  zoologique 
des  Acariens  de  la  famille  des  Gamasides.  <Journ.  d’Anatomie  et 
de  Physiologie,  1876,  pp.  288-336. 

J.  P.  Megnin. — Monographic  de  la  Tribu  des  Sarcoptides  Psorique, 
subdivision  de  la  famille  des  Sarcoptides,  ordre  des  Acariens. 
<Bevue  et  Magasin  de  Zoologie,  1877. 


67 


P.  Cramer. — Gruudziige  zur  Systematik  der  Milben.  <Wiegm.  Ar- 
chiv  fur  Naturgescb.,  1877,  pp.  215-248. 

Andrew  Murray. — Economic  Entomology.  Aptera.  South  Ken- 
sington Museum  Science  Handbooks,  London  and  New  York,  1877. 

Pierre  Megnin. — Memoire  sur  les  Cheyletides  Parasites.  <Journ. 
d’Anatomie  et  de  Physiologie,  1878,  p.  1 ff. 

P.  Megnin. — Les  Parasites  et  les  maladies  parasitis  chez  Phomrne,  les 
animaux  domestiques  et  les  animaux  sauvages  avec  lesquels  ils  peu- 
ventetreen  contact.  Insectes,  Arachnides,  Crustaces.  Paris,  1880. 

G.  Haller. — Die  Milben  als  Parasiten  der  Wirbellosen,  in’s  Besondere 

der  Artkropodeu.  Halle  a.  S.,  1880. 

Antonio  Berlese. — Acari,  Miriopodi  e Scorpioni  Italiani.  Padova, 
1882  and  subsequent  years  (not  yet  completed). 

H.  Garman. — The  Phytopti  and  other  injurious  plant  mites.  <Twelfth 

Rep.  of  the  State  Entom.  on  the  Nox.  and  Benef.  Insects  of  the  State 
of  Ills.,  1883,  pp.  123-143. 

Besides  the  two  papers  just  cited  the  American  literature  on  the  Mites  fur- 
nishes only  descriptions  or  observations  concerning  single  species,  or  pa- 
pers of  a more  popular  character,  which  I cannot  enumerate  here;  and  the 
student  is  referred  to  the  following  European  works,  which  have  more 
or  less  contributed  toward  our  knowledge  of  the  classification  of  the 
Acarina. 

L.  Karpelles. — Beitrage  zur  Naturgeschichte  der  Milben.  <Berlin. 
entom.  Zeitsch.,  Vol.  XXVIII,  1884,  pp.  1-34. 

Antonio  Berlese. — Acarorum  Systematis  Specimen.  <Bull.  Soc. 
Ent,  Ital.,  Vol.  XVII,  1885,  p.  121  ff. 

Herbert  Osborn. — Preliminary  List  of  the  species  of  Acarina  of 
North  America.  <Canad.  Entom.,  Vol.  XVIII,  1886,  pp.  4-12. 


LIST  OF  THE  MORE  IMPORTANT  PERIODICALS  CITED  IN  THIS 

BULLETIN. 

American  periodicals. 

The  American  Naturalist.  A monthly  journal  devoted  to  the 
natural  sciences  in  their  widest  sense  (20  volumes  published  up 
to  1887.)  (Nowt  published  by  Leonard  Scott  Publication  Co.,  Phila- 
delphia.) 

Annals  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  New  York  (8 
volumes,  1824-67). 

Bulletin  of  the  Brooklyn  Entomological  Society  (7  volumes, 
1878-’85). 


68 


Bulletin  of  the  Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  History  (4  vol- 
umes completed,  beginning  with  1874;  the  fifth  in  course  of  publi- 
cation). 

The  Canadian  Entomologist  (edited  by  William  Saunders  and  lately 
by  J.  S.  Bethune;  19  volumes  published  up  to  the  end  of  1887. 
Published  at  London,  Out.) 

Entomologica  Americana.  Published  by  the  Brooklyn  Entomolo- 
gical Society  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  (2  volumes  completed  since  1885; 
the  third  in  course  of  publication). 

Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
phia (commencing  with  1817). 

Memoirs  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History  (commenc- 
ing with  1866). 

Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phil- 
adelphia (beginning  with  1841). 

Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  of  Phil- 
adelphia (beginning  with  1860). 

Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History  (com- 
mencing with  1841). 

Procee  dings  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia 
(6  volumes,  1861-767). 

Papilio.  Devoted  exclusively  to  Lepidoptera.  Organ  of  the  New 
York  Entomological  Club  (4  volumes,  1881-’84). 

Psyche. — Organ  of  the  Cambridge  Entomological  Club  (4  volumes 
issued  up  to  date.  Published  at  Cambridge,  Mass). 

Transactions  of  the  Academy  of  Science  of  Saint  Louis  (4  vol- 
umes hitherto  published). 

Transactions  of  the  American  Entomological  Society  and  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Entomological  Section  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  (beginning  with  1868;  14  volumes  published  up  to  1887. 
Published  at  Philadelphia.) 

Transactions  of  the  American  Phelosophical  Society  of  Phil- 
adelphia (2nd  series  beginning  with  1818). 

Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections  (Smithsonian  Institution, 
Washington,  D.  C. ; beginning  1862). 

Bulletins  of  the  United  States  National  Museum  (Department 
of  the  Interior ; beginning  with  1875). 


69 


Proceedings  of  the  United  States  National  Museum:  (Depart- 
ment of  the  Interior  ; beginning  with  1878). 

Bulletins  of  the  United  States  Geological  and  Geograph- 
ical Survey  of  the  Territories,  F.  V.  Hayden  in  charge 
(Department  of  the  Interior;  beginning  with  1875). 

Reports  of  the  United  States  Geological  and  Geographical 
Survey  of  the  Territories  (Department  of  the  Interior ; be- 
ginning with  1867). 


Foreign  periodicals. 

Annales  de  la  Societe  entomologique  de  Belgique  (beginning 
with  1860.  Published  at  Bruxelles). 

Annales  de  la  Societe  entomologique  de  France  (commencing 
with  1832.  Published  at  Paris). 

Berliner  entomologische  Zeitschrift  (commencing  with  1857). 

Deutsche  Entomologische  Zeitschrift.  Herausgegeben  von  Dr. 
G.  Kraatz.  Berlin  (beginning  with  1881). 

Entomologische  Zeitung.  Herausgegeben  von  dem  entomologischen 
Yerein  zu  Stettin  (beginning  with  1840). 

Linn^a  entomologica.  Herausgegeben  vom  entomologischen  Yerein 
zu  Stettin  (16  volumes.  Berlin,  1846-’66.) 

Ofversigt  afKongl.  Svenska  Yetenskaps  AcademiensForhand- 
lingar  (beginning  with  1844.  Published  at  Stockholm). 

Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Swedish  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Sitzungsberichte  der  mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlich- 

EN  ClASSE  DER  KAISERLICHEN  ACADEMIE  DER  WlSSENSCHAF- 
ten  zu  Wien  (beginning  with  1848). 

Transactions  of  the  Linnean  Society  of  London  (beginning  with 

1791). 

Transactions  of  the  London  Entomological  Society  (begin- 
ning with  1836). 

Yerhandlungen  der  zoologisch-botanischen  Gesellschaft  in 
Wien  (beginning  with  1852). 

Zeitschrift  fur  die  Entomologie.  Herausgegeben  von  E.  F.  Ger- 
mar  (5  volumes.  Leipzig,  1839-’44). 

Mittheilungen  der  schweizerischen  entomologischen  Gesell- 
schaft. Bulletin  de  la  Societe  entomologique  suisse  (7  volumes 
published  up  to  1887.  Published  at  Geneva). 


70 


Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History.  London  (beginning 
with  1838). 

Bevue  et  magasin  de  zoologie  pure  et  appliquee.  Paris  (be- 
ginning with  1839). 

Zeitschrift  fur  wissenschaftliche  Zoologie.  Leipzig  (begin- 
ning with  1848). 

Archiv  fur  Naturgesohichte.  Berlin  (beginning  with  1835). 


LIST  OF  WORKS  ON  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY. 

1.  Harris,  T.  W.,  Insects  Injurious  to  Vegetation.  (Flint  edition.) 

New  York,  Orange  Judd  Co.  $4  or  $6.  (First  edition,  Cam- 
bridge, 1841.) 

2.  Fitch,  Asa,  Reports  of  the  State  Entomologist  of  New  York.  1- 

XIV,  Albany,  1855-’70.  (For  a full  account  of  these,  see  First 
Annual  Report,  by  J.  A.  Lintner,  State  Entomologist  of  New 
York,  pp.  294-297.) 

3.  The  Practical  Entomologist.  Vols.  I and  II.  Published  by  the  Ento- 

mological Society  of  Philadelphia,  1865-’67. 

4.  The  American  Entomologist,  edited  by  B.  D.  Walsh  and  C.  V. 

Riley.  Vol.  I.  Saint  Louis,  Mo.,  1868.  (Out  of  print.) 

5.  The  American  Entomologist  and  Botanist,  edited  by  C.  V.  Riley 

and  Dr.  George  Vasey.  Vol.  II.  Saint  Louis,  Mo.,  1870. 

6.  The  American  Entomologist,  edited  by  C.  V.  Riley.  Vol.  III., 

[Second  series.  Vol.  I.]  New  York,  Hub  Publishing  Co.,  1880. 

7.  Walsh,  B.  D.,  Annual  Report  on  the  Noxious  Insects  of  the  State 

of  Illinois.  Chicago,  Prairie  Farmer  Co.  Steam  Print,  1868. 

8.  Riley,  C.  V.,  Reports  of  the  State  Entomologist  of  Missouri.  I- 

IX,  Jefferson  City,  1869-’77. 

9.  Le  Baron,  William,  Reports  of  the  State  Entomologist  of  Illi- 

nois. I-IV,  Springfield,  1871-’74. 

10.  Thomas,  Cyrus,  Reports  of  the  State  Entomologist  of  Illinois.  I- 

VI,  Springfield,  1876-’81. 

11.  Lintner,  J.  A.,  Reports  of  the  State  Entomologist  of  New  York. 

X-III,  Albany,  1882-’86. 

12.  Forbes,  S.  A.,  Reports  of  the  State  Entomologist  of  Illinois.  I- 

III,  Springfield,  1883-’85. 


71 


13.  Forbes,  S.  A.,  Miscellaneous  Essays  on  Economic  Eutomology. 

(Published  instead  of  Annual  Report.  Springfield,  111.,  1886.) 

14.  Treat,  Mary,  Injurious  Insects  of  the  Farm  and  Garden.  New 

York,  Orange  Judd  Co.,  1882.  (A  small  work  compiled  from 
Riley’s  reports,  and  costing  $2.) 

15.  Saunders,  William,  Insects  Injurious  to  Fruits.  Philadelphia, 

J.  B.  Lippincott  & Co.,  1883.  $3. 

16.  Cooke,  Matthew,  Injurious  Insects  of  the  Orchard,  Vineyard,  etc. 

Sacramento,  1883.  (8vo,  pp.  472.) 

17.  Van  Beneden,  P.  J.,  Animal  Parasites  and  Messmates.  New  York, 

D.  Appleton  & Co.,  1876.  $1.50.  International  Scientific  Se- 
ries. 

18.  Reports  of  the  Entomologists  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricult- 

ure, T.  Glover  (1863-1878),  J.  H.  Comstock  (1879-1880),  and  C. 
V.  Riley  (1878-1879,  1880  to  date). 

19.  Bulletins  of  the  Division  of  Entomology  of  the  G.  S.  Department 

of  Agriculture,  C.  V.  Riley,  Entomologist  (1883  to  date). 

20.  Reports  and  Bulletins  of  the  O’.  S.  Entomological  Commission. 

21.  Curtis,  John,  Farm  Insects.  London,  Blackie  & Son,  1860. 

22.  Ormerod,  Eleanor  A.,  Manual  of  Injurious  Insects,  and  Methods 

of  Prevention,  etc.  Loudon  and  Edinburgh,  1881.  (A  small 
work,  costing  about  $1.50.) 

25.  Kaltenbach,  J.  EL,  Die  Pflanzenfeinde  aus  der  Classe  dev  Insek- 
ten,  8vo.  Stuttgart,  1874.  (A  useful  work  for  determining 
what  insects  infest  plants  in  Europe.) 


LIST  OF  ENTOMOLOGICAL  WORKS  PUBLISHED  BY  THE  U.  S.  ENTO- 
MOLOGICAL COMMISSION  AND  BY  THE  U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF 
AGRICULTURE. 

U.  S.  ENTOMOLOGICAL  COMMISSION. 

(Members  of  the  Commission:  C.  V.  Riley,  A.  S.  Packard,  jr.,  and  Cyrus  Thomas.) 

Bulletin  No.  1. — Destruction  of  the  young  or  unfledged  Locusts  ( Calop - 
tenus  spretus).  (1877.)  [pp.  15.] 

Bulletin  No.  2. — On  the  Natural  History  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Locust 
and  on  the  habits  of  the  young  or  unfledged  Insects  as  they  occur 
in  the  more  fertile  country  in  which  they  will  hatch  the  present 
year.  (1877.)  [pp.  14,  figs.  10.] 


72 


Bulletin  No.  3. — The  Cotton  Worm.  Summary  of  its  Natural  History, 
with  an  Account  of  its  Enemies,  and  the  best  Means  of  controlling 
it;  being  a Report  of  Progress  of  the  Work  of  the  Commission.  By 
Chas.  Y.  Riley,  M.  A.,  Ph.  D.  (1880.)  [pp.  144,  figs.  84,  plates  I.] 

Bulletin  Wo.  4. — The  Hessian  Fly.  Its  Ravages,  Habits,  Enemies,  and 
Meaus  of  preventing  its  Increase.  By  A.  S.  Packard,  jr.,  M.  D. 
(1880.)  [pp.  43,  figs.  1,  plates  II.,  maps  I.] 

Bulletin  No.  5. — The  Chinch  Bug.  Its  History,  Characters,  and  Habits, 
and  the  Means  of  destroying  it  or  counteracting  its  Injuries.  By 
Cyrus  Thomas,  Ph.  D.  (1879.)  [pp.  44,  figs.  10,  maps  I.] 

Bulletin  Wo.  6. — General  Index  and  Supplement  to  the  nine  Reports  on 
the  Insects  of  Missouri.  By  Charles  Y.  Riley,  M.  A.,  Ph.  D.  (1881.) 
[pp.  177.] 

Bulletin  No.  7. — Insects  injurious  to  Forest  and  Shade  Trees.  By  A.  S. 
Packard,  jr.,  M.  D.  (1881.)  [pp.  275,  figs.  100.] 

First  Annual  Report  for  the  year  1877,  relating  to  the  Rocky  Mountain 
Locust  and  the  best  Methods  of  preventing  its  Injuries  and  of  guard- 
ing against  its  Invasions,  in  pursuance  of  an  Appropriation  made 
by  Congress  for  this  purpose.  With  maps  and  illustrations.  (1878.) 
[pp.  477+294,  figs.  Ill,  plates  Y,  maps  I.] 

Second  Report  for  the  years  1878  and  1879,  relating  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain Locust  and  the  Western  Cricket,  and  treatiug  of  the  best 
Meaus  of  subduing  the  Locust  in  its  permanent  Breeding-grounds, 
with  a view  of  preventing  its  Migrations  into  the  more  fertile 
Portions  of  the  trails- Mississippi  country,  in  pursuance  of  Appro- 
priations made  by  Congress  for  this  purpose.  With  Maps  and  Il- 
lustrations. (1880.)  [pp.  xviii+322+22,  figs.  10,  plates  XYII, 
maps  7.] 

Third  Report  relating  to  the  Rocky  Mountain  Locust,  the  Western 
Cricket,  the  Army  Worm,  Canker  Worms,  and  the  Hessian  Fly; 
together  with  Descriptions  of  Larvae  of  injurious  Forest  Insects, 
Studies  on  the  embryological  Development  of  the  Locust  and  of 
other  Insects,  and  on  the  systematic  Position  of  the  Orthoptera  in 
Relation  to  other  Orders  of  insects.  With  Maps  and  Illustrations. 
(1883.)  [pp.  xviii+347  + 91,  figs.  14,  plates  LXIY,  maps  3]. 

Fourth  Report , being  a revised  Edition  of  Bulletin  Xo.  3,  and  the  Final 
Report  on  the  Cotton  Worm  and  Boll  Worm.  By  Charles  Y.  Riley, 
Ph.  D.  (1885.)  [pp.  xxxvni+399  + 147,  figs.  45,  plates  LXIY, 
maps  2.] 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

The  annual  reports  of  the  Entomologist  are  contained  in  the  corre- 
sponding annual  reports  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  A limited 
author’s  edition,  separately  bound,  and  with  table  of  contents  and 
index  is  published  each  year. 


73 


Division  of  Entomology , Bulletin  No.  1. — Reports  of  Experiments,  chiefly 
with  Kerosene,  upon  the  Insects  injuriously  affecting  the  Orange 
Tree  and  the  Cotton  Plant,  made  under  the  Direction  of  the  Ento- 
mologist. (1883.)  [pp.  62.] 

Division  of  Entomology , Bulletin  No.  2. — Reports  of  Observations  on 
the  Rocky  Mountain  Locust  and  Chinch  Bug,  together  with  Ex- 
tracts from  the  Correspondence  of  the  Division  on  Miscellaneous 
Insects.  (1883.)  [pp.  36.] 

Division  of  Entomology,  Bulletin  No.  3. — Reports  of  Observations  and 
Experiments  in  the  practical  Work  of  the  Division,  made  under  the 
Direction  of  the  Entomologist.  With  plates.  (1883.)  [pp.  75,  plates 

in.] 

Division  of  Entomology , Bulletin  No.  4. — Reports  of  Observations  and 
Experiments  in  the  practical  Work  of  the  Division,  made  under  the 
Direction  of  the  Entomologist,  together  with  Extracts  from  Cor- 
respondence on  miscellaneous  Insects.  (1884.)  [pp.  102,  figs.  4.] 

Bureau  of  Entomology,  Bulletin  No.  5. — Descriptions  of  North  American 
Chalcididse  from  the  Collections  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Ag- 
riculture and  of  Dr.  C.  Y.  Riley,  with  biological  Notes.  [First 
paper.]  Together  with  a List  of  the  described  North  American  Spe- 
cies of  the  Family.  By  L.  O.  Howard,  M.  Sc.,  Assistant,  Bureau 
of  Entomology.  (1885.)  [pp.  47.] 

Division  of  Entomology,  Bulletin  No.  6. — The  imported  Elm-leaf  Beetle. 
Its  Habits  and  Natural  History,  and  Means  of  counteracting  its  In- 
juries. (1885).  [pp.  18,  figs.  1,  plates  I.] 

Division  of  Entomology,  Bulletin  No.  8. — The  Periodical  Cicada.  An 
Account  of  Cicada  septendecim  and  its  tredicim  Race,  with  a Chro- 
nology of  all  of  the  broods  known.  By  Charles  Y.  Riley,  Ph.  D. 
(1885.)  [pp.  46,  figs.  8.] 

Division  of  Entomology,  Bulletin  No.  9. — The  Mulberry  Silk-worm;  be- 
ing a Manual  of  Instructions  in  Silk-culture.  By  Charles  Y.  Riley, 
M.  A.,  Ph.  D.  (1886.)  [pp.  65,  figs.  29,  plates  II.] 

Division  of  Entomology , Bulletin  No.  10.— Our  Shade  Trees  and  their  In- 
sect Defoliators.  Being  a Consideration  of  the  four  most  injurious 
Species  which  affect  the  Trees  of  the  Capital ; with  Means  of  destroy- 
ing them.  By  Charles  Y.  Riley,  Entomologist.  (1887.)  [pp.  75, 
figs.  27.] 

Division  of  Entomology,  Bulletin  No.  1L — Reports  of  Experiments  with 
various  Insecticide  Substances,  chiefly  upon  Insects  affecting  garden 
Crops,  made  under  the  Direction  of  the  Entomologist.  (1886.) 
[pp.  34.] 


74 


Division  of  Entomology , Bulletin  No.  12. — Miscellaneous  Notes  on  the 
work  of  the  Division  of  Entomology  for  the  Season  of  1885;  pre- 
pared by  the  Entomologist.  (1886.)  [pp.  45,  plates  I.] 

Division  of  Entomology , Bulletin  No.  13. — Reports  of  Observations  and 
Experiments  in  the  practical  Work  of  the  Division,  made  under  the 
Direction  of  the  Entomologist.  (With  illustrations.)  (1887.)  [pp. 
78,  figs.  4.] 

Division  of  Entomology , Bulletin  No.  14. — Reports  of  Observations  and 
Experiments  in  the  practical  Work  of  the  Division,  made  under  the 
Direction  of  the  Entomologist.  (1887.)  [pp.  62,  figs.  2,  plates  I.] 

Division  of  Entomology , Bulletin  No.  15. — The  Icerya,  or  Eluted  Scale, 
otherwise  known  as  the  Cottony  Cushion-scale.  (Reprint  of  some 
recent  Articles  by  the  Entomologist  and  of  a Report  from  the  Agri- 
cultural Experiment  Station,  University  of  California.)  (1887.) 
[pp.  40.] 

Division  of  Entomology , Bulletin  No.  16. — The  Entomological  Writings  of 
Dr.  Alpheus  Spring  Packard.  By  Samuel  Henshaw.  (1887.)  [pp.  49.] 

Division  of  Entomology,  Bulletin  No.  17. — The  Chinch  Bug:  A general 
Summary  of  its  History,  Habits,  Enemies,  and  of  the  Remedies  and 
Preventives  to  be  used  against  it.  By  L.  O.  Howard,  M.  S.,  Assist- 
tant  Entomologist.  (1888.)  [pp.  48,  figs.  10.] 

Report  on  Cotton  Insects.  By  J.  Henry  Comstock.  (1879.)  [pp.  511, 
figs.  77,  plates  III.] 

(Special  Report , No.  11. — The  Silkworm ; being  a brief  Manual  of  Instruc- 
tions for  the  Production  of  Silk.  Prepared,  by  Direction  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  by  C.  V.  Riley,  M.  A.,  Ph.  D.,  Ento. 
mologist.  (First  ed.,  1879;  fifth  ed.,  1885.)  [p.  37,  figs.  8.] 

Special  Report , No.  35. — Report  on  Insects  injurious  to  Sugar  Cane. 
Prepared,  under  Direction  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  by 
J.  Henry  Comstock,  Entomologist.  (1881.)  [pp.  11,  figs.  3.J 

Division  of  Entomology.  Insects  Affecting  the  Orange. — Report  on  the  In- 
sects affecting  the  Culture  of  the  Orange  and  other  Plants  of  the 
Citrus  Family,  with  practical  Suggestions  for  their  Control  orJSxter- 
mination.  By  H.  G.  Hubbard.  (1885.)  [pp.  x-f  227,  figs.  95,  plates 
XIV.] 

Note. — During  the  years  1864  to  1876,  inclusive,  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  published  regularly  monthly  reports,  mainly  statistical  in 
their  character  (replaced  since  1876  by  the  series  of  monthly  “Crop  Re- 
ports”), but  which  contained  many  short  articles  by  the  Entomologist, 
Townend  Glover.  None  of  these  articles  would  come  within  the  scope 
of  the  present  bulletin,  and  the  insects  treated  of  may  be  ascertained 
by  reference  to  the  “General  Index  of  the  Agricultural  Reports  of  the 
Patent  Office  and  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  from  1837  to  1876.” 
Washington,  1879. 


75 


HOW  TO  OBTAIN  ENTOMOLOGICAL  BOOKS  AND  PAMPHLETS. 

Comparatively  few  of  the  works  treating  of  the  classification  of  North 
American  insects  have  been  published  as  separate  books;  but  such  as 
have  been  so  published,  if  of  comparatively  recent  date,  can  be  obtained 
through  the  regular  book  trade.  By  far  the  greater  number  of  the 
monographs  and  synopses  mentioned  in  the  preceding  pages  have 
been  published  in  scientific  periodicals  and  transactions  of  scientific 
societies.  Thse  periodicals  and  transactions  can  be  obtained  through 
the  societies  which  publish  them  and  through  the  publishers ; but? 
in  the  case  of  transactions,  single  volumes,  and  more  especially  single 
papers,  are  seldom  sold,  and  the  older  volumes  are  liable  to  be  out 
of  print.  Moreover  the  expense  attending  the  purchase  of  all  of  the 
periodicals  containing  the  publications  on  a given  order  of  insects  will 
be  so  great  as  to  put  them  beyond  the  reach  of  most  entomologists. 
The  custom  of  placing  at  the  disposal  of  authors  a number  of  separate 
copies  of  their  papers  overcomes  this  difficulty  to  some  extent  and  cre- 
ates a small  supply.  Thus  it  often  happens  that  a person  interested 
can  obtain  a copy  of  a scientific  paper  by  addressing  the  author  person- 
ally. Many  of  these  separate  copies  also  get  into  the  possession  of 
dealers  in  second-hand  books,  and  can  be  purchased  from  them.  The 
American  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia  and  also  a few  other 
societies  here  and  in  Europe  offer  for  sale  from  their  duplicates  many 
of  these  authors’  extras,  and  in  some  cases  publish  lists.  There  are, 
moreover,  certain  business  establishments  which  make  a specialty  of 
the  sale  of  works  and  pamphlets  on  Natural  History,  including  Ento- 
mology, and  it  is  chiefly  through  such  establishments  that  the  student 
is  enabled  to  secure  the  larger  portion  of  the  works  needed.  In  Amer- 
ica there  is  at  present  but  one  of  these  special  dealers  of  any  promi- 
nence, viz,  Dr.  A.  E.  Foote,  of  1223  Belmont  avenue,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
But  in  Europe  there  are  several  of  considerable  reputation ; among  these 
we  may  mention: 

R.  Friedlaender  & Sohn,  Carlstrasse,  31,  Berlin,  Germany. 

Ed.  Andre,  21  Boulevard  Bretonniere,  Beaune  (Cote-d’Or),  France. 

H.  W.  Schmidt,  Rannische  Strasse,  Nr.  1,  Halle  a.  S,  Germany. 

J.  B.  Bailliere  et  fils,  19,  Rue  Hautefeuille,  Paris,  France. 

Oswald  Weigel,  Konigsstrasse,  1,  Leipzig,  Germany. 

U.  Hoepli,  Gorso  Yitt.  Eman.,  37,  Milan,  Italy. 

Otto  Harrassowitz,  Querstrasse,  14,  Leipzig,  Germany. 

William  Wesley  & Son,  28  Essex  street,  Strand,  London,  England. 

All  of  these  firms  publish  catalogues,  and  in  writing  to  them  the  ento- 
mological catalogue  should  be  especially  asked  for.  There  are  two  firms 
in  New  York  which  act  as  agents  for  all  of  these  houses,  and  works  can 
be  ordered  through  them  or  catalogues  obtained  from  them.  These  are 


76 

B.  Westermann  & Co.,  838  Broadway,  New  York,  and  Gustav  E.  Stech- 
ert,  766  Broadway,  New  York. 

By  subscribing  to  the  entomological  periodicals  published  in  this 
country  (a  matter  of  but  slight  expense)  the  student  may  keep  abreast 
of  the  current  literature.  Short  book  reviews  or  notes  published  in 
our  periodicals  call  attention  to  the  more  important  publications  in 
other  countries.  Moreover,  the  Zoologischer  Auzeiger,  edited  by  Prof. 
J.  Victor  Cams,  in  Leipzig,  Germany,  and  published  every  fortnight, 
gives  a tolerably  complete  bibliography  of  the  current  entomological 
literature  at  intervals  of  about  six  or  eight  weeks.  The  “ Naturae 
Novitates,”  published  every  fortnight  by  R.  Friedlaender  & Sohn,  Carb 
strasse,  11,  Berlin,  Germany,  gives  the  titles  of  most  recent  works  and 
pamphlets. 

There  are  also  three  great  annual  publications,  viz : “ Die  Fortschritte 
auf  dem  Gebiet  der  Entomologie,”  published  in  Wiegmann’s  “ Archiv 
fur  Naturgeschichte”;  “The  Zoological  Record,”  published  by  the 
Zoological  Record  Society,  in  London,  England  ; and  the  “Zoologische 
Jaliresberichte,”  published  by  the  Zoological  Station  at  Naples,  Italy, 
which  give  the  full  literature  of  the  previous  year,  discussing  the  more 
important  papers  and  giving  a list  of  the  new  species,  besides  other 
information.  One  or  the  other  of  these  three  publications  is  almost 
indispensable  to  the  student  in  any  branch  of  Zoology,  and  ought  to 
be  found  in  every  public  library  in  the  country.  Unfortunately,  only 
a year  ago  the  editors  of  the  “ Zoologische  Jahresberichte”  found  it  nec- 
essary, in  order  to  reduce  expenses,  to  curtail  the  scope  of  the  work; 
so  that,  beginning  with  the  year  1887,  this  publication  no  longer  con- 
tains titles  upon  systematic  and  classificatory  Zoology.  Onl;?  biological 
titles  are  now  published,  bat  the  series  up  to  1887  is  the  most  complete 
thing  of  its  kind. 

A not  inconsiderable  portion  of  the  North  Americau  literature  on  the 
classification  of  insects  has  been  published  by  the  General  Government 
through  various  channels,  and  foremost  among  them  are  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  the  U.  S.  Na- 
tional Museum,  the  U.  S.  Geological  and  Geographical  Survey,  and  the 
reports  of  the  various  surveys  of  the  Territories.  Many  of  these  pub- 
lications are  distributed  free  of  cost  to  any  one  applying  for  them ; while 
others,  like  certain  of  the  Smithsonian  publications,  are  sold  at  a mod- 
erate price  to  cover  the  cost  of  publication.  Many  of  them  are  out  of 
print,  and  can  only  be  obtained  through  natural  history  book-dealers. 
The  firms  mentioned  above  will  have  many  of  them,  and  Lowdermilk& 
Co.,  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  who  make  a specialty  of  Government  pub- 
lications, are  always  able  to  furnish  many  more. 

Of  the  more  general  works,  some  of  them  can  be  obtained  direct  from 
the  publishers,  and  in  such  cases  the  publishers  are  mentioned  in  the 
general  list.  The  older  ones  are  mostly  out  of  print  and  can  only  be 
obtained  from  second-hand  dealers.  The  current  State  reports  of  Lint- 


77 


ner  and  Forbes  can  be  obtained  from  the  secretaries  of  the  respective 
State  Agricultural  Societies  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  Springfield,  III., 
while  the  reports  of  the  Entomologists  of  the  newly  established  State 
Experiment  Stations,  of  which  a large  number  will  soon  be  published, 
can  be  obtained  from  the  directors  of  the  respective  Stations.  The 
older  reports  of  the  State  Entomologist  of  Missouri  and  the  State  Ento- 
mologists of  Illinois  (Walsh,  Le  Baron,  and  Thomas)  are  all  out  of  print 
and  can  only  be  obtained  by  purchase  from  second-hand  dealers.  The 
same  may  be  said  of  the  well-known  and  often  quoted  reports  of  Dr. 
Fitch,  which  were  published  with  the  old  volumes  of  the  Transactions 
of  the  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society. 


Q 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

Bulletin  No.  20. 

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ROOT-KNOT  DISEASE 


mors, 


OF  THE 


PEACH,  ORANGE,  and  OTHER  PLANTS 

IN 

FLORIDA, 

DUE  TO  THE  WORK  OF  ANGUILLULA. 


PREPARED,  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST, 
BY 

J.  C.  NEAL,  Ph.  D.,  M.  D. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1889. 


U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

♦ 

Bulletin  No.  20. 


THE 


ROOT-KNOT  DISEASE 

OF  THE 

PEACH,  ORANGE,  and  OTHER  PLANTS 


FLORIDA, 


DUE  TO  THE  WORK  OF  ANGUILLULA. 


PREPARED,  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST, 
BY 

J.  C.  NEAL,  Ph.  D.,  M.  D. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
1889. 


23495— Bull.  20 1 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 

Washington , May  10,  1880. 

Sir  : I have  the  hoiior  to  transmit  for  publication  Bulletin  No.  20  of 
this  Division,  being  a report  of  studies  and  experiments  made  upon  the 
Anguillula,  which  is  the  cause  of  the  root-knot  disease  of  the  Peach  and 
Orange  in  Florida,  by  J.  C.  Neal,  Ph.  D.,  M.  D.,  of  Lake  City,  Fla. 
Respectfully, 

C.  V.  Riley, 
Entomologist. 

lion.  J.  M.  Rusk, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 


For  several  years  past  complaint  has  been  made  to  the  Division  of  En- 
tomology concerning  tlio  damage  done  by  various  species  of  Anguillu- 
lidra,  which  affect  the  roots  of  different  plants  in  different  sections  of 
the  country,  and  I have  frequently  been  urged,  as  Entomologist,  to  in- 
vestigate the  matter.  I have  always  been  puzzled  to  know  what  reply 
to  make  in  such  cases,  as  no  American  investigator  has  undertaken  a 
a systematic  study  of  these  Nematodes,  and  they  do  not,  in  a zoological 
sense,  strictly  belong  to  the  Division  work.  I have  contented  myself 
therefore  with  recording  the  various  facts  of  injury  to  different  plants 
that  have  come  to  me  in  the  past  twenty  years,  aud  some  microscopic 
notes  in  reference  to  the  specimens.  One  species  seems  to  do  consid- 
erable damage  to  certain  plants  in  greenhouses  in  the  North,  while 
another  is  equally  destructive  to  the  roots  of  trees  and  plants  in  the 
South,  particularly  in  Florida.  Towards  the  close  of  the  year  1887  the 
complaints  of  the  damage  done  by  the  Florida  root-inhabiting  species 
were  so  numerous  that,  at  the  request  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agricul- 
ture, I decided  to  conduct  some  investigations  as  a part  of  the  Division 
work.  The  demands  upon  the  resources  of  the  Division  arising  from 
its  more  legitimate  investigations  have  been  such  that  but  little  time 
and  small  funds  could  be  spent  in  this  direction.  Dr.  J.  C.  Neal,  then 
of  Archer,  Fla.,  but  now  Entomologist  and  Botanist  of  the  Florida  Ag- 
ricultural Experiment  Station  at  Lake  City,  a diligent  observer,  and 
associated  with  me  in  previous  investigations  both  under  the  U.  S.  En- 
tomological Commission  and  under  this  Division,  was  commissioned  for 
five  months  and  instructed  to  make  as  careful  studies  and  experiments 
concerning  this  pest  as  it  would  be  possible  to  make  during  the  short 
time  of  his  employment.  His  work  was  done  between  February  1 and 
September  1,  1888,  and  while  I do  not  claim  for  Dr.  Neal,  any  more 
than  he  would  himself  claim,  special  or  technical  knowledge  in  this 
branch  of  Zoology,  his  wTork  is  not  without  scientific  interest.  Tbe  in- 
vestigations have  been,  however,  from  a practical  stand  point,  and  the 
results  more  than  justify  the  slight  expenditure.  The  Bulletin  makes 
no  pretense  to  be  a scientific  treatise  on  the  life  history  of  these  worms, 
but  is  in  the  main  an  effort  to  ascertain  a suitable  remedy.  The  general 
literature  on  the  subject  has  not  been  at  Dr.  Neal’s  command,  and  my 


6 


time  is  so  fully  occupied  otherwise  that  I can  do  'little  or  nothing  at 
present  in  the  way  of  identification  of  species  or  of  comparing  Dr.  Neal’s 
results  with  those  of  European  investigators,  which,  as  a matter  of  fact, 
are  of  little  practical  importance.  The  study  of  the  full  life  history  of 
any  one  of  the  species  is  attended  with  much  difficulty,  and  will  re- 
quire much  time  in  field  and  laboratory  ; while  the  technical  and  clas- 
siticatory  treatment  of  the  subject  should  be  undertaken  by  some  com- 
petent helminthologist. 


O.  V.  R. 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


Archer,  Fla.,  December  2.  1888. 

Sir  : I have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  upon  the  root- 
knot  disease  and  its  cause,  the  Anguillula. 

These  investigations,  conducted  under  your  direction,  began  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1888,  and  have  been  continued  to  this  date. 

While  not  conclusive  in  all  respects,  they  are  at  least  contributions 
to  the  history  of  this  microscopic  pest,  that  may  eventually  lead  to  its 
subjection  or  to  the  mitigation  of  its  ravages. 

In  conclusion,  allow  me  to  express  to  you  my  thanks  for  your  aid  and 
guidance  during  the  preparation  of  the  report. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

J.  C.  Neal,  M.  I)., 

Special  Agent. 

Prof.  C.  V.  Riley,  ' - 

Entomologist. 


THE  ROOT-KNOT. 


DEFINITION. 

An  abnormal  and  irregular  growth  of  the  subcortical  layer  of  roots 
and  subterranean  stems,  characterized  by  low  vitality,  the  result  of 
an  invasion  of  the  tissues  by  a Nematode  worm.  (Note  1.) 

HISTORY. 

Since  the  earliest  settlement  of  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States 
by  white  people  this  diseased  condition  of  the  roots  of  trees  and  plants 
has  been  recognized.  (Note  2.) 

A very  slight  inspection  has  shown  the  decaying  enlargements  of 
roots,  but  the  cause  has  usually  been  attributed  to  a lack  in  the  soil  of 
some  important  fertilizing  ingredient,  or  careless  cultivation,  rather  than 
some  potent  exterior  influence. 

I have  carefully  examined  all  sources  of  information  at  my  command, 
and  can  find  no  mention  of  the  root-knot  in  any  agricultural  paper  or 
book  prior  to  the  year  1857. 

That  year  Eton.  P.  J.  Berckmans  established  a nursery  at  Augusta, 
Ga.,  and  soon  found  this  disease  prevalent  in  many  varieties  of  trees 
and  plants,  and  in  1881  Prof.  0.  V.  Riley  being  at  Augusta  was  shown 
the  effect  of  the  disease  by  Mr.  Berckmans. 

In  1869  Mr.  Gilbert  Ondcrdonk,  of  Nursery,  Tex.,  noted  the  disease 
in  his  fig,  grape,  and  peach  stocks,  especially  in  damp,  undrained  loca- 
tions. 

In  1870 1 found  the  root-knot  prevalent  over  Florida,  and  learned  from 
old  residents  that  as  far  back  as  1805  it  had  been  known,  and  from  time 
immemorial  had  been  dreaded  as  a foe  to  gardens  and  groves. 

About  1874  this  disease,  however,  sprang  into  prominence,  owing  to 
the  influx  ofimmigrants,  the  development  of early-market  gardens  and 
the  sudden  rage  for  orchards  of  peaches,  figs,  and  oranges. 

Since  that  time  the  agricultural  papers  have  contained  numerous  ref- 
erences to  this  disease.  My  own  attention  was  called  to  this  pest  by 
repeated  failures  to  grow  certain  plants  in  a rich,  damp  spot  on  my 
farm. 

This  led  me  to  investigate;  and  sending  a specimen  of  the  knotty 
roots  to  the  Agricultural  Department  at  Washington,  elicited  the  infor- 
mation that  a microscopic  worm  was  the  cause  of  the  trouble,  but  that 
little  was  known  of  the  Ncmatoid  family  to  which  it  belonged. 


9 


10 


Beyond  doubt,  the  disease  is  peculiar  to  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
coast  within  a limit  of  150  miles  from  tide-water.  (Note  3.) 

Mr.  P.  J.  Berckmans  remarks  on  this  score — and  1 know  no  better  au- 
thority— u that  it  is  indigenous  to  a large  portion  of  the  South  seems  un- 
deniable, as  I have  seen  it  in  places  in  Georgia  and  Alabama  where 
neither  trees  nor  plants  had  ever  been  introduced  from  other  sections.” 

Mr.  Onderdonk  also  states  a similar  opinion.  Other  correspondents 
at  Mobile,  Ala  , and  in  Texas  confirm  these  statements. 

PLANTS  INVADED. 

b.  Badly  affected : 

Portnlaca  olcracea  (Purslane). 
Sesuvimn  pentaudrum  ( Sand 
Purslane). 

Verbesina  siegesbeckia  et  sinu- 
ata. 

Artemisia  eaudata  (Wormwood). 
Clienopodium  botrys  ( Jerusalem 
Oalc). 

Araarantns  spinosus  ( Careless 
Weed). 

The  above  list,  no  doubt,  will  in  time,  and  with  a careful  investiga- 
tion, be  greatly  extended;  most  of  these  are  the  commonest  of  weeds  in 
old  fields  and  badly  cultivated  grounds,  and  the  Ohenopodium  alone 
would  be  an  ample  shelter  and  breeding  place  for  the  Anguillula,  inde- 
pendent of  other  wild  or  cultivated  plants. 

The  Eupatorium  and  Ohenopodium  are  perennials,  spread  rapidly, 
and  have  great  vitality,  and  for  years  it  has  been  noted  that  where  these 
weeds  abound  the  root-knot  exists  in  the  greatest  degree. 

The  Sesuvium  and  Portnlaca,  both  with  fleshy  roots,  are  very  com- 
mon, and  are  an  easy  prey  to  the  worms,  but  my  experience  indicates 
the  Amarantus  spinosus  as  the  most  dreaded  and  destructive  agent 
in  the  spread  of  the  root-knot,  its  roots  being  apparently  the  favorite 
of  the  Anguillula. 

In  Georgia,  my  correspondents  deem  the  Verbesina  and  Artemisia 
the  weeds  most  diseased,  but  in  Texas,  Mississippi,  and  Alabama,  the 
list  is  about  the  same  as  I have  given  for  Florida.  (Note  4.) 

It  will  be  seen  that  it  will  be  impossible  to  determine  certainly  the 
original  food-plant  of  this  pest,  as  it  seems  to  attack  the  roots  of  so 
many;  and  the  inference  that  any  tender  growth  not  impregnated  with 
a decided  toxic  principle  may  be  invaded  is  a doubtful  conclusion  to 
my  mind. 


I. — Uncultivated  : 

a.  Slightly  affected  : 

Capsella  bursa-pastoris  (<S7iep- 
herd's  Parse). 

Rubus  villosus  et  trivialis 
( Blackberri / and  Dewberry). 

Eupatorium  f'ceniculaceum  ( South- 
ern Dog  Fennel). 

Quamoclit  vulgaris  ( Cypress 
Vine). 


II. — Cultivated, 
c.  Useful. 

a'.  Slightly  affected. 

Gossypium  lierbaceum  et  barba- 
dense  (Cotton). 

Solanum  tuberosum  et  osculen- 
tum  (Potato  and  Egg-plant). 

Capsicum  annunm  (Pepper). 

Spinacia  oleracea  (Spinach). 

Jatropha  manihot  (Cassava). 

Zen,  mais  (Corn), 

b.  Badly  affected. 

The  Genus  Brassica  (Sinapis), 
(Cabbage,  Kale,  etc.). 

Raphanus  sativus  (Radish). 

Hibiscus  esculentus  (Okra). 

Pisum  sativum  (Pea). 

Arachis  hypogsea  (Pea-nut). 

Dolichos  catiang  (Cow  Pea). 

Phaseolus  vulgaris  (Bean). 

Phaseolus  lunatus  et  nanus 
(Bean). 

All  of  the  Genus  Cucurbita 
(Squashes,  etc.). 

All  of  the  Genus  Citrullus  (Mel- 
on). 

All  of  the  Genus  Cucumis  (Cu- 
cumber). 

Lycopersicum  esculontum  (To- 
mato). 

Beta  vulgaris,  varieties  (Beet), 
d.  Oruamental. 
a.  Slightly  affected. 

Hibiscus  syriacus  et  coccinneus. 

Mesembryan  themurn,  various  spe- 
cies (Ice-plant). 

Mikania  scandens  (Parlor  Ivy). 

Pliarbitis  purpurea  et  al.  sp. 
(Morning  Glory). 

Nolana,  sp. 

Petunia,  sp.  (Petunia). 

Boussingaultia  basselloides. 


11.  — Cultivated  —Continued. 

b.  Badly  affected. 

Koniga  maritima. 

Iberis  umbellatai 
Lagenaria  vulgaris  (Gourd). 
Begouia,  sp.  (Begonia). 

Dahlia  variabilis. 

Helianthus  annuus  (Sunflower). 
Coleus,  var.  sp. 

Achyrantlics,  var.  sp. 

Amarantus  var.  sp. 

Shrubs  and  Trees. 

c.  Useful. 

a.  Slightly  affected. 

Citrus  vulgaris  (Bitter  sweet  Or- 
ange). 

Citrus  aurantium,  var.  sp.  (Or- 
ange, Lemon,  etc.). 

Vitis,  var.  sp.  (Grape). 

Prunus  myrobolanus  (Plum). 
Broussonettia  papyrifera  (Paper 
Mulberry). 

Moms,  var.  sp.  (Mulberry). 
Juglans  cinerea  ( Walnut). 

Cary  a olivmformis  (Pecan). 

b.  Badly  affected. 

Prunus  domestica  (Plum). 
Prunus  armeniaca  (Apricot). 
Prunus  vulgaris  (Peach). 

Prunus  communis  (Almond). 
Ficus  carica  (Fig). 

Juglans  regia. (English  Walnut). 
Salix,  var.  sp.  ( Willows). 

d.  Oruamental. 

Spirca  sorbi folia, var.  sp.  (Spirea). 
Prunus  nana  et  lanceolata  (Flow- 
ering Almond). 

Bnddloia,  var.  sp. 

Gardenia  florida  (Cape  Jessa- 
mine). 


This  long  list  embraces  the  greater  part  of  our  most  valuable  food- 
plants,  fruit-trees,  and  many  of  the  choicest  flowers,  and  it  fully  justi- 
fies the  inquiry  now  made  as  to  the  history  and  means  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  the  disease  induced  by  the  Anguillula. 

I think  it  useless  to  endeavor  to  account  for  the  apparent  vagaries  of 
the  Anguillula,  as,  for  instance,  to  ascertain  why  the  roots  of  the  Prunus 
vulgaris  are  so  badly  affected,  while  Prunus  cerasus  are  unhurt;  or  why 
the  Leguminosro  are  susceptible  and  the  Umbelliferae  arc  not.  It  is 
reasonably  sure  that  rapidly  growing,  soft  tissued  roots  are  better  sub- 
jects for  invasion,  expansion,  and  decay  than  those  of  slow  growth  and 


12 


denser  structure,  and  the  self-evident  corollary  is  that  methods  and  fer- 
tilizers promoting  a rapid  succulent  growth  should  be  avoided  in  all 
locations  infected  with  the  root-knot. 

EFFECTS  OF  THE  INVASION  OF  THE  ANGUILLULA. 

I have  found  mature  worms,  males  and  non-pregnant  females,  in  root- 
lets but  a few  days  old,  and  under  circumstances  which  involved  the 
necessity  of  invasion  from  without  the  root.  See  Experiment  No.  22. 

These  Anguillul®  were  small  enough  to  enter  the  “ stomata”  of  epi- 
dermal tissues,  active  and  strong  enough  to  even  penetrate  cell- walls,  or 
to  separate  cells  in  loosely  connected  tissues.  Once  within,  they  could 
easily  pass  through  the  Cienchymatous  system  of  the  Parenchyma  to 
any  portion  of  the  root,  and  I think  it  not  unreasonable  to  infer  that  in 
this  manner  they  obtain  entrance  in  young  rootlets. 

Their  presence  causes  a rapid  proliferation  of  cells,  resulting  in  a soft, 
unnatural,  irregular  growth  of  the  root,  with  low  vitality,  and  a varied 
effect  upon  the  plant  or  tree. 

The  Chenopodium,  Eupatorium,  Artemisia,  Amarantus,  Gossypium, 
Solanum,  and  Petunia  have  the  enlargements  usually  on  the  sides  of 
the  main  stem,  near  the  surface.  The  “ tap-root,”  descending  deeply  is 
rarely  affected,  and  the  plants  seem  slightly  affected  till  the  sub-corti- 
cal layer  is  filled  with  worms  in  all  stages  of  growth.  This  checks 
growth,  either  by  their  absorption  of  the  nutrition  gathered  by  the  root- 
lets, or  obstruction  of  the  Cienchymatous  ducts,  the  food  supply  is  cut 
off  before  decay  is  visible,  the  leaves  wither,  the  stems  shrivel,  the  plant 
dies.  (Plate  VIII,  1 u,  4 b.) 

The  roots  of  the  Okra,  Radish,  Turnip,  Cabbage,  Cucumber,  Melon, 
Cow-pea,  Peanut,  Tomato,  and  Egg  Plant  enlarge  enormously,  soon  be- 
coming little  else  than  masses  of  decaying  tissues.  The  plant  stops 
growth,  the  fruit  either  becomes  distorted  or  drops  prematurely,  the 
leaves  change  color  and  fall  off,  and  the  plants  die  so  rapidly  as  to  justify 
the  usual  expression  ‘‘struck  by  lightning,”  applied  to  the  fields  of 
Melons,  Cucumbers,  Tomatoes,  and  Cow-peas  so  often  badly  affected 
by  the  root-knot.  (Plates  I,  II,  III,  1Y,  and  VIII.) 

In  nurseries  of  young  fruit-trees  the  greatest  mischief  occurs.  The 
soil  is  usually  carefully  prepared  by  heavy  fertilizing  and  culture,  and 
the  seeds  of  the  Peach,  Orange,  and  English  Walnut  are  sown  for 
stocks.  When  the  tender  shoots  first  appear  many  wither  and  die  at 
once,  others  grow  vigorously  till  the  end  of  the  first  season,  when  they 
are  usually  budded  with  known  and  valuable  varieties  of  fruit.  The 
next  spring  these  buds  put  out  tardily  and  make  a weak  growth,  the 
leaves  become  spotted  or  yellow,  then  drop,  the  bud  dies,  feeble  strag- 
gling shoots  sprout  around  the  stem,  which  maintain  a sickly  vitality 
till  the  first  drought,  when  the  tree  dies,  and  an  examination  dis- 
closes the  cause  in  the  knotty,  decaying  roots,  without  rootlets  or 
fibrill®. 


13 


With  older  trees  taken  from  healthy  locations  and  set  in  infected  soil 
the  program  varies.  The  Peach  and  Fig  often  grow  vigorously  one  or 
two  years,  and  bear  fruit  that  is  very  prone  to  drop  immaturely,  then 
the  tree  takes  on  an  irregular  growth  of  stunted  limbs  and  small  leaves. 
The  tips  of  these  limbs  die  back  gradually  to  the  body  of  the  tree.  If 
the  soil  is  clayey  the  tree  will  put  out  feeble  sprouts  often  for  several 
years. 

With  the  Pecan,  English  Walnut,  and  Willow,  older  trees  remain  sta- 
tionary a year  or  so  and  die  with  the  occasion  of  a severe  drought. 

In  many  cases,  especially  in  old  fields,  the  seeds  of  trees  and  plants 
barely  germinate,  or  cuttings  hardly  form  rootlets  till  they  are  invaded 
and  destroyed. 

In  all  of  these  cases  the  effect  is  to  deprive  the  stems  and  leaves  of 
food  and  moisture ; the  knots  grow,  the  branches  do  not. 

The  annual  destruction  of  nursery  stock  is  enormous,  especially  the 
Peach,  Fig,  Willow,  Spirma,  Buddleia,  Coleus,  etc. 

In  the  sketches  taken  from  nature,  attached  to  this  report,  are  shown 
typical  specimens  as  far  as  possible. 

The  Grape,  Fig,  Mulberry,  and  Orange  are  prone  to  circular  knob-like 
knots  on  the  sides  of  the  larger  roots,  and  an  occasional  enlargement 
at  the  junction  of  small  roots.  (Plates  IV  and  VII.) 

The  Peach,  Plum,  Walnut,  and  Spirmagrow  irregular  masses,  involv- 
ing the  whole  root  seemingly.  (Plate  V.) 

The  Willow,  Okra,  etc.,  enlarge,  and  the  decay  is  usually  visible  first 
at  the  extreme  tip  of  growth  from  the  central  stem.  (Plates  VI,  I,  and 
II.) 

TERRITORY  OCCUPIED  BY  THIS  DISEASE. 

Early  in  the  beginuingof  my  studies  of  the  Auguillula,  I addressed 
letters  of  inquiry  to  most  of  the  leading  nurserymen  and  horticulturists 
in  the  United  States,  especially  those  in  the  southern  section,  asking  an 
examination  of  diseased  trees,  and  inclosing  samples  of  the  root-knot 
for  comparison. 

The  replies  I received  are  conclusive  that  the  disease  is  unknown  be- 
yond any  point  in  the  interior  150  miles  from  the  coast. 

It  does  not  exist  except  in  locations  free  from  extreme  cold,  and  the 
northern  boundary  is  not  far  from  the  January  isotherm  of  50°,  as  shown 
in  the  No.  2,  Isothermal  Lines  of  the  U.  S.  Signal  Service,  1881. 

Letters  from  the  Peach  districts  of  Michigan,  Maryland,  and  New 
Jersey  complain  of  the  u Yellows,”  but  investigators  do  not  report  find- 
ing the  diseased  roots  indicative  of  the  Auguillula. 

It  is  not  found  at  Denison,  Tex.  (Munson),  only  along  the  coast  in 
that  State,  and  then  only  in  sandy,  wet  locations.  (Onderdonk.) 

The  usual  dry  air  of  New  Mexico,  California,  and  regions  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  with  the  summer  parched  soil  of  these  sections,  forms 
apparently  a barrier  to  the  growth  and  spread  of  the  disease,  but  coming 


14 


eastward  it  is  progressively  worse,  till  it  reaches  a climax  in  Florida, 
which  seems  to  possess  the  requisite  soil,  humidity,  and  warmth  for  the 
proper  environment  of  the  Anguillula,  and  consequently  its  complete 
development  for  mischief  in  gardens  and  groves. 

Add  to  this  the  cultivation  of  special  food  plants  extremely  suscept- 
ible to  invasion  by  the  worm,  and  there  can  be  no  wonder  at  its  prodig- 
ious increase. 

TEMPERATURE. 

The  question  of  temperature  is  no  doubt  one  of  great  importance  in 
determining  the  boundaries  of  this  disease,  perhaps  more  so  than  food- 
plants  or  soils. 

The  soil  that  is  annually  frozen  from  G to  10  inches  is  nearly  disin- 
fected from  the  worms,  especially  those  existing  in  a free  state  in  the 
soil,  or  inhabiting  the  soft  roots  of  annual  plants,  and  this  may  explain 
why  southern  Michigan,  northeastern  Ohio,  and  New  Jersey,  with  as 
sandy  a soil  as  Florida  or  south  Georgia,  still  escape  the  plague  in  the 
Peach  orchards. 

The  Chenopodium,  Artemisia,  etc.,  abound  in  these  States,  and  no 
doubt  are  the  habitat  of  Anguillula),  but  the  continued  cold  reduces 
their  number  to  the  minimum  each  year,  and  the  fibrous-rooted  trees 
are  unharmed. 

Again,  in  some  cold  localities  the  trees  kept  in  hot  houses  arc  af- 
fected; those  without  in  open  ground  escape. 

Places  favored  with  hot,  dry  summers  and  cold,  wet  winters  will  not 
likely  ever  suffer  from  the  ravages  of  the  root  knot. 

My  experiments  are  conclusive  that  below  50°  in  fluid,  and  above 
that,  dry,  the  worms  are  inactive,  paralyzed  by  cold,  and  shriveled  by 
dryness  and  heat,  and  the  inference  is  plain  that  parties  wishing  best 
results  must  either  choose  unsusceptible  stocks,  for  grafting  or  budding 
trees  liable  to  infection  by  the  Anguillula,  remove  to  favored  loca- 
tions, or  find  some  means  of  destroying  the  worms. 

The  arid  regions  of  the  West  fill  one  indication,  the  others  are  still 
sub  judice , but  in  a fair  way  for  determination. 

SOILS. 

It  can  not  be  questioned  but  that  a light,  sandy  soil  offers  least  re- 
sistance to  the  progress  of  the  Anguillnla  after  its  liberation  from  de- 
caying roots  either  encysted  or  free. 

Experiments  with  air-dry  soil  show  that  water  penetrates  sand  in  half 
the  time  that  it  will  penetrate  clay,  and  over  large  areas  of  cultivated 
land  the  proportion  would  still  be  greater  in  favor  of  the  saud. 

Loose  soils,  mixed  with  decaying  vegetation  and  humus,  offer  still 
better  facilities  for  irrigation,  and  this  explaius  the  fact  that  locations 
highly  fertilized  with  composts,  stable  manure,  or  leaf-mold  show  the 
root-knot  quicker  in  plants  than  compact  or  virgin  soils,  and  the  worst 


15 


results  are  found  in  gardens  planted  in  long  cultivated,  fully  fertilized, 
and  thoroughly  pulverized  areas. 

Moisture  is  an  essential  to  the  vigorous  growth  of  the  Anguillula, 
though  it  withstands  an  enormous  amount  of  drying. 

The  cysts  shrivel,  pregnant  females  become  irregular  in  outline,  ma- 
ture worms  stiffen  and  remain  indefinitely  with  suspended  vitality,  but 
resume  action  with  the  application  of  sufficient  moisture.  (Note  5.) 

A friable  soil,  with  compact  clay  near  the  surface  insuring  needed 
dampness,  presents  then  the  typical  environment  for  the  Anguillula, 
and  this,  alas,  also  is  regarded  in  this  section  as  the  most  advantageous 
location  for  a garden  or  grove. 

Another  very  favorable  location  for  these  worms  is  the  boggy  bank 
of  a lake  or  river,  where  there  is  a mass  of  wet,  decaying  vegetation. 

EXPERIMENTS. 

A series  of  experiments,  under  the  direction  of  the  Entomologist  of 
the  United  States  Agricultural  Department,  was  begun  in  February, 
1888,  to  determine  the  migration  and  life  history  of  the  Anguillula,  as 
well  as  to  investigate  the  effect  of  various  insecticides.  That  these  are 
not  complete  and  conclusive,  is  owing  to  the  extreme  difficulty  of  trac- 
ing any  individual  worm  by  reason  of  its  size  and  its  surroundings. 

A quantity  of  both  ordinary  saudy  soil  and  clay  was  heated  several 
hours  to  a temperature  of  400°  F. 

A number  of  6-inch  earthen  pots  were  also  subjected  to  the  same 
heat.  Tbe  earth  and  the  pots  were  tested  for  living  Auguilluke  and 
found  sterile. 

(1)  Four  sterile  pots  with  x^-0  cubic  foot  of  sterile  soil  in  each  pot. 

(2)  Same  as  No.  1,  using  sterile  clay  instead  of  surface  soil. 

(3)  As  No.  1,  using  yellow  subsoil  from  infected  locations. 

(4)  As  No.  3,  using  clay  subsoil  from  infected  locations. 

(5)  As  No.  1,  using  infected  surface  soil  from  infected  locations. 

In  each  pot  were  planted  four  seeds  of  the  Cow-pea  (Dolichos),  selected 
because  of  its  ease  in  germinating  and  great  susceptibility  to  the  An 
guillula. 

All  came  up  within  the  week  and  grew  fairly  well ; at  the  end  of  each 
week  one  plant  was  removed  and  the  roots  examined. 

In  Nos.  1 and  2 no  knots  were  visible  at  any  stage  of  growth  aud  the 
last  plant  grew  to  maturity. 

In  Nos.  3 and  4 the  plants  were  but  slightly  affected,  and  at  the  end 
of  the  fourth  week  each  remaining  plant  had  made  a fair  growth,  de- 
spite the  terminal  roots  wTere  becoming  enlarged. 

In  No.  5 half  the  plants  died  before  the  appearance  of  the  third  leaf, 
and  the  remainder  made  a sickly,  feeble  growth.  The  roots  were  badly 
knotted,  decay  in  every  case  appearing  at  the  terminal  ends  of  the  root- 
lets, which  turned  brown  and  dropped  off  at  the  slightest  touch. 

I repeated  this  series  of  experiments,  using  small  seedling  peach  trees 
in  place  of  the  cow-peas.  The  results  were  similar — the  trees  in  Nos.  1 


16 


and  2 growing  vigorously,  with  fully  developed  roots  and  leaves ; in 
No.  3,  at  the  end  of  four  mouths  the  trees  were  living,  but  feebly,  and 
the  roots  showed  signs  of  decay. 

In  No.  4 the  trees  had  grown  somewhat  better  and  had  a brighter 
color,  but  the  roots  were  knotty. 

No.  5 showed  poorly,  leaves  smaller,  roots  quite  knotty,  and  one  tree 
dead. 

The  same  results  followed  using  the  Weeping  Willow  as  the  test 
plant. 

The  inferences  are : That  the  Anguillula  is  destroyed  by  a heat  of 
212°;  that  healthy  trees  set  in  infected  soil  soon  are  invaded  by  the 
tree  Anguillula  in  the  soil ; that  soil  taken  from  the  depth  of  2 or  more 
feet  below  the  surface  is  comparatively  free  from  the  worms,  and  that 
clay  subsoil  is  less  infected  than  the  sand. 

Another  series  of  experiments  testing  the  effect  of  various  chemicals, 
fertilizers,  and  insecticides  was  tried,  using  four  sterilized  pots  in  each 
test,  the  pots  each  containing  cubic  foot  of  infected  sandy  soil,  and 
the  chemical,  at  the  rate  of  T^ro  of  the  weight  of  the  soil  (24  grains),  thor- 
oughly mixed  or  dissolved.  In  each  pot  was  planted  a seedling  peach 
and  four  cow-peas. 

No.  G.  Tobacco  (lust. 

7.  Tobacco  dust  with  24  grains  sulphate  potash. 

8.  Tobacco  dust  with  24  grains  sulphide  potash. 

9.  Tobacco  dust  with  24  grains  sulphite  potash. 

10.  Tobacco  dust  with  24  grains  muriate  potash. 

11.  Tobacco  dust  with  24  grains  hyposulphite  soda. 

12.  Tobacco  dust  with  24  grains  sulphate  iron. 

13.  Tobacco  dust  with  24  grains  caustic  lime. 

14.  Tobacco  dust  with  24  grains  unleached  ashes. 

15.  Tobacco  dust  with  24  grains  sulphur. 

1G.  Bisulphide  carbon. 

17.  Sulphate  potash. 

18.  Muriato  potash. 

19.  Unleaclied  ashes. 

20.  Caustic  lime. 

These  experiments  were  also  repeated  in  the  nursery  and  open  field 
on  small  peach  trees,  using  G02  grains  to  each  tree,  equivalent  to  poVo 
part  by  weight  of  the  soil.  (Note  6.) 

In  the  pots  the  results  in  Nos.  G,  7, 10,  13,  and  14  were  very  encour- 
aging; the  peas  grew  to  maturity,  with  good  color  and  very  few  en- 
larged roots.  Nos.  8,  9,  11,  and  15  made  a very  poor  growth,  and  died 
soon  after  the  third  leaf.  No.  12  died  immediately  after  sprouting,  as 
did  No.  1G.  Nos.  17,  18,  and  19  grew  nearly  as  well  as  Nos.  G and  7 ; 
No.  20  made  a fine  growth,  with  very  few  enlarged  roots.  The  peach 
trees  died  soon  in  Nos.  8,  9, 11, 12, 15,  and  1G,  made  a fair  growth  in  Nos. 
G,  7,  10,  13,  and  14,  were  killed  at  once  in  No.  1G,  and  grew  the  best  in 
Nos.  17,  18,  19,  and  20. 

In  the  field  Nos.  11,  1G,  and  8 appeared  to  at  once  kill  the  trees.  Nos. 


17 


9 and  15  had  no  effect  visible.  Nos.  0,  7,  10,  and  11  made  a better 
growth  than  Nos.  17-20.  Root-knot  was  present  on  all  but  Nos.  13, 
14,  and  20. 

On  still  larger  trees,  applied  at  the  rate  of  27  pounds  to  the  tree,  Nos. 
G,  13,  14,  17, 18,  10,  and  20  gave  good  results,  especially  G and  17,  G and 
18,  G and  19.  These  mixtures  seemed  to  promote  a vigorous  growth  of 
healthy  roots,  and  Nos.  G and  20,  each  27  pounds  to  the  tree,  well  mixed 
with  the  surface  soil,  appears  to  be  as  near  a preventive  of  the  “ knot” 
as  anything  I have  tried. 

I tried  the  bisulphide  of  carbon  without  any  effect  other  than  the  death 
of  the  trees,  some  fifty  or  more,  and  the  kerosene  emulsion  to  saturation 
of  the  surface  soil  produced  asimilar  result,  and  in  view  of  the  expense 
and  labor  involved  I did  not  repeat  the  experiment.  (Note  7.) 

A number  of  the  prepared  artificial  fertilizers  were  tried;  those  con- 
taining ammonia,  guano,  bone,  and  fish  produced  a rapid  growth,  soft 
and  easily  attacked  by  the  Auguilliilae. 

In  a field  near  my  place,  heavily  fertilized  with  a bone  and  potash 
compound,  the  roots  of  the  pea  nut  became  masses  of  knotty  roots,  the 
worst  cases  of  the  disease  I ever  saw,  and  peach-trees  growing  in  that 
field  are  ruined. 

I have  found  nothing  of  value  when  applied  to  old  bearing  fruit  trees, 
if  badly  affected,  as  any  insecticide  capable  of  absorption  by  the  roots 
invariably  has  killed  the  trees  when  used  to  the  amount  of  the 
weight  of  the  surface  soil,  1 foot  in  depth  and  the  area  of  the  circle 
filled  by  the  roots.  Alkaline  mixtures,  20  to  40  pounds  to  each  tree,  or 
caustic  lime,  kainite,  muriate  and  sulphate  potash  or  wood  ashes,  used 
several  years  in  succession,  have  come  nearest  a cure,  destroying  no 
doubt  many  free  worms,  and  inducing  a vigorous,  tough  growth  of  roots, 
more  difficult  of  penetration,  and  possibly  rendering  the  sap  in  some 
way  obnoxious.  (Note  8.) 

The  addition  of  tobacco  dust  in  large  quantities  supplies  nitrogen, 
and  makes  a very  vigorous  growth  of  roots  and  limbs.  It  also  seems  to 
have  considerable  preventive  effect  on  the  worms.  Experiments  con- 
ducted by  one  of  our  market  gardeners  has  convinced  him  that  the 
mixture  of  tobacco  dust  and  muriate  of  potash  in  old  fields  in  great 
measure  prevents  the  ravages  of  the  Anguillula  in  Okra,  Cabbage,  and 
Egg-plant,  and  be  has  adopted  this  as  a standard  fertilizer  for  all  his 
products.  I have  seen  his  use  of  this,  and  am  nearly  prepared  to  sus- 
tain his  views.  Kainite  is  no  doubt  fully  as  good,  but  further  experi- 
menting is  necessary. 

Another  series  of  experiments  was  made  upon  plants  to  determine 
the  time  and  degree  of  infection. 

No.  21.  Sterilized  pots  with  cubic  foot  of  sterile  soil,  in  which  four 
cow-peas  were  planted  at  various  depths,  one-half  inch,  three-fourths 
inch,  and  1 inch,  were  covered  1 inch  with  infected  earth  and  kept  wa- 
tered. The  results  showed  infection  of  the  roots  in  about  the  same  ra- 
23495— Bull.  20 2 


18' 


tio  as  the  distance  from  the  surface.  Reversing  the  process,  putting  the 
infected  soil  below,  showed  the  roots  affected  soonest  in  the  peas  planted 
deepest,  indicating  but  little  action  in  the  worms  outside  of  that  pro- 
duced by  the  percolation  of  water. 

No.  22.  Another  series  of  pots  were  watered  with  muddy  water  from 
infected  earth,  and  though  the  pots  contained  sterilized  soil  the  roots 
of  the  peas  were  badly  affected.  Microscopic  investigation  of  the  per- 
colate showed  both  free  and  encysted  Anguilluhe.  (Note  9.) 

No.  23.  Pots  with  sterile  soil  had  one  transplanted  infected  peach 
seedling  in  each,  and  four  cow-peas. 

The  trees  soon  died,  and  very  shortly  afterward  the  peas  showed  the 
infection,  those  nearest  the  dead  peach  roots  the  most  markedly. 

In  a spot  of  new  and  non-infected  ground  several  trees,  Peach  and  Fig, 
were  plauted.  The  central  tree  was  knotty-rooted  and  died  in  a few 
months ; the  next  year  the  roots  of  the  nearest  trees,  15  feet  away,  became 
knotty  nearest  the  dead  tree,  and  now,  after  the  lapse  of  tour  years, 
the  disease  extends  to  the  tips  of  the  roots  of  all  the  Fig  and  Peach  trees 
in  a circle  120  feet  distant  each  way  from  the  original  infected  tree. 

In  another  case,  in  a nursery  on  high  pine  land,  clay  subsoil  and  free 
from  disease,  a number  of  peach  roots,  badly  knotted,  were  brought 
from  a distance  and  heeled  in  for  a week.  The  disease  spread  in  all  di- 
rections from  this  nucleus. 

Again,  in  another  peach  nursery  was  a spot  of  low,  damp,  black  soil. 
There  was  no  root-knot  the  first  year  it  was  planted  in  peaches ; the 
seedlings  grew  well.  The  second  year,  a few  trees  were  found  in  this 
spot  with  enlarged  roots  and  destroyed.  The  third  year,  hardly  a tree 
escaped,  the  disease  extending  along  the  thickly  set  rows  of  seedlings 
upward  and  in  all  directions  on  to  the  higher  land  from  the  hollow  spot 
first  infected. 

In  another  case,  clean  fibrous-rooted  trees  were  heeled  in  a day  or  so 
and  planted  in  non-infected  ground.  The  next  year  proved  the  most  of 
them  diseased. 

These  cases  prove  conclusively  that  in  areas  not  infected  the  disease 
can  be  easily  introduced  (1)  by  planting  infected  trees;  (2)  by  the  use 
of  composts  of  muck  and  weeds  from  infected  soils;  (3)  by  the  distribu- 
tive action  of  water  and  air,  the  water  carrying  particles  of  soil  and 
worms  downward  from  an  infected  elevation,  or  by  dry  soil,  frag- 
ments of  dry  roots,  desiccated  free  or  euc3rsted  worms  carried  in  the  air 
during  sand-storms,  whirlwinds,  or  the  heavy  currents  of  air  preceding 
storms  that  often  blow  “ bare  v acres  of  plowed  land  and  overwhelm  ad- 
jacent fields  with  the  soil  thus  borne  on  the  wind;  (4)  soil  containing 
these  worms  I have  no  doubt  has  been  carried  on  the  feet  of  men  and 
animals  and  deposited  in  healthy  fields,  forming  the  nucleus  of  a de- 
structive agency,  mouths  afterward  made  visible  by  its  effects. 

Instances  are  not  wanting  that  can  not  be  explained  except  by  some 
such  theory  of  contagion  and  manner  of  travel. 


19 


EEMEDIES. 

/ 

1.  Drainage. 

Many  gardens  and  orchards  are  badly  located  on  soils  partly  satu- 
rated with  water,  either  at  the  margins  of  rivers  or  lakes  or  on  rich  de- 
posits of  vegetable  remains  both  low  and  damp. 

The  reasons  for  this  choice  are  generally  the  superior  quality  of  the 
laud  and  the  rapidity  of  growth  induced  by  the  moisture,  but  in  the 
territory  infected  by  the  Anguillula  the  heat  and  rich  soil  cause  precisely 
the  looseness  of  tissue  so  favorable  to  the  spread  of  the  worms. 

A dry  soil,  with  solid  root-growth,  is  on  the  contrary  unfavorable; 
hence  in  many  locations  drainage  has  entirely  changed  the  character  of 
the  land,  so  that  peaches  and  figs  grow  where  they  would  not  before. 

Experiments  in  Texas  confirm  this  fully  and  suggest  the  utility  of 
thorough  drainage  of  wet  locations,  or,  better  yet,  the  avoidance  of  such 
places  for  groves  and  gardens. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  remarked  as  one  of  the  not  expected 
results  of  the  uNew  Agriculture”  in  maintaining  a permanently  damp 
soil  by  means  of  water-pipes  below  the  surface,  that  when  it  is  in  vogue 
we  will  have  not  only  a great  increase  of  crops  but  a greater  increase 
of  u root-knot”  iu  the  cabbages,  beets,  radishes,  etc.,  thus  grown.  What 
effect  the  ingestion  of  Anguillulse  will  have  upon  the  human  economy 
remains  to  be  seen;  as,  so  far  as  I know,  no  record  occurs  of  experiments 
having  been  tried  to  ascertain.  (Note  10.) 

2.  Frost. 

In  many  places  north  of  29°  there  is  cold  enough  each  year  to  at 
times  freeze  the  surface  a considerable  depth.  Where  this  occurs,  by 
plowing  the  soil  at  the  beginning  of  winter  and  at  times  during  that 
season,  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  great  destruction  of  the  free  Anguil- 
luke  will  ensue. 

3.  Fire. 

The  value  of  heat  in  the  destruction  of  the  germs  of  the  root-knot 
has  been  often  demonstrated  in  Florida,  usually  unwittingly,  and  the 
lesson  taught  has  been  in  a measure  lost. 

In  clearing  old  fields,  badly  infected  with  the  worms,  as  shown  by  the 
crops  of  cotton  or  peas,  it  is  customary  to  burn  log  heaps  and  stumps  ; 
if,  then,  peaches  and  figs  have  been  planted  on  this  burned  land  the 
result  has  been  freedom  from  root-knot  for  a series  of  years. 

Such  trees  make  a vigorous  growth  and  bear  well,  while  adjacent 
trees,  not  on  burned  ground,  wither  and  die. 

It  would  seem  practicable  in  this  wooded  section  to  easily  build  small 
compact  heaps  of  chips,  wood,  pine  knots,  even  dry  weeds  and  grass, 
over  tbe  area  of  say  2 feet  radius  from  each  tree-stake  prior  to  plaut- 


20 


ing,  burn  the  heap  to  ashes,  excavate  the  soil  as  far  as  heated,  and  re. 
new  the  lire  till  the  subsoil  is  reached  and  the  depth  of  at  least  a foot 
of  soil  in  all  is  thoroughly  sterilized  by  heat. 

In  many  cases,  where  wood  is  plenty,  dead  standing  timber  to  be 
removed,  and  stumps  to  be  burned,  the  plan  would  succeed  to  stake 
out  the  field  and  build  a log-heap  at  each  stake;  but  if  not  convenient, 
the  annual  growth  of  weeds  and  grasses,  well  dried,  will  furnish  fuel 
enough. 

4.  Sterile  Soils.  (Note  11.) 

Among  the  early  settlers  of  Florida  the  practice  prevailed,  when 
planting  trees,  of  digging  out  the  soil  to  the  depth  of  2 or  more  feet 
and  filling  in  around  the  tree  with  clay  or  yellow  subsoil  obtained  from 
virgin  land  and  3 or  more  feet  below  the  surface.  This  plan  succeeded, 
in  that  it  surrounded  the  tree  with  sterile  soil  till  it  formed  firm  roots 
and  a hardened  epidermis. 

My  investigations  show  that  in  infected  soils  the  deep  roots  are  but 
slightly  affected  in  comparison  with  those  near  the  surface,  and  that 
the  greatest  destruction  prevails  in  young  trees,  nursery  stock,  and 
plants  having  surface  roots. 

If  a tree  acquires  age  and  the  roots  reach  deep  subsoil,  the  Auguil- 
luhe  do  little  damage.  Hence  the  utility  of  using  clay  or  subsoil,  derived 
from  virgin  forest,  around  newly-set  trees. 

This  old  plan  deserves  attention  and  can  be  recommended ; but  since 
the  war,  in  their  haste  to  promote  the  growth  of  groves  and  gardens, 
the  later  horticulturists  reverse  this  method,  imbed  the  young  tree  in 
surface  soil,  and  use  nitrogenous  fertilizers  to  encourage  rapid  develop- 
ment, this  certainly  causes  increase  of  the  root-knot. 

5.  Disuse  of  Land. 

Keeping  land  clean,  free  from  all  growth  for  two  or  more  years,  has 
proved  of  great  benefit  if  done  before  trees  are  planted.  I believe  the 
worms  require  living  tissues  to  develop  in,  and  deprived  of  this  they 
would  die,  probably  within  the  limit  I have  given. 

In  many  places  where  the  soil  has  not  been  cultivated  for  a long 
series  of  years,  and  the  Broom  Sedge  Grass  has  exterminated  all  other 
weeds,  I have  failed  to  find  any  traces  of  the  Anguiilula,  and  I regard 
this  as  confirmatory  proof  that  disuse  of  land  prevents  the  root-knot. 

6.  Disuse  of  Easily  Infected  Crops. 

In  most  of  our  Southern  States,  where  the  Clovers  and  Buckwheat 
will  not  prosper,  it  has  been  the  almost  universal  custom  to  substitute 
the  Cow-pea  as  a soil-renovator.  Drilled  or  broadcast  it  is  the  great 
crop  for  “laying  by”  corn,  and  as  a second  or  third  crop  after  rice, 
oats,  or  market  garden.  Very  few  groves  or  orchards  but  have  annu- 
ally from  one  to  three  crops  of  pea-vines  plowed  in  for  fertilizing. 


21 


Again,  as  a u first  crop,”  after  clearing  off  the  timber,  it  is  in  general 
use  for  new  land.  Few  plants  are  so  sensitive  to  the  attacks  of  the 
Anguillula,  and  few  have  roots  so  badly  infected  with  these  worms,  and 
this  common  custom  of  planting  the  Cow-pea  is  mentioned  only  to  be 
condemned,  as,  if  continued,  in  time  all  groves  and  gardens  in  these 
sandy  soils  will  be  failures. 

The  Lespedeza  striata  (Japan  Clover),  Desmodium  molle  (Beggar 
Weed),  and  Eiehardsonia  scabra  (Mexican  Clover),  will  prove  fine  sub- 
stitutes for  the  Cow -pea  as  forage  and  fertilizer.  If  the  Cow-pea  must 
be  grown,  keep  it  away  from  garden  and  orchard,  and  at  planting  time 
use  large  quantities  of  some  strong  alkaline  fertilizer  on  the  soil.  The 
economical  habit  of  planting  market  gardens  in  orchards  should  be  dis- 
couraged. 

It  is  easy  to  see  the  reason  and  the  danger  from  the  use  of  ammo- 
niacal  fertilizers  so  necessary  to  induce  rapid  growth  of  vegetables,  and 
the  spread  of  the  Anguillulm  from  the  roots  of  the  Melons,  Cucumbers, 
etc.,  to  the  trees.  Many  instances  of  this  sort  can  be  seen  over  the 
South,  and  should  serve  as  warning  to  our  horticulturists  in  the  future. 

I believe  that  in  badly  infected  grounds  some  relief  could  be  given 
by  drilling  the  Cow-pea,  and,  when  in  bloom,  cutting  off  the  stems  for 
forage  $ then  to  plow  and  carefully  rake  up  the  roots  in  piles  for  burn- 
ing when  dry  enough.  This  method  of  destroying  the  infected  roots  of 
Okra,  Melons,  etc.,  and  the  roots  of  the  Chenopodium,  etc.,  would  no 
doubt  be  of  great  value  in  small  areas,  and  even  in  larger  fields,  by 
the  aid  of  improved  machinery  for  gathering  the  roots. 

It  needs  only  the  mention  that  planting  of  trees  from  infected  local- 
ities should  be  avoided ; even  those  not  liable  to  the  disease  themselves 
may  carry  soil  containing  Anguilluise  among  the  roots. 

I have  noted  that  the  Peach  and  Fig  obtained  from  Northern  nur- 
series seem  extremely  easy  to  take  the  disease,  far  more  so  than  the 
native  stocks.  I only  mention  the  fact,  but  have  not  ascertained  the 
reason. 

7.  Insect  Enemies. 

I have  found  but  one,  the  small  blackish-brown  ant  that  inhabits  rot- 
ten wood  and  decaying  roots — very  common  in  this  section — the  Sole- 
nopsis  xyloni. 

This,  when  the  roots  of  the  Okra,  Pea,  etc.,  begin  to  decay,  burrows 
into  the  tissues  and  drags  out  the  pregnant  Anguillulm  for  destruction. 

I was  puzzled  at  first  to  find  the  dead  roots  of  the  Okra,  Melon,  Peach, 
and  Fig  free  from  cysts  or  pregnant  worms,  though  in  partially  rotting 
enlargements  I found  plenty  of  Anguillula. 

Closer  and  extended  examination  showed  this  ant  in  the  act  of  de- 
vouring the  enlarged  worms,  and  its  service  to  the  orehardist  is  be- 
yond value  in  this  respect. 

Inasmuch  as  a dry  soil  is  favorable  to  ant  life,  it  will  be  readily  seen 
how  drainage  is  useful  in  aiding  the  propagation  of  this  tiny  destroyer. 


22 


Upon  crashing  a mature,  pregnant  worm  various  forms  of  micrococci 
are  visible  by  the  microscope  as  existing  within  the  Anguillula,  evi- 
dently not  hurtful,  and  when  seen  exterior  to  the  worm  seem  not  preju- 
dicial to  its  life ; but  more  study  is  needed  on  this  point. 

8.  Use  of  Vermicide  Fertilizers. 

Experiments  looking  to  the  adoption  of  some  mixtures  capable  of  de- 
stroying  the  worms  while  in  the  root  tissues  have  not  proved  a success. 
The  use  of  smaller  quantities  per  acre  than  one-tenth  of  1 per  cent,  of 
the  surface  soil  for  1 foot  in  depth  and  10  feet  radius  to  each  tree — 
about  a ton  to  the  acre — produced  no  perceptible  effect  on  the  disease, 
and  a greater  amount  injured  the  trees. 

The  use  of  bisulphide  carbon,  kerosene  emulsion,  and  various  arsen- 
ical solutions  destroyed  so  great  a percentage  of  the  trees  that  on  that 
account,  and  the  expense  of  application,  it  was  abandoned. 

Alkaline  mixtures  have  done  better,  and  will  bear  repetition,  espe- 
cially the  sulphites  and  muriates. 

For  nursery  stock,  it  no  doubt  will  pay  to  thoroughly  incorporate 
some  of  these  chemicals  with  the  soil  some  weeks  before  planting  seeds, 
cions,  or  young  trees,  using  it  at  the  rate  of  at  least  one  tenth  of  1 per 
cent,  of  the  surface  soil  cultivated. 

Alkaline  fertilizei’s,  as  liard-wood  ashes,  muriate  and  sulphate  of  pot- 
ash, kainite,  or  ash  element  produce  a hard  growth  but  little,  if  auy, 
affected  by  the  root-knot.  Usually  the  fertilizer  is  applied  in  too  small 
a quantity.  Not  less  than  3,000  pounds  to  the  acre  should  be  used  to 
produce  the  required  effect,  one-half  in  December,  the  remainder  in 
May. 

A fertilizer  containing  a small  percentage  of  carbolic  acid,  carbolates^ 
thymol-cresol,  or  an  easily  decomposed  sulphite  would  no  doubt  be  valu- 
able in  this  infected  section. 

9.  N ON-INFECTED  STOCKS. 

After  all,  I believe  the  use  of  trees  that  are  not  susceptible  to  the 
root-knot,  for  stocks  on  which  to  graft  or  bud  the  susceptible  varieties 
is  the  proper  solution  of  the  root-knot  problem.  The  matter  of  location, 
soil,  fertilizer,  and  prevention  then  need  not  worry  the  intending  or- 
chardist.  Find  the  disease- proof  tree  and  the  thing  is  done,  and  most 
of  my  experiments  have  been  directed  to  secure  in  some  measure  this 
result. 

It  is,  perhaps,  too  soon  to  say  that  complete  success  has  been  realized, 
but  the  gain  is  perceptible. 

For  the  Orange  I can  recommend  the  hardy  bitter-sweet  or  sour 
species  as  nearly  disease-proof  and  a vigorous  grower. 

The  Citrus  trifoliata  and  the  Japanese  “ Unsliiu,”  or  Satsuma,  both 
seem  resistant,  but  the  time  of  trial  has  been  too  short.  This  last  is  a 
slow  grower,  with  dense  roots,  and  promises  to  bo  the  best  of  any  of  the 


Citrus  family.  Its  hardiness,  freedom  from  thorns,  and  vigor  recom- 
mend it. 

Grapes  of  the  Viuifera  type  as  well  as  those  of  the  ^Estival  is  group  are 
subject  to  the  root-knot,  if  grown  on  their  own  roots,  but  grafted  into 
stocks  of  the  Cordifolia  or  Vulpina  races  have  made  superb  growths 
free  of  the  disease. 

I have  found  no  stock  for  Fig  or  Mulberry  that  has  stood  the  test. 

For  the  Peach  family  either  the  seedlings  of  the  Wild  Goose  Plum, 
the  Marianna,  or  the  recently  introduced  Japanese  Plums,  Kelsey,  Sat- 
suma,  or  Ogru,  are  valuable.  Three  years’  test  of  the  Marianna  prove 
that  for  that  time,  at  least,  the  roots  resisted  the  Anguillula  and  were 
free  from  knots.  When  the  peach  died  the  Myrobolan  was  infected 
slightly,  and  even  the  native  plums  suffered  with  the  disease.  It  is  too 
soon  to  give  an  unqualified  approval  of  this  as  a stock,  but  so  far  it  is 
the  very  best,  growing  from  cuttings  and  very  rapidly,  making  a tree 
that  is  nearly  borer- proof  as  well  as  free  from  the  Anguillulse. 

Some  seedlings  of  our  American  Plums  are  destined  to  replace  the 
Peach  as  a stock,  unless  the  Japanese  varieties  prove  superior. 

I have  found  nothing  of  value  for  the  English  Walnut  as  a stock,  nor 
for  the  Weepiug  Willow. 

I have  indicated  the  probable  line  of  action  to  mitigate  or  prevent  the 
disease  in  gardens — the  use  of  alkaline  fertilizers,  the  exposure  to  frost, 
the  gathering  of  diseased  roots  to  burn,  the  removal  of  certain  weeds, 
and  the  disuse  of  land  and  cow  peas. 

EXTENT  OF  DESTRUCTIVE  EFFECTS  OF  THE  DISEASE. 

Within  the  district  infected  by  the  Anguillula  it  would  be  well  nigh 
an  impossibility  to  give  even  an  approximate  idea  of  the  losses  sus- 
tained each  year  by  the  farmer,  the  gardener,  and  the  horticulturist 
from  the  ravages  of  this  worm. 

All  over  the  southern  section  of  the  United  States  hundreds  of  market 
gardens  have  been  planted  at  an  immense  outlay  of  time  and  money,  only 
to  have  the  fields  of  vegetables  blighted  from  this  mysterious  trouble,  as 
if  scorched  by  fire  or  frost.  Thousands  of  trees  have  been  planted  only 
to  dwindle  away  and  die;  and,  as  the  defect  has  been  usually  ascribed 
to  the  fertilizer  or  the  climate,  the  injury  has  been  enormous,  while  the 
real  cause  has  not  been  suspected,  and,  as  far  as  I know,  no  effort  made 
to  ascertain  a remedy.  The  Orange  is  slightly  affected  now,  but  in  the 
future,  when  the  soil  will  be  filled  with  cysts  and  worms,  Orange  trees 
will  be  as  uncertain,  I fear,  as  the  Peach  or  Fig  at  the  present  time. 

From  the  best  testimony  I can  get,  in  the  early  days  of  the  white  im- 
migration, except  in  damp  locations,  peaches  grew  without  any  disease, 
save  the  “Borer.”  Now,  in  many  places,  the  trees  that  do  well  are  the 
exception,  and  in  these  locations  it  is  idle  waste  of  time,  labor,  trees,  and 
fertilizers  to  attempt  the  culture  of  an  orchard. 

In  such  infected  spots  the  usual  program  is  to  apply  some  costly 


24 


ammoniacal  manure  to  the  land,  cultivate  early  vegetables  between  the 
trees;  then,  after  that  crop  is  removed,  sow  the  land  in  cow-peas.  The 
result  is  bewildering.  Next  year  the  unfortunate  planter  is  discouraged 
to  find  many  of  the  trees  dying  back,  the  vegetable  crop  with  knotty 
roots  and  irregular  fruit. 

Another  heavy  fertilizing,  another  crop  of  peas,  and  that  spot  is  done 
for.  The  disgusted  farmer  tries  another  vocation,  and  gives  over  the 
place  to  weeds  and  desolation. 

With  young,  closely-set  rows  of  trees  the  disease  causes  greatest  dam- 
age, spreading  rapidly  from  tree  to  tree. 

In  market  gardens,  especially  the  Tomato,  Cucumber,  Melon,  and 
Squash,  the  Anguillula  often  either  destroys  the  plants  before  fruiting 
or  reduces  the  size  of  the  fruit  till  it  fails  to  pay  expenses. 

A number  of  disastrous  failures  with  gardens,  that  have  come  to  my 
notice,  no  doubt  resulted  from  this  cause. 

LIFE  HISTORY  OF  THE  ANGUILLULA. 

The  study  of  this  microscopic  worm  has  been  exceedingly  difficult, 
and  many  points  in  its  history  are  not  yet  fully  ascertained. 

The  limit  of  its  existence,  periods  of  growth,  sexual  characteristics, 
generation,  variation  of  form,  and  the  precise  action  occasioning  the 
abnormal  growth  in  roots,  are  all  undetermined  questions  which  will 
take  a long  continued  series  of  observations  to  solve.  (Note  12.) 

As  first  observed,  a mass  of  cells  appears  within  the  uterine  cornua, 
cells  averaging  -2-0^M  inch  in  diameter,  arranged  in  bands  from  Tq|oo 
t°  tooof  Rich  i11  width,  reaching  across  to  the  walls  of  the  uterus. 
(Plate  XX,  A,  B.)  These  bands  appear  at  the  smaller  end  of  the  uterus, 
beginning  from  x^0%o  to  foWo  inch  from  the  free  extremities;  extend- 
ing downward  t££oo  to  Towo  Rich.  Lower  down,  these  cells  show  a ten- 
dency to  aggregate  into  irregular  masses  (Plate  XX,  B,  0),  then  into 
ovate  forms,  eventually  becoming  ovals  Tofoo  by  tthhto  inch. 

At  first  these  cysts  have  no  epidermis,  but  a thin  coating  appears 
and  thickens  as  they  approach  the  normal  size  of  inch  in  length 

and  tthhto  inch  in  width.  (Plate  XX,  D,  2.) 

During  the  life  of  the  female  the  cysts  form  rapidly,  until  the  whole 
uterus  becomes  enormously  enlarged,  and  contains  cysts  in  every  stage, 
from  the  primary  agglomeration  of  cells  to  free  Auguilluhe.  (Plates 
XIX  and  XVIII.) 

The  decay  of  the  environing  root  exposes  the  pregnant  female  to 
changes  in  weather,  and  with  a slight  increase  in  heat  the  contraction 
of  the  exterior  expels  the  contents  of  the  uterus  and  disperses  them. 

This  in  most  cases  appears  to  be  through  the  upper  segment,  though 
often  it  occurs  through  the  fissure  in  the  head.  (Plate  XIX.) 

The  cyst  at  first  is  a solid  mass  of  granular  cells.  (Plates  IX,  1,  and 
X,  1.)  It  divides  centrally  at  the  shorter  axis  (Plates  IX,  2,  3;  X,  2, 
2G,  4) ; each  half  repeats  this  process  till  four  or  live  segments  are  visible* 

A longitudinal  fissure  then  appears,  causing  eight  segments  (Plates 


25 


IX,  6,  7;  mid  X,  15,  10,  18);  the  walls  of  the  segments  are  absorbed 
each  side  the  central  long  fissure  (Plate  IX,  8,  10,  15, 16, 17, 18),  which 
extends  to  the  margin  of  the  cyst  in  one  direction,  and  upon  separation 
at  that  end  motion  begins,  and  the  Anguillula  awakes  to  life  and  ac- 
tion. (Plates  IX,  17,  18;  and  XI,  1.) 

The  growth  within  the  cyst  continues  till  the  worm  attains  a length 
of  xJIfg  inch  or  more,  and  a central  diameter  of  Tofoo  inch ; the  cyst 
ruptures,  the  worm  is  free  (Plate  XI,  2,  3,  7),  leaving  the  empty  shell 
shrunken  .and  torn.  (Plate  XI,  4,  4a.) 

Up  to  this  point  I have  failed  to  discriminate  the  sexes.  Both  appear 
blunt  at  one  end,  which  is  marked  with  a fissure  Tofoo  inch  to  toooo 
incli  in  length,  often  with  a circular  hinge-like  termination  (Plate  XII, 
3a , 4 a,  6a,  7a,  and  XIII,  la,  2 a,  3a)  extending  into  a tortuous  channel 
tfooo  inch  in  diameter  and  averaging  T-0-0Vo  inch  in  length ; then  the 
remainder  of  the  worm  becomes  a mass  of  cells  of  various  sizes  to  within 
T(huto  inch  or  unfo  o inch  of  the  extremity  or  tail. 

These  cells  at  times  appear  with  a sinuous  channel  clear  from  either 
end  (PlateXII,  4),  or  with  breaks  in  their  continuity  (Plate  XII, 2, 3),  or 
granular  masses  interspersed  (Plates  XII,  0,  7,  and  XIV,  1,2),  or  as 
finecells  irregularly  arranged.  (Plate  XIII,  1,  2,  3.)  Occasionally  the 
whole  interior  appears  as  a solid  mass  of  celis.  (Plate  XII,  0.) 

I have  not  discovered  the  method  of  impregnation,  but  at  an  early 
period'  rapid  changes  in  shape  begin  in  the  female.  (Plates  XVI,  2 to 
15  ; XVII,  1 to  9 ; XIV  ; XV ; and  XII,  5,  0,  7,  8.)  The  enlargement  is 
preceded  by  the  formation  in  both  upper  and  lower  thirds  of  the  body 
of  dark  masses  of  cells  that  eventually  unite  (Plates  XIV,  3,  A,  B;  4, 
5,  A,  B,  O,  and  6;  XV,  2,  3),  then  by  the  time  the  worm  reaches  the 
age  represented  in  Plate  XVI,  11,  12;  Plate  XVI,  3,4,  become  changed 
into  abicornate  ovarium  or  uterus,  which  at  full  term  attains  the  length 
of  i^0ao%  inch  in  many  coils,  and  contains  one  hundred  and  fifty  or  one 
hundred  and  sixty  full-sized  cysts. 

The  shapes  and  sizes  of  these  pregnant  females  vary  greatly,  and  I 
believe  are  the  result  of  the  environment.  In  soft  tissues  of  the  Cow- 
pea,  Radish,  and  the  like  rapidly-growing  plants  they  attain  a transverse 
diameter  of  Toooo  inch,  and  a length  of  toooo  inch.  The  tail  is  reduced 
to  a short  spine  (Plates  XIV,  3 ; and  XV,  2,  3),  which  disappears  later 
on,  as  the  worm  approaches  the  transverse  diameter  of  inch. 

(Plate  XVII,  3,  4.) 

The  thickness  of  the  exterior  wall  varies  from  jofoo  inch  at  the 
lower  part  of  the  body  to Toooo  inch  at  the  vertex,  and  is  exceedingly 
tough  and  resistant.  In  color  it  appears  yellowish  by  transmitted  light, 
but  a brilliant  white  by  reflected  light.  When  fully  developed,  it  is 
partly  transparent,  showing  the  coils  of  the  uterus  with  its  cysts.  The 
exterior  is  granular  or  corrugated,  especially  near  the  11  head”  (Plates 
XIV,  0,  and  XIX),  and  with  an  apparently  radiate  arrangement  of  cells 
from  a center  near  the  tail,  or  perhaps  marking  the  disappearance  of 
that  appendage.  (Plate  XXI.) 


26 


The  head  varies  from  a form  like  Flates  XVII,  3,  4,  7,  9,  and  XVI,  9, 
12, 13,  14,  to  that  shown  by  Plates  XVI,  10,  11,  15;  XVII,  2,  5,  8,  and 
XVIII,  the  neck  from  a mere  contraction  of  the  body,  Plates  XVII,  6, 
and  XVI,  15,  to  a long  tube,  as  in  Plates  XVI,  14,  and  XVII,  9. 

The  body  varies  from  almost  a globe  (Plate  XVI,  9, 13)  to  an  oval 
(Plate  XVI,  14;  XVII,  9),  or  nearly  a cylinder.  (Plate  XVI,  15.) 

The  worms  found  in  woody  tissue  are  usually  of  the  forms  of  Plates 

XVI,  10,  11,  and  XVII,  5,  8;  in  soft  tissues  like  Plates  XVI,  14,  and 

XVII,  7,  9,  but  I am  unable  to  understand  the  reason  of  this  variation. 

In  roots,  as  a rule,  the  bodies  radiate  from  the  central  axis  of  the 

root  with  the  “ heads”  to  the  axis. 

When  once  enlargement  of  the  body  begins,  the  worm  becomes  a fix- 
ture, and  remains  incapable  of  progression  in  any  direction;  the  en- 
largement is  gradual  and  the  cells  of  the  root  tissues  become  smaller 
by  the  pressure,  forming  a rigid  wall  on  every  side  of  the  worm. 

How  long  the  worm  exists  is  an  unsolved  problem  which  I hope  to 
solve  in  time. 

Apart  from  vegetable  tissues,  I have  noted  signs  of  life  in  the  An- 
guillula  after  being  kept  air- dry  six  months,  but  have  no  record  of  any 
reliable  experiments  with  the  worms  in  the  roots;  but  the  vitality  is 
very  great. 

When  motion  is  first  perceived  in  the  cyst,  the  worm  is  an  average 
of  inch  in  length  and  Tofoo  extreme  thickness  ; soon  after  it  be- 

comes free  it  enlarges  and  lengthens  till  it  casts  its  skin,  which  it  does 
as  shown  in  Plate  XI,  5,  leaving  the  old  skin  shrunken  as  at  0,  same 
plate;  a fragmentary  cast  is  seen  on  Plate  XII,  1,  but  I have  not  de- 
termined the  number  of  times  in  its  life  it  sheds  the  skin,  as  it  is  rare 
to  find  a perfect  cast  for  measurement. 

Among  the  thousands  of  Anguillulge  I have  examined,  there  are  a great 
many  variations  and  arrangements  of  cells  that  are  not  easily  explainable. 
Plates  XV,  XIII,  and  XII,  5,  8,  7,  6,  exemplify  some  of  the  most  marked, 
riate  XIII,  2,  3,  is  very  singular;  a cyst-like  form,  with  segments. 
Also  at  3,  a peculiar  arrangement  of  cells,  large  and  small ; in  fact,  I 
have  never  found  two  worms  exactly  similar  in  the  grouping  of  cells; 
the  resemblance  is  general,  but  with  wide  variation  of  details.  The  ex- 
amples given  in  the  plates  justify  this  conclusion,  sketched  as  they  were 
from  living  specimens. 

The  arrangement  of  the  cysts  in  the  uterus  is  generally  as  shown  by 
Plates  XVIII,  XIX,  and  XX,  though  that  often  becomes  changed,  as 
indicated  in  Plate  XXI.  (Xote  13.) 

In  mature  and  apparently  aged  worms,  I have  found  as  many  as  a 
dozen  free  worms  within  the  uterus,  having  attained  motion  and  liber- 
ation there. 

In  plates  showing  the  changes  in  vegetable  tissues,  “A”  refers  to  the 
enlargements  and  nests  of  Anguillulm. 11  B ” to  spots  of  decay. 


27 


NOTES. 

Note  1.— Owing  to  a lack  of  literature  on  the  subject,  I have  provisionally  named 
this  worm  Anguillula  arenaria,  but  it  may  belong  to  a different  genus.  If  an  Anguil- 
lula,  it  is  very  near  the  A.  brevispinosus,  but  as  the  spine  disappears  in  mature  forms, 
I have  called  this  A.  arenaria. 

Note  2. — This  information  came  from  one  of  the  oldest  citizens,  who  learned  of  it 
from  the  Spanish  residents  in  1820. 

Note  3. — Letters  received  from  correspondents  at  nearly  every  important  town  gave 
the  data. 

Note  4. — Messrs.  Berckmans,  Onderdonk,  Munson,  and  Stelle  are  referred  to. 

Note  5. — I kept  fully  developed  pregnant  females  in  a watch  glass  dry  for  six  months, 
and  when  wet,  they  expanded,  and  the  grown  worms  within  the  cysts  in  the  uterus 
resumed  motion. 

Note  6. — The  average  weight  of  a cubic  foot  of  ordinary  sandy  surface  soil  is  6,002,625 
grains,  equal  to  86.08  pounds  avoirdupois ; this  at  the  temperature  of  70°,  the  soil 
being  air-dry. 

Note  7. — The  quantity  required  to  saturate  a cubic  foot  was  2.3  gallons  of  the  kero- 
sene emulsion. 

Note  8. — The  amount  of  lime  used  was  20  pounds  to  the  tree,  forty-nine  trees  to  the 
acre. 

Note  9. — Water  poured  upon  the  pots  percolated  through  the  soil  and  out  at  the 
hole  in  the  bottom  of  the  pot.  This  was  allowed  to  evaporate  considerably  and  exam- 
ined with  magnifier  350  diameters,  eye-piece  B,  objective  one-half  inch. 

Note  10. — Radishes  and  turnips  are  very  susceptible  to  the  Anguillula.  (See  Plate 
III,  d rawn  from  actual  specimen,  natural  size.) 

Note  11. — A common  practice  among  the  “ old-time  ” slaves,  who  tell  me  it  was  the 
rule  made  by  the  old  whites  as  far  back  as  1805.  The  reason  they  gave  was  ‘‘the 
peach  loves  clay  and  yellow  sand.” 

Note  12. — I could  only  approximate  the  growth  and  development  by  the  use  of  such 
plants  as  the  Cow-pea  and  Radish — planting  seed  in  infected  soil,  and  at  certain  dates 
pulling  up  the  plants  and  examining  the  knots,  making  a careful  sketch,  drawn  to 
scale,  each  time.  All  attempts  at  cultivating  in  fluids  failed. 

Note  13. — By  softening  the  exterior  with  a solution  of  caustic  potash,  snipping  off 
the  head  and  gently  pressing  the  body  in  fluid,  with  a cover  glass,  the  uterus  exuded 
as  shown  in  Plate  XIX. 


o 


EXPLANATIONS  TO  PLATES. 


PLATE  I. 

Roots  of  Cow  Pea,  showing  enlargements  caused  by  Anguillula : A,  enlargement 
and  nests:  B,  spots  of  decay.  (Original.) 

PLATE  II. 

Roots  of  Okra,  showing  enlargements  caused  by  Anguillula:  A,  enlargements  and 
nests;  B.  spots  of  decay.  (Original.) 

PLATE  III. 

Roots  of  Radish,  showing  enlargements  caused  by  Anguillula : A,  enlargements  and 
nests;  B,  spots  of  decay.  (Original.) 

PLATE  IV. 

Roots  of  Grape  [Black  Hamburg],  showing  enlargements  caused  by  Anguillula : A, 
enlargements  and  nests;  B,  spots  of  decay.  (Original.) 

PLATE  V. 

Roots  of  Peach,  showing  enlargements  caused  by  Anguillula.  (Original.) 

PLATE  VI. 

Roots  of  Weeping  Willow,  showing  enlargements  caused  by  Anguillula — natural 
size.  (Original.) 


PLATE  VII. 

Roots  of  Fig,  showing  enlargements  caused  by  Anguillula — natural  size.  (Orig- 
inal.) 

PLATE  VIII. 

1,  section  of  root  of  Okra,  showing  enlargements  caused  by  Anguillula;  2,  Peach, 
same;* 3,  Grape,  same — enlarged  four  times:  4,  Weeping  Willow,  same — natural  size: 
A,  enlargements  and  nests;  B,  spots  of  decay.  (Original.) 

PLATE  IX. 

• 

Reproductive  cysts  which  form  in  the  uterus  of  the  female  Anguillula:  1,  first 
stage,  solid  mass  of  granular  cells;  2, 3, segmentation  or  division  into  two  parts;  4, 
26,  5,  5a,  6,  segmentation  into  four  parts;  7,  longitudinal  fissure  appearing,  which 
causes  segmentation  into  eight  parts;  8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,  walls  of  seg- 
ments absorbing  each  side  of  the  central  longitudinal  fissure  which  extends  to  the 
margin  of  the  cyst  in  one  direction,  until  upon  separation  at  that  end  motion  begins — 
greatly  enlarged.  (Original.) 


29 


30 


PLATE  X. 

Reproductive  cysts  (continued):  1,1a,  first  stage;  2,  3, 4, 26,  bi-segmentation  or  di- 
vision into  two  parts;  5,  6,  7, 8, 9,  segmentation  into  four  parts;  10,11,12,13,14,15, 
16,  17, 18,  segmentation  into  eight  parts— greatly  enlarged.  (Original.) 

PLATE  XI. 

Developed  or  free  Auguillulae  within  the  reproductive  cysts:  1,  free  Anguillula 
within  cyst  not  yet  broken  ; 2, 3,  7,  cyst  broken  ; 4, 4a,  empty  shell  of  cyst  from  which 
Auguillulae  have  emerged  ; 5,  young  worm  casting  skin  ; 6,  empty  skin  cast  by  young 
worm — greatly  enlarged.  (Original.) 

PLATE  XII. 

Growth  of  Auguillulae  : 1,  cast  skin  of  young  worm  ; 2,  3,  4,  5,  6, 7, 8,  worms  showing 
bluntness  at  one  end,  with  fissure  having  a circular,  hinge  like  termination  at  A,  and 
granular  masses  of  cells  within — greatly  enlarged.  (Original.) 

PLATE  XIII.  ^ 

Growth  of  Auguillulae  (continued):  1, 2,  3,  worms  showing  masses  of  fine  cells  irregu- 
larly arranged  within,  and  fissure  at  blunt  end  with  circular,  hinge-like  termination 
at  A — greatly  enlarged.  (Original.) 

PLATE  XIV. 

Growth  of  Auguillulae  and  changes  within  the  female:  1,  2,  female  worms  showing 
granular  masses  within;  3,  4, 5, 6,  changes  in  shape  in  the  female,  preceded  by  for- 
mation in  upper  and  lower  thirds  of  body  of  dark  masses  of  cells,  A,  13,  C,  which 
eventually  unite — greatly  enlarged.  (Original.) 

PLATE  XV. 

Changes  within  female  Anguillulae  (continued) : 1,  2,  3,  enlargements  in  shape  of 
the  female,  with  formation  of  masses  of  cells  at  A — greatly  enlarged.  (Original.) 

PLATE  XVI. 

Changes  in  form  of  female  Anguillulae:  1-15, outlines  showing  changes  in  form, 
from  leaving  the  reproductive  cyst  until  the  female  is  herself  filled  with  cysts,  also 
showing  changes  in  the  form  of  the  head  and  disappearance  of  the  tail — greatly  en- 
larged. (Original.) 

PLATE  XVII. 

Changes  in  form  of  female  Anguillulae  (continued) : 1-9,  outlines  of  changes  in  form 
of  body  and  head,  with  the  disappearance  of  the  tail — greatly  enlarged.  (Original.) 

•plate  XVIII. 

Gravid  female  Anguillula,  showing  contracted  head  and  neck  as  in  some  females, 
and  the  arrangement  of  cysts  in  the  uterus — greatly  enlarged.  (Original.) 

PLATE  XIX. 

Arrangement  of  cysts  in  uterus  of  female  Anguillula  and  expulsion  of  young  worms 
through  fissure  in  the  head — greatly  enlarged.  (Original.) 


31 


PLATE  XX. 

Arrangement  of  cysts  in  uterus  of  female  Auguillula  (continued):  A-B,  cysts  ais 
ranged  in  bands  reaching  across  to  the  walls  of  the  uterus ; B-C,  aggregation  of  cells 
into  irregular  masses  within  the  uterus;  C-D,  aggregations  of  cells  arranged  in  two 
rows  in  the  uterus;  D-E,  cysts  that  have  attained  the  normal  size  and  become  coated 
with  a thin  epidermis — greatly  enlarged.  (Original.) 

PLATE  XXI. 

A changed  arrangement  of  cysts  within  the  uterus  of  the  female  Anguillula  which 
often  occurs — greatly  enlarged.  (Original.) 


o 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 


COW  PEA. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 


plate  II. 


OKRA. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 


PLATE  III. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 


PLATE  IV. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 


PLATE  V. 


PEACH. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agricuhure, 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture 


FIG. 

Natural  size. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 


PEACH.  Section  X 4. 


PLATE  VIII 


OKRA.  Section  X 4. 


A 


WEEPING  WILLOW. 
Natural  size. 


4. 


Bulletih  2ti,  division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture, 

PLATE  IX. 


10  ;n 
lo.ooo. 


CYSTS  OF  ANGUILLULA. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 

PLATE  X . 


10  .0  0 0 . 


CYSTS  OF  ANGUILLULA. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture 

PLATE  XI. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 


PLATE  XU. 


IO.000m 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  ANGUiLLULA. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 


PLATE  XIII. 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  ANGUILLULA. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 

PLATE  XIV. 


GROWTH  AND  CHANGES  IN  THE  FEMALE  ANGUILLULA- 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 


PLATE  XV. 


10.000. 

CHANGES  IN  THE  FEMALE  ANGUILLULA. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 

PLATE  XVI. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 


PLATE  XVII. 


— — in. 
2.500 


CHANGES  IN  FORM  OF  THE  FEMALE  ANGUILLULA. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agricuhure, 


PLATE  XVIII. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 


PLATE  XIX. 


% 


FEMALE  ANGUILLULA,  SHOWING  EXPULSION  OF  YOUNG. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 


PLATE  XX. 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  CYSTS  IN  FEMALE  ANGUILLULA  IN  UTERO. 


Bulletin  20,  Division  of  Entomology,  Dept.  Agriculture. 


PLATE  XXL 


_!5-  i 

2.500 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  CYSTS  IN  FEMALE  ANGUiLLULA  IN  UTERO. 


t* 


